UPSI Digital Repository (UDRep)
Start | FAQ | About
Menu Icon

QR Code Link :

Type :thesis
Subject :BF Psychology
Main Author :Nuramalina Samar
Title :Exploring challenges and coping mechanisms of mental health among firefighters
Hits :45
Place of Production :Tanjong Malim
Publisher :Fakulti Pembangunan Manusia
Year of Publication :2023
Corporate Name :Perpustakaan Tuanku Bainun
PDF Guest :Click to view PDF file
PDF Full Text :You have no permission to view this item.

Abstract : Perpustakaan Tuanku Bainun
This study aimed to explore the challenges of Malaysian firefighters, the impact of the challenges, and to understand the coping strategies. The study adopted a qualitative research method through semi-structured interviews with 23 firefighters in the central region of Malaysia, consisting of 8 supervisors and 15 subordinates. Findings suggest that two superordinate themes emerged relating to challenges, workplace challenges and personal challenges, which are aligned with the affective experience as explained through AET. The challenges impact the firefighters psychologically, which is aligned with the affective reaction as explained by the AET but further divided into mental and physiological, emotional as well as behavioural and psychosocial impacts. The findings also suggest the coping strategies were derived based on emotion-focused coping, problem-focused coping, and serving both emotion-focused and problem-focused, reflected through social support. By uncovering the theoretical implication, this research contributes to a deeper understanding of the AET, especially in the firefighting context and the category of the psychological impacts compared with the mental health continuum model and further relation to the category of coping mechanisms. The study also provides practical implications to the management in enhancing the administrative work procedure and staff welfare, scrutinising complaints and supporting the administrative workload. Identifying the impacts of challenges and coping mechanism enable practical implication for the management to provide better working environment to the firefighters and guidance to support their mental health upon experiencing challenging situations, especially during the firefighting career.

References

Aamodt, M. G. (2015). Industrial/organizational psychology: An applied approach. Cengage Learning. 

 

Abelsson, A. (2019). First response emergency care–experiences described by firefighters. International Journal of Emergency Services, 8(3), 247-258. 

 

Almathami, R., Khoo-Lattimore, C., & Chiao Ling Yang, E. (2020). Exploring the challenges for women working in the event and festival sector in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Tourism Recreation Research, 0(0), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2020.1821329 

 

Angehrn, A., Krakauer, R. L., & Carleton, R. N. (2020). The impact of intolerance of uncertainty and anxiety sensitivity on mental health among public safety personnel: When the uncertain is unavoidable. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 44, 919-930. 

 

Armstrong, D., Shakespeare-Finch, J., & Shochet, I. (2014). Predicting post-traumatic growth and post-traumatic stress in firefighters. Australian Journal of Psychology, 66(1), 38-46. 

 

Armstrong, D., Shakespeare-Finch, J., & Shochet, I. (2016). Organizational belongingness mediates the relationship between sources of stress and posttrauma outcomes in firefighters. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 8(3), 343. 

 

Atikah, C. W., Nihayah, M., Leonard, J. H., Omar, B., Noor Ibrahim, M. S., Zurkarnain, M. K., … Wan Mohd Noor, I. (2015). A cross-sectional evaluation on physical fitness of Malaysian firefighters. Sains Malaysiana, 44(10), 1461–1466. https://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2015-4410-11 

 

Avsec, A., Novak, M., & Bajec, B. (2012). Differential relationship of coping styles with well-being and ill-being of professional firemen. Psihologija, 45(1), 59-70. 

 

Bassi, M., Negri, L., Delle Fave, A., & Accardi, R. (2021). The relationship between post-traumatic stress and positive mental health symptoms among health workers during COVID-19 pandemic in Lombardy, Italy. Journal of Affective Disorders, 280, 1-6. 

 

Blascovich, J., & Tomaka, J. (1996). The biopsychosocial model of arousal regulation. In Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 28, pp. 1-51). Academic Press. 

 

Blaney, L., & Brunsden, V. (2015). Resilience and health promotion in high-risk professions: A pilot study of firefighters in Canada and the United Kingdom. International Journal of Interdisciplinary Organizational Studies, 10(2). 

 

Blau, P. M. (1968). Social exchange. International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, 7(4), 452-457. 

 

Bouabdellah, L., Bensalem, I., Mokdad, M., & Kherbache, H. (2019). Psychological hardiness and coping strategies to deal with traumatic event at Algerian firefighters. In Proceedings of the 20th Congress of the International Ergonomics Association (IEA 2018) Volume II: Safety and Health, Slips, Trips and Falls 20 (pp. 285-292). Springer International Publishing. 

