UPSI Digital Repository (UDRep)
|
|
|
Abstract : Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris |
This study aims to identify the relationships between influencing factors and critical
thinking skills among undergraduates of early childhood education in public tertiary
institutions. The study also analyses the contribution of the influencing factors towards
critical thinking skills. Quantitative approach with survey research design was adopted for
this study. A number of 226 undergraduates who enrolled in early childhood education
programme from public tertiary institutions were chosen as the respondents. Data were
analysed using descriptive and inferential analyses. The descriptive analysis explained the
level of critical thinking skills and the influencing factors of the critical thinking
skills. The inferential statistics which involved Pearson correlation and multiple regression
analyses explained the relationships and contribution between the studied variables. The
findings showed that the respondents have a moderate level of critical thinking skills
which was (M = 50.60, SD = 8.467) The environment factor was at a high level (M = 4.14, SD = 0.530)
while the quality of teaching factor was at a moderate level (M = 3.52, SD = 0.553) and the
motivation factor was also at a moderate level (M = 3.44, SD = 0.529). Pearson correlation analysis
showed that there were significant relationships between the environment and the critical
thinking skills r(226)= 0.757, (p |
References |
Abdul Rahman M.A., Nuri A.E., Mahari, M.A., Zulqarnain, A.B. & Raja A.I.R.Y.(2012). Islamic Critical Thinking: The Perception of Muslim Engineering Students in Universiti Teknologi Petronas. International Conference on Management, Social Sciences and Humanities, 92-95.
Adams, M. H., Whitlow, J. F., Stover, L. M & Johnson, K. W. (1996). Critical thinking as an educational outcome: An evaluation of current tools of measurement. Nurse Educator,21(3), 23-32.
Aiken, L. R. (1996). Assessment of intellectual functioning, (2nd Ed.). New York: Plenum Press.
Akbariah Mohd. Mahdzir. (2009) Penerokaan Ciri-ciri Psikometrik Instrumen Pentaksiran Pemikiran Kraitis Malaysia (IPPKM) dan Model Pemikiran Kritis Malaysia. Phd thesis, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (unpublished).
Akgun, A & Duruk, U. (2016). The investigation of preservice science teachers’ critical thinking skills in the context of personal and social factors. Journal of Science Education International, 27(1), 3-15.
Altman, D., Burton, N., Cuthill, I., Festing, M., Hutton, J. & Playle, L. (2006). Why do a pilot study? National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research.Available online at http://www.nc3rs.org.uk/downloaddoc.asp?id=400.
Ames, C., & Ames, R. (1989). Research in motivation in education. San Diego: Academic Press.
Aminah Yacob, Rohani Abdullah, Nani Menon & Jameyah Shariff. (2014). Kursus asuhan dan didikan awal kanak-kanak PERMATA negara. University Putra Malaysia, Serdang.
Ann Rosnida Mohd. Deni, Zainor Izat Zainal & Suseela Malakolunthu. (2014). Improving teaching in higher education in Malaysia: Issues and challenges. rther and Higher Education, 38(5), 656-673.
Anuar Ahmad, Siti Haishah Abd Rahman & Nur Atiqah Abdullah. (2014). The relationship between history teachers’ level of capability and students’ performance in low performance schools. Journal of Education Malaysia, 34(1), 53 – 66.
Anusuya Kaliappan. (2015). Tahap Kualiti Penyeliaan Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran dalam Bilik Darjah dengan Efikasi Guru di SK Zon Batu Anam, Segamat. Master thesis, Universiti Teknology Malaysia (unpublished).
APA. (1990). Critical thinking: A statement of expert consensus for purposes of educational assessment and instruction. USA: American Philosophical Association.
Asmah Othman. (1994). Critical thinking skills across the curriculum: survey of teachers’knowledge, skills and attitudes in secondary school in Kuching, Sarawak. Dissertation M.Ed. University of Houston.
Aytunga O. & Hakan S. (2016). The Relationship between Locus of Control and Critical Thinking Skills in Pre-Service Teachers. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 4(2), 182-192.
Aziz Yahya, Safiah Sidek & Zanariah Jano. (2014). Critical Thinking Skills among Final Year Students of Malaysian Technical Universities. Malaysian Technical Universities International Conference on Engineering & Technology (MUiCET 2014).
Azizi Yahaya, Asmah Suboh, Zurihanmi Zakaria & Fawziah Yahya. (2007). Aplikasi Kognitif dalam Pendidikan. Kuala Lumpur: PTS Professional Publishing. Kuala Lumpur.
Azlida Mohamad. (2015). Hubungan antara Disposisi Pemikiran Kritis dengan Gaya Pengajaran Inkuiri dalam kalangan Guru Sains Daerah Hulu Langat. Master thesis, University Putra Malaysia (unpublished).
Aznizah, N. K. (2004). Kajian Tentang Kreativiti Guru Sains dan Matematik Sekolah Menengah. Master thesis, University Technology Malaysia (unpublished).
Babbie E. R., Halley, F., & Zaino, J. (2007). Adventures in social research: data analysis using SPSS 14.0 and 15.0 for Windows. Pine Forge Press.
Bahagian Pembangunan Kurikulum. (2001). Kurikulum Bersepadu Prasekolah. Kuala Lumpur: Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia.
Bahagian Pembangunan Kurikulum. (2010). Dokumen Standard Kurikulum Prasekolah. Kuala Lumpur: Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia.
Banning, M. (2006). Nursing research: perspectives on critical thinking. British Journal of Education, 15(8), 458-461.
Bartlett, K. R. (2005). Survey research in organizations. Research in Organizations: Foundations and Methods of Inquiry, 97-113.
Bassham, G. (2005). Linked and Independent Premises: A New Analysis. Proceedings of the Fifth Conference of the International Society for the Study of Argumentation (Amsterdam: Sic Sat, 2005), 69–73.
Bataineh, O., & Alazzi, K. (2009). Perceptions of Jordanian secondary school teachers towards critical thinking. Retrieved from Education Resources Information Center. ERIC No. EJ869429. New York: Plenum Press.
