Abdullah, A. H., Abidin, N. L. Z., & Ali, M. B. (2015). Analysis of students’ errors in solving higher Order Thinking skills (HOTS) problems for the topic of fraction. Asian Social Science, 11(21). https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v11n21p133 

 

Abdullah, A. H., Mokhtar, M., Halim, N. D. A., Ali, D. F., Tahir, L. M., & Kohar, U. H. A. (2016). Mathematics Teachers’ level of knowledge and practice on the implementation of Higher-Order Thinking Skills (HOTS). Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.12973/eurasia.2017.00601a 

 

Abkary, N. S., & Purnawarman, P. (2020). Indonesian EFL teachers’ challenges in Assessing Students’ Higher-Order Thinking Skills (HOTS). Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Language, Literature, Culture, and Education (ICOLLITE 2020). https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.201215.076 

 

Abosalem, Y. (2016). Assessment techniques and Students’ Higher-Order Thinking skills. International Journal of Secondary Education, 4(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijsedu.20160401.11 

 

Adhabi, E. a. R., & Anozie, C. B. L. (2017). Literature review for the type of interview in qualitative research. International Journal of Education, 9(3), 86. https://doi.org/10.5296/ije.v9i3.11483 

 

Afrianto, A. (2017). Challenges of using portfolio assessment as an alternative assessment method for teaching English in Indonesian schools. IJEBP (International Journal of Educational Best Practices). https://doi.org/10.31258/ijebp.v1n2.p106-114 

 

Akbar, A. N. (2022). High Order Thinking Skill (Hots) in Interrogative Sentence Concept: The Teachers’ Challenges. Linguistics Studies, 4(2), 74–82. 

https://doi.org/10.55215/jetli.v4i2.5843 

 

Al-Ghadouni, A. B. M. (2020). Classification of Thinking Skills: a developmental vision. International Journal of Early Childhood Special Education (INT-JECSE), 29(5), 2095. https://doi.org/10.24205/03276716.2020.1197 

 

Almeida, L. S., Moreira, M. A., Caldeira, S. N., Soares, S. M., Van Hattum-Janssen, N., & Visser-Wijnveen, G. J. (2021). Teachers’ motivation for teaching in higher education: Portuguese validation of a questionnaire. Paidéia, 31. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-4327e3104 

 

Amalia, R., Widarti, H. R., & Utomo, Y. (2023). Teacher’s understanding of chemistry HOTs questions. Nucleation and Atmospheric Aerosols. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0112174 

 

Amodu, L. O. (2006). Perception: A Determinant for Effective Communication. An African Journal of Philosophy, 9(1), 148–153. 

 

Anderson, L. W., & Krathwohl, D. R. (2001). A taxonomy for learning, teaching, and assessing : a revision of Bloom’s taxonomy of educational objectives. In Longman eBooks. http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BA56711765 

 

Anees, S. (2017). Analysis of Assessment Levels of Students’ Learning According to Cognitive Domain of Bloom’s Taxonomy. ERIC, 1–14. 

 

Anggraeny, E., & Khongput, S. (2022). Teachers’ Perceptions and Practices of Critical Thinking Instruction in Indonesian Senior High Schools: A Case Study. TEFLIN Journal, 33(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.15639/teflinjournal.v33i1/1-26 

 

Anggraini, N., Budiyono, B., & Pratiwi, H. (2019). Analysis of higher order thinking skills students at junior high school in Surakarta. Journal of Physics, 1211, 012077. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1211/1/012077 

 

Anugrah. (2020). Teachers’ Perception   on   The   Use   of Authentic Materials to Teach Listening [Thesis]. Makassar Muhammadiyah University. 

 

Aprianto, D. (2017). The English Teacher Perception on the Implementation of Curriculum 2013 [Thesis]. Universitas Muhammadiah Purwokerto. 

 

Archarya, N. H. (2021). Mathematics Teachers’ Perceptions on Higher Order Thinking Skills. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Perspectives in Higher Education, 6(2), 105–125. https://ojed.org/jimphe 

 

Ardini, S. N. (2018). Teachers’ Perception, knowledge and behaviour of Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS). Eternal English Teaching Journal. https://doi.org/10.26877/eternal.v8i2.3045 

 

Ariska, R., Gustine, G. G., & Setyarini, S. (2021). Promoting Students’ Higher-Order Thinking Skills Through Teacher’s Feedback in an EFL Classroom. Proceedings of the Thirteenth Conference on Applied Linguistics (CONAPLIN 2020), 546. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210427.072 

 

Asrafil, Retnawati, H., & Retnowati, E. (2020). The difficulties of students when solving HOTS problem and the description of students cognitive load after given worked example as a feedback. Journal of Physics, 1511(1), 012092. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1511/1/012092 

 

Asrifan, A., Zita, C. T., Vargheese, K. J., Syamsu, T., & Amir, M. (2020). The Effects of Call (Computer Assisted Language Learning) Toward The Students’ English Achievement And Attitude. Journal of Advanced English Studies, 3(2), 94. https://doi.org/10.47354/jaes.v3i2.88 

 

Azeem, M., & Salfi, N. A. (2012). Usage of Nvivo Software for Qualitative Data Analysis. Academic Research International, 2(1), 262–266. 

