Abraham,  L.  B.  (2007).  Second-language  reading  comprehension  and  vocabulary learning  with  

multimedia.  Hispania,  90(1),  98–108.  Retrieved  Jan  20,  2013, from 

http://www.jstpr.org/stable/20063468

 

Adlof,  S.  M.,  Perfetti,  C.  A.,  &  Catts,  H.  W.  (2011).  Developmental  changes  in reading 

  comprehension:   Implications   for   assesment   and   instruction.   In S.J.Samuels & 

A.E.Farstrup (Eds.),  What research has to say about reading instruction (pp. 186–214).  

Newark,D.E.International Reading Association.

 

Alessi,  S.  M.,  &  Trollip,  S.  R.  (2001).  Multimedia  for  learning  methods  and development 

(Third edit). Allyn and Bacon.

 

Alkhasawneh, S., Rahman, F. A., Ayub, A. F. M., & Daud, S. M. (2012). Developing multimedia  text  

for  reading  comprehension  based  on  Cognitive  Theory  of Multimedia     Teaching.     

International     Journal     of     Innovative     Ideas, 12(November), 11–19.

 

Alonzo, J., Basaraba, D., Tindal, G., & Carriveau, R. S. (2009). They Read, but How Well Do They 

Understand?: An Empirical Look at the Nuances of Measuring Reading Comprehension. Assessment for 

Effective Intervention, 35(1), 34–44. http://doi.org/10.1177/1534508408330082

 

Al-seghayer,  K.  (2016).  ESL  /  EFL  Instructors  ‘  Perceptions  of  the  Importance  of 

Computer-assisted Reading in L2 Reading Instruction. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 6(9), 

1753–1761.

 

Al-Tabaa,   N.   (2014).   Teaching!Pow!Comics!Bam!:   Pedagogical   approaches   to comics  in  

post-secondary  classrooms.  Image  Text:Interdisciplinary  Comic Studies, 7(3).

 

Ambigapathy, P. (2002). English Language teaching in Malaysia today. Asia Pacific

 

Attaprechakul, D. (2013). Inference strategies to improve reading comprehension of challenging      

texts.      English      Language      Teaching,      6(3),      82–91. 

http://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v6n3p82

 

Azman,  F.  N.,  Zaibon,  S.  B.,  &  Shiratuddin,  N.  (2016).  A  Study  on  User  ‘  s

Perception   towards   Learner-generated   Comics.   International   Review   of

Management and Marketing, 6 (2007), 37–42.

 

Babaiba  Medjahdi,  W.  (2015).  Reading  Comprehension  Difficulties  among  EFL Learners:  The  

Case  of  Third-Year  Learners  at  Nehali  Mohamed  Secondary School.   University   of   Tlemcen. 

  Retrieved    May   18,   2016,          from 

http://dspace.univ-tlemcen.dz/bitstream/112/7899/1/babayeba-wahiba.pdf

 

Bakis, M. (2013). Why I Teach Comics in Higher Education. Leveraging Literacy and Student Learning. 

Knowledge Quest, 41(3), 66–67.

 

Birr, C., & Hrenak, T.  (2016). Effect Size for School Psychologists , Part 2. Spring Newsletter.  

Retrieved June, 2017, from https://www.elmbrookschools.org /…/ 2016 Spring Newsletter vol 15 (1)

 

Blachowicz,   C.,   &   Ogle,   D.   (2008).   Reading   comprehension:   strategies   for 

independent readers (Second edi). New York,: The Guilford Press.

 

Blamey,  Katrin,  L.  (2008).  The  Effects  of  Two  Repeated  Reading  Treatments  on Fluency and 

Comprehension. University of Delaware.

 

Brenna,  B.  (2013).  How  graphic  novels  support  reading  comprehension  strategy development   

 in    children.    Literacy,    47(2),    88–94.    Retrieved    from 

http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-4369.2011.00655.x

 

Brigid, A. (2016). Webcomics World. School Library Journal, 62(Apr), 1–8.

 

Brozo, W. G., & Simpson, M. L. (2003). Readers,teacher,learners:expanding literacy across the 

content area. (4th editio). New Jersey: Pearson Education.

 

Burden, P. R. and, & Bryd, D. M. (2007). Methods for effective teaching (4th editio).

London: Pearson.

 

Butler-Pascoe,  M.  E.,  &  Wiburg,  K.  M.  (2003).  Technology  and  teaching  English Language 

learners. New Jersey: Pearson Education.

 

Cap,  O.  (2012).  ?Digital  Comics  ?  in  Human  Ecology?:  Exploring  Learning.  The l Journal 

of Learning, 18(9), 27–44.

 

Carlson, S., Seipel, B., & Mc Master, K. (2011). Using a new reading comprehension assessment   to  

 measure   discourse   representations   and   identify   types   of comprehenders. In SREE Fall 

2011 Conference (p. 4).

 

Ching,  H.  S.,  &  Fook,  F.  S.  (2013).  Effects  of  multimedia-based  graphic  novel 

presentation  on  critical  thinking  among  students  of  different  learning.  The Turkish Online 

Journal of Educational Technology, 12(4), 56–66.

 

Christensen,  L.  B.  (2011).  Research  Methods,Design,  and  Analysis  (11th  Editi).

Pearson.

 

Chun, D. M., & Plass, J. L. (2005). Research on text comprehension in multimedia environments. 

Language Learning and Technology, 1(1), 1–19.

 

Chung,  H.  T.  (2007).  Profiling  the  reading  comprehension  strategies  of  Malaysian college 

TESL students. In TED-ELTC ETeMS Conferenc e (pp. 1–21).

 

Clark,  J.  M.,  &  Paivio,  A.  (1991).  Dual  coding  theory  and  education.  Educational 

Psychology Review, 3(3), 149–210. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01320076

 

Coakes, S. J. (2013). SPSS Version 20.0 for Windows: analysis without anguish. John Wiley&Sons.