 

Bromley, P. D. (1990). Academic contributions to psychological counselling. 1. A philosophy of science for the study of individual cases. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 3(3), 299-307. 

 

Brown, J., Mulhern, G., & Joseph, S. (2002). Incident-related stressors, locus of control, coping, and psychological distress among firefighters in Northern Ireland. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 15, 161-168. 

 

Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 822–848. 

 

Bryan, B. T., Gayed, A., Milligan-Saville, J. S., Madan, I., Calvo, R. A., Glozier, N., & Harvey, S. B. (2018). Managers’ response to mental health issues among their staff. Occupational Medicine, 68(7), 464-468. 

 

Burns, R. J., & Fardfini, K. (2021). Prevalence and correlates of positive mental health among Canadian Adults with type 1 or type 2 diabetes: Results from the Canadian community health survey---mental health. Canadian Journal of Diabetes, 45(7), 601-606. 

 

Compton, W. C., & Hoffman, E. (2019). Positive Psychology: The Science of Happiness and Flourishing. Sage Publications. 

 

Carleton, R., Krakauer, R., MacPhee, R. S., Cramm, H. A., Groll, D., Afifi, T. O., … McCreary, D. R. (2019). Exposures to potentially traumatic events among public safety personnel in Canada. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 51(1), 37–52. 

 

Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. (1989). Assessing coping strategies: a theoretically based approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(2), 267. 

 

Chamberlin, M. J., & Green, H. J. (2010). Stress and coping strategies among firefighters and recruits. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 15(6), 548-560. 

 

Chang, C. M., Lee, L. C., Connor, K. M., Davidson, J. R., Jeffries, K., & Lai, T. J. (2003). Posttraumatic distress and coping strategies among rescue workers after an earthquake. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 191(6), 391-398. 

 

Chang, C. M., Lee, L. C., Connor, K. M., Davidson, J. R., & Lai, T. J. (2008). Modification effects of coping on post-traumatic morbidity among earthquake rescuers. Psychiatry Research, 158(2), 164-171. 

 

Chen, J., Li, J., Zhou, Y., Liu, X., & Xu, W. (2021). Enhancement from being present: dispositional mindfulness moderates the longitudinal relationship between perceived social support and posttraumatic growth in Chinese firefighters. Journal of Affective Disorders, 279, 111-116. 

 

Cherry, N., Galarneau, J. M., Haynes, W., & Sluggett, B. (2021). The role of organizational supports in mitigating mental ill health in firefighters: A cohort study in Alberta, Canada. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 64(7), 593-601. 

 

Chin, W. S., Shiao, J. S. C., Liao, S. C., Kuo, C. Y., Chen, C. C., & Guo, Y. L. (2017). Depressive, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorders at six years after occupational injuries. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 267, 507-516. 

 

Choi, M. Y. (2021). Mental and physical factors influencing wellbeing among South Korean emergency workers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(1), 70. 

 

Chung, P. H., & Cheng, Y. (2017). Prevalence of self-reported work-related injuries and their association with psychological symptoms in general working population of Taiwan. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 27, 195-201. 

 

Ciccarelli, S. K. & White, J. N. (2021). Psychology (6th ed.) Pearson Education. 

 

Cohen, F., & Lazarus, R. S. (1979). Coping with the stresses of illness. Health psychology/F. Cohen, R. Lazarus. 

 

Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2008). Basic of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory (3rd ed.). Sage Publication. 

 

Counson, I., Hosemans, D., Lal, T. J., Mott, B., Harvey, S. B., & Joyce, S. (2019). Mental health and mindfulness amongst Australian fire fighters. BMC psychology, 7(1), 1-9. 

 

Cowlishaw, S., Little, J., Sbisa, A., McFarlane, A. C., Van Hooff, M., Lawrence-Wood, E., ... & Metcalf, O. (2020). Prevalence and implications of gambling problems among firefighters. Addictive Behaviors, 105, 106326. 

 

Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage Publications. 

 

Dangermond, K., Weewer, R., Duyndam, J., & Machielse, A. (2022). “The problem hasn't changed, but you're no longer left to deal with it on your own”–the role of informal peer support in helping firefighters cope with critical incidents. International Journal of Emergency Services, 11(2), 300-311. 

 

Diener, E., Colvin, C. R., Pavot, W. G., & Allman, A. (1991). The psychic costs of intense positive affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(3), 492. 