 

Aziz, M., Yusoff, N., & Aslamiah, A. (2020). Challenges in using authentic assessment in 21st century ESL classrooms. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education, 9(3), 759. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v9i3.20546 

 

Bahtiar, B. (2018). Pengembangan bahan ajar Fisika Dasar berbasis model pembelajaran P3E untuk meningkatkan keterampilan berpikir kritis mahasiswa Program studi Tadris Fisika. JPFT (Jurnal Pendidikan Fisika Dan Teknologi), 4(2), 176–184. https://doi.org/10.29303/jpft.v4i2.780 

 

Bakar, A. B. A., & Hamid, A. H. A. (2018). Issues And Challenges In Implementing High Order Thinking Skills (Hots) in Schools. The Malaysian Perspective. International Journal of Management and Applied Science, 5(6), 55–60. 

 

Ballakrishnan, K., & Mohamad, M. (2020). Teachers’ teaching methods in teaching Higher Order Thinking Skill (HOTS) Comprehension questions. International Journal of Academic Research in Business & Social Sciences, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v10-i2/6935 

 

Barmby, P., Harries, T., Higgins, S., & Suggate, J. (2007, December). How can we assess mathematical understanding. In Proceedings of the 31st Conference of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education (Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 41-48).  

 

Barroso, C. (Ed.). (2013). Context, information’s meaning, and perception. Conference of the European Society for Fuzzy Logic and Technology. 

 

Beyer, B. K. (2008). What Research Tells Us about Teaching Thinking Skills. The Social Studies, 99(5), 223–232. https://doi.org/10.3200/tsss.99.5.223-232 

 

Bingolbali, E., & Bingölbali, F. (2020). Divergent thinking and convergent thinking: Are they promoted in mathematics textbooks? International Journal of Contemporary Educational Research, 7(1), 240–252. 

https://doi.org/10.33200/ijcer.689555 

 

Brinkman, S. (2007). Some thoughts about the concept of thinking. Journal of Anthropological Psychology, 18, 18–20. 

 

Brookhart, S. M. (2010). Higher Order Thinking Skill in Your Classroom. ASDC. Retrieved November 4, 2022, from https://www.ascd.org 

 

Burgh, G. (2014). Creative and Lateral Thinking: Edward de Bono. Encyclopedia of Educational Theory and Philosophy. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483346229.n86 

 

Butterworth, J., & Thwaites, G. (2013). Thinking Skills: Critical Thinking and Problem Solving. Cambridge University Press. 

 

Chiew, W. M. (2016). Reflection in Thinking. Jurnal Pendidikan Tingkatan Enam Jabatan Pendidikan Selangor. 

 

Chinedu, C. C., Olabiyi, O., & Kamin, Y. (2015). Strategies for improving higher order thinking skills in teaching and learning of design and technology education. Journal of Technical Education and Training, 7(2). http://penerbit.uthm.edu.my/ojs/index.php/JTET/article/downloa d/1081/795 

 

Chusni, M. M., Saputro, S., Suranto, & Rahardjo, S. B. (2020). Review Of Critical Thinking Skill in Indonesia: Preparation Of The 21st Century Learner. Journal of Critical Reviews, 7(09), 1230–1235. https://doi.org/10.31838/jcr.07.09.223 

 

Chusni, M. M., Saputro, S., Suranto, & Rahardjo, S. B. (2020). Review of Critical Thinking Skill in Indonesia: Preparation of The 21st Century Learner. Journal of Critical Reviews, 7(09). https://doi.org/10.31838/jcr.07.09.223 

 

Clandinin, D. J., & Connelly, F. M. (2004). Narrative inquiry: Experience and story in qualitative research. John Wiley & Sons.  

Clandinin, D. J., & Cornelly, F. M. (1999). Narrative Inquiry: Experience and Story in Qualitative Research. Anthropology and Education Quarterly, 31(3). 

 

Creswell, J. W. (1994). Research Design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. http://www.revistacomunicacion.org/pdf/n3/resenas/research_design_qualitative_quantitative_and_mixed_methods_approaches.pdf 

 

Crompton, H., Burke, D., & Lin, Y. (2018). Mobile learning and student cognition: A systematic review of PK-12 research using Bloom’s Taxonomy. British Journal of Educational Technology, 50(2), 684–701. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12674 

 

Cropley, A. J. (2006). In praise of convergent thinking. Creativity Research Journal, 18(3), 391–404. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326934crj1803_13 

 

Dahlan, D., Permana, L., & Oktariani, M. (2020). Teacher Competence and Difficulties in Constructing Hots Instruments in Economics Subject. Cakrawala Pendidikan: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan, 39(1), 111–119. https://doi.org/10.21831/cp.v39i1.28869 

 

De Mello, G. D. J. P., Omar, N. H., Esa, I. I. M., & Ariffin, K. (2021). An Analysis of Higher-Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) in Malaysian University English Test Report writing. International Journal of Academic Research in Business & Social Sciences, 11(4). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v11-i4/9837 

 

DeJonckheere, M., & Vaughn, L. M. (2019). Semistructured interviewing in primary care research: a balance of relationship and rigour. Family Medicine and Community Health, 7(2), e000057. https://doi.org/10.1136/fmch-2018-000057 

 

Demuth, A. (2013). Perception Theories. Faculty of Philosophy and Arts. Tranava University. 

Dewey, J. (2011). The sources of a science of education. Read Books Ltd.  

 

Dharma, I. P. S., & Adiwijaya, P. A. (2019). The analysis on the readiness of english teachers in implementing authentic assessment in senior high schools. Lingua Scientia, 26(1), 48-52.  

 

Dhibba, B. E. (2019). Assessing the Challenges and Strategies of Teaching Speaking Skill in Large Classes: The Case of Mettu Preparotory School. International Journal of Current Research, 11(2), 1229 1238. https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.34340.02.2019 

 

Dima, M. L. B., Daflizar, D., & Ahmadi, A. (2021). The Implementation of Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) in English Language Teaching: The Case of Indonesian Senior High School EFL Teachers. Journal of English Language Teaching, 8(2), 255–268. https://doi.org/10.26858/eltww.v8i2.20468 

 

Djami, C. B. N., & Kuswandono, P. (2020). Teachers’ Strategies to Implement Higher-Order Thinking Skills in English instruction. Metathesis. https://doi.org/10.31002/metathesis.v4i1.2048 

 

Driana, E., & Ernawati, E. (2019). Teachers’ Understanding and Practices in Assessing Higher Order Thinking Skills at Primary Schools. Acitya : Journal of Teaching and Education, 1(2), 110–118. https://doi.org/10.30650/ajte.v1i2.233 

 

Effendi, T., & Suyudi, I. (2017). The Impacts of English National Examination in Indonesia. Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Applied Linguistics (CONAPLIN 9). https://doi.org/10.2991/conaplin-16.2017.52 

 

Ekawati, Y. N. (2017). English Teachers Problems in Applying The 2013 Curriculum. English Review: Journal of English Education. https://doi.org/10.25134/erjee.v6i1.769 

 

Ernawati, E., & Baharullah, B. (2020). Analysis Of Higher Order Thinking Skills (Hots) In Mathematical Problem Solving Based on Revised Blooms’ Taxonomy Viewed From Gender Equality. MaPan, 8(2), 315–328. https://doi.org/10.24252/mapan.2020v8n2a10 

 

Fairweather, A. (2014). Virtue epistemology naturalized. In Springer eBooks. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04672-3 

 

Fakhomah, D. N., & Utami, M. S. (2019). Pre-Service English Teacher Perception About Higher Order Thinking Skills (Hots) In The 21st Century Learning. IJIET (International Journal of Indonesian Education and Teaching), 3(1), 41–49. https://doi.org/10.24071/ijiet.v3i1.1676 

 

Febrina, F., Usman, B., & Muslem, A. (2019). Analysis of reading Comprehension questions by using Revised Bloom’s Taxonomy on Higher Order Thinking Skill (HOTS). English Education Journal, 10(1), 1–15. http://e-repository.unsyiah.ac.id/EEJ/article/download/13253/10123 

 

Fernández-Gómez, E., Martín-Salvador, A., Luque-Vara, T., Sánchez-Ojeda, M. A., Navarro-Prado, S., & Enrique-Mirón, C. (2020). Content Validation through Expert Judgement of an Instrument on the Nutritional Knowledge, Beliefs, and Habits of Pregnant Women. Nutrients, 12(4), 1136. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12041136 

 

Fitriani, D. (2019). Assessment practices: Challenges and opportunities faced by EFL teachers. LINGUA: Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra, 20(1), 77-83.  

 

Gardner, J., & Galanouli, D. (2016). Teachers’ perceptions of assessment. In SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks (pp. 710–723). https://doi.org/10.4135/9781473921405.n44 

 

Ginting, A. A., & Kuswandono, P. (2020). Challenges faced by English teachers: Implementation of Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) in designing 

assignments in East Indonesia. Pedagogy : Journal of English Language Teaching, 8(1), 13. https://doi.org/10.32332/pedagogy.v8i1.1688 

 

Giri, P. a. L. P. N. (2021). Teachers’ perception of HOTS-Based learning in EFL classroom. The Art of  Teaching English as a Foreign Language (TATEFL), 2(2), 103–108. https://doi.org/10.36663/tatefl.v2i2.122 

 

Gozali, I., Lie, A., Tamah, S. M., & Jemadi, F. (2021). Hots Questioning Ability and Hots Perception of Language Teachers in Indonesia. Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.17509/ijal.v11i1.34583 

 

Gupta, T., & Mishra, L. (2021). Higher-Order Thinking Skills in Shaping the Future of Students. Psychology and Education, 58(2), 9305–9311. 

 

Hadi, W., & Faradillah, A. (2019). The Algebraic Thinking Process in Solving Hots Questions Reviewed from Student Achievement Motivation. Al-Jabar: Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika, 10(2), 327–337. https://doi.org/10.24042/ajpm.v10i2.5331 

 

Halim, A., Mastura, I., Soewarno, Elisa, Mahzum, E., Farhan, A., & Irwandi, I. (2021). Analysis of students’ ability in completing HOTS-based Basic Physics questions. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1882(1), 012024. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1882/1/012024 

 

Hamdan, N., Kiong, T. T., Heong, Y. M., Masran, S. H., Yunos, J. M., Mohamad, M. M., Azid, N., Othman, W., Hanapi, Z., Azman, M. N. A., Haris, M. H. M., & Shafei, S. (2019). An Effectiveness of High Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) SelfInstructional Manual for Students’ Assignment Achievement. Journal of Technical Education and Training, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.30880/jtet.2019.11.01.008 

 

Hamdi, S., Suganda, I. A., & Hayati, N. (2018). Developing higher-order thinking skill (HOTS) test instrument using Lombok local cultures as contexts for 

junior secondary school mathematics. Research and Evaluation in Education, 4(2), 126–135. https://doi.org/10.21831/reid.v4i2.22089 

 

Harta, J., Rasuh, N. T., & Seriang, A. (2020). Using HOTS-Based Chemistry National Exam questions to map the analytical abilities of senior high school students. Journal of Science Learning, 3(3), 143–148. https://doi.org/10.17509/jsl.v3i3.22387 

 

Hashim, H., Ali, M. N., & Shamsudin, M. A. (2017). Infusing High Order Thinking Skills (HOTs) through Thinking Based Learning (TBL) during ECA to enhance students interest in STEM. International Journal of Academic Research in Business & Social Sciences, 7(11). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v7-i11/3557 

 

Hassan, Z. A., Schattner, P., & Mazza, D. (2006). Doing a pilot study: why is it essential?. Malaysian family physician: the official journal of the Academy of Family Physicians of Malaysia, 1(2-3), 70.  