 

Cohn,   N.   (2005).   Un-defining  ?comics??:   International   Jouirnal   of  Comic   Art, 

7(October), 236–248.

 

Cohn,  N.  (2011).  A  different  kind  of  cultural  frame:  An  analysis  of  panels  in American 

  comics   and   Japanese   manga.   Image   and   Narrative?:   Online Magazine of the Visual 

Narrative, 12(1), 120–134.

 

Cohn,  N.  (2013a).  The  Visual  Language  of  Comics?:  Introduction  to  structure  and 

cognition of sequential images. London: Bloomsbury.

 

Cohn,  N.  (2013b).  Visual  narrative  structure.  Cognitive  Science,  37(3),  413–52.

Retrieved from http://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12016

 

Cohn,  N.  (2016).  Action  starring  narratives  and  events:  Structure  and  inference  in 

visual  narrative  comprehension,  5911(January).Retrieved  from  http://doi.org/ 10.1080/ 2044 

59112015.  1051535.

 

Collins Block, C., Gambrell, L. B. and, & Pressley, M. (Eds.). (2002). Improving Comprehension    

instruction:    Rethinking,research,theory,    and    classroom practice. Michigan: Jossey-Bass.

 

Colman,   E.   (2014).   Comic   culture   revives   local   business   Alternate   Realities. 

Retrieved   January   26,   2018,   from   https://search.proquest.com/docview/ 

1517259597?accountid=48462

 

Cook,  R.  T.,  &  Meskin,  A.  (2015).  Comics  ,  prints  ,  and  multiplicity.  The  Journal 

Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 73(1), 57–67.

 

Cook, T. D., & Campbell, D. T. (1979). Quasi-experimentation:Design and analysis issues for field 

settings. Chicago: Rand-Mc Nally.

 

Cresswell,  J.  W.  (2012).  Educational  research  planning,conducting,and  evaluating 

quantitative and qualitative research (Fourth Edi). Boston: Pearson.

 

Creswell,  J.  W.  (2008).  Educational  research  planning,  conducting,  and  evaluating 

quanitative and qualitative research (third edit). Pearson Education.

 

Cynthia Luna Scott. The Futures of Learning 3: What kind of pedagogies for the 21st century?  

UNESCO  Education  Research  and  Foresight,  Paris.  ERF  Working Papers Series, No. 15.

 

Dae-Sang  Kim.  (2006).  Effects  of  texts,  audio  and  graphic  aids  in  multimedia instruction 

 of  the  achievement  of  students  in  vocabulary  learning.  Indiana State University.

 

Day,  R.  R.,  &  Park,  J.  (2005).  Developing  Reading  Comprehension  Questions.

Reading in a Foreign Language, 17(1), 60–73.

 

De   Koning,   B.   B.,   &   Van   der   Schoot,   M.   (2013).   Becoming   Part   of   the 

Story!Refueling    the    Interest    in    Visualization    Strategies    for    Reading

Comprehension. Educational Psychology Review, 25, 261–287.

 

Dehghanpour,  E.,  &  Hashemian,  M.  (2015).  Efficiency  of  Using  a  Web-Based Approach  to  

Teach  Reading  Strategies  to  Iranian  EFL  Learners.  English Language Teaching, 8(10), 30–42. 

http://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v8n10p30

 

Dittmer, J., & Latham, A. (2014). The Rut and the Gutter: Space and Time in Graphic Narrative.    

Cultural    Geographies,    22(3),    1–18.    http://doi.org/10.1177/

1474474014536518

 

Dorn,  L.  J.,  &  Soffos,  C.  (2005).  Teaching  for  Deep  Comprehension?:  A  Reading Workshop 

Approach. Portland: Stenhouse Publishers.

 

Doshi, A. (2012). English in multicultural Malaysia. In Z. Mohd Don (Ed.), Pedagogy and Applied 

Research (pp. 15–30). Universiti Malaya Press.

 

Drolet, C. A. (2010). Using Comics in the development of reading and writing. Tesol Riview,      

2(7),      123–140.      Retrieved      February,      2014,             from 

www.tesolreview.org/down/2-7. Claude Andre Drolet.pdf

 

Dundar, H., & Akyol, H. (2014). A Case Study Regarding Definition and Solution of Reading  and  

Comprehensive  Problems.  Education  and  Science,  39(171),  361– 372.

 

Dymock,    S.,    &    Nicholson,    T.    (2010).    ?High    5!?    Strategies    to    Enhance 

Comprehension  of  Expository  Text.  The  Reading  Teacher,  64(3),  166–178. 

http://doi.org/10.1598/RT.64.3.2

 

Engler,   S.,   Hoskins,   C.,   &   Sylvan,   P.   (2008).   Computer-Produced   Comics.

International Jounal of Pedagogies &Learning, 4(4), 19–33.

 

English,  C.  (2014).  Cambridge  English  is  working  with  Malaysian  Ministry  of Education.  

Retrieved  January  26,  2015  from  http://www.cambridgeenglish. 

org/news/view/cambridge-english-is-working-with-malaysian-ministry-of- education/

 

Eisner,  W.  (1995).  Preparing  Teachers  for  Schools  of  the  21st  Century.  Peabody Jurnal of 

Education, 70(3), 99–111.

 

Fairban,  G.  J.,  &  Winch,  C.  (1996).  Reading,  writing  and  reasoning  (second  edi).

Philadelphia: Open University Press.

 

Fitzgerald,  N.  S.  (2010).  Exploring  the  effects  of  online  instruction  on  reading

comprehension achievement of students. University of Nevada.

 

Foo, B., & Richards, C. (2004). English in Malaysia. RELC Journal, 35(2), 229–240. 

http://doi.org/10.1177/003368820403500209

 

Fraenkel,  J.  R.,  &  Wallen,  N.  E.  (2008).  How  to  design  &evaluate  research  in education 

(7th editio). Boston: McGraw- Hill.

 

Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H.  (2012).  How to design  and evaluate research in 

education (8th editio). New York: McGraw- Hill.

