UPSI Digital Repository (UDRep)
|
|
|
Abstract : Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris |
This study aimed to develop and characterise the fish scale-collagen cream (CoC) for
topical application. Hydrolysed collagen (HC) was extracted from Tilapia fish scales using a
combination of hydrothermal extraction and enzymatic hydrolysis. This HC (molecular weight, Mw ≈
1 kDa) was incorporated in water-in-oil (w/o) emulsion of Span 60:Tween 60/water/virgin coconut oil
(VCO) system at water volume fractions (φw) of 0.74, 0.83, and 0.94 via high shear homogenisation
technique. The developed CoC were then characterised by optical polarising microscope (OPM), field
emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), particle size analyser, differential scanning
calorimetry (DSC), and rheometer. Up to 20 wt% HC has been successfully loaded in all emulsion
systems and the optimum loading achieved at HC content as low as 5 wt%. The best CoC system
with great physical characteristic, fine texture (305 nm) and uniformly disperse in VCO phase
was produced by emulsion at the lowest φw (0.94). The developed CoC has been found
to be thermally stable with Tc and Tm range between -20 to -30 ? and 10 to 20 ?,
respectively. The rheological properties of CoC demonstrated shear thinning behaviour and
thus greatly meet the needs of topical applications. The permeation study of ex vivo
rat skin showed that HC in emulsion droplets (CoC system) easily pass through the
skin. Cytotoxicity study through in vitro fibroblast cells and in vivo toxicity to the mice
showed that HC at 25 and 50 mg/kg body weight did not give chronic toxic to the mice. In
conclusion, CoC from water-in-VCO emulsion system was succesfully developed. As an implication,
the developed CoC is potentially used as a carrier for HC in topical application.
|
References |
Agero, A. L., & Verallo-Rowell V. M. (2004). A randomized double-blind controlled trial comparing extra virgin coconut oil with mineral oil as a moisturizer for mild to moderate xerosis. Dermatitis, 15(3), 109-16.
Alberts, B., Bray, D., Hopkin, K., Johnson, A. D., Lewis, J., & Roberts, K. (2010). Essential Cell Biology (3rd ed., Chapter 20). New York: Garland Science.
Alexander, A., Dwivedi, S., Ajazuddin, Giri, T.K., Saraf, S., Saraf, S., & Tripathi, D. K. (2012). Approaches for breaking the barriers of drug permeation through transdermal drug delivery. Journal of Controlled Release, 164(1), 26-40.
Almeida, P. F., Vanalle, R. M.. & Santana, J. C. C. (2012). Gelatin Production: A competitive perspective for the productive chain of broiler chicken. Product and Production, 13(2), 22-39.
Alves, A. L., Marques, A. L. P., Martins, E., Silva, T. H., & Reis, R. L. (2017). Cosmetic potential of marine fish skin collagen. Cosmetics, 4, 1-16.
Alwi, A. (2013). Formulation of cosmetic emulsion based VCO from mixed span 60 and tween series (t60, t80, t81, t85) (Unpublished BSc.‘s thesis). Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjong Malim.
Andrade, R. J., & Tulkens, P. M. (2011). Hepatic safety of antibiotics used in primary care. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 66(7), 1431–1446.
Andrews, S. N., Jeong, E., & Prausnitz, M. R. (2013). Transdermal delivery of molecules is limited by full epidermis, not just stratum corneum. Pharmaceutical Research, 30(4), 1099-109.
Aramvit, P., & Sangcakul, A. (2007). Effect of sericin cream on wound healing in rats. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 74, 2473–2477.
Arnesen, J. A., & Gildberg, A. (2002). Preparation and characterisation of gelatine from the skin of harp seal (Poca groendlandica). Bioresource Technology, 82, 191-194.
Arnesen, J. A., & Gildberg, A. (2006). Extraction of muscle proteins and gelatine from cod head. Process Biochemistry, 41(3), 697-700.
Arvanitoyannis, I. S. (2002). Protein-based films and coatings. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Arvanitoyannis, I. S., & Kassaveti, A. (2008). Fish industry waste: Treatments, environmental impacts, current and potential uses. International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 43, 726–745.