 

Helmstad, G. (1999). Understandings of understanding: An inquiry concerning experiential conditions for developmental learning (Vol. 134). https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/2077/10511/1/gupea_2077_10511_1.pdf 

 

Hidayati, A. U., & Ratnawati, H. (2016). Effectiveness problem based learning and scientific approach to improve higher order thinking skills. In Proceeding of 3rd International Conference On Research, Implementation And Education Of Mathematics And Science (pp. 55-60).  

 

Hikayat, S. (2021). Problematika penilaian autentik kompetensi sikap pada guru Pendidikan Agama Islam di SMP Negeri 3 Panyabungan Kabupaten Mandailing Natal (Doctoral dissertation, IAIN Padangsidimpuan).  

 

Holmes, G. (2002). What is called thinking. Journal of critical psychology, counselling and psychotherapy, 2, 33-39. 

Hyder, I., & Bhamani, S. (2016). Bloom’s Taxonomy (cognitive domain) in higher education settings: Reflection brief. Journal of Education and Educational Development, 3(2).  

 

Indriyana, B. S., & Kuswandono, P. (2019). Developing Students Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) in reading: English Teachers Strategies in selected Junior High schools. Journal of English Teaching, 5(3), 204. https://doi.org/10.33541/jet.v5i3.1313 

 

Irmayanti, A. D. (2022). An Analysis of Higher Order Thinking Skill (HOTS) in English National Examination Question at Junior High School in Indonesia (Doctoral dissertation, UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI SULTAN SYARIF KASIM RIAU).  

 

Jaedun, A., Haryanto, V. L., & Rahardjo, N. E. (2014). An evaluation of the implementation of Curriculum 2013 at the building construction department of vocational high schoos in Yogyakarta. Journal of Education, 7(1).  

 

Jamaluddin, N. S., Kadir, S. A., Abdullah, A., & Alias, S. N. (2019). Learning strategy and higher order thinking skills of students in accounting Studies: correlation and regression analysis. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 8(4). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarped/v8-i4/6670 

 

Jamian, A. R., Jaafar, W. N. W., Othman, S., & Sabil, A. M. (2018). High-Order Thinking Skill (HOTS) of the students in aspect of understanding modern poetry and prose of Malay language. International Journal of Academic Research in Business & Social Sciences, 8(12). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v8-i12/5152 

 

Jena, R. K. (2020). Measuring the impact of business management Student’s attitude towards entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial intention: A case study. Computers in Human Behavior, 107, 106275. 

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106275 

 

Joshi, D., Gokhale, A. A., & Acharya, A. (2012). Student’s response and behavior in the classroom environment. International Journal for Cross-Disciplinary Subjects in Education, 2(Special 1), 926–934. https://doi.org/10.20533/ijcdse.2042.6364.2012.0132 

 

Kakilla, C. E. (2021). Strengths and Weaknesses of Semi-Structured Interviews in Qualitative Research: A Critical Essay. Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202106.0491.v1 

 

Kallio, H., Pietilä, A., Johnson, M., & Kangasniemi, M. (2016). Systematic methodological review: developing a framework for a qualitative semi-structured interview guide. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 72(12), 2954–2965. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.13031 

 

Kamiludin, K., & Suryaman, M. (2017). Problematika pada pelaksanaan penilaian pembelajaran Kurikulum 2013. Jurnal Prima Edukasia, 5(1), 58–67. https://doi.org/10.21831/jpe.v5i1.8391 

 

Kapoor, R., & Madichie, N. (2012). Consumer Behaviour. Tata McGraw-Hill: Noida, India. 

 

Kareem, A. (2022). Higher-Order thinking skills and scientific attitudes components as predictors of scientific creativity among preservice biology teachers. International Journal of Progressive Education, 18(4), 21–30. https://doi.org/10.29329/ijpe.2022.459.2 

 

Khun-InKeeree, H., Yaakob, M. F. M., Maruf, I. R., Wahab, N. M. A., & Khan, F. (2022). Learning and training Higher Order Thinking Skills (PDPC HOTs) and teacher learning competency. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 10(6), 418–426. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2022.100606 

 

Kim, Y. (2010). The pilot study in qualitative inquiry. Qualitative Social Work, 10(2), 190–206. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473325010362001 

 

Kumar, L., & Kumari, P. (2016). A Study of Convergent Thinking and Divergent Thinking among Secondary School Students in relation to Ethnicity, Locale, Types of Institutions and Sex. Editor’s Note 3 Culturally Designed Pedagogy in India 5, 41(4), 111. 

 

Lawrence, A. S. A., & Xavier, S. A. (2013). Lateral Thinking of Prospective Teachers. Journal of Educational Reflection, 1(1), 28–32. http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED545802.pdf 

 

Linneberg, M. S., & Korsgaard, S. (2019). Coding qualitative data: a synthesis guiding the novice. Qualitative Research Journal, 19(3), 259–270. https://doi.org/10.1108/qrj-12-2018-0012 

 

Lubart, T. (2016). Creativity And Convergent Thinking: Reflections, Connections and Practical Considerations. Vestnik Rossijskogo Universiteta Družby Narodov, 4, 7–15. https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-1683-2016-4-7-15 

 

Lukitasari, M., Handhika, J., & Murtafiah, W. (2018). Higher order thinking skills: using e-portfolio in project-based learning. Journal of Physics, 983, 012047. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/983/1/012047 

 

Maba, W. (2017). Teacher’s perception on the implementation of the assessment process in 2013 curriculum. International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (IJSSH), 1(2), 1. https://doi.org/10.21744/ijssh.v1i2.26 

 

Mahanani, P., Muchtar, Sutarno, Rachmawati, N. A., Agustina, R. T., & Siddiq, I. H. A. (2020). Optimize Education by Teacher’s Perception of Higher Order Thinking Skill at Primary School. Proceedings of the 1 St International Conference on Information Technology          and          Education          (ICITE 2020). 

https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.201214.244 

 

Mahmud, M. M., Yaacob, Y., Ramachandiran, C. R., Wong, S. C., & Ismail, O. (2018). Theories into Practices: Bloom’s Taxonomy, Comprehensive Learning Theories (CLT) and E-Assessments. Proceeding Book of 1st International Conference on Educational Assessment and Policy. https://doi.org/10.26499/iceap.v2i1.91 

 

Malterud, K., Siersma, V., & Guassora, A. D. (2016). Sample size in qualitative interview studies. Qualitative Health Research, 26(13), 1753–1760. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732315617444 

 

Mariani, L. (1997). Teacher support and teacher challenge in promoting learner autonomy. Perspectives: A Journal of TESOL Italy, XXIII (2). Retrieved from http://www. learningpaths. org/papers/papersupport. htm.  

 

Martin, S. (2014). A comparative study in how others perceive me and how I perceive myself. [Thesis]. Linnaeus University. 

 

Mathers, N. J., Fox, N. J., & Hunn, A. (1998). Using interviews in a research project. NHS Executive, Trent. 

 

Mayring, P. (2007). On generalization in qualitatively oriented research. Forum Qualitative Social Research, 8(3). https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-8.3.291 

 

Mazana, M. Y., Montero, C. S., & Casmir, R. (2018). Investigating Students’ Attitude towards Learning Mathematics. International Electronic Journal of Mathematics Education, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.29333/iejme/3997 

 

McGuinness, C. (1999). From thinking skills to thinking classrooms: A review and evaluation of approaches for developing pupils' thinking. London: Department for Education and Employment.  

 

Merta Dhewa, K., Rosidin, U., Abdurrahman, A., & Suyatna, A. (2017). The development of Higher Order Thinking Skill (Hots) instrument assessment in physics study. IOSR Journal of Research & Method in Education (IOSR-JRME), 7(1), 26-32. 

 

Moulida, I. (2019). Students’ challenges in English public speaking program at Dayah Darul Ihsan (Doctoral dissertation, UIN Ar-Raniry Banda Aceh).  

 

Muchiri, D. K., & Njenga, M. C. W. (2020). Investigating Various Grouping Strategies in Teaching and Learning of Mathematics. International Journal of Advances in Scientific Research and Engineering, 06(03), 227–232. https://doi.org/10.31695/ijasre.2020.33774 

 

Muhassanah, N., & Hayati, A. (2022). Workshop Penyusunan Soal Hots (Higher Order Thinking Skills) Berdasarkan Kisi-Kisi Ujian Nasional Matematika Sd. ADI Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat, 2(2), 56–63. https://doi.org/10.34306/adimas.v2i2.636 

 

Musa, H. M., & Yamat, H. (2021). Exploring primary school teachers’ challenges in incorporating Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) in English classroom. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarped/v10-i2/9970 

 

Musliha, S., Sudana, D., & Wirza, Y. (2021, November). The analysis of Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTs) in the test questions constructed by English teachers. In Fifth International Conference on Language, Literature, Culture, and Education (ICOLLITE 2021) (pp. 610-617). Atlantis Press.  

 

Mustika, N., Nurkamto, J., & Azizah, A. N. (2019). Exploring the Indonesian English Teachers’ Perceptions Towards Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) in the 21st Century Learning. International Conference on Future of Education, 46–51. https://doi.org/10.17501/26307413.2019.2105 

 

Nachiappan, S., Damahuri, A. A., Ganaprakasam, C., & Suffian, S. (2018). Application of Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) in teaching and learning through communication component and spiritual, attitudes and values component in preschool. International Journal of Early Childhood Education and Care, 7, 24–32. https://doi.org/10.37134/saecj.vol7.3.2018 

 

Nes, A., Sundberg, K., & Watzl, S. (2021). The perception/cognition distinction. Inquiry: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy, 66(2), 165–195. https://doi.org/10.1080/0020174x.2021.1926317 

 

Nickerson, R. S. (1985). Understanding understanding. American Journal of Education, 93(2), 201–239. https://doi.org/10.1086/443791 

 

Ningsih, I. D. A. (2015). Problematika Guru Dalam Penilaian Pembelajaran Kurikulum 2013 Di SD Muhammadiyah 24 Surakarta Tahun 2016/2017 [Thesis]. Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta. 

 

Norwani, N. M., Yusof, R., Yahya, R., & Ismail, Z. (2019). Teaching Methods, Achievement and High Order Thinking Skills (Hots) Among Accounting Students in Secondary Schools in Malaysia. International Journal of Education, Psychology and Counseling. https://doi.org/10.35631/ijepc.4330011 

 

Pahdi, R., Mailizar, M., & Abidin, Z. (2020). Indonesian junior high school students’ higher order thinking skills in solving mathematics problems. Journal of Physics, 1460, 012031. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1460/1/012031 

 

Pamungkas, H. P., & Rafsanjani, M. A. (2019). Keefektifan Ice Breaking dan Problem Based Learning Dalam Pembelajaran Dikelas. Utility: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Dan Ekonomi. https://doi.org/10.30599/utility.v3i2.621 

 

Pardjono. (2003). BERPIKIR LATERAL: WAHANA DALAM MENGEMBANGKAN KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KREATIF. Cakrawala 

Pendidikan, 1(2), 315–324. 

 

Parimaladevi, P., & Ahmad, A. (2019). The implementation of Higher-Level Thinking Skills (HOTS) in History Education. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Sustainable Development &Amp; Multi-Ethnic Society - ICOSH2 2019. https://doi.org/10.32698/gcs.01100 

Patel, D. K., & Chaudhari, P. (2018). Difficulties, Managements and Benefits of Large Classes. Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences (BPAS) Journal of Education, 1(1), 36-43.  

 

Prasetyo, A. H., Supian, Emqi, M. F., & Nasihin, I. (Eds.). (2021). Higher Order Thinking Skill (HOTS) and Bloom Taxonomy Revised. Proceedings of the International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management. IEOM Society International. 

 

Puad, L. M. a. Z., & Ashton, K. (2020). Teachers’ views on classroom-based assessment: an exploratory study at an Islamic boarding school in Indonesia. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 41(2), 253–265. https://doi.org/10.1080/02188791.2020.1761775 

 

Putra, T. K., & Abdullah, D. F. (2019). Higher-Order Thinking Skill (Hots) Questions in English National Examination in Indonesia. Lingua Scientia: Jurnal Bahasa. https://doi.org/10.21274/ls.2019.11.1.145-160 

 

Qiong, O. (2017). A brief introduction to perception. Studies in Literature and Language, 15(4), 18–28. https://doi.org/10.3968/10055 

 

Rabadi, W. M. A., & Salem, R. K. (2018). The Level of High-Order Thinking and Its Relation to Quality of Life among Students at Ajloun University College. International Education Studies, 11(6), 8. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v11n6p8 

 

Rachmawati, D. L., Purwati, O., & Anam, S. U. (2022). ESP teachers’ sociocultural challenges in online formative assessment: voices of teachers, learners, and 

coordinators. Computer Assisted Language Learning Electronic Journal (CALL-EJ), 23(1), 150-167. 

 

Rahman, M. M. (2018). Teachers’ Perceptions and Practices of classroom assessment in secondary school science classes in Bangladesh. International Journal of Science and Research, 7(6), 254–263. https://doi.org/10.21275/art20183034 

 

Rahmayanti, H., Ichsan, I. Z., Azwar, S. A., Purwandari, D. A., Pertiwi, N., Singh, C. K. S., & Gomes, P. W. P. (2020). Difmol: Indonesian Students’ Hots and Environmental Education Model During Covid-19. Journal of Sustainability Science and Management, 15(7), 10–19. https://doi.org/10.46754/jssm.2020.10.002 

 

Rai, N., & Thapa, B. (2015). A study on purposive sampling method in research. Kathmandu: Kathmandu School of Law, 5. 

 

Ramadhan, S., Mardapi, D., Prasetyo, Z. K., & Utomo, H. (2019). The development of an instrument to measure the higher order thinking skill in physics. European Journal of Educational Research, 8(3), 743–751. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.8.3.743 

 

Retnawati, H., Djidu, H., Kartianom, K., Apino, E., & Anazifa, R. D. (2018). Teachers’ Knowledge About Higher-Order Thinking Skills and Its Learning Strategy. Problems of Education in the 21st Century, 76(2), 215–230. https://doi.org/10.33225/pec/18.76.215 

 

Retnawati, H., Hadi, S., & Nugraha, A. C. (2016). Vocational High school teachers’ Difficulties in implementing the Assessment in Curriculum 2013 in Yogyakarta Province of Indonesia. International Journal of Instruction, 9(1), 33–48. https://doi.org/10.12973/iji.2016.914a 

 

  

Rouadi, N. E., Anouti, M. F., & Mchiek, M. (2020). The Effect of Motivation on Teachers’ Performance and the Role of Leadership in Between, a Case Study in Lebanon. International Journal of Advanced Research In Science, Engineering, And Technology, 7(11), 15782-15800. 

 

Safitri, I., Sumardi, S., & Supriyadi, S. (2018). Learning strategies used by the students in performance assessment in EFL classroom. Humaniora. https://doi.org/10.21512/humaniora.v9i3.5025 

 

Sagala, P. N., & Andriani, A. (2019). Development of Higher-Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) Questions of Probability Theory subject based on Bloom’s Taxonomy. Journal of Physics. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1188/1/012025 

 

Saiyad, S., Mishra, S. K., Rimal, H. S., George, C., & Kaur, G. (2018). Teaching and Learning through Large and Small Groups. Journal of Research in Medical Education & Ethics, 8(si), 24. https://doi.org/10.5958/2231-6728.2018.00048.3 

 

Saldaña, J. (2009). The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers. http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BB20067005 

 

Saleh, H. (2019). Convergent and divergent thinking in problem solving (Case study on junior high school students). International Journal of Insights for Mathematics Teaching (IJOIMT), 2(1), 11-21. 

 

Sari, A., Daulay, S., Putri, Y. Y., & Epriani, P. (2021). Penghapusan ujian nasional tahun 2021 dalam perspektif guru sma di kota tebing tinggi. In Prosiding Seminar Nasional Pembelajaran Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia (SemNas PBSI)-3 (pp. 213-220). FBS Unimed Press.  

 

Sawan, F., Sofiawati, E. T., Suryadi, S., & Fuad, N. (2020, March). Higher Order Thinking Skill (HOTS): One of the Competencies Which Becomes the 

Purpose of Implementing the 2013 Curriculum (An Analysis of the Relationship between Philosophy, Policy, and Implementation). In International Conference on Elementary Education (Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 592-597). 

 

Schwandt, T. A. (1999). On understanding understanding. Qualitative inquiry, 5(4), 451-464.  

 

Seman, S. C., Yusoff, W. M. W., & Embong, R. (2017). Teachers Challenges in teaching and learning for Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) in Primary school. International Journal of Asian Social Science, 7(7), 534–545. https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.1.2017.77.534.545 

 

Serevina, V., Sari, Y., & Maynastiti, D. (2019). Developing high order thinking skills (HOTS) assessment instrument for fluid static at senior high school. Journal of Physics. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1185/1/012034 

 

Setyarini, S. (2020). Teachers’ Understanding in Constructing Higher Order Thinking-Based Assessments: Voice from English Teachers’ Experience. Voice From English Teachers’ Experience. Proceedings of the 4th Asian Education Symposium (AES 2019). https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200513.009 

 

Shafeei, K. N., Hassan, H., Ismail, F., & Aziz, A. A. (2018). Incorporating Higher Order Thinking Skill (HOTS) questions in ESL classroom contexts. LSP International Journal. https://doi.org/10.11113/lspi.v4n1.49 

 

Sherman, T., & Kurshan, B. (2005). Teaching for Understanding. Learning & Leading with Technology, 32(4), 6-11. 

 

Shukla, D. (2016). Student’s Perceived Level and Teachers’ Teaching Strategies of Higher Order Thinking Skills; A Study on Higher Educational Institutions in Thailand. Journal of Education and Practice, 7(12), 211–219. 

Singh, C. K. S., & Marappan, P. (2020). A Review of Research on The Importance of Higher Order Thinking Skills (Hots) in Teaching English Language. Journal of Critical Reviews, 7(08). https://doi.org/10.31838/jcr.07.08.161 

 

Singh, C. K. S., Muhammad, M. M., Mostafa, N. A., & Nooreen. (2022). Challenges and needs of ESL teachers in implementing portfolio assessment as alternative assessment in Teaching English. Asian Journal of University Education, 18(3). https://doi.org/10.24191/ajue.v18i3.18955 

 

Snyder, L. G., & Snyder, M. J. (2008). Teaching critical thinking and problem solving skills. The Delta Pi Epsilon Journal, 50(2), 90–99. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ826495 

 

St Clair, K. L., & Hackett, P. M. W. (2016). Academic Challenge: Its Meaning for College Students and Faculty. Journal on Centers for Teaching and Learning, 4. https://openjournal.lib.miamioh.edu/index.php/jctl/article/download/127/57 

 

Starman, A. B. (2013). The case study as a type of qualitative research. Journal of Contemporary Educational Studies/Sodobna Pedagogika, 64(1).  

 

Sudana, I. M., Oktarina, N., Apriyani, D., & Achmadi, T. A. (2020). An Implementation of HOTS Based Learning Strategy in Vocational High Schools. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity, and Change, 13(12), 1327-1340. 

 

Sulaiman, T., Muniyan, V., Madhvan, D., Hasan, R., & Rahim, S. S. A. (2017). Implementation of higher order thinking skills in teaching of science: a case study in Malaysia. International Research Journal of Education and Sciences. http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/59384/ 

 

Suratmi, S., Laihat, L., Asnimar, A., & Handini, E. O. (2020, March). Teachers Understanding of HOTS Based Assessment in Elementary Schools. In International Conference on Elementary Education (Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 

1157-1164). 

 

Suryadi, R. (2015). The Implementation of Assessment in Curriculum 2013 in English subject of SMPN Bulukumba. Journal of English and Education, 1(2), 111–117. https://doi.org/10.31327/jee.v1i2.71 

 

Syafryadin, S., Harahap, A., Haryani, H., & Astrid, A. (2021). Boosting Classroom Interaction Based on Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) in English Learning for Beginners. International Journal          of          Language          Education, 477–489. https://doi.org/10.26858/ijole.v5i1.15211 

 

Syahputra, E., & Nasution, A. A. (2018). The Concept of HOTS and Relevant Learning Model. Proceedings of the 3rd Annual International Seminar on Transformative Education and Educational Leadership (AISTEEL). https://doi.org/10.2991/aisteel-18.2018.108 

 

Tanudjaya, C. P., & Doorman, M. (2020). Examining Higher Order Thinking in Indonesian Lower Secondary Mathematics Classrooms. Journal on Mathematics Education, 11(2), 277–300. https://doi.org/10.22342/jme.11.2.11000.277-300 

 

Tanujaya, B., Mumu, J., & Margono, G. (2017). The Relationship between Higher Order Thinking Skills and Academic Performance of Student in Mathematics Instruction. International Education Studies, 10(11), 78. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v10n11p78 

 

Thórisson, K. R., Kremelberg, D., Steunebrink, B. R., & Nivel, E. (2016). About understanding. In Artificial General Intelligence: 9th International Conference, AGI 2016, New York, NY, USA, July 16-19, 2016, Proceedings 9 (pp. 106-117). Springer International Publishing.  

 

  

Tongco, M. D. C. (2007). Purposive sampling as a tool for informant selection. Ethnobotany Research and Applications, 5, 147. https://doi.org/10.17348/era.5.0.147-158 

 

Tracy, S. J. (2012). Qualitative research methods: collecting evidence, crafting analysis, communicating impact. http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BB14409512?l=en 

 

Trigueros, R., Juan, M., & Sandoval, F. (2017). Qualitative and quantitative research instruments: Research tools. Handbook of research methods and applications in political science, 2. 

 

Tyas, M. A., Nurkamto, J., Marmanto, S., & Laksani, H. (2019). Developing Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) – Based Questions: Indonesian EFL Teachers’ Challenges. International Conference on Future of Education. https://doi.org/10.17501/26307413.2019.2106 

 

Umam, A., & Handini, T. (2021). Students’ Perspective on Project-Based Assessment in Writing Classroom. Journal of English Education and Teaching, 5(4), 504-513.  

 

Utomo, H. B. (2018). Teacher Motivation Behavior: The Importance Of Personal Expectations, Need Satisfaction, And Work Climate. International Journal of Pedagogy and Teacher Education, 2(2), 333. https://doi.org/10.20961/ijpte.v2i2.24036 

 

Wadesango, N. (2021). Challenges of teaching large classes. African Perspectives of Research in Teaching and Learning, 5(2), 127-135.  

 

Wahid, A., & Karimah, R. A. (2018). Integrasi Higher Order Thinking Skill (HOTS) dengan Model Creative Problem Solving. Modeling: Jurnal Program Studi PGMI, 5(1), 82–98. https://doi.org/10.36835/modeling.v5i1.161 

 

  

Warmadewi, P. S., Agustini, D. a. E., & Wedhanti, N. K. (2019). Analysis of Learning Higher Order Thinking Skill (HOTS) toward English subject. Jurnal Penelitian Dan Pengembangan Sains & Humaniora. https://doi.org/10.23887/jppsh.v3i2.21278 

 

Webb, M. E., Little, D. R., Cropper, S. J., & Roze, K. (2017). The contributions of convergent thinking, divergent thinking, and schizotypy to solving insight and non-insight problems. Thinking & Reasoning, 23(3), 235–258. https://doi.org/10.1080/13546783.2017.1295105 

 

Welford, A. T. (1970). Perceptual selection and integration. Ergonomics. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140137008931115 

 

Widana, I. W. (2017). Higher Order Thinking Skills Assessment (HOTS). JISAE (Journal of Indonesian Student Assessment and Evaluation), 3(1), 32–44. https://doi.org/10.21009/jisae.031.04 

 

Wiggins, G., & McTighe, J. (2017). Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development ASCD. Colombian Applied Linguistics Journal, 19(1), 140. https://doi.org/10.14483/calj.v19n1.11490 

 

Willingham, D. T. (2007). Critical thinking: Why it is so hard to teach?. American federation of teachers summer 2007, p. 8-19. 

 

Wilson, D., & Narasuman, S. (2020). Investigating teachers’ implementation and strategies on higher order thinking skills in school based assessment instruments. Asian Journal of University Education, 16(1), 70. https://doi.org/10.24191/ajue.v16i1.8991 

 

Wisudaningrum, A. (2013). Problematika Dalam Penerapan Penilaian Kurikulum 2013 Bagi Guru di Sd Muhammadiyah 24 Surakarta [Thesis]. Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta. 

 

Yelkpieri, D., Namale, M. K., Esia-Donkoh, K., & Ofosu-Dwamena, E. (2012). Effects of large class size on effective teaching and learning at the Winneba Campus of the UEW (University of Education, Winneba), Ghana. US-China Education Review. http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED532900.pdf 

 

Yen, T. S., & Halili, S. H. (2015). Effective teaching of higher order thinking (HOT) in education. The Online Journal of Distance Education and e-Learning, 3(2), 41-47.  

 

Yin, R. K. (2017). Case Study Research and Applications: Design and methods. http://cds.cern.ch/record/2634179 

 

Yulia, Y., & Budiharti, F. R. (2019). HOTS in teacher classroom interaction: A case study. Edulite: Journal of English Education, Literature, and Culture, 4(2), 132. https://doi.org/10.30659/e.4.2.132-141 

 

Yulianto, T., Pramudya, I., & Slamet, I. (2019). Effects of the 21st Century Learning Model and Problem-Based Models on Higher Order Thinking skill. International Journal of Educational Research Review, 4, 749–755. https://doi.org/10.24331/ijere.629084 

 

Yuliati, S. R., & Lestari, I. (2018). Higher-Order Thinking Skills (Hots) Analysis of Students in Solving Hots Question in Higher Education. Perspektif Ilmu Pendidikan, 32(2), 181–188. https://doi.org/10.21009/pip.322.10 

 

Yusuf. (2020). Keterampilan berfikir Tingkat Tinggi dan Karakter (Pengukuran Terhadap Dampak Pembelajaran Berbasis Masalah) (1st ed.). Retrieved from www.Sanabis.web.id 

 

Yusuf. (2020). Keterampilan berfikir Tingkat Tinggi dan Karakter (Pengukuran Terhadap Dampak Pembelajaran Berbasis Masalah) (1st ed.). Sanabil. 

 

  

Zhang, J. (2019). Cognitive functions of the brain: perception, attention and memory. arXiv preprint arXiv:1907.02863.