 

Fransiscone, J. (2008). The Effectiveness of Using Story Mapping as a Supplemental Tool to Improve 

Reading Comprehension. Caldwell.

 

Freedman,  A.  (2015).  Introduction.  Partial  Answers:  Journal  of  Literature  and  the History 

of Ideas, 13(2), 251–254. http://doi.org/10.1353/pan.2015.0023

 

Frey, N. and, & Fisher, D. (2010). Graphic novels: Composing with sequential art in high school 

English and history. The NERA Journal, 45(2), 9–16.

 

Genc,  H.  (2011).  Paper  and  screen:  Reading  strategies  used  by  low-proficient  EFL 

learners. Sino-US English Teaching, 8(10), 648–658. Retrieved September 20, 2015,   from   

http://www.davidpublishing.com/davidpublishing/upfile/   12/30/ 2011/2011123009500782.pdf

 

Gobel, P., Thang, S. M., Sidhu, G. K., Oon, S. I., & Chan, Y. F. (2013). Attributions to success 

and failure in English Language learning: A comparative study of rrban and rural undergraduates in 

Malaysia. Asian Social Science, 9(2), 53–62. http://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v9n2p53

 

Goldstein,  B.  S.  (1986).  Looking  at  cartoons  and  comics  in  a  new  way.  Reading Journal, 

29(7), 657–661.

 

Guigar, B., Kellett, D., Kurtz, S. and, & Straub, K. (2008). How To Make Webcomics.

California: Image Comics Inc.

 

Guler,    ., & Ozmen, R. G. (2010). Using the brief experimental analysis to determine

the  effective  reading  comprehension  strategy  in  story  comprehension  of

students with mental retardation. International Online Journal of Educational

Sciences, 2(3), 930–954.

 

Gyselinck,  V.,  Jamet,  E.,  &  Dubois,  V.  (2008).  The  role  of  working  memory components in 

multimedia comprehension. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 22, 353–374. 

https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.1411

 

Harison,   M.   S.   (2008).   Second   language   reading   problems,diagnosis   and instruction. 

Nilai: Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia.

 

Harison,  M.  S.  (2010).  Reading  instruction  theory  and  practice.  Nilai:  Universiti Sains 

Islam Malaysia.

 

Harison,  M.  S.  (2011).  Methods  of  EFL secondary reading instruction?:  Preparation for higher 

education. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 1(3), 181–191.

 

Hassan,  M.  (2007).  An  overview  of  the  assessment  of  English  Language  subject  in 

Malaysian  schools.  In  M.  E.  Vethamani  &  R.  Perumal  (Eds.),  Teaching English in Malaysia. 

Petaling Jaya: Sasbadi Sdn Bhd.

 

Hibbing,  A.  N.,  &  Rankin-Erickson,  J.  L.  (2003).  This  article  discusses  teacher thousand 

words?: The Reading Teacher, 56(8), 758–770.

 

Hiew,  W.  (2012).  English  language  teaching  and  learning  issues  in  Malaysia?: Learners ‘ 

perceptions via facebook dialogue journal.  International Refereed Research Journalesearch Journal, 

3(1), 11–19.

 

Hillman, L. H. (1990). Reading at the University. U.S.A: Heinle&Heinle Publishers.

 

Hosp,  J.  L.,  &  Suchey,  N.  (2014).  Reading  assessment:Reading  fluency,reading fluently,   

and   comprehension,   commentary   on   the   special   topic.   School Psychology Review, 43(1), 

59–68.

 

I.S.P. Nation. (2009). Teaching ESL/EFL reading and writing. New York: Routledge.

 

Ibrahim,  A.  H.,  &  Mohamed  Nor,  M.  (2011).  Knowledge  of  linguistic  cues  among Malay EFL 

students and teachers ‘ practices in the teaching of reading skills.

urnal of ELT Research, 7(2), 148–190.

 

Ikonta,  N.  R.,  &  Ugonna,  N.  C.  (2015).  The  Impact  of  Rosetta  Stone  (  CALL  ) Software 

 On  Esl  Students  ‘  Proficiency  In  English  Language.  International Journal of Arts & 

Sciences, 08(01), 349–361.

 

Jacobs,   D.   (2014).   Webcomics,mutimodality   and   information   literacy.   Image 

Text:Interdisciplinary Comic Studies, 7(3).

 

Jahromi, K. M. (2014). EMP STUDENTS ‘ Use of Reading Strategies and the Impact of  Strategy  

Instruction  on  Medical  Text  Comprehension.  Modern  Journal  of Language Teaching Methods ( 

MJLTM ), 4(4), 367–384.

 

Jalilehvand,   M.   (2012).   The   Effects   of   text   length   and   picture   on   reading 

comprehension  of  Iranian  EFL  students.  Asian  Social  Scienceocial  Science, 8(3), 329–337. 

http://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v8n3p329

 

Jamieson, J. M., Eignor, D., Grabe, W., & Kunnan, A. J. (2008). Frameworks for a New  TOEFL.  In  

C.  A.  Chapelle,  M.  K.  Enright,  &  J.  M.  Jamieson  (Eds.), Building a Validity Argument for 

the Test of English as a Foreign Language. New York: Routledge.

 

Jayasundara, C. (2014). Enhancing Students‘ Skills Through Technology (ESST): a case study 

conducted for a policy concept on one to one computer solution at Fiji  National  University.  

Library  Philosophy  and  Practice,  1–24.  Retrieved April                        20,              

          2016,                                                from 

http://search.proquest.com/docview/1749912216?accountid=8112 %

 

Jing,  J.  (2012).  Teaching  English  reading  through  MI  theory  in  primary  schools. English  

    Language      Teaching,      6(1),      132–140.      Retrieved      from 

https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v6n1p132

 

Jun   Zhang,   L.,   &   Suani   Anual.   (2008).   The   role   of   vocabulary   in   reading 

comprehension:  The  case  of  secondary  school  students  learning  English  in Singapore.    