 

Di Nota, P. M., Kasurak, E., Bahji, A., Groll, D., & Anderson, G. S. (2021). Coping among public safety personnel: A systematic review and meta–analysis. Stress and Health, 37(4), 613-630. 

 

Doley, R. M., Bell, R., & Watt, B. D. (2016). An investigation into the relationship between long-term posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and coping in Australian volunteer firefighters. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 204(7), 530–536. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000525 

 

Duran, F., Bishopp, D., & Woodhams, J. (2019). Relationships between psychological contract violation, stress and well-being in firefighters. International Journal of Workplace Health Management, 12(3), 120-133. 

 

Egdell, V., Hussein, R., Harrison, D., Bader, A. K., & Wilson, R. (2023). ‘I find it daunting... that I’m gonna have to deal with this until 60’: Extended working lives and the sustainable employability of operational firefighters. Work, Employment and Society, 37(3), 721-739. 

 

Endler, N. S. (1997). Stress, anxiety and coping: the multidimensional interaction model. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne, 38(3), 136. 

 

Folkman, S., & Moskowitz, J. T. (2004). Coping: Pitfalls and promise. Annu. Rev. Psychol., 55, 745-774. 

 

Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56(3), 218. 

 

Gall, M. D., Borg, W. R., & Gall, J. P. (1996). Educational research: An introduction. Longman Publishing. 

 

Gallyer, A. J., Dougherty, S. P., Gai, A. R., Stanley, I. H., Hom, M. A., Rogers, M. L., ... & Joiner, T. E. (2018). Problematic alcohol use and suicidal ideation among firefighters: A multi-study investigation of the explanatory roles of perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness. Journal of Affective Disorders, 238, 281-288. 

 

Gravetter, F. J., & Wallnau, L. B. (2013). Statistics for the behavioral sciences: International edition. Cengage Learning. 

 

Groot, E., Caturay, A., Khan, Y., & Copes, R. (2019). A systematic review of the health impacts of occupational exposure to wildland fires. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 32(2), 121–140. https://doi.org/10.13075/ijomeh.1896.01326 

 

Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 348. 

 

Guilaran, J., de Terte, I., Kaniasty, K., & Stephens, C. (2018). Psychological outcomes in disaster responders: A systematic review and meta-analysis on the effect of social support. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, 9, 344-358. 

 

Hamburg, D. A., & Adams, J. E. (1967). A perspective on coping behavior: Seeking and utilizing information in major transitions. Archives of General Psychiatry, 17(3), 277-284. 

 

Hays, D. G., & Singh, A. A. (2011). Qualitative inquiry in clinical and educational settings. Guilford Press. 

 

Herzberg, F. (1966). Work and the nature of man. New York: World Publishing. 

 

Hill, R., & Brunsden, V. (2009). ‘Heroes’ as victims: Role reversal in the fire and rescue service. The Irish Journal of Psychology, 30(1-2), 75-86. 

 

Hobfoll, S. E. (2002). Social and psychological resources and adaptation. Review of General Psychology, 6(4), 307-324. 

 

Hom, M. A., Stanley, I. H., Spencer-Thomas, S., & Joiner, T. E. (2018). Mental health service use and help-seeking among women firefighters with a career history of suicidality. Psychological Services, 15(3), 316. 

 

Hood, J. C. (2006). Teaching against the text: The case of qualitative methods. Teaching Sociology, 34(3), 207-223. 

 

Huang, Q., Zhang, Q., An, Y., & Xu, W. (2019). The relationship between dispositional mindfulness and PTSD/PTG among firefighters: The mediating role of emotion regulation. Personality and Individual Differences, 151, 109492. 

 

Huang, Q., An, Y., & Li, X. (2022). Coping strategies as mediators in the relation between perceived social support and job burnout among Chinese firefighters. Journal of Health Psychology, 27(2), 363-373. 

 

Igboanugo, S., Bigelow, P. L., & Mielke, J. G. (2021). Health outcomes of psychosocial stress within firefighters: A systematic review of the research landscape. Journal of Occupational Health, 63(1), e12219. 

