1. Ahmad, A. R., Salleh, M. J., Awang, M. M., & Mohamad, N. A. (2013). Investigating best practice and effectiveness of leadership wisdom among principals of excellent secondary school in Malaysia: Perceptions of senior assistants. International Education Studies, 6, 38–46. doi:10.5539/ies.v6n8p38 2. Ainscow, M., Beresford, J., Harris, A., Hopkins, D., Southworth, G., & West, M. (2012). Creating the conditions for school improvement: A handbook of staff development activities. New York, NY: Routledge. 3. Anghelachea, V., & Bentea, C. C. (2012). Educational changes and teachers’ attitudes towards change. Social and Behavioral Sciences, 33, 593–597. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.01.190 4. Anthony, S., Said, H., Mohamad, I., & Mokhtar, M. (2015). Self-efficacy belief as a practical and parsimonious evaluation criterion in school leadership training. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 6, 20–29. doi:10.5901/mjss.2015. v6n1s1p20 5. Armenakis, A. A., Bernerth, J. B., Pitts, J. P., & Walker, H. J. (2007). Organizational change recipients’ beliefs scale: Development of an assessment instrument. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 43, 481–505. doi:10.1177/0021886307303654 6. Awang, Z. (2012). A handbook on structural equation modelling: SEM using AMOS graphic (5th ed.). Kota Baru: Universiti Teknologi Mara Kelantan. 7. Babbie, E. (1990). Survey research methods (2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. 8. Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. 9. Bandura, A. (1993). Perceived self-efficacy in cognitive development and functioning. Educational Psychologist, 28, 117–148. doi:10.1207/s15326985ep2802_3 10. Bernal, E. (2009). Designing transformational leadership development programmes. Business Leadership Review, 6(6), 1–17. 11. Boak, G., & Coolican, D. (2001). Competencies for retail leadership: Accurate, acceptable, affordable. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 22, 212–220. doi:10.1108/EUM0000000005675 12. Bonder, A. (2003). A blueprint for the future: Competency-based management in HRDC. Unpublished presentation. HRDC, Canada. 13. Boyatsis, R. E. (1982). The competent manager: A model of effective performance. New York, NY: Wiley. Bueno, C., & Tubbs, S. (2005). Identifying global leadership competencies: An exploratory study. The Journal of American Academy of Business, 5, 80–87. 14. Bush, T. (2007). Educational leadership and management: Theory, policy, and practice. South African Journal of Education, 27, 391–406. 15. Byrne, B. M. (2001). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. 16. Cairns, M. (2000). Competency theory leadership. In H. B. Smit & L. Carstens (Eds.), The influence of leadership role competencies on organization change outcome in the manufacturing industry in South Africa (pp. 45–52). Retrieved from http://www.sajhrm.co.za/index.php/sajhrm/article/download/16/16 17. Caporarello, L., & Viachka, A. (2010). Individual readiness for change in the context of enterprise resource planning systems implementation. Retrieved from http://aisel.aisnet.org/amcis2010/419 18. Chan, S. S. (2002). How does principal’s leadership influence teachers’ beliefs? Case study of a secondary school in Hong Kong (Unpublished master’s thesis). The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong. 19. Childs-Bowen, D., Moller, G., & Scrivner, J. (2000). Principals: Leaders of leaders. NASSP Bulletin, 84,27–34. doi:10.1177/019263650008461606 20. Conger, C. L., & Kanungo, R. N. (1998). Charismatic leadership in organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Crawford, L. H. (2003). Assessing and developing project management competence. In J. R. Turner (Ed.), People in project management (pp. 23–47). Aldershot: Gower. 21. de Vaus, D. A. (1995). Surveys in school research. Sydney: Allen & Unwin. 22. Demir, K. (2008). Transformational leadership and collective efficacy: The moderating roles of collaborative culture and teachers’ self-efficacy. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 33, 93–112. 23. Duffy, F. (2009). Change leadership competencies (Part 2). Retrieved from http://cnx.org/content/m19578/1.4/ 24. Dunham, R. B., Grube, J. A., Gardner, D. G., Cummings, L. L., & Pierce, J. L. (1989). The development of an attitude toward change instrument. Unpublished discussion paper 124. Strategic Management Research Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. 25. El-Farra, M. M., & Badawi, M. B. (2012). Employee attitudes toward organizational change in the Coastal Municipalities Water Utility in the Gaza strip. EuroMed Journal of Business, 7, 161–184. doi:10.1108/14502191211245598 26. Eslami, Z. R., & Fatahi, A. (2008). Teachers’ sense of self-efficacy, English proficiency, and instructional strategies: A study of non-native EFL teachers in Iran. TESL-EJ, 11(4), 1–19. 27. Field, A. (2005). Discovering statistics using SPSS (2nd ed.). London: Sage. Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (2010). Predicting and changing behaviour: The reasoned action approach. New York, NY: Psychology Press. 28. Fisler, J. L., & Firestone, W. A. (2006). Teacher learning in a school-university partnership: Exploring the role of social trust and teaching efficacy beliefs. Teachers College Record, 108, 1155–1185. 29. Ford, M. E. (1992). Motivating humans: Goals, emotions and personal agency beliefs. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. 30. Fowler, F. J. (2009). Survey research methods (4th ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage. 31. Fullan, M. (2007). The new meaning of educational change (4th ed.). New York, NY: Teachers College Press. 32. Giannakaki, M. S., & Belikaidi, E. (2012). Individual and school-level determinants of teachers’ attitudes towards change: A multilevel analysis in the context of Greek primary schools. Retrieved from www.cceam2012.com/presentation_pdf139. pdf 33. Grinin, L. (2010). The role of an individual in history: A re-consideration. Social Evolution and History, 9, 95–136. 34. Hair, J. F., Jr., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (2006). Multivariate data analysis (5th ed.). New Jersey, NJ: Prentice Hall. 35. Hall, G. E., & Hord, S. (2011). Implementing change: Patterns, principles, and potholes (3rd ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson. 36. Hallinger, P., & Heck, R. (1999). Next generation methods for the study of leadership and school improvement. In 37. J. Murphy & K. S. Louis (Eds.), Handbook of research on educational administration (2nd ed., pp. 141–162). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. 38. Hallinger, P., & Heck, R. (2002). What do you call people with visions? The role of vision, mission, and goals in school leadership and improvement. In K. Leithwood & P. Hallinger (Eds.), Second international handbook of educational leadership and administration (pp. 9–40). Dordrecht: Kluwer. 39. Harris, S. G., & Cole, M. S. (2007). A stages of change perspective on managers’ motivation to learn in a leadership development context. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 20, 67–74. doi:10.1108/09534810710831019 40. Hayes, J. (2010). The theory and practice of change management (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. 41. Higgs, M. J., & Rowland, D. (2000). Building change leadership capability: ‘The quest for change competence’. Journal of Change Management, 1, 116–130. doi:10.1080/714042459 42. Holt, D. T., Armenakis, A. A., Feild, H. S., & Harris, S. G. (2007). Readiness for organizational change: The systematic development of a scale. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 43, 232–255. doi:10.1177/0021886306295295 Humayun, R. (2008). The impact of change message on the commitment to a change: An analysis of IT professionals in India and Malaysia (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Cleveland, OH: Case Western Reserve University. 43. Jones, M., Adams, D., Tan, H. J., Muniandy, V., Perera, C. J., & Harris, A. (2015). Contemporary challenges and changes: Principals’ leadership practices in Malaysia. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 35, 353–365. doi:10.1080/02188791.2015.1056591 44. Juechter, W. M., Caroline, F., & Alford, R. J. (1998). Five conditions for high performance cultures. Training and Development, 52, 63–76. 45. Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford. 46. Kotter, J. P. (1999). Leading change. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press. 47. Kursunoglu, A., & Tanrıogen, A. (2009). The relationship between teachers’ perceptions towards instructional leadership behaviors of their principals and teachers’ attitudes towards change. Procedia Social and Behavioural Science, 1, 252–258. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2009.01.046 48. Lakomski, G. (2001). Organizational change, leadership and learning: Culture as cognitive process. International Journal of Educational Management, 15, 68–77. doi:10.1108/09513540110383791 49. Leithwood, K. (1992). The move to transform leadership. Educational Leadership, 49, 8–12. 50. Leithwood, K. (1996). School restructuring, transformational leadership and the amelioration of teacher burnout. Anxiety, Stress and Coping, 9, 199–215. doi:10.1080/10615809608249402 51. Leithwood, K., & Jantzi, D. (2006). Transformational school leadership for large-scale reform: Effects on students, teachers, and their classroom practices. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 17, 201–227. doi:10.1080/09243450600565829 52. Leithwood, K., Jantzi, D., Earl, L., Watson, N., Levin, B., & Fullan, M. (2004). Strategic leadership for large-scale reform: The case of England’s national literacy and numeracy strategy. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 24, 57–79. doi:10.1080/1363243042000172822 53. Leithwood, K., & Seashore Louis, K. (2012). Linking leadership to student learning. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. 54. Lewin, K. (1958). Group decisions and social change. In G. E. Swanson, T. M. Newcomb, & E. L. Hartley (Eds.), Readings in social psychology (pp. 62–73). New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. 55. Macneil, A. J., Prater, D. J., & Busch, S. (2009). The effects of school culture and climate on student achievement. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 12, 73–84. doi:10.1080/13603120701576241 56. Magno, C. (2005). The role of meta cognitive regulation and learning approach on achievement and its effect on academic self efficacy. Paper presented at the Annual Psychological Association of the Philippines, Baguio, Philippines. 57. Ministry of Education Malaysia. (2010). School performance development program. Kuala Lumpur: Author. 58. Ministry of Education Malaysia. (2013). Malaysia education blueprint 2013–2025. Putrajaya: Author. Nilakant, V., & Ramnarayan, S. (2006). Change management: Altering mindset in a global context. New Delhi: Response Books. 59. Onafowora, L. L. (2005). Teacher efficacy issues in the practice of novice teachers. Educational Research Quarterly, 28, 34–44. 