RELC    Journal,    39(1),    51–76.    https://doi.org/10.1177/0033

688208091140

 

Kayao?lu, M. N. (2011). A Small Scale Experimental Study?: Using Animations To Learn  Vocabulary.  

The  Turkish  Online  Journal  of  Educational  Technology, 10(2), 24–30.

Kazi, A. M., & Khalid, W. (2012). Questionnaire designing and validation. Journal of

Pakistan Medical Association, 62(5), 514–516.

 

Khoii, R., & Forouzesh, Z. (2010). Using Comic Strips with Reading Texts: Are We Making  a  

Mistake?  Literacy  Information  and  Computer  Education  Journal, 1(3), 168–177.

 

Khoshkar, A., & Eshagh  Nimvari, A. A. (2014). The Effect of Using Pictogloss on Iranian EFL 

learners‘ Reading Comprehension Ability.  Modern Language of Language Teaching Methods(MJLTM, 4(1), 

86–103. https://doi.org/10.1016 /j. sbspro.2013.06.194

 

Kintsch, W. (2010). Comprehension:Standards for Grades 4 and 5. Retrieved May 6,

2014,   from   http://www.reading.org/Libraries/book-supplements/bk767Supp- Kintsch.pdf

 

Kirsh, D. (2002). Why illustrations aid understanding. In In International Workshop on Dynamic 

Visualizations and Learning (pp. 1–9). Tubingen,Germany.

 

Klaehn, J. (2015). The craft of comics?:  an interview with comic book  artist Norm.

Journal of Graphic Novels and Comics, 6(1), 108–115.

 

Kneller,  M.  F.  (2009).  The  use  of  Comics-Based  Cases  in  Anchored  Instruction.

Northern Illinois University.

 

Kuzu,  A.  (2007).  Application  of  multimedia  design  principles  to  visuals  used  in 

course-books?: An evaluation tool. The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 6(2), 

8–14.

 

Kvale,  S.,  &  Brinkman,  S.  (2009).  Interviews  learning  the  craft  of  qualitative research 

interviewing (Second). Los Angeles: SAGE Publication.

 

Lahuerta Martinez, A. C. (2013). The use of various assessments tasks in the analysis of  the  

effect  of  prior  knowledge  and  interest  on  l2  reading  comprehension. RESLA (Spanish Journal 

of Applied Linguistics), 26, 289–306.

 

Lai,  F.  Y.,  & Md  Sidin, A.  I.  (2012). Framing controversy over language policy in Malaysia?:  

the  coverage  of  PPSMI  reversal  (  Teaching  of  Mathematics  and Science    in    English    ) 

   by    Malaysian    newspapers.    Asian    Journal    of

nication, 22(5), 37–41.

 

Lam L.C. (2011, April 22). Whither English in Malaysia. The Star Online. Retrieved Retrieved April 

20, 2014,   from http://thestar.com.my/lifestyle/story.asp?file=

/2011/4/22/ lifefocus/8507 563&sec=lifefocus

 

Lamanno, A. A. (2007). Exploring the Use of Graphic Novels in the classrom: Does Exposure to 

Non-traditional Texts Increase the Reading Comprehension Skills and  Motivation  of  

Low-functioning  Adolescents  Readers?  The  Pennsylvania State University.

 

Lenz,  K.  (n.d.).  Reading  Comprehension  Instruction.  The  University  of  Kansas Lawrence. 

Lawrence: The University of Kansas. Retrieved August 20, 2016, from 

http://www.specialconnections.ku.edu/?q=instruction/ reading

 

Lenzner, A., Schnotz, W., & Muller, A. (2013). The role of decorative pictures in learning.      

Instructional      Science,       41(5),      811–831.      https://doi.org

/10.1007/s11251-012-9256-z

 

Leslie,   L.,   &   Caldwell,   J.   (2009).   Formal   and   informal   measures   of   reading 

comprehension. In S. E. Israel & G. G. Duffy (Eds.), Handbook of research on reading     

comprehension.     New     York:     Routledge.     Retrieved     from 

www.postgradolinguistica.ucv.cl/.../64,691,Handbook of Research

 

Lin  Eng,  L.,  &  Mustapha,  G.  (2010).  Enhancing  writing  ability  through  multiple- 

intelligence strategies. Pertanika, 18(S), 53–63.

 

Lin,  G.  L.  (2003).  The  use  of  explicit  strategies  to  improve  students’  vocabulary 

competence. University Malaya.

 

Loga Mahesan, B. (2005). A Malaysia English primer: aspects of Malaysian English features. 

Universiti Malaya Press.

 

Lombard-Cook, K. (2015). Jason Shiga‘s Meanwhile and digital adaptability of non- traditional 

narratives in comics. Journal of Graphic Novels and Comics, 6(1), 15–30. 

http://doi.org/10.1080/21504857.2014.943410

 

Ma,  Y.,  &  Lin,  W.  (2015).  A  Study  on  the  Relationship  between  English  Reading 

Comprehension  and  English  Vocabulary  Knowledge.  Education  Research

International, 2015, 1–14. http://doi.org/doi.org/10.1155/2015/209154

 

Mahdi  Erfani,  S.  (2012).  Pictures  speak  louder  than  words  in  ESP,  too!  English Language 

Teaching, 5(8), 164–169. http://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v5n8p164

 

Maldonado Editor, N., & Yuan, T. (2011). Technology in the Classroom:From Ponyo to ? My Garfield 

Story ?: Using Digital Comics as an Alternative Pathway to Literary       Composition.       

Childhood       Education,       87(4),       297–301. 

https://doi.org/10.1080/00094056.2011.10523197

 

Marczyk.Geoffrey,  DeMatteo,  D.,  &  Festinger,  D.  (2005).  Essentials  of  research design and 

methodology. New Jersey: John Wiley&Sons.

 

Massey, S. R. (2015). The Multidimensionality of Children‘s Picture Books for Upper Grades. English 

Journal, 5(104), 45–58.