Ben-Chaim, D., Ron, S. & Zoller, U. (2000). The disposition of eleventh-grade science students towards critical thinking. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 9(2), 149-159.
Bensley, D. A. (2008). Thinking critically about critical thinking approaches: Comment on Yancer, Slife, & Warne. Review of General Psychology, 13, 275-277.
Berg, E. S. (2001). An assessment of community college students’ learning styles, choice of instructional delivery method, withdrawal rates, and performance in writing intensive courses. Dissertation Abstracts International, 62(10), 32-46.
Beyer, B. (2001). Teaching thinking skills: Defining the problem. In A. L. Costa (Ed.), Developing minds (pp.35-40). Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.
Beyer, B. (2001a). Teaching thinking skills: Defining the problem. In A. L. Costa (Ed.), Developing minds; A resource book for teaching thinking (pp. 35-40). Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.
Black, H. & Parks, S. (2006). Building thinking skills: Critical thinking skills for reading, writing, math & science, level 2. New York: Critical Thinking Co.
Boostrum, R. (1994). Developing creative and critical thinking: An integrated approach. Lincolnwood, IL: National Textbook Company.
Bornstein, R. F., Rossner, S. C., Hill, E. L., & Stepanian, M. L. (1994). Face validity and fakability of objective and projective measures of dependency. Journal of Personality Assessment, 63(2), 363-386.
Brookfield, S. D. (2011). Teaching for critical thinking: Tools and techniques to help students question their assumptions (1st Ed). Jossey-Bass.
Brookhart, S.M. (2010). How to assess higher-order thinking skills in your classroom: association for supervision & curriculum development. VA: ASCD.
Brown, M.N., & Freeman K. (2000). Distinguishing Features of Critical Thinking Classrooms. Teach. Higher Educ. 5(3):301-309.
Browne, M. N., & Keeley, S. M. (2007). Asking the right questions: A guide to critical thinking (8?? Ed). Pearson Prentice Hall.
Brunt, B. A. (2005). Models, measurement, and strategies in developing critical-thinking skills. Journal of Continuing Education, 36(6), 255-260.
Bryman, A. & Cramer, D. (2011). Quantitative data analysis with SPSS 17, 18 and 19. London: Routledge.
Budsankom, P., Sawangboon, T., Damrongpanit, S. & Chuensirimongkol, J. (2015). Factors affecting higher order thinking skills of students: a meta-analytic structural equation modeling study. Academic Journal, 10(19), 2639-2652.
Burbach, M. E., Matkin, G. S., & Fritz, S. M. (2004). Teaching critical thinking in an introductory leadership course utilizing active learning strategies: A confirmatory study. College Student Journal, 38(3),482-493.
Burns, W., & Grove, S. K. E. (2003). Witch hunts in Europe and America. London: An Encyclopedia.
Busari, A. O. (2011). The Relationship Between Self-Efficacy, Motivation And Critical Thinking Skills To Achievement Of Sandwich Degree Students. International Journal of Asian Social Science, 1(1), 1-9.
Chaffee, J. (2011) Thinking critically (10?? Ed.)- Boston: Wadsworth.
Che Nidzam Che Ahmad, Kamisah Osman, & Lilia Halim. (2014). Predictive Relationship between Science Laboratory Learning Environment and Level of Students’ Satisfaction. Journal of Education Malaysia 2014, 35(2), 19-30.
Che Nidzam Che Ahmad, Noraini Mohamed Noh, Mazlini Adnan, Marzita Putih, & Mohd Hairy Ibrahim. (2014). Pengaruh persekitaran fizikal bilik darjah terhadap tahap keselesaan pengajaran dan pembelajaran. Jurnal Pendidikan Malaysia, 35(2), 19-30.
Cholisoh L., Fatimah S., Yuniasih F. (2015). Critical thinking skills in integrated science learning viewed from learning motivation. Jurnal Pendidikan Fisika Indonesia, 11(2), 134-141.
Choy, S. C., & Cheah, P. K. (2011). Teacher perceptions of critical thinking among students and its influence on higher education. International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, 20(2), 198-206.
Chua, Y. P. (2012). Asas Statistik dan Penyelidikan: Analisis Data Skala Ordinal dan Skala Nominal. Shah Alam: McGraw-Hill (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd.
Clifford, J. S., Boufal, M. M. & Kurtz, J. E. (2004). Personality Traits and Critical Thinking Skills in College Students Empirical Tests of a Two-Factor Theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 710-721.
Clifford, J. S., Boufal, M. M., & Kurtz, J. E (2004). Personality traits and critical thinking skills in college students: empirical tests of a two-factor theory. Journal of SAGE, 11(2), 169-176.
Clinchy, B. (1994). On critical thinking and connected knowing. New York: Albany Press.
Coakes, S. J., & Steed, L. G. (2003). SPSS Analysis without anguish, Version 11.0 for Windows, Milton, Queensland: John Wiley & Sons.
Cochran, W. G. (1977). Sampling techniques. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Cohen, J. (2013). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. (Revised ed.). New York: Academic Press.
Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S., & Aiken, L. (2003). Applied multiple regression/correlationanalysis for the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Cohen, L, Manion, L & Morrison, K. (2007). Research Methods in Education (6th Ed.), London: Routledge. College Washington.
Cooper, D. R., & Schindler, P.S., (2003). Business Research Methods (8th Ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Cottrell, S. (2011). Critical thinking skills: Developing effective analysis and argument. (2?? Ed.). Srella Cottrell and Mackmilan.
Creswell, J. W. (2012). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (4th Ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc.
Creswell, J. W. (2015). A concise introduction to mixed methods research. California: Sage Publications, Ins.
Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clarke, V. L. (2007). Designing and conducting mixed methods research. Thousand Oaks. CA: Sage.
Daniel, J. (2011). Sampling essentials: Practical guidelines for making sampling choices. London: Sage Publication.
Daniel K. K., & Felix K. (2014). The impact of school environment and peer influences on students’ academic performance in Vihiga County, Kenya. Journal of Education and Practice, 5(11), 102-118.
Davis, J.A. (1971). Elementary survey analysis. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Darling-Hammond, L. (2004). How teacher education matters. Journal of Teacher Education, 51(3), 166-173.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York: Plenum.
Denardo, M. D. (2003). A statistic report of critical thinking: Current knowledge of and exemplary teaching practice at the higher education level. Online Thesis, Lowa State University. UMI ProQuest Digital Dissertations.
Dian Hikmah Mohd Ibrahim & Mohd Zaidi Mahyuddin. (2016). Youth unemployment in Malaysia: Development and Policy Considerations.
Doddington, C. (2007). Critical thinking as a source of respect for persons: A critique. educational philosophy and theory, 39(4), 449-459.
Dornyei, Z. (1998). Motivation in second and foreign language learning. Language Teaching, 31(3), 117-135. doi: 10.1017/S026144480001315X.
Eccles, J. S., & Wigfield, A. (2002). Motivational beliefs, values, and goals. Annual Review of Psychology, 20, 109-133.
Edgar M. (2014). Effects of classroom assessment on the critical thinking skills and academic performance of students. Asia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 2(1), 205-208.
Educational Planning and Research Division. (2008). Educational in Malaysia: A journey to excellence, Putrajaya: Ministry of Education Malaysia.
Elliot, M. J. (2001). Project approach: Celebrating human dimension of learning. Available from http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal.
Ennis, R. H. (1985). A Logical Basis for Measuring Critical Thinking Skills. Educational Leadership, 10, 44-48.
Ennis, R. H. (1985). A taxonomy of critical thinking dispositions and abilities. Teaching thinking skills: Theory and practice (pp. 9–26). New York: W.H. Freeman.
Ennis, R. H. (1991). Critical Thinking: A streamlined conception. Teaching Philosophy, 14(1), 5-25. Ennis, R. H. (1996). Critical thinking. Upper Saddle Rever, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
Ennis, R. H. (2003). A super-streamlined conception of critical thinking. California: CriticalThinking Press and Software.
Ennis, R. H., Millman, J., & Tomko, T. N. (2005). Cornell critical thinking tests level X and level Z manual. 5th ed. Seaside, CA: The Critical Thinking Co.
Esah Sulaiman. (2003). Modul Pengajaran: Asas Pedagogi. Johor Bahru: UTM, Skudai.
Facione, N., Facione, P., & Sanchez, C. (1994). Critical thinking disposition as a measure of competent clinical judgment: The development of the California Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory. Journal of Education, 33(8), 345-350.
Facione, P. A (1990a). Gender, ethnicity, major, critical thinking self-esteem and California critical thinking skills test: California: Eric.
Facione, P. A. & Facione, N. (2011). Thinking and reasoning in human decision making: the method of argument and heuristic analysis. Millbrae, CA: The California Academic Press.
Facione, P. A. (1990). Critical thinking: A statement of expert consensus for the purposes of educational assessment and instruction. Executive summary. The Delphi report. California Academic Press, Millbrae, CA. Retrieved from ERIC database. (ED 315423).
Facione, P. A. (1990b). Critical thinking: A statement of expert consensus for purpose of educational assessment and instruction. California: Santa Clara University.
Facione, P. A. (2013). Critical thinking: What it is and why it counts. Millbrae, CA: California Academic Press. Retrieved on 24 August 2016 from www.insightassesment.com.
Fatemah & Hamideh. (2011). The influence of students learning style on thinking skill. Journal of Agricultural Education, 47(1), 43-52.
Field, A. (2005). Discovering statistics using SPSS: Introducing statistical methods. (2?? ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Fischer, S. C., Spiker, V. A. & Riedel, S. L. (2009). Critical thinking training for army officers, volume 2: A model of critical thinking. Arlington, VA: U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences.
Fishbein, M. (1967). Readings in attitude theory and measurement. America: Kohn Wiley & SonsInc.
Fisher, A. (2007). Critical thinking: An introduction. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Fisher, A. (1997). Teaching children to think. Cheltenham, UK: Stanley Thornes Publishers Ltd.
Foong, L., Palanisamy, K., & Mogana, D. (2014). Early child care and education in Malaysia towards professionalisation. Publisher: Vinlin Press Sdn Bhd, Selangor.
Fox, R. (1994). Validating lecturer effectiveness questionnaires in accounting. Accounting Education. 3(3), 249-258.
Foxcroft, C. D., Patterson, H., Le Roux, N., & Herbst, D. (2004). Psychological assessment in South Africa: a needs analysis, the test use patterns and needs of psychological assessment practitioners, assessment technology and evaluation. Human Sciences.
Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. (2011). How to design and evaluate research in education. New York: McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages.
Frazier, P. A., Tix, A. P., & Barron, K. E. (2004). Testing moderator and mediator effects in counseling psychology research. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51(1), 115–134.
Gall, M., Gall, J.P, & Borg, W.R. (2010). Educational research (8th ed.). Boston: MA: Pearson.
Gambidau, M. (2000). Status Penguasaan secara KBKK dalam Matapelajaran Sains dikalangan Pelajar dan Guru Sekolah Menengah di Sandakan, Sabah. Phd thesis, National University of Malaysia (unpublished).
Garcia, T. & Pintrich, P. R. (1992). Critical Thinking and Its relationship to Motivation, Learning strategies, and Classroom Experience. Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Associational Washington.
Gardner, R. C. (1985). Social psychology in second language learning: The role of attitudes and motivation. London: Edward Arnold.
Gay, L. R. & Airasian, P. (2011). Educational research competencies for analysis And Application (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall International, Inc.
Ghazali Darusalam & Sufean Hussin (2016). Metodologi penyelidikan dalam pendidikan : Amalan dan analisis kajian. University Malaya, Petaling Jaya.
Goh, C. B., & Gopinathan, S. (2008). The development of education in Singapore since 1965. In S.K. Lee, C.B. Goh, B. Fredriksen & J.P. Tan (Eds.), Toward a Better Future: Education and Training for Economic Development in Singapore since 1965 (pp. 12-38). Washington, DC: The World Bank.
Goh, P. S. C. & Matthews, B. (2011) Listening to the concerns of student teachers in Malaysia during teaching practice. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 36(3), 92-103.
Grossman, P., Hammerness, K., & McDonald, M. (2009). Redefining teacher: Re- imagining teacher education. Teachers and Teaching: Theory and Practice, 15(2), 273-290.
Guildford, J. P. (1973). Fundamental statistics in psychology and education (5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Hair, J., Anderson, R., Tatham, R., & Black, W. (2010). Multivariate data analysis with readings. (7th ed.). Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall International.
Haralambos, M., Holborn, M., & Heald, R. (2004). Class and education attainment. In Sociology Themes and Perspectives (7th ed.) (pp. 599-642). United Kingdom: HarperCollins Publishers.
Halpern, D. F. (1993). Assessing effectiveness of critical thinking instruction. The Journal of General Education, 42(4), 238-254.
Halpern, D. F. (2001) Assessing the effectiveness of critical thinking instruction. The Journal of General Education, 50(4), 270–286.
Halpern, D. F. (2007). The nature and nurture of critical thinking, Critical thinking in psychology (pp. 1-14). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Halx, M. D, Reybold, L. E. (2006). A pedagogy of force: Faculty perspectives of critical thinking capacity in undergraduate students. The Journal of General Education, 54(4), 293-315.
Hambleton, R. K., & Patsula, L. (1999). Increasing the validity of adapted tests: Myths to be avoided and guidelines for improving test adaptation practices. Association of Test Publishers, 1(1), 1-13.
Hargrove. A. (2005). Developing Higher Order Thinking Through on Intercultural Assignment: A Scholarship of Teaching Inquiry Project, College Teaching. Journal of Education 52(3), 113-120.
Harpez, V. (2005). Teaching and Learning in a community of thinking. Journal of Curriculum and Supervision 20(2), 136-157.
Harzing, A.-W., Reiche, S. & Pudelko. M. (2012). Challenges in International Survey Research: A Review with Illustrations and Suggested Solutions for Best Practice. European Journal of International Management 5 (4).
Hatcher, D. L., & Spencer, L. A. (2005). Reasoning and writing: From critical thinking to composition. (3rd. ed.). Boston: American Press.
Healy, J. (1990). Endangered minds why our children don’t think. New York: Simon & Schuster. Influence on higher education. International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, 20(2), 196-204.
Hee. J. M. & Siti Liyana Mohamad Yusuff. (2014). Hubungan antara tahap motivasi dengan pencapaian akademik pelajar pendidikan jarak jauh Universiti Sains Malaysia.Master thesis, University Science Malaysia (unpublished).
Heit, E. & Retello, C. M. (2010). Relations between inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 36(3), 805– 812.
Henard, F. & Ringuet, S. L. (2008). The path to quality teaching in higher education. Quality in Higher Education, 9(3).
Hossein E. M., & Sara V. (2016). The relationship between classroom environment and critical thinking among psychology students in Islamic Azad University. International Journal of Humanities and Cultural Studies, Special Issue 2096- 2103.
Howe, E. R. (2000). Canadian and japanese teachers' conceptions of critical thinking: A comparative study. Teachers and Teaching: Theory and Practice, 10(5), 505 525.Retrived on 24 September 2016 from http:/www.insightassessment.com/CT Resources/Critical-Thinking-What-It Is-and Why-It-Counts/Critical-.
Hu, W. P., Jia, X. J., Plucker, J. A. & Shan, X. X. (2016). Effects of a critical thinking skills program on the learning motivation of primary school students. Journal of Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, 38(2), 70-83.
Huitt, W. (1998). Critical thinking: An overview. Educational Psychology Interactive. Valdosta, GA: Valdosta State University. Retrieved on 27 July 2016 from, http://www.edpsycinteractive.org/topics/cogsys/critthnk.html.
Ibrahim Nazem Ghadi, Kamariah Abu Bakar, Nor Hayati Alwi & Othman Talib. (2013). Measuring critical thinking skills of undergraduate students in University Putra Malaysia. International Journal of Asia Social Science, 3(6), 1458-1466.
Ili Atiqah & Ruslin Amir. (2016). The attitude of critical thinking skills and its relationship with academic performance among UKM students. Journal of Psychology Malaysia, 30(1), 142-151.
Ingersoll, R. M. & J. M Kralik (2004). The Impact of Mentoring on Teacher Retention: What the Research Says. Denver, CO: Education Commission of the States. Retrieved on August 2, 2016 from: http://www.ecs.org/clearinghouse/50/36/5036.htm.
Innabi, H., & El. Sheikh, O. (2007). The Change in Mathematics Teachers' Perceptions of Critical Thinking after 15 years of Educational Reform in Jordan. Retrieved from Education Resources Information Center. ERIC No. EJ748199.
Jamal @ Nordin Yunus (2006). Teori-teori terpilih dalam pengurusan pendidikan. Kuala Lumpur: Prospecta Printers Sdn. Bhd.
Jin, K. K., & Lee, Y. G. (2011). Young people and suicide issue. International Conference on Humanities, Society and Culture, 20, 32-36.
Jonassen, D. H. (2000). Computers as mind tools for school: Engaging critical thinking, (2?? ed.). Upper Saddle River. NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Kaplan, R.M. & Saccuzzo, D. P. (2005). Psychological testing: Principles, applications, and issues (6th Ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth.
Kelly, A. V. (2009). The Curriculum: theory and practice (6th ed.). SAGE Publications Inc, United States.
Kettler, T. (2014). Critical thinking skills among elementary school students: comparing identified gifted and general education student performance. Gifted Child Quarterly, 58(2), 127–136.
Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.
Korir, D. K. & Kipkemboi, F. (2014). The Impact of School Environment and Peer Influences on Students’ Academic Performance in Vihiga County, Kenya. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 4(5), 240-251.
Kuhn, D. (1999). A developmental model of critical thinking. Educational Researcher, 28(2), 16-46.
Lai, E. R. (2011). Critical thinking: A literature review. Pearson Research Report. Retrieved on 23 June 2016 from http://images.pearsonassessments.com/images/tmrs/CriticalThinkingReviewFINA L.pdf
Lashbrook, J. T. (2000). Fitting in: Exploring the emotional dimension of adolescent pressure. Adolescence, 35(140).
Lee, M. N.N. (2004). Malaysian Teacher Education into the New Century. Journal of Education. 81-91.
Leedy, P. D., & Ormrod, J. E. (2005). Practical research: Planning and design (8th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Leicester, M. (2010). Teaching critical thinking skills (ideas in action). London: Continuum International Publishing Group.
Little, R. J. A., & Rubin, D. B. (2002). Statistical analysis with missing data (2nd ed.). New York: John Wiley.
Lo. Y. M. (2014). Persekitaran Pembelajaran secara Konstruktivisme untuk Mata Pelajaran Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi di Sekolah·sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Kawasan Lembah Klang. Phd thesis, University Putra Malaysia (unpublished).
Lynn, M. R. (1986). Determination and quantification of content validity. Nursing Research, 35(6), 382-386.
Mahapoonyanont N. (2012). The causal model of some factors affecting critical thinking abilities. Procedia Social and Behavioral Science, 46, 146-150.
Maibach, E. W., Nisbet, M., Baldwin, P., Akerlof, K & Diao, G. (2010). Reframing climate change as a public health issue: An exploratory study of public reactions. Journal of Public Health. 211-223.
Malaysia Curriculum Development Centre (2001). Thinking skill in teaching and learning. Perniagaan Rita Sdn. Bhd.
Malaysia Economic Monitor. (2013). High performing education. Retrieved on 23 January 2017 from http://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/Worldbank/document/EAP/malaysia/Ma aysia_Economic_Monittor_High-Performing_Education.pdf.
Mansoor Fahim & Arezoo Hajimaghsoodi. (2014). The relationship between motivation and critical thinking ability of iranian efl learners. International Journal of Language Learning and Applied Linguistics World, 5(2), 605-619.
Marlina Ali & Shaharom Noordin. (2011). Hubungan antara kemahiran berfikir kritis dengan pencapaian akademik dalam kalangan pelajar fakulti pendidikan Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Jurnal Teknologi (Sains Sosial), 52, 45-55.
Marlina Ali (2006). Tahap penguasaan kemahiran berfikir kritis di kalangan pelajar pendidikan fizik merentas jantina. Buletin Persatuan Pendidikan Sains dan Matematik Johor, 15(1). 99-110.
Martin, D. S., & Michelli, N. M. (2001). Preparing teachers of thinking. In A. L. Costa (Ed.), Developing minds. (pp.111–117). Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.
Masrah Ahamad (2010). Pembangunan dan Penilaian Perisian Prototaip Ms~Gravis Berasaskan Kemahiran Berfikir Secara Kritis dalam Mekanik. Phd thesis, University Technology Malaysia (unpublished).
Mayer, R. (1986). Thinking, Problem Solving, Cognition. New York: Freeman and Co.
Mazer, J. P., Hunt, S. K., Kuznekoff, J. H. (2007). Revising general education: Assessing a critical thinking instructional model in the basic communication course. Journal of General Education, 56, 173–199.
Mazlina Che Mustafa. (2014). Supporting Asian Immigrant English Language Learners: Teachers’ Beliefs And Practice. Phd thesis, University of Canterbury (published).
McDonald, M., Kazemi, E., & Kavanagh, S. S. (2013). Core Practices and Pedagogies of Teacher Education a Call for a Common Language and Collective Activity. Journal of Teacher Education, 64(5), 378-386.
McPeck, J. E. (1981). Critical thinking and education. New York, NY: St. Martin's Press.
Miller, A. & Cunningham, K. (2014). Evaluating educational environments: procedures, measures, findings and policy implications. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Ministry of Education Malaysia. (2012). Malaysia Education Blueprint 2013-2025 (Preschool to Post-Secondary Education.). Putrajaya: Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia.
Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia (2006). Modul pembangunan kemahiran insaniah (soft skills) untuk institut pengajian tinggi Malaysia. University Putra Malaysia, Serdang.
Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia (2011). Blueprint on enculturation of lifelong learning for Malaysia: 2011–2020. Putrajaya: MOHE.
Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia. (2012). The national graduate employability blueprint 2012-2017. Putrajaya: MOHE.
Mohd Ali Ibrahim & Shaharom Noordin (2003). Perbandingan pencapaian para pelajar dalam pentaksiran kerja. Journal Education, 323-334.
Mohd Azhar Abd Hamid. (2016). Pengenalan pemikiran kritis & kreatif. Journal Hadhari, 8 (2). 339-342.
Mohd Majid Konting, Norfaryanti, Kamaruddin, Nor Azirawani, A. Adam & S.N. Abdullah, (2007). Preliminary assessment of soft skills among students. Conference on Learning and Teaching in Education.
Mohd Majid Konting. (2009). Kaedah penyelidikan pendidikan. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Moore, D. T. (2011). Critical thinking and intelligence analysis. National Defense Intelligence.
Mortellaro, C. (2015). Exploring factors influencing critical thinking skills in undergraduatestudents: a mixed methods study. Retrieved on 27 October 2016 from http://scholarship.shu.edu/dissertations/2107.
Muhammad Nazri Jaafar. (2014). Kemahiran Berfikir Kritis dalam Kalangan Pelajar Kejuruteraan di Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia. Master thesis, University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (unpublished).
Mulnix, J. W. (2012). Thinking critically about critical thinking. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 44(5), 463-479.
Muneera, M. & Shameem, R. G. (2012). Language Learning Motivation among Malaysian Pre-University Students. Academic Journal Article, 6(3), 92-103.
Nadjla Hariri & Zohre Bagherinejad. (2012). Analysis of the relationship between motivation and critical thinking with intentional internet search behavior case study: Students of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Hygiene Faculty. Journal of Information Processing Management, 27(4):801-822.
Ngeow, K. Y. (1998). Motivation and transfer in language learning. ERIC Digest. Indiana: ERIC Digests.
Nikou, F. R., Bonyadi, A. & Amirikar, N. (2015). Investigating the relationship between quality of teaching and critical thinking skills of Iranian Intermediate TEF students' Writing.Journal of Australian International Academic, 6(2), 57-64.
Noordin S., (2010) Tahap Penguasaan Kemahiran Berfikir Kritis Pelajar Sains Tingkatan Empat. Jurnal Pendidikan Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 13. 58-72. ISSN 1394 1801.
Nor Hasnida Che Md Ghazali, Siti Rahayah Ariffin, Nor Azaheen Abdul Hamid & Roseni Ariffin. (2010). Kemahiran pemikiran kritikal dan penyelesaian masalah pelajar-pelajar sains. Prosiding Seminar Kebangsaan Pendidikan Negara Kali Ke-4.
Nor’ Azah Ahmad Safran & Shamsia Md Nasir. (2012). Kemahiran Berfikir Aras Tinggi Dalam Kalangan Guru Pelatih. Master thesis, University Putra Malaysia (unpublished).
Noraini Idris (2013). Penyelidikan dalam pendidikan. Malaysia: McGraw-Hill Sdn.Bhd.
Norazman Arbin, Nor’ain Mohd. Tajudin & Nur Fazliana Rahim. (2013). Kualiti pengajaran dan pembelajaran guru matematik sekolah menengah. Simposium Kebangsaan Sains Matematik (SKSM 19) UiTM Pulau Pinang, 9-11 November 2013.
Norfadelah Nordin. (2015). Critical thinking as a predictor of students’ academic achievement: A study on islamic studies students at pahang Islamic College, Sultan Ahmad Shah, Kuantan. Journal of Education and Social Sciences, 1(2), 145-154.
Nurahimah Mohd Yusoff (2010). Relationship quality supervision of teaching and learning in the classroom with the teacher efficacy. Asia Pacific Journal of Educator, 25, 53-71.
Nursuhaili Baharuddin (2010). Hubungan antara Kemahiran Sosial dengan Tingkah laku social dalam kalangan kanak-kanak prasekolah di tabika kemas, Beaufort. Master thesis, University Malaysia Sabah (unpublished).
Oluwatayo, J. A. (2012). Validity and reliability issues in educational research. Journal of Educational and Social Research, 2(2), 391-400.
Pallant, J. (2007). SPSS Survival Manual (4th ed.). New York: Mc Graw-Hill.
Partnership for 21st Century Skills. (2011). About us. Retrieved from http://www.p21.org/home
Pascarella, E. T. & Terenzini, P. T. (1991). How college affects students: Ten directions for future research. Journal of College Student Development, 508-520.
Pascarella, E. T. & Terenzini, P. T. (2005). How college affects students: Findings and insights from twenty years of research. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Pascarella, E. T., Wang J. S., Trolian, T. L., & Blaich, C. (2013). How the instructional and learning environments of liberal arts colleges enhance cognitive development. Journal of Education, 66, 569-583.
Patock, J. (2008). A guide to interpreting the item analysis report. Available from http://www.educ.utas.au/users/afluck/Publish/paper08.pdf.
Paul, . & Elder, L. (2002). Critical thinking: Tools for taking charge of your professional and personal life. New Jersey: Financial Times Prentice Hall.
Paul, R. & Elder, L. (2003). Critical thinking concepts and tools. California: Center for Critical Thinking and Moral Critique.
Paul, R. & Elder, L. (2006). Critical thinking: The nature of critical and creative thought. Journal of Developmental Education, 30(2), 34–35.
Paul, R. & Elder, L. (2006). Critical thinking: Tools for taking charge of your learning and your life. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Paul, R. & Nosich, G. (2001). A proposal for the national assessment of higher order thinking at the community college, college, and university levels. Journal of Education, 21(2), 212-234.
Paul, R. (1993). Critical Thinking: What every person needs to survive in a rapidly changing world (2nd ed.). Santa Rosa, CA: Foundation for Critical Thinking.
Paul, R., Elder, L., & Bartell, T. (1997). California teacher preparation for instruction in critical thinking: Research findings and policy recommendations. Sacramento, CA: California Commission on Teacher Credentialing.
Phang Y. C. (2015). Relationship between Teachers’ Perception and Attitude Towards Science Teaching and Instructional Practices in Science Seaching Among Science Teachers. Master thesis, University Putra Malaysia (unpublished).
Phillip, J. A. (1998). Memperkembangkan daya pemikiran pelajar melalui mata pelajaran KBSM. Jurnal Pendidikan Guru Malaysia. 8, 1-15.
Piaget, J. (1952). The origins of intelligence in children. New York: Norton & Company, Inc.
Piaget, J. (1962). Play, dream and imitation in childhood. New York: Norton & Company, Inc.
Pillow, B.H. (2008). Development of Children’s Understanding of Cognitive Activities. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 169(4), 297–321.
Polit, . F., Hungler, B. P., & Beck, C. T. (2001). Essentials of nursing research: Methods, appraisal and utilization. Philadelphia: Lippincott.
Portney, L. G., & Watkins, M. P. (1993). Foundations of clinical research: Applications to practice. Norwalk, Connecticut: Appleton & Lange.
Powell, C. G., & Bodur, Y. (2016). Professional development for quality teaching and learning: a focus on student learning outcomes, IGI Clobal.
Qing, Z., Nia, S., & Hong, T. (2010). Developing critical thinking disposition by task based learning in chemistry experiment teaching. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2, 4561-4570.
Rajendran Nagappan S. (2008). Teaching & acquiring higher order thinking skills: theory and practice. Tanjong Malim, Sultan Idris Education University.
Rajendran Nagappan S. (2011). Teaching and acquiring higher order thinking skills: Theory and practice. Tanjong Malim, Sultan Idris Education University.
Rajendran Nagappan S. (2004). Pengajaran kemahiran berfikir aras tinggi: Kesediaan guru mengendalikan proses pengajaran pembelajaran. Kuala Lumpur: Pusat PerkembanganKurikulum.
Rahil Mahyuddin, Zaidatol Akmaliah, Habibah and Mohd Majid Konting. (2004). The incorporation of thinking skills in the school curriculum, Research Malaysia, XXII (2).
Ramlee Mustapha & Norani Mohd Salleh. (2007). Self-fulfilling prophecy and digital divise revisited: vocational and IT competencies of special needs population in Malaysia. Jurnal Kerja Sosial, 6(1), 33-65.
Rasimah Aripin, Rohaizad, R., Yeop, U. & Anuar, M. (2008). Students learning styles and academic performance. 22nd Annual SAS Malaysia Forum. Kuala Lumpur: Kuala Lumpur Convention Center.
Razman Mohamed. (1999). Pengajaran berpasangan dalam praktikum fasa I. Jurnal Jabatan Ilmu Pendidikan,Maktab Perguruan Persekutuan Pulau Pinang, 3(1), 53-60.
Rodiah Idris, Siti Rahayah Ariffin & Noriah Mohd Ishak. (2009). Pengaruh kemahiran generik dalam kemahiran pemikiran kritikal, penyelesaian masalah dan komunikasi pelajar Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM). Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia MJLI 6, 103-140.
Rohmani Nur Indah & Agung Kusuma W. (2016). Factors affecting the development of critical thinking of indonesian learners of english language. Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 21(6), 86-94.
Rosma Osman, Ong Eng Teck, Shakinaz Desa, & Wong Kung Teck. (2011). Tahap kemahiran berfikir dalam kalangan guru sekolah rendah. Jurnal Kemanusiaan, 41(2), 1-11.
Rosnani H. & Suhailah H. (2003). Finishing school. Journal of Vocational Education, 62(5), 29-31.
Rosyati Abdul Rashid & Rosna Awang Hashim. (2014). The relationship between critical thinking and language proficiency of malaysian undergraduates. Proceedings of the EDU-COM International Conference. 3, 20?27.
Rudd, R. D., Baker, M. T. (2001). Relationships between critical and creative thinking. Journal of Southern Agricultural Education Research, 51, 173-188.
Rudinow,J., Vincent E. B.(2008). Invitation to critical thinking. USA: Thomson Wadsworth.
Rusni Mohd Noor (2005). Perkaitan Antara Budaya Sekolah dengan Pencapaian Akademik Pelajar di Negeri Sembilan. Master thesis, National University of Malaysia (unpublished).
Sabri Mohd Salleh. (2008). Pembelajaran Pemikiran Kritis di Kalangan Pelajar Sekolah Menengah. Phd thesis, National University of Malaysia (unpublished).
Saidatul Ainoor Shaharim. (2015). Analisis interaksi guru-pelajar, persekitaran pembelajaran dan komitmen pelajar terhadap keselesaan pembelajaran biologi. Master thesis, Sultan Idris Education University (unpublished).
Sangoseni, O., Hellman, M., & Hill, C. (2013). Development and validation of a questionnaire to assess the effect of online learning on behaviors, attitudes, and clinical practices of physical therapists in the United States regarding evidence based clinical practice. The Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice, 11(2), 1-12.
Schanz, D. B. (2010). Factor that influence the critical thinking skills of public school teachers in a parish in southwest louisiana. (Doctoral dissertation). Available from http://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/2242.
Scheffer, B. K & Rubenfeld, M. G. (2000). A consensus statement on critical thinking in nursing. Journal of Nursing Education, 39, 352-359.
Sedigheh Jafarian, Maimunah Ismail & Zoharah Omar. (2014). Influence of motivation on learner’s critical thinking skills in blended learning environment in Malaysia. Journal of Education, 2(1), 123-134.
Sekaran U. & Bougie, J. R. G. (2009). Research methods for business: A skill building approach (5th Edition). John Wiley and Sons Inc., Hoboken.
Seyithan Demirdag (2015). The relationship between classroom management skills and critical thinking skills of high school teachers. Academic Journal, 10(7), 850-855.
Shashi P. N. (2015). Motivational beliefs of secondary school students of chandigarh in relation to their academic achievements: A study. Journal of Insight, 20(1), 67- 75.
Siegel, H. (2000). Educating reasoning: Rationality, critical thinking and education. New York: Routledge, Chapman & Hali, Inc.
Simpson, E. & Courtney, M. (2002). Critical thinking in nursing education: Literature review.International Journal of Educational Practice, 8, 89-98.
Siti Nooridayu Mohd Sohod. (2013). Penguasaan Kemahiran Berfikir Secara Kritis dan Menyelesaikan Masalah dalam Kalangan Pelajar Sarjana Muda di UTHM. Master thesis, University Hussein Onn Malaysia (unpublished).
Siti Rahayah Ariffin & Nor Azaheen Abdul Hamid (2010). Profil kemahiran pemikiran kritikal antara pelajar aliran sains dan bukan sains. Malaysian Education Dean?s Council Journal. 3, 20?27.
Siti Rahayah Ariffin, Rosadah Abdul Majid, Zolkefli Haron, Rodiah Idris, Shahrir Samsuri, Basri Hassan & Nor Azaheen Abdul Hamid (2008a). Kemahiran pemikiran kritikal dan penyelesaian masalah pelajar-pelajar sains di malaysia. Proceeding of Science and Mathematics Education Regional Conference 2008, 15-20.
Siti Rahayah Ariffin, Zolkefli Haron, Rodiah Idris, Nur Ashiqn Najmuddin, Shahrir Samsuri, Basri Hassan & Nor Azaheen (2008c). Tahap penguasaan kemahiran pemikiran kritikal dan penyelesaian masalah pelajar sains dan hubungannya dengan pencapaian. Prosiding Seminar Pendidikan Kejuruteraan Dan Alam Bina. Fakulti Kejuruteraan dan Alambina. National University of Malaysia, 15-23.
Slavin, R. (2009). Educational psychology theory and practice (9th Ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.
Som Hj Nor & Mohamad Dahalan ( 1998). Kemahiran berfikir secara kritis dan kreatif (KBKK). Selangor. Pearson Malaysia Sdn Bhd.
Sosu, E. M. (2012). The development and psychometric validation of a critical thinking skills scale. Journal of Elsevier, 9: 107-119.
Sri Hapsari. (2016). A descriptive study of the critical thinking skills of social science junior high school. Journal of Education and Learning. 10(3), 228-234.
Stapleton, P. (2011). A survey of attitudes towards critical thinking among Hong Kong secondary school teachers: Implications for policy change. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 6(1), 14-20.
Stewart, R. B. (2004). “American Community Survey National Survey on Communities.” For Smart Growth America and National Association of Realtors. Washington, DC: Smart Growth America.
Stewart, S., & Dempsey, L. F. (2005). A longitudinal study of baccalaureate nursing students critical thinking skills. Journal of Nursing Education, 44(2), 81-84.
Stine, J., Benares, C. (1994). It’s all in your head: Remarkable facts about the human mind. Prentice Hall.
Suppiah Nachiappan, Ramlah Jantan & Abdul Aziz Abdul Shukor. (2008). Psikologi pendidikan. Selangor: Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd.
Tabachnick, B., & Fidell, L. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Boston:Pearson Education, Inc.
Tang, H. E. (2012). Reka Bentuk dan Keberkesanan Sistem Pembelajaran Berkomputer Matematik dalam Tajuk Gerakan pada Garis Lurus Berasaskan Personaliti serta Kemahiran Berfikir secara Kritis dan Kreatif Pelajar. Phd thesis, University Technology Malaysia (unpublished).
Tapia, M, & Marsh, G. E. (2000). Attitude towards mathematic instrument: An investigation with middle School. ED449 045.
Terenzini, P., Springer, L., Pascarella, E., & Nora, A. (1995). The multiple influences of college on students' critical thinking skills. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for the Study of Higher Education, Tucson, AZ.
Thang, S. M., Ting, S. L. & Nurjanah Mohd Jaafar. (2011). Attitudes and motivation of Malaysian secondary students towards learning English as a second language: a case study. 3L; Language,Linguistics and Literature,The Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies., 17 (1), 40-54.
Thongnuypram C. (2013). Factor influencing the critical thinking of teacher students studying at the faculty of education in Suratthani Rajabhat University. 13?? International Educational Technology Conference: 386-391.
Thurman, B. (2009). Teaching of critical thinking skills in the English content area in South Dakota public high schools and colleges. Retrieved from Education Resources Information Center. ERIC No. ED513229.
Toh, W. S. (2003). Student-centered educational beliefs and teacher education. Journal Education, 235-249.
Tsui, L. (1998). Courses and instruction affecting critical thinking. Research in Higher Education, 39.
Tucker, C. M., Zayco, R. A., & Herman, K. C. (2002). Teacher and child variables as predictors of academic engagement among low-income african american children. Psychology in the Schools, 39(4), 477-488.
Tunca N. (2015). The regression level of constructivist learning environment characteristics on classroom environment characteristics supporting critical thinking. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 181-200.
UNESCO’s International Bereau of Education. (2014). Guding principles for learning in the twenty-first century. Retrieved on 20 October 2016 from http://www.ibe. unesco.org/en/document/guiding-principles-learning-twenty-first-century.
Valenzuela, J., Nieto, A. M., & Saiz, C. (2011). Critical thinking motivational scale (CTMS): A contribution to the study of relationship between critical thinking and motivation. Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology, 9(24), 823-848.
Vygotsky, L.S. (1986). Thought and language. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University.
Wadsworth, B. (1971). Piaget’s theory of cognitive development from childhood to adolescence: A constructivist perspective. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
Walberg, H. J., Fraser, B. J., & Welch, W. W. (1986). A test of a model of educational productivity among senior high school students. Journal of Educational Research, 79,133-139.
Wan Noraini Wan Razab & Nooraini Othman. (2013). Tahap motivasi dan punca tekanan guru yang melanjutkan pengajian. Jurnal Kemanusiaan, 17, 101-112.
Wan Norehan Wan Mamat (2013). Tahap penguasaan kemahiran pemikiran kritisdalam kalangan pelajar kejuruteraan dan hubungannya dengan pencapaian pelajar. Master thesis, University Hussein Onn Malaysia (unpublished).
Watson, G. & Glaser, E. (1980). Watson- glaser critical thinking appraisal. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
Wiles, J. W. (2008). Leading curriculum development. SAGE Publications Inc, United States.
Wirawani Kamarulzaman & Ismail Sheikh Ahmad (2014). Contributing factors to children’s critical thinking ability: The perception of pre-service teachers from a private university in Malaysia. Southeast Asia Psychology Journal, 2, 69-76.
Wong, S. L. (2002). Development and Validation of an Information Technology (IT) Based Instrument to Measure Teachers’ IT Preparedness. Phd thesis, University Putra Malaysia (unpublished).
Xu, X. (2011). The relationship between language learning motivation and the choice of language learning strategies among Chinese graduates. International Journal of English Linguistics,1(2), 203-212. doi:10.5539/ijel.v1n2p203.
Yee, M. H., Jailani Md Yunos, Widad Othman, Razali Hassan, Tee, T. K., & Mimi Mohaffyza Mohamad. (2015). Disparity of learning styles and higher order thinking skills among technical students. 4th World Congress on Technical and Vocational Education and Training (WoCTVET), 143-152.
Zeichner, K. (2012). Two Visions of Teaching and Teacher Education for the Twenty First Century. Social Policy, Education and Curriculum Research Unit. North Dartmouth: Centre for Policy Analyses /UMass Dartmouth. Retrieved from http://www.umassd.edu/seppce/centers/cfpa/
Zulida Abdul Kadir. (2014). Enhancing Students’ Problem Solving Skills Using Problem Based Learning As An Instructional Communication Approach. Master thesis, Universiti Putra Malaysia (unpublished).
|
This material may be protected under Copyright Act which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. |