 

Jabatan Bomba dan Penyelamat Malaysia. (2021). Laporan Tahunan 2021 Jabatan Bomba dan Penyelamat: Bomba frontliners keluarga Malaysia. https://www.bomba.gov.my/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Laporan-Tahun-2021_compressed.pdf  

 

Jahnke, S. A., Poston, W. S. C., Haddock, C. K., & Murphy, B. (2016). Firefighting and mental health: Experiences of repeated exposure to trauma. Work, 53(4), 737–744. https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-162255 

 

Jang, E. H., Hong, Y., Kim, Y., Lee, S., Ahn, Y., Jeong, K. S., ... & Suh, S. (2020). The development of a sleep intervention for firefighters: the FIT-IN (Firefighter’s therapy for insomnia and nightmares) Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(23), 8738. 

 

Jones, S. (2017). describing the mental health profile of first responders: A systematic review. Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association, 23(3), 200–214. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078390317695266 

 

Joseph, S., Williams, R., & Yule, W. (1992). Crisis support, attributional style, coping style, and post-traumatic symptoms. Personality and Individual Differences, 13(11), 1249-1251. 

 

Katsavouni, F., Bebetsos, E., Malliou, P., & Beneka, A. (2016). The relationship between burnout, PTSD symptoms and injuries in firefighters. Occupational Medicine, 66(1), 32–37. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqv144 

 

Kelly, M. R., A. Hillier, E., Aria, F., Gulotta, J., & Haynes, P. L. (2021). Recovery sleep versus emotion regulation in predicting fire service shift workers stress, fatigue and irritability. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 19(1), 26-37. 

 

Kessler, R. C., Chiu, W. T., Demler, O., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6), 617-627. 

 

Keyes, C. L. (2002). The mental health continuum: From languishing to flourishing in life. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 207-222. 

 

Kim, J. (2013). Depression as a psychosocial consequence of occupational injury in the US working population: findings from the medical expenditure panel survey. BMC Public Health, 13, 1-10. 

 

Kim, J., & Choi, Y. (2016). Gender differences in the longitudinal association between work-related injury and depression. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(11), 1077. 

 

Kim, J. E., Dager, S. R., Jeong, H. S., Ma, J., Park, S., Kim, J., ... & Lyoo, I. K. (2018). Firefighters, posttraumatic stress disorder, and barriers to treatment: Results from a nationwide total population survey. PloS One, 13(1), e0190630. 

 

Kim, M. J., Jeong, Y., Choi, Y. S., Seo, A. R., Ha, Y., Seo, M., & Park, K. S. (2019). The association of the exposure to work-related traumatic events and work limitations among firefighters: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(5), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16050756 

 

Kim, J. Y., Kim, J. H., Yoon, S., Lee, J. T., & Kim, S. S. (2021). Rejection of workers’ compensation claims may increase depressive symptoms among firefighters with occupational injury: a nationwide study in South Korea. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 94, 1405-1413. 

 

Klimley, K. E., Van Hasselt, V. B., & Stripling, A. M. (2018). Posttraumatic stress disorder in police, firefighters, and emergency dispatchers. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 43(August), 33–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2018.08.005 

 

Kraiss, J., Redelinghuys, K., & Weiss, L. A. (2022). The effects of psychological interventions on well-being measured with the Mental Health Continuum: A meta-analysis. Journal of Happiness Studies, 23(7), 3655-3689. 

 

Krakauer, R. L., Stelnicki, A. M., & Carleton, R. N. (2020). Examining mental health knowledge, stigma, and service use intentions among public safety personnel. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 949. 

 

Kshtriya, S., Kobezak, H. M., Popok, P., Lawrence, J., & Lowe, S. R. (2020). Social support as a mediator of occupational stressors and mental health outcomes in first responders. Journal of Community Psychology, 48(7), 2252-2263. 

 

Kyron, M. J., Rikkers, W., Page, A. C., O’Brien, P., Bartlett, J., LaMontagne, A., & Lawrence, D. (2021). Prevalence and predictors of suicidal thoughts and behaviours among Australian police and emergency services employees. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 55(2), 180-195. 

 

Kyron, M. J., Rikkers, W., Page, A. C., O’Brien, P., Bartlett, J., LaMontagne, A., & Lawrence, D. (2021). Prevalence and predictors of suicidal thoughts and behaviours among Australian police and emergency services employees. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 55(2), 180-195. 

 

Laureys, V., & Easton, M. (2020). Resilience of firefighters exposed to potentially traumatic events: a literature review. International Journal of Emergency Services, 9(2), 217-232. 

 

Lazarus, R. S., & Alfert, E. (1964). Short-circuiting of threat by experimentally altering cognitive appraisal. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 69(2), 195. 

 

Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. Springer Publishing Company. 

 

Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1987). Transactional theory and research on emotions and coping. European Journal of Personality, 1(3), 141-169. 

