UPSI Digital Repository (UDRep)
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Abstract : Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris |
This research aimed to evaluate the potential of razor clam (Ensis directus) shell, a
fishery waste material, as an adsorbent for the removal of heavy metals and dyes from aqueous
solution. This research is divided into three parts, namely characterisation studies, adsorption
studies and desorption studies. Several analytical instruments such as scanning electron microscope
(SEM), energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) spectrometer and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR)
spectrometer were used to characterise the adsorbent. In this study, three metal ions (Cd(II),
Cu(II) and Pb(II)) and four dyes (Congo red (CR), methylene blue (MB), Rhodamine B (RB) and methyl
orange (MO)) were used as contaminants. A series of adsorption tests were carried out as a function
of solution pH, adsorbent dosage and initial adsorbate concentration. The adsorption capacity of
razor clam shell for metal ions and dyes from aqueous solutions was evaluated in both single and
mix systems. The desorption study was performed using hydrochloric acid, acetic acid and sodium
hydroxide as desorption agents. The adsorption efficiency of the proposed adsorbent was compared
with olive tree derived activated carbon, a commercial adsorbent for water treatment in Libya.
Research findings showed that the surface morphology of razor clam shell changed after metal ions
and dyes uptake, indicate a relevant adsorbate-adsorbent interaction. With an exception of MB, the
adsorption of contaminants studied was more favourable at acidic pH media. The Freundlich and
Langmuir isotherm models were employed to correlate the adsorption equilibrium data. Based on
Langmuir isotherm model, the maximum adsorption capacities of razor clam shell were calculated as
103 mg/g, 98 mg/g and 357 mg/g for Cd(II), Cu(II) and Pb(II) ions, respectively. Meanwhile, the
maximum adsorption capacities for CR, MB, MO and RB were determined as 115 mg/g, 24 mg/g, 9 mg/g
and 1.16 mg/g, respectively. In conclusion, the presence of carbonate functional group on the
surface of razor clam shell was beneficial for adsorption mechanism. In implication, the
application of razor clam shell as a low-cost adsorbent could reduce
the operational cost for water treatment in developing countries.
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