 

May,  M.  (2006).  Feature  based  multimedia  semantics:Representational  forms  for instructional 

 multimedia  design.  In  G.  and  Ghinea  &  S.  Y.  Chen  (Eds.), Digital  multimedia  perception 

 and  design  (pp.  47–80).  Hershey  P.A:Idea Group Publishing.

 

Mayer,  R.  E.  (1997).  Multimedia  learning?:  Are  we  asking  the  right  questions?? 

Multimedia  Learning?:  Are  We  Asking  the  Right  Questions??  Educational Psychologist, 32(1), 

1–19. http://doi.org/10.1207/s15326985ep3201

 

Mayer, R. E. (2000). Multimedia Learning,. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

 

Mayer, R. E. (2001). Multimedia learning. Cambridge,U.K: Cambridge Press. Mayer, R. E. (2003). 

Learning and Instruction. Pearson Education.

Mayer, R. E. (2005). Introduction to Multimedia Learning. In R. E. Mayer (Ed.), The Cambridge   

Handbook   of   Multimedi   Llearning   (pp.   1–16).   Cambridge University Press.

 

Mayer, R. E. (2009). Multimedia Learning (Second Edi). Cambridge,U.K: Cambridge University Press.

 

Mayer, R. E., & Alexander, P. A. (Eds.). (2011). Handbook of research on learning

and instruction. Routledge.

 

Mayer,  R.  E.,  &  Moreno,  R.  (2003).  Nine  ways  to  reduce   cognitive  load  in

multimedia       learning.       Educational       Psychologist,       38(1),       43–52. 

http://doi.org/10.1207/S15326985EP3801

 

McVicker, C. J. (2007). Comic Strips as a Text Structure for Learning to Read. The Reading Teacher, 

61(1), 85–88. http://doi.org/10.1598/RT.61.1.9

 

Melor, M. Y. (2007). Malaysian ESL teachers‘ use of ICT in their classrooms: expectations   and   

realities.   ReCALL,   19(01),   79.   https://doi.org/   10.1017/ S0958344007000614

 

Merc,   A.   (2013).   The   effect   of   comic   strips   on   efl   reading   comprehension. 

International  Journal  N  New  Trends  in  Education  and  Their  Implications, 4(1), 54–64.

 

Metraglia, R., & Villa, V. (2014). Engineering Graphics Education: Webcomics as a tool  to  Improve 

 weaker  Students‘  Motivation.  Research  Journal  of  Applied Sciences,  Engineering  and  

Technology,  7(19),  4106–4114.  Retrieved  August 10,      2017      from      

http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-

84901999428  partner ID=tZOtx3y1

 

Midwifery, E. B., Cunningham, J. B., & Mccrum-gardner, E. (2007). Power , effect and sample size 

using GPower?: practical issues for researchers and members of research ethics committees. Evidence 

Based Midwifery, 5(4), 132–136.

 

Milone, M. (2011). Student comprehension of books in kindle and traditional formats.

Wisconsin: Renaissance Learning, pp.1-12.

 

Mohamed, A. R., Eng., L. S., & Mohamed Ismail, S. A. M. (2012). The potency of

?READS? to inform students‘ reading ability. RELC Journal, 43(2), 271–282. 

http://doi.org/10.1177/0033688212451803

 

Mohd  Nordin,  W.  M.  Z.  (2006).  Reforming  higher  education?:The  Zahid  Nordin Report. 

Putrajaya.

 

Mohd   Sidek,   H.   (2008).   Second   language   reading   problems,diagnosis   and instruction. 

Nilai: Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia.

 

Moon,   A.   L.,   Wold,   C.   M.,   &   Francom,   G.   M.   (2017).   Enhancing   Reading

Comprehension with Student-Centered iPad Applications. TechTrends, 61(2),

187–194. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-016-0153-1

 

Nambiar,  M.,  &  Ransirini,  S.  (2012).  Teaching  MUET,not  English:A  study  of  the washback  

effect  of  the  Malaysian  University  English  Test  (MUET).  In  Z. Mohd   Don   (Ed.),   

Pedagogy   and   Applied   Research   (pp.   49–62).   Kuala Lumpur: Universiti Malaya Press.

 

Nation,  K.,  &  Angell,  P.  (2006).  Learning  to  read  and  learning  to  comprehend. London  

Review  of  Education,  4(1),  77–87.  http://doi.org/10.1080/136031106 00574538

 

Nell  Skorge,  V.  P.  (2006).  The  affordances  of  visuals  in  materials  for  foreign language 

 learning  and  teaching  perspectives   from  theory  and  research. University of Bielefeld.

 

Nesamalar,  C.,  Saratha,  S.,  &  Teh,  S.  C.  (2005).  Elt  methodology:  Principles  and 

practice. Shah Alam: Oxford Fajar.

 

New Strait Times. (2013, October 28). Govt anxious to counter slump in test results by    local    

students.    New    Straits    Times.    Retrieved    October,    2015 from  

http://www.nationmultimedia.com/national/Malaysias-English-language- crisis-30218090.html

 

Newcomb,  R.  (2011).  (  In  )  between  word  and  image?:  reading  comics.  Western Carolina    

 University.     Newsletter.     Retrieved     July     20,     2014     from 

https://www.elmbrookschools.org  /.../  2016  Spring  Newsletter_vol_15_(1)- ES_ Pt_2.p...%0A

 

Noor Azliza, Z. A.  (2011). Computer-based interactive  games as  learning aids.  The English 

Teacher, XL, 85–94.

 

O‘Reilly, T., Weeks, J., Sabatini, J., Halderman, L., & Steinberg, J. (2014). Designing Reading   

Comprehension   Assessments   for   Reading   Interventions:   How   a Theoretically  Motivated  

Assessment  Can  Serve  as  an  Outcome  Measure. Educational   Psychology   Review,   26(3),   

403–424.   http://doi.org/10.1007/ s10648-014-9269-z

 

Oakhil ,  J.,  Cain,  K.,  &  Elbro,  C.  (2015).  Understanding  and  Teaching  Reading sion: A 

handbook. New York: Rout.

 

Ong, F. F., Thang, S. M., Noorizah, M. N., Hafizah, L., & Mohd Sallehudin, A. A. (2012). A blended 

approach in teaching an EAP course?: Malaysian instructors ‘ perceptions  of  the  new  course  

materials.  3L  The  Southeast  Asian  Journal  of English Studies, 18(3), 103–117.

 

Otero, J., A.Leon, J., & C.Graesser, & (Eds.). (2002). The psychology of science text 

comprehension. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,Inc.

 

Paige Free, W. (2004). Pictures and words together?: Using illustration analysis and 

reader-generated  drawings  to  improve  reading  comprehension.  The  Florida State University.

 

Paivio,  A.  (2006).  Pathways  to  literacy  achievement  for  high  poverty  children.  In

Dual Coding Theory and Education (pp. 1–20).

 

Pallant, J. (2011). SPSS Survival Manual:A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS (fourth 

edi). Allan & Unwin.

 

Pan, Y., & Pan, Y. (2009). The effects of pictures on the reading comprehension of low-proficiency  

Taiwanese  English  foreign  language  college  students?:  An action research study. Journal of 

Science, Foreign Languages, 25, 186–198.

 

Pardo,  L.  S.  (2004).  What  every  teacher  needs  to  know  about  comprehension.  The Reading 

Teacher, 58(3), 272–280. http://doi.org/10.1598/RT.58.3.5

 

Pearson, D. P. (2009). The roots of reading comprehension instruction. In S. E. Israel & G. D. 

Duffy (Eds.), Handbook of research on reading comprehension. New York: Routledge.

 

Perfetti, C. A. (1999). Comprehending written language: a blueprint of the reader. In C.M.Brown & 

P.Hargoot (Eds.), The neurocognition of language (pp. 167–208). Oxford Universiti Press.

 

Perfetti,   C.   A.,   Landi,   N.,   &  Oakhill,  J.   (2005).   The  Acquisition  of   Reading 

Comprehension Skill. In M. J. . Snowling & C. Hulme (Eds.), The science of reading:A handbook (pp. 

227–247). Blackwell Publishing.

 

Peter G. Schrader, & Eric E. Rapp. (2016). Does Multimedia Theory Apply to All Students?

The Impact of Multimedia Presentations on Science Learning. Journal of Learning and Teaching in Digital Age, 1(1), 32–46.

 

Preliminary  Report  Malaysia  Education  Blueprint  2013-2025.  (2013).  Malaysia Education    

Blueprint.    Retrieved    from    http://www.moe.gov.my/userfiles

/file/PPP/ Preliminary-Blueprint-Eng.pdf

 

Rahamat, R., Shah, P. M., Din, R., & Abd Aziz, J. (2011). Students ‘ readiness and perceptions   

towards   using   mobile   technologies   for   learning   the   English Language literature 

component. The English Teacher, XL, 69–84.

 

Randall S, D. (1997). Comics: A multi-dimensional teaching aid in integrated-skills classes. 

Retrieved November 4, 2013, from http://www.esl-lab.com/index.htm

 

Reed,  J.  (2000).  Assessing  Vocabulary.  (J.  C.  Alderson  &  L.  .  Bachman,  Eds.).

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

 

Reed,  S.  K.  (2013).  Cognition  theories  and  applications  (9th  editio).  Wadsworth Cengage 

Learning.

 

Reilly, P. (2012). Understanding and teaching generation Y. English Teaching Forum, 50(1), 2–11.

 

Romaguera, G. E. (2010). Piecing the parts?: an analysis of narrative strategies and textual 

elements in microserialized webcomics.

 

Rosly, N. A., & Singh, D. (2011). Early Learning Malay Vocabulary Using Speech Technology?:  Dual  

Code  Theory  Approach.  In  International  Conference  on Electrical Engineering and Informatics.

 

Rosnaini, M., & Mohd Arif, I. (2010). Impact of training and experience in using ICT on  in-service 

 teachers  ‘  basic  ICT  literacy.  Malaysian  Journal  of  Education Technology, 10(2), 5–10.

 

Sabbah,  M.,  Masood,  M.,  &  Iranmanesh,  M.  (2013).  Effects  of  graphic  novels  on reading 

comprehension in Malaysian year 5 students. Journal of Graphic Novels & Comics, 4(1), 146–160. 

https://doi.org/10.1080/21504857.2012.757246

 

Sadoski,  M.,  &  Paivio,  A.  (2004).  Dual  Coding  Theoretical  Model  of  Reading.  In

. Unrau (Ed.), Theoretical models and processes of reading (5th editio, pp. 1329–1362). Newark,DE:International Reading Association.

 

Sadoski, M., & Paivio, A. (2013). Imagery and text a Dual Coding Theory of reading and writing 

(second edi). New York: Routledge.

 

Sadoski, M., McTigue, E. M., & Paivio, A. (2012). A Dual Coding theoretical model of  decoding  in  

reading:  Subsuming  the  Laberge  and  Samuels  Model.  Reading Psychology, 33(5), 465–496. 

https://doi.org/10.1080/02702711.2011.557330

 

Sahin,  A.  (2011).  Effects  of  Linear  Texts  In  Page  Scrolling  and  Page-By-Page Reading  

Forms  on  Reading  Comprehension  Introduction.  Turkish  Online Journal of Educational 

Technology, 10(3), 94–100.

 

Sam  D,  P.,  &  Rajan,  P.  (2013).  Using  graphic  organizers  to  improve  reading 

comprehension  skills  for  the  middle  school  ESL  students.  English  Language Teaching, 6(2), 

155–170. https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v6n2p155

 

Samuels,  S.  J.,  &  Farstrup,  A.  E.  (2002).  What  research  has  to  say  about  reading 

instruction (Third edit). Newark,DE:International Reading Association.

 

Sayed Abdallah, M. M. (2008). Multiple ways to be smart?: Gardener ’ s Theory of Multiple 

Intelligences and its educational implications in English teaching and oral communication. 

Retrieved from www.mabdallah.bravehost.com

 

Schnotz, W. (2005). An Integrated Model of Text and Picture Comprehension. In R.

E. Mayer (Ed.), The Cambridge handbook of multimedia learning (pp. 49–69). Cambridge University 

Press.

 

Schnotz,  W.,  &  Bannert,  M.  S.  T.  (2002).  Toward  an  integrative  view  of  text  and 

picture  comprehension:Visualization  effects  on  the  construction  of  mental models. In C. A. 

Otero, Jose Leon, A. Jose Graesser (Ed.), The psychology of science text comprehension (pp. 

385–416). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,Inc.

 

Schnotz,  W.,  &  Kürschner,  C.  (2008).  External  and  internal  representations  in  the 

acquisition  and  use  of  knowledge:  Visualization  effects  on  mental  model construction.  

Instructional  Science,  36(3),  175–190.  http://doi.org/10.1007/ s11251-007-9029-2

 

Sean, F., Houp, T., & Taylor, L. (2004). Webcomics: The influence and continuation

of  the  comix  revolution.  Image  Text:Interdisciplinary  Comic  Studies,  1(2).

Retrieved from http://www.engl.ufl.edu/imagetext

 

Serafini,  F.  (2011).  Expanding  perspectives  for  comprehending  visual  images  in multimodal  

texts.  Journal  of  Adolescent  & Adult  Literacy,  54(February),  342–

350. https://doi.org/10.1598/JA

 

Shadish,  W.  R.,  Cook,  T.  D.,  &  Campbell,  D.  T.  (2002).  Experimental  and  quasi- 

experimental     designs     for     generalized     causal     inference.     Belmont: 

Wadsworth,Cengage Learning.

 

Shalmani, H. B. (2010). Pictorial , Textual , and Picto-Textual Glosses in E-Reading?: A 

Comparative Study. English Language Teaching, 3(4), 195–203.

 

Sherazi,  S.  N.  (2007).  A  study  of  methods  of  evaluating  multimedia  materials  for 

language learning. University of Warwick.

 

Shih,  Y.-C.,  &  Reynolds,  B.  L.  (2015).  Teaching  Adolescents  EFL  by  Integrating 

Think-Pair-Share  and  Reading  Strategy  Instruction:  A  Quasi-Experimental Study.      RELC      

Journal      ,      46(3),      221–235.      http://doi.org/10.1177

/0033688215589886

 

Shimada,   H.,   &   Kitajima,   M.   (2006).   Why   do   illustrations   promote   text 

comprehension??  Motivation effect and  elaboration effect.  In  5th  Conference of the Cognitive 

Science (pp. 185–188).

 

Shuib, M. (2009). Grammatical awareness among primary school English Language teachers. Ge, 9(1), 

35–46.

 

Shyam,    R.    (2003).    Developing    a    Tool    for    Assessment    of    Wh-    Question 

Comprehension. Brandeis University.

 

Skinner, C. H., Williams, J. L., Morrow, J. A., & Hale, A. D. (2009). The validity of reading     

comprehension     rate:     reading     speed,     comprehension,     and comprehension   rates.   

Psychology   in   the   Schools,   46(10),   1036–1047. http://doi.org/10.1002/pits

 

Smago insky,  P.  (2009).  The  cultural  practice  of  reading  and  the  standardized

assessment   of   reading   instruction:When   incommensurate   worlds   collide.

Educational   Researcher,   38(7),   522–527.   http://doi.org/10.3102/0013189

X09347583

 

Smaldino, S. E., Lowther, D. L., & Russel, J. D. (2012). Instructional technology and media for 

learning (Tenth edit). London: Pearson.

 

Sones,  W.  (1944).  The  comics  and  instructional  method.  Journal  of  Educational Sociology, 

18(4), 232–240.

 

Steirer, G. (2014). No more bags and boards: collecting culture and the digital comics marketplace. 

   Journal    of    Graphic    Novels    &    Comics,    (June),    1–15. 

http://doi.org/10.1080/21504857.2014.913646

 

Stoemer,  M.  (2009).  Teaching  between  the  frames:  Making  comics  with  seven  and eight year 

old children, a search for craft and pedagogy. Indiana University.

 

Stratton, E. (2010). A brief history of webcomics. The Rutgers Review, 40(1), 15.

 

Suriyasupapong, T., Srijamon, S., & Prasarnphanich, S. (2014). The Development of an Instructional 

Model for Thai Reading Comprehension Ability for Prathom Suksa 4 Students. In Procedia - Social and 

Behavioral Sciences (Vol. 112, pp. 670–676). Elsevier B.V. 

http://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.1216

 

Sweet, A. P., & Snow, C. (2002). Reconceptualizing reading comprehension. In C. C. Block,  L.  

B.Gambrell,  &  M.  Pressley  (Eds.),  Improving  Comprehension Instruction:Rethinking,Research,  

Theory,  and  Classroom  Practice  (pp.  17– 53). John Wiley&Sons.

 

Syma,  C.  K.,  &  Weiner,  R.  G.  (Eds.).  (2013).  Graphic  novels  and  comics  in  the 

classroom:Essays  on  the  educational  power  of  sequential  art.  Carolina:  Mc 

Farland&Company,Inc.

 

Taboada,  A.,  Wigfield,  A.,  &  Guthrie,  J.  T.  (2009).  Effects  of  motivational  and 

cognitive  variables  on  reading  comprehension.  Reading  and  Writing,  22(1), 85–106. 

http://doi.org/10.1007/s11145-008-9133-y

 

Tan,  O.  L.  C.,  Tan,  K.  E.,  &  Ahmad,  N.  (2011).  Effects  of  reciprocal  teaching

strategies on reading comprehension. The Reading Matrix, 11(2), 140–149.

 

Tharumaraj, J. N., & Nooreen Noordin. (2011). Analysing teachers ‘ reading habits and teaching 

strategies for reading skills. Malaysian Journal of ELT Research, 7(1), 203–245.

 

The Star Online. (2009, April 19). Malaysians still not reading enough,says Muhyidin Retrieved 

January 1, 2013, from http//thestar.com.my

 

Thomas.  (2008).  Innovative  Teaching-  Comic  Book  in  the  classrooms.  Retrieved January 25, 

2008, from http://www.openeducation.net/2008/01/23/innovative- 

teaching-comic-books-in-the-classroom/

 

Thompson,  T.  (2008).  Adventures  in  graphica:Using  comics  and  graphic  novels  to teach 

comprehension. Stenhouse Publishers.

 

Tiemensma,  L.  (2009).  Visual  literacy?:  to  comics  or  not  to  comics??  Promoting literacy 

using comics. In 75th IFLA General Conference and Council (pp. 1– 10).           Milan.           

Retrieved           from           http://www.ifla.org/annual- conference/ifla75/index.htm

 

Tilley,  C.  L.  (2013).  ?Superman  Says,  ?Read!‘?  National  Comics  and  Reading Promotion.     

Childrens     Literature     in     Education,     44(3),     251–263. 

http://doi.org/10.1007/s10583-012-9193-0

 

Tju,  L.  C.  (2009).  Lest  we  forget:The  importance  of  history  in  Singapore  and Malaysia 

comics studies. Retrieved from http://imrc.jp/

 

Tomlinson,  B.  (1998).  Materials  Development  in  Language  Teaching.  Cambridge: Cambridge 

University Press.

 

Tomlinson, B. (2012). Materials development for language learning and teaching. Language Teaching, 

45(2), 143–179. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444811000528

 

Tulungagung, D. I. (2014). Using Picture Series To Inspire Reading Comprehension for the Second 

Semester Students. Dinamika Ilmu, 14(2), 176–189.

 

Using comics to inculcate reading culture among children. (2011). Retrieved from 

http://wwwmalaysiandigest.com

 

Van der Schoot, M., Vasbinder, A. L., Horsley, T. M., & Van Lieshout, E. C. D. M.

(2008).  The  role  of  two  reading  strategies  in  text  comprehension:  An  eye fixation  study 

 in  primary  school  children.  Journal  of  Research  in  Reading, 31(2), 203–223. 

http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9817.2007.00354.x

 

Vassilikopoulou, M., Retalis, S. ., Nezi, M.,  & Boloudakis, M.  (2011).  Pilot use of digital    

educational    comics    in    language    teaching.    Educational    Media International, 48(2), 

115–126. http://doi.org/10.1080/09523987.2011.576522

 

Veeravagu,  J.,  Muthusamy,  C.,  Marimuthe,  R.,  &  Subrayan@Michael,  A.  (2010). Using  Bloom  

‘  s  Taxonomy  to  gauge  students  ‘  reading  comprehension performance. Canadian Social 

Science, 6(3), 205–212.

 

Verhoeven,  L.,  &  Perfetti,  C.  (2008).  Advances  in  Text  Comprehension?:  Model  , Process 

and Development. Appl.cognit, (22), 293–301. http://doi.org/10.1002/ acp.1417

 

Vethamani,  M.  E.  (2007).  The  ebb  and  flow  of  English  Language  education  in Malaysia.  

In  M.  E.  Vethamani  &  R.  Perumal  (Eds.),  Teaching  English  in Malaysia. Sas.

 

Wang, S. K., Hsu, H. Y., Campbell, T., Coster, D. C., & Longhurst, M. (2014). An investigation of 

middle school science teachers and students use of technology inside and outside of classrooms: 

considering whether digital natives are more technology savvy than  their teachers.  Educational 

Technology Research  and Development, 62(6), 637–662. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-014-9355-4

 

Ward, B. A., & Young, T. A. (2011). Reading Graphically. Reading Horizons, 50(4), 283–296.

 

Wern,  W.  S.  A.  (2010).  The  effect  of  dictionary  use  on  reading  comprehension.

University Putra Malaysia.

 

Wershler,  D.  (2018).  Digital  Comics  ,  Circulation  ,  and  the  Importance  of  Being Eric  

Sluis  Digital  Comics  ,  Circulation  ,  and  the  Importance  of  Being  Eric Sluis. Society for 

Cinema and Media Studies, 50(3), 127–134.

 

Whiting, J., & Granoff, S. (2010). The effects of multimedia input on comprehension of  a  short  

story.  The  Electric  Journal  for  English  as  a  Second  Language,

2), 1–10.

 

Wolf, D. F. (1993). A  comparison of assessment tasks used to measure FL reading comprehension.  

The  Modern  Language  Journal,  77(4),  473–489.  Retrieved from 

http://www.jstor.org/stable/329673 .

 

Wright,  L.  R.  (2006).  Re-imagining  genre?:  comics  ,  literature  ,  and  textual  form.

University of Nebraska.

 

Xiaoping, J. (2011). E-learning Constructive role Plays for EFL Learners in China‘s Tertiary 

Education. Asian EFL Journal.Professional Teaching Articles-CEBU, 51(April), 4–15.

 

Yildiz,  M.,  Yildirim,  K.,  Ates,  S.,  Rasinski,  T.,  Fitzgerald,  S.,  &  Zimmerman,  B. 

(2014). The relationship between reading fluency and reading comprehension in fifth-grade turkish 

students. International Journal of School & Educational Psychology, 2(1), 35–44. 

http://doi.org/10.1080/21683603.2013.854187

 

Yunus,  M.,  Salehi,  H.,  &  Embi,  M.  A.  (2012).  Effects  of  using  digital  comics  to 

improve ESL writing. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology, 4(18), 

3462–3469.

 

Zhang, L. (2017). Analysis on the Role and Functions of Teachers , Teaching Materials and Learners 

in the Multimedia-aided English Classroom — Based on  the  Study  of  Linfen  No  .  1  Senior  

School.  Theory  and  Practice  in

Language Studies, 7(11), 1132–1138.