 

Leary, M., Thomas, J., Hayes, R., & Sherlock, L. (2020). Evaluation of an occupational exercise training program for firefighters: Mixed methods pilot study. JMIR Formative Research, 4(9), e17835. 

 

Lebeaut, A., Zegel, M., Leonard, S. J., Bartlett, B. A., & Vujanovic, A. A. (2021). Examining transdiagnostic factors among firefighters in relation to trauma exposure, probable PTSD, and probable alcohol use disorder. Journal of Dual Diagnosis, 17(1), 52-63. 

 

Lee, J. H., Park, S., & Sim, M. (2018). Relationship between ways of coping and posttraumatic stress symptoms in firefighters compared to the general population in South Korea. Psychiatry Research, 270, 649-655. 

 

Lee, S. S., Jeong, S., & Choi, Y. S. (2019). The effect of stress coping on resilience of firefighters. Biomedical Research, 30(2), 340-345. 

 

Lester, S. W., Kickul, J. R., & Bergmann, T. J. (2007). Managing employee perceptions of the psychological contract over time: The role of employer social accounts and contract fulfillment. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 28(2), 191-208. 

 

Lichtman, M. (2014). Qualitative research for the social sciences. SAGE publications. 

 

Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Sage. 

 

Llorens, S., Salanova, M., Chambel, M. J., Torrente, P., & Ângelo, R. P. (2022). Organizational drivers of burnout and work engagement: a multilevel study in Portuguese firefighter brigades. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(7), 4053. 

 

Lowery, A., & Cassidy, T. (2022). Health and well-being of first responders: The role of psychological capital, self-compassion, social support, relationship satisfaction, and physical activity. Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health, 37(2), 87-105. 

 

Lune, H. B., & Berg, L. BL (2017) Qualitative Research Methods for Social Sciences. New York: Pearson. 

 

MacDermid, J. C., Lomotan, M., & Hu, M. A. (2021). Canadian career firefighters’ mental health impacts and priorities. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(23), 12666. 

 

Majani, A. F., Ghazali, S. R., Yoke Yong, C., Pauzi, N., Adenan, F., & Manogaran, K. (2022). Marital conflict, trauma exposure, posttraumatic stress disorder, and depressive symptoms among Malaysian firefighters. Psychological Reports, 00332941221075246. 

 

Malek, M. D. A., Fahrudin, A., & Kamil, I. S. M. (2009). Occupational stress and psychological well-being in emergency services. Asian Social Work and Policy Review, 3(3), 143–154. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-1411.2009.00030.x 

 

Malek, M. D. H. A., Baco, B. S., Nor, M. A. M., & Kamil, I. S. M. (2016). The sources of occupational stress and coping strategies among emergency workers in Sabah, Malaysia. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 6(6), 155–162. 

 

Malek, M. D. H. A., Fahrudin, A., Wan, W. A., & Kamil, I. S. M. (2020). the moderating effect of coping strategies on job satisfaction and mental health among fire fighters. Journal of Talent Development and Excellence, 12, 2600-2607. 

 

Martin, A. J. (2005). The role of positive psychology in enhancing satisfaction, motivation, and productivity in the workplace. Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, 24(1-2), 113-133. 

 

Maslow, A. H. (1943). Preface to motivation theory. Psychosomatic Medicine, 5(1), 85-92. 

 

McCaughey, D., DelliFraine, J. L., McGhan, G., & Bruning, N. S. (2013). The negative effects of workplace injury and illness on workplace safety climate perceptions and health care worker outcomes. Safety Science, 51(1), 138-147. 

 

McQuerry, M., Kwon, C., & Johnson, H. (2019). A critical review of female firefighter protective clothing and equipment workplace challenges. Research Journal of Textile and Apparel, 23(2), 94–110. https://doi.org/10.1108/RJTA-01-2019-0002 

 

Melton, B. F., Ryan, G., Bigham, L., & Pedigo, J. (2019). Qualitative assessment of barriers and ideal wellness programming among rural firefighters. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 61(6), E266–E271. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0000000000001594 

 

Merriam, S. B. (1998). Qualitative research and case study applications in education. revised and expanded from" Case Study Research in Education.". Jossey-Bass Publishers. 

 

Meyer, E. C., Zimering, R., Daly, E., Knight, J., Kamholz, B. W., & Gulliver, S. B. (2012). Predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and other psychological symptoms in trauma-exposed firefighters. Psychological Services, 9(1), 1. 

 

Miller, A., Unruh, L., Wharton, T., Liu, X., & Zhang, N. (2018). Individual and organizational factors associated with professional quality of life in Florida fire personnel. Journal of Emergency Management (Weston, Mass.), 16(3), 173-182. 

 

Miller, A., & Unruh, L. (2019). Individual and organizational influences of the professional quality of life of Florida public safety personnel: A comparison of the fields. International Journal of Emergency Services, 8(3), 221-235. 

 

Milligan-Saville, J., Choi, I., Deady, M., Scott, P., Tan, L., Calvo, R. A., … Harvey, S. B. (2018). The impact of trauma exposure on the development of PTSD and psychological distress in a volunteer fire service. Psychiatry Research, 270, 1110–1115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.06.058 

 

Motreff, Y., Baubet, T., Pirard, P., Rabet, G., Petitclerc, M., Stene, L. E., … Vandentorren, S. (2020). Factors associated with PTSD and partial PTSD among first responders following the Paris terror attacks in November 2015. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 121(September 2019), 143–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.11.018 

 

Myers, K. K., & Sadaghiani, K. (2010). Millennials in the workplace: A communication perspective on millennials’ organizational relationships and performance. Journal of Business and Psychology, 25, 225-238. 

 

Noraini, A. R., & Noorasmah, B. (2019). Tekanan kerja : Hubungannya dengan komitmen organisasi dalam kalangan anggota bomba dan penyelamat, Alor Gajah. Jurnal Fakulti Sains Sosial Kolej Universiti Islam Melaka, 4(1), 54–67. 

 

North, C. S., Tivis, L., McMillen, J. C., Pfefferbaum, B., Cox, J., Spitznagel, E. L., ... & Smith, E. M. (2002). Coping, functioning, and adjustment of rescue workers after the Oklahoma City bombing. Journal of Traumatic Stress: Official Publication of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, 15(3), 171-175. 

 

Pasca, R., & Wagner, S. L. (2022). Modeling firefighter work state, satisfaction and well-being. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 27(6), 516-529. 

 

Payne, N., & Kinman, G. (2019). Job demands, resources and work-related well-being in UK firefighters. Occupational Medicine, 69(8-9), 604-609. 

 

Pinto, C. M., Radon, K., & Van Dijk, F. (2018). Violence at work and mental distress among firefighters in Guatemala. Annals of Global Health, 84(3), 532. 

 

Psarros, C., Theleritis, C., Kokras, N., Lyrakos, D., Koborozos, A., Kakabakou, O., … Bergiannaki, J. D. (2018). Personality characteristics and individual factors associated with PTSD in firefighters one month after extended wildfires. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 72(1), 17–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/08039488.2017.1368703 

 

Rahimi, N. A., Sedek, R., Teh, A. H., & Harun, M. (2017). Relationship between body composition and physical fitness of rescue firefighter personnel in Selangor, Malaysia. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 6(2), 77-83. 

 

Rasmus, P., Kocur, J., Flirski, M., & Sobów, T. (2013). Biopsychosocial correlates of psychoactive substance use in professional firefighters. Journal of Medical Science and Technology, 54, 70-75. 

 

Rahman, A., Sufian, A., & Kamaruzaman, Z. (2019). Depression, anxiety and stress among firefighters at one of Fire and Rescue Department in Negeri Sembilan: a Case Study. Journal of Education and Social Sciences, 13(1), 86–94. 

 

Ricciardelli, R., Czarnuch, S., Carleton, R. N., Gacek, J., & Shewmake, J. (2020). Canadian public safety personnel and occupational stressors: How PSP interpret stressors on duty. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(13), 4736. 

 

Richardson, B. K., & James, E. P. (2017). The role of occupational identity in negotiating traumatic experiences: The case of a rural fire department. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 45(3), 313-332. 

 

Ryff, C. D. (1985). The subjective experience of life-span transitions. Gender and the life course, 97-113. 

 

Ryff, C. D. (1995). Psychological well-being in adult life. Current directions in psychological science, 4(4), 99-104. 

 

Ryff, C. D., Singer, B. H., & Seltzer, M. M. (2002). 12 Pathways through challenge: implications for well-being and health. Paths to successful development: Personality in the life course, 302. 

 

Salleh, M. N. B. M., Ismail, H. B., & Yusoff, H. B. M. (2020). Prevalence and predictors for PTSD among firefighters. A systematic review. International Journal of Public Health Research, 10(1). 

 

Samsudin, K., Hussin, M. F., Ghazali, N. F. N., Ghani, N. H. A., Kamarudin, A. H., Sansuddin, N., ... & Hussein, K. (2021). Association between workload and psychological well-being in Malaysia elite firefighter. Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 21(2), 374-381. 

 

Sarantakos, S. (1993). Field Studies and Grounded Theory. In Social Research (pp. 255-274). Macmillan Education UK. 

 

Saroja, K. I., Kasmini, K., Muhamad, S., & Zulkifli, G. (1995). Relationship of stress, experienced by rescue workers in the highland towers condominium collapse to probable risk factors--a preliminary report. The Medical Journal of Malaysia, 50(4), 326–329. 

 

Sawhney, G., Jennings, K. S., Britt, T. W., & Sliter, M. T. (2018). Occupational stress and mental health symptoms: Examining the moderating effect of work recovery strategies in firefighters. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 23(3), 443–456. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000091 

 

Schäfer, S. K., Sopp, M. R., Staginnus, M., Lass-Hennemann, J., & Michael, T. (2020). Correlates of mental health in occupations at risk for traumatization: a cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry, 20(1), 1-14. 

 

Schwarzer, R., & Taubert, S. (2002). Tenacious goal pursuits and striving toward personal growth: Proactive coping. In Beyond coping: Meeting goals, visions and challenges (pp. 19-35). 

 

Shaughnessy, J. J., Zechmeister, E. B., & Zechmeister, J. S. (2008). Research Methods in Psychology. 

 

Shi, J., Chen, Y., Li, X., & An, Y. (2021). Predicting Posttraumatic Stress and Depression Symptoms Among Frontline Firefighters in China. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 209(1). https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000001250 

 

Skeffington, P. M., Rees, C. S., & Mazzucchelli, T. (2017). Trauma exposure and post-traumatic stress disorder within fire and emergency services in Western Australia. Australian Journal of Psychology, 69(1), 20–28. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajpy.12120 

 

Smith, J. A., Flowers, P. & Larkin, M. (2009). Interpretative phenomenological 

analysis: Theory, method and research. London: Sage. 

 

Smith, T. D., Hughes, K., DeJoy, D. M., & Dyal, M. A. (2018). Assessment of relationships between work stress, work-family conflict, burnout and firefighter safety behavior outcomes. Safety Science, 103, 287-292. 

 

Smith, E. C., Holmes, L., & Burkle, F. M. (2019). The physical and mental health challenges experienced by 9/11 first responders and recovery workers: A Review of the literature. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 34(6), 625–631. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049023X19004989 

 

Smith, T. D., Mullins-Jaime, C., Dyal, M. A., & DeJoy, D. M. (2020). Stress, burnout and diminished safety behaviors: an argument for Total Worker Health® approaches in the fire service. Journal of Safety Research, 75, 189-195. 

 

Smith, E., Holmes, L., Larkin, B., Mills, B., & Dobson, M. (2022). Supporting volunteer firefighter well-Being: Lessons from the Australian “Black Summer” bushfires. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 37(2), 273-276. 

 

Snyder, C. R., & Dinoff, B. L. (1999). Coping: Where have you been. Coping: The Psychology of What Works, 3-19. 

 

Standifer, R. L., Lester, S. W., Schultz, N. J., & Windsor, J. M. (2013). How age similarity preference, uncertainty, and workplace challenges affect conflict. Human Relations, 66(12), 1597–1618. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726713482012 

 

Stanley, I. H., Boffa, J. W., Hom, M. A., Kimbrel, N. A., & Joiner, T. E. (2017). Differences in psychiatric symptoms and barriers to mental health care between volunteer and career firefighters. Psychiatry Research, 247(July 2016), 236–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.11.037 

 

Stanley, I. H., Hom, M. A., Gai, A. R., & Joiner, T. E. (2018). Wildland firefighters and suicide risk: Examining the role of social disconnectedness. Psychiatry Research, 266, 269-274. 

 

Stout, J. W., Beidel, D. C., Brush, D., & Bowers, C. (2021). Sleep disturbance and cognitive functioning among firefighters. Journal of Health Psychology, 26(12), 2248-2259. 

 

Sun, X., Li, X., Huang, J., & An, Y. (2020). Prevalence and predictors of PTSD, depression and posttraumatic growth among Chinese firefighters. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 34(1), 14–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2019.12.007 

 

Tanaka, E., Tennichi, H., Kameoka, S., & Kato, H. (2019). Long-term psychological recovery process and its associated factors among survivors of the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake in Japan: a qualitative study. BMJ Open, 9(8), e030250. 

 

Teoh, K. R. H., Lima, E. D., Vasconcelos, A., Nascimento, E. D., & Cox, T. (2019). Trauma and work factors as predictors of firefighters’ psychiatric distress. Occupational Medicine, 69(8-9), 598-603. 

 

Vargas de Barros, V., Martins, L. F., Saitz, R., Bastos, R. R., & Ronzani, T. M. (2013). Mental health conditions, individual and job characteristics and sleep disturbances among firefighters. Journal of Health Psychology, 18(3), 350-358. 

 

Vashdi, D. R., Bamberger, P. A., & Bacharach, S. (2012). Effects of job control and situational severity on the timing of help-seeking. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 17(2), 206. 

 

Vaulerin, J., d’Arripe-Longueville, F., Emile, M., & Colson, S. S. (2016). Physical exercise and burnout facets predict injuries in a population-based sample of French career firefighters. Applied Ergonomics, 54, 131-135. 

 

Vig, K. D., Mason, J. E., Carleton, R. N., Asmundson, G. J. G., Anderson, G. S., & Groll, D. (2020). Mental health and social support among public safety personnel. Occupational Medicine, 70(6), 427-433. 

 

Vincent, G., Ferguson, S. A., Tran, J., Larsen, B., Wolkow, A., & Aisbett, B. (2015). Sleep restriction during simulated wildfire suppression: effect on physical task performance. PLoS One, 10(1), e0115329. 

 

Vincent, G. E., Aisbett, B., Wolkow, A., Jay, S. M., Ridgers, N. D., & Ferguson, S. A. (2018). Sleep in wildland firefighters: what do we know and why does it matter?. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 27(2), 73-84. 

 

Wagner, S. L., White, N., Randall, C., Regehr, C., White, M., Alden, L. E., … Krutop, E. (2020). Mental Disorders in Firefighters following Large-Scale Disaster. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2020.61 

 

Weiss, H. M., & Cropanzano, R. (1996). Affective events theory. Research in Organizational Behavior, 18(1), 1-74. 

 

Wesemann, U., Zimmermann, P., Mahnke, M., Butler, O., Polk, S., & Willmund, G. (2018). Burdens on emergency responders after a terrorist attack in Berlin. Occupational Medicine, 68(1), 60–63. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqx172 

 

Witt, M., Stelcer, B., & Czarnecka-Iwanczuk, M. (2018). Stress coping styles in firemen exposed to severe stress. Psychiatria Polska, 52(3), 543-555. 

 

Wolkow, A. P., Barger, L. K., O'Brien, C. S., Sullivan, J. P., Qadri, S., Lockley, S. W., ... & Rajaratnam, S. M. (2019). Associations between sleep disturbances, mental health outcomes and burnout in firefighters, and the mediating role of sleep during overnight work: a cross-sectional study. Journal of Sleep Research, 28(6), e12869. 

 

World Health Organization. (2004). Promoting mental health: Concepts, emerging evidence, practice: Summary report. World Health Organization. 

 

Yip, J., Zeig-Owens, R., Hall, C. B., Webber, M. P., Olivieri, B., Schwartz, T., … Prezant, D. J. (2016). Health conditions as mediators of the association between World Trade Center exposure and health-related quality of life in firefighters and ems workers. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 58(2), 200–206. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0000000000000597 

 

Young, P. M., Partington, S., Wetherell, M. A., St Clair Gibson, A., & Partington, E. (2014). Stressors and coping strategies of UK firefighters during on-duty incidents. Stress and Health, 30(5), 366-376. 

 

Yung, M., Du, B., Gruber, J., & Yazdani, A. (2021). Developing a Canadian fatigue risk management standard for first responders: Defining the scope. Safety Science, 134(June 2020), 105044. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2020.105044 

 

Zhang, X. C., Yang, X. Y., Liu, C., & Luo, J. J. (2021). Depression symtoms and related factors of fire fighters. Zhonghua lao Dong wei Sheng zhi ye Bing za zhi= Zhonghua Laodong Weisheng Zhiyebing Zazhi= Chinese Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Diseases, 39(2), 130-133. 

 

 


This material may be protected under Copyright Act which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials.
You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research.

Back to previous page

Installed and configured by Bahagian Automasi, Perpustakaan Tuanku Bainun, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
If you have enquiries, kindly contact us at pustakasys@upsi.edu.my or 016-3630263. Office hours only.