60. Oplatka, I. (2003). School change and self renewal: Some reflections from life stories of women principals. Journal of Educational Change, 4, 25–43. doi:10.1023/A:1023081708728 61. Oplatka, I. (2016). A call to adopt the concept of responsible leadership in our schools: Some insights from the business literature. International Journal of Leadership in Education. Advance online publication. doi:10.1080/13603124.20 16.1186846 62. Oreg, S., & Berson, Y. (2011). Leadership and employees’ reactions to change: The role of leaders’ personal attributes and transformational leadership style. Personnel Psychology, 64, 627–659. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2011.01221.x 63. Pare, G., Sicotte, C., & Poba-Nzaou, P. (2010). Perceived organizational readiness for IT-based change and its antecedents: An exploratory study in the healthcare sector. Proceedings of the Americas Conference on Information Systems (AMCIS), 390, 137–151. Retrieved from http://aisle.aisnet.org/amcis2010/390 64. Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative evaluation and research methods (2nd ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage. 65. Rosnarizah, A. H., Amin, S., & Abdul Razak, M. (2009). Innovation in educational management and leadership: High impact competency for Malaysian school leaders. Retrieved from www.seameo.org/vl/library/dlwelcome/projects/jasper/../FullPaper.pdf 66. Ross, J. A., & Gray, P. (2006). School leadership and student achievement: The mediating effects of teacher beliefs. Canadian Journal of Education, 29, 798–822. doi:10.2307/20054196 67. Sabates, L. A., & Capdevila, J. M. (2010). Contribution for attitude change theory on the conceptual relation between attitudes and competencies. Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology, 8, 1283–1302. 68. Sarafidou, J. O., & Nikolaidis, D. I. (2009). School leadership and teachers’ attitudes toward school change: The case of high schools in Greece. The International Journal of Learning, 16, 431–440. 69. Schumacker, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (2010). A beginner’s guide to structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. 70. Sentočnik, S., Sales, G. C., & Richardson, J. W. (2016). Educational reform in Georgia: Recommendations for building leadership capacity as a critical success factor for instructional change. International Journal of Leadership in Education. Advance online publication. doi:10.1080/13603124.2016.1224931 71. Smit, H. B. (2003). The influence of leadership role competences on organizational change outcome in the manufacturing industry in South Africa (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Johannesburg: Rand Afrikaans University, Johannesburg. 72. Smollan, R. K. (2006). Minds, hearts and deeds: Cognitive, affective and behavioural responses to change. Journal of Change Management, 6, 143–158. doi:10.1080/14697010600725400 73. Streiner, D. L. (1994). Figuring out factors: The use and misuse of factor analysis. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 39, 135–140. 74. Steiner, L., & Hassel, E. A. (2011). Using competencies to improve school turnaround principal success. Chapel Hill, NC:Public Impact. 75. Tai, M. K. (2013). Modelling of principal change leadership competencies and its relationship with teacher change beliefs and teacher attitudes toward change (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Tanjong Malim, Perak: Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris. 76. Tai, M. K., Omar, A. K., Mohamad Sahari, N., & Khuan, W. B. (2014). The development of principal change leadership competency model: A structural equation modelling (SEM) approach. International Studies in Educational Administration, 42, 3–44. 77. Tai, M. K., Omar, A. K., Mohamad Sahari, N., & Khuan, W. B. (2015). Teacher change beliefs: Validating a scale with structural equation modelling. School Leadership and Management, 35, 266–299. doi:10.1080/13632434.2014.962503 78. Tian, M., Risku, M., & Collin, K. (2015). A meta-analysis of distributed leadership from 2002 to 2013. Theory development,empirical evidence and future research focus. Educational Management, Administration, and Leadership,44, 146–164. doi: 10.1177/1741143214558576 79. Tizard, J. (2001). Seamless change. Management, 48, 62–65. Tschannen-Moran, M., & Hoy, A. W. (2007). The differential antecedents of self-efficacy beliefs of novice and experienced teachers. Teaching and Teacher Education, 23, 944–956. doi:10.1016/j.tate.2006.05.003 80. Tubbs, S. L., & Schulz, E. (2006). Exploring a taxonomy of global leadership competencies and meta-competencies. The Journal of American Academy of Business, 8, 35–47. 81. Walker, J. A. (2009). The impact of principal leadership behaviours on the efficacy of new and experienced middle school teachers (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). College of Notre Dame, Maryland, MD. 82. Yeh, Y. (2006). The interactive effects of personal traits and guided practices on preservice teachers’ changes in personal teaching efficacy. British Journal of Educational Technology, 37, 513–526. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8535.2006.00550.x 83. Yukl, G. A. (2002). Leadership in organization (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall. 84. Zainal, A. A., Surienty, L., Talib, A., Effendi, A. A., Rohaida, S., & Mohamed, Z. (2009). Understanding organizational behaviour. Oxford: Oxford University Press.