Aspmo, S. I., Horn, S. J., & Eijsink, V. G. H. (2005). Enzymatic hydrolysis of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) viscera. Process Biochemistry, 40, 1957–1966.
Assunção, M. L., Ferreira, H. S., dos Santos, A. F., Cabral, C. R., & Florêncio, T. M. M. T. (2009). Effects of Dietary Coconut Oil on the Biochemical and Anthropometric Profiles of Women Presenting Abdominal Obesity. Lipids, 44, 593-601
Avena-Bustillos, R. J., Olsen, C. W., Olson, D. A., Chiou, B., Yee, J., Bechtel, P. J., & McHugh, T.H. (2006). Water vapor permeability of mammalian and fish gelatin films. Journal of Food Science, 71(4), E202-207.
Baehaki, A., Lestari, S. D., & Desliani, I. (2016). Collagen hydrolysis from skin and bone of Pangasius catfish prepared by Bromelain enzyme and antioxidant activity of hydrolysate. Der Pharma Chemica, 8(4), 155-158.
Baert, B., Deconinck, E., Gele, M. V., Slodicka, M., Stoppie, P., Bode´, S., Slegers, G., Heyden, Y. V., Lambert, J., Beetense, J., & Spiegeleer, B. D. (2007). Transdermal penetration behaviour of drugs: CART-clustering, QSPR and selection of model compounds. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, 15(22), 6943–6955.
Bais, D., Trevisan, A., Lapasin, R., Partal, P., & Gallegos, C. (2005). Rheological characterization of polysaccharide-surfactant matrices for cosmetic O/W emulsions. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 290, 546-556.
Barbero, A. M., & Frasch, H. F. (2009). Pig and guinea pig skin as surrogates for human in vitro penetration studies: A quantitative review. Toxicology in Vitro, 23, 1–13.
Baskakov, I. V., & Breydo, L. (2007). Converting the prion protein: what makes the protein infectious. Biochimica Biophysica Acta, 1772(6), 692-703.
Baum, C. L., & Arpey, C. J. (2005). Normal cutaneous wound healing: clinical correlation with cellular and molecular events. Dermatologic Surgery, 31, 674– 686.
Becu, L., Grondin, P., Colin, A. & Manneville, S. (2004). How does a concentrated emulsion flow? Yielding, local rheology, and wall slip. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects, 263, 146–152.
Belbachir, K., Noreen, R., Gouspillou, G., & Petibois, C. (2009). Collagen types analysis and differentiation by FTIR spectroscopy. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 395(3), 829-837.
Bernardi, D. S., Pereira, T. A., Maciel, N. R., Bortoloto, J., Viera, G. S., Oliveira, G. C., & Rocha-Filho, P. A. (2011). Formation and stability of o/w nanoemulsions containing rice bran oil: in vitro and in vivo assessments. Journal of Nanobiotechnology, 9(44), 1-9.
Bensouilah, J., & Buck, P. (2006). Aromadermatology: Aromatherapy in the Treatment and Care of Common Skin Conditions. United Kingdom: Radcliffe Publishing Ltd.
Bhaskar, N., Benila, T., Radha, C., & Lalitha, R. G. (2008). Optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis of visceral waste proteins of Catla (Catla catla) for preparing protein hydrolysate using a commercial protease. Bioresource Technology, 99(10), 335-343.
Bhaskar, N., Modi, V. K., Govindaraju, K., Rahda, C., & Lalitha, R. G. (2007). Utilization of meat industry by products: protein hydrolysate from sheep visceral mass. Bioresource Technology, 98, 388-394.
Binks, B. P, Clint, J. H., & Whitby, C. P. (2005). Rheological behavior of water-inoil emulsions stabilized by hydrophobic bentonite particles. Langmuir, 21, 5307- 5316.
Boran, G., & Regenstein, J. M. (2009). Optimization of gelatin extraction from silver carp skin. Journal of Food Science, 74, E432-41.
Bos, J. D., & Meinardi, M. M. H. M. (2000). The 500 Dalton rule for the skin penetration of chemical compounds and drugs. Experimental Dermatology, 9(3), 165-9.
Bunaciu, A. A., Aboul-Enein, H. Y., & Hoang, V. D. (2014). Raman spectroscopy for protein analysis. Applied Spectroscopy Reviews. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1080/05704928.2014. 990463.
Bureau of Product Standards (BPS). (2004). Philippine National Standards: Virgin coconut oil. Philippines: Department of Trade and Industry.
Calejo, M. T., Almeida, A. J., & Fernandes, A. I. (2012). Exploring a new jellyfish collagen in the production of microparticles for protein delivery. Journal of Microencapsulation, 29, 520–531.
Cameron, N. R., & Sherrington, D. C. (1996). High internal phase emulsions structures, properties and use in polymer preparation. Advances in Polymer Science, 126, 163-214.
Capron, I., & Cathala, B. (2013). Surfactant-Free High Internal Phase Emulsions Stabilized by Cellulose Nanocrystals. Biomacromolecules, 14, 291–296.
Carpo, B. G., Verallo-Rowell, V. M., & Kabara J. (2007). Novel antibacterial activity of monolaurin compared with conventional antibiotics against organisms from skin infections: an in vitro study. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology, 6(10), 991- 8.
Cefali, L. C., Souza-Moreira, T. M., Corrêa, M. A., Salgado, H. R. N., & Isaac, V. L. B. (2015). Development and evaluation of an emulsion containing lycopene for combating acceleration of skin aging. Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 51(3), 579-589.
Chabeaud, A., Dutournie, P., Guerard, F., Vandanjon, L., & Bourseau, P. (2009). Application of response surface methodology to optimise the antioxidant activity of a Saithe (Pollachius virens) hydrolysate. Marine Biotechnology, 11, 445–455.
Chai, H. J., Li, J. H., Huang, H. N., Li, T. L., Chan Y. L., Shiau, C. Y., & Wu, C. J. (2010). Effects of size and conformations of fish-scale collagen peptides on facial skin qualities and transdermal penetration efficiency. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, 2010, 1-8.
Chanamai, R., & McClements, D. J. (2000). Dependence of creaming and rheology of monodisperse oil-in-water emulsions on droplet size and concentration. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 172, 79-86.
Chang, S. W., Shefelbine, S. J., & Buehler M. J. (2012). Structural and mechanical differences between collagen homo- and heterotrimers: relevance for the molecular origin of brittle bon disease. Biophysical Journal, 102, 640-648.
Chantrapornchai, W., Clydesdale, F., & McClements, D. J. (1999). Influence of droplet characteristics on the optical properties of colored oil-in-water emulsions. Colloids and Surfaces Physicochemical Engineering Aspects, 155, 373-382.
Charnock, C., & Finsrud, T. (2007). Combining esters of para-hydroxy benzoic acid (parabens) to achieve increased antimicrobial activity. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 32, 567–572.
Chen, J., Hu, W., Qu, Y. Q., Dong, J., Gu, W., Gao, Y., Fang, Y., Fang, F., Chen, Z. P., & Cai, B. C. (2013). Evaluation of the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of brucine following transdermal administration. Fitoterapia, 86(1), 193-201.
Chen, R. H., Hsu, C. N., Chung, M. Y., Tsai, W. L., & Liu, C. H. (2008). Effect of different concentrations of collagen, ceramides, n-acetyl glucosamine, or their mixture on enhancing the proliferation of keratinocytes, fibroblasts and the secretion of collagen and/or the expression of mRNA of type 1 collagen. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 16(1), 66-74.
Cho, Y. H., Kim, S., Bae, E. K., Mok, C. K., & Park, J. (2008). Formulation of a cosurfactant-free o/w microemulsion using nonionic surfactant mixtures. Journal of Food Science, 73(3), E115-E121.
Choi, J., Choi, M. K., Chong, S., Chung, S. J., Shim, C. K., & Kim, D. D. (2012). Effect of fatty acids on the transdermal delivery of donepezil: In vitro and in vivo evaluation. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 422(1-2), 83-90.
Choi, S. Y., Ko, E. J., Lee, Y. H., Kim, B. G., Shin, H. J., Seo, D. B., Lee, S. J., Kim, B. J., & Kim, M. N. (2014). Effects of collagen tripeptide supplement on skin properties: A prospective, randomized, controlled study. Journal of Cosmetic and Laser Therapy, 16(3), 132-137.
Chung, C., & Mcclements, D. J. (2013). Structure-function relationships in food emulsions: Improving food quality and sensory perception (Chapter2). Food Structure Review, 1, 106-126.
Chung, C., & McClements, D. J. (2014). Structure-function relationships in food emulsions: Improving food quality and sensory perception. Food Structure, 1, 106-126.
Clausse, D., Gomez, F., Pezron, I., Komunjer, L., & Dalmazzone, C. (2005). Morphology characterization of emulsions by differential scanning calorimetry. Journal of Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 117, 59-74.
Clausse, D., Pezron, I., Komunjer, L., & Gauthier, A. (1995). Water transfer in mixed water-in-oil emulsions studied by differential scanning calormetry. Fluid Phase Equilibria, 110, 137-150.
Clemente., A. (2000). Enzymatic protein hydrolysates in human nutrition. Trends Food Science Technology, 11, 254-262.
Clement, A., Vioque, J., & Millan, F. (1999). Vegetable Protein Hydrolysate in Nutricion y Obesidad. Food Science Journal, 2, 289-296.
Colo, S. M., Herh, P. K. W., Roye, N., & Larsson, M. (2004). Rheology and the texture of pharmaceutical and cosmetic semisolids. American Laboratory, 36(23), 26–30.
Cuesta, S. M., Rahman, S. A., Furnham, N., & Thornton, J. M. (2015). The Classification and evolution of enzyme function. Biophysical Journal, 109, 1-5.
Dalmazzone, C., Noik, C., & Clausse, D. (2009). Application of DSC for emulsified system characterization. Oil & Gas Science and Technology, 64(5), 543-555.
Daud, Z. (2008). Apa dan kenapa-Minyak kelapa dara [What and why-Virgin coconut oil] (2nd ed). Selangor, Malaysia: Klapa Biotech Corporation. Darbre, P. D. (2003). Under arm cosmetics and breast cancer. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 23, 89–95.
DebMandal, M., & Mandal. S. (2011). Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.: Arecaceae): in health promotion and disease prevention. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 4, 241-247.
Degner, B. M., Chung, C., Schlegel, V., Hutkins, R., & McClements, D. J. (2014). Factors influencing the freeze-thaw stability of emulsion-based foods. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 13(2), 98–113.
Delmo, G. C. (2004). Virgin coconut oil. Marid Agribusiness Digest, 13–16.
Deshmukh, S. N., Dive, A. M., Moharil, R., & Munde, P. (2016). Enigmatic insight into collagen. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, 20(2), 276–283
Dluzewska, E., Stobiecka, A., & Maszewska, M. (2006). Effect of oil phase concentration on rheological properties and stability of beverage emulsions. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum, 5(2), 147-156.
Draelos, Z. D. (2007). The latest cosmeceutical approaches for antiaging. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 6, 2-6.
Duan, R., Zhang, J., Dua, X., Yao, X., & Konno, K. (2009). Properties of collagen from skin, scale and bone of carp (cyprinus carpio). Food Chemistry, 112(3), 702-706.
Dumitriu, S., & Popa, V. (2013). Polymeric biomaterials: Structure and function. Boca Raton, U.S.A: CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group.
Elezovic, A., Kostic, S., Hadziabdic, J., Rahic, O., Vranic, E., & Vehabovic, M. (2015). Dependance of viscoelastic properties of two emulsion formulations on preparation process. Bulletin of the Chemists and Technologists of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 44, 23-28.
El Maghraby, G. M., Barry, B. W., & Williams, A. C. (2008). Liposomes and skin: From drug delivery to model membranes. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 34, 203-222.
El-Rashidy, A. A., Gad, A., Abu-Hussein, A. E. G., Habib, S. I., Badr, N. A., & Hashem, A. A. (2015). Chemical and biological evaluation of Egyptian Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticas) fish scale collagen. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 79, 618–626.
Erawati, T. M., Hendradi, E., & Soeratri, W. (2014). Praformulation study of PMethoxycinnamic acid (PMCA) nanoemulsion using vegetable oils (soybean oil, corn oil, VCO). International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 6(2), 0975-1491.
Fan, D., Wang, Q., Ma, P., & Ma, X. (2014). Enzymatic hydrolysis of human-like collagen and molecular weight distribution of hydrolysates. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research Journal, 6, 278-282.
Fernandez-Diaz, M. D., Montero, P., & Guillen, M. C. G. (2003). Effect of freezing fish skin on molecular and rheological properties of extracted gelatin. Food Hydrocolloid, 17, 281-286.
Fernandez, V. E., Palazolo, G. G., Bosisio, N. A., Martínez, L. M., & Wagner, J. R. (2012). Rheological properties and stability of low-in-fat dressings prepared with high-pressure homogenized yeast. Journal of Food Engineering, 111(1), 57-65.
Flanagan, J., & Singh, H. (2006). Microemulsions: a potential delivery system for bioactives in food. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 46, 221-237.
Flowers, P., Theopold, K., Langley, R., & Robinson, W. R. (2019). Chemistry 2e. Retrieved from https://opentextbc.ca/chemistry/chapter/10-1-intermolecularforces/
Foh, M. B. K., Kamara, M. T., Amadou, I., Foh, B. M., & Wenshui, X. (2011).Chemical and physicochemical properties of tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) fish protein hydrolysate and concentrate. International Journal of Biological Chemistry, 5, 21–36.
Foudazi, R., Qavi, S., Masalova, I., & Malkin, A. Y. (2015). Physical chemistry of highly concentrated emulsions. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 220, 78–91.
Garti, N., Spernath, A., Aserin, A., & Lutz, R. (2005). Nano-sized self-assemblies of nonionic surfactants as solubilization reservoirs and microreactors for food systems. Soft Matter, 1, 206-218.
Gasic, S., Jovanovic, B., & Jovanovic, S. (2002). The stability of emulsions in the presence of additives. Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society, 67(1), 31-39.
Gasperlin, M., Kristl, J., Smid-Korbar, J., & Kerc, J. (1994). The structure elucidation of semisolid w/o emulsion systems. International Journal Pharmacy, 107(1), 51- 56.
Gelse, K., Poschl, E., & Aigner, T. (2003). Collagens-structure, function, and biosynthesis. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 55(12), 1531-46.
Gelatin Manufacturers of Europe, GME. (2008). Premium raw materials. Retrieved July 10, 2016 from http://www.gelatine.org/en/gelatine/overview/127.htm.
Gelita. (2014). Collagen peptides are highly effective in skin and hair care. Retrieved from https://www.gelita.com/sites/default/files/documents/2016-01/Salesfolder %20GELITA%20Sol%20C%202014.pdf.
Gerdenitsch, A. (2012). Emulsions - established and promising drug carriers for parenteral administration. Retrieved from http://ipimediaworld.com/wpcontent/ uploads/2012/05/Pages-from-IPI-Volume-2-Issue-1-11.pdf.
Ghorbani, M., & Mirakabad, H. Z. (2010). Factors influencing on trout production in Khorasan Razavi Province. Trends in Agriculture Economics, 3, 1-18.
Goebel, A. S. B., Neubert, R. H. H., & Wohlrab, J. (2011). Dermal targeting of tacrolimus using colloidal carrier systems. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 404, 159-168.
Gorouhi, F., & Maibach, H. I. (2009). Role of topical peptides in preventing or treating aged skin. International Journal Cosmetic Science, 31, 327-345.
Gudmunsson, M., & Hafsteinsson, H. (1997). Gelatin from cod skins as affected by chemical treatments. Journal of Food Science, 62, 37-39.
Guerard, F., Dufosse, L., Broise, D. D. L., & Binet, A. (2001). Enzymatic hydrolysis of proteins from yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacores) wastes using Alcalase. Journal of Molecular Catalysis B-Enzymatic, 11, 1051-1059.
Guerard, F., Guimas, L., & Binet, A. (2002). Production of tuna waste hydrolysates by a commercial neutral protease preparation. Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic, 19-20, 489-498.
Goddard, E. D., & Gruber, J. V. (1999). Principles of Polymer Science and Technology in Cosmetics and Personal Care. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc.
Haberko, K., Buc´ko, M. M., Brzezin´ska-Miecznik, J., Haberko, M., Mozgawa, W., Panz, T., Pyda, A., & Zarebski, J. (2006). Natural hydroxyapatite—its behaviour during heat treatment. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 26, 537–542.
Hamsi, M. A., Othman, F., Das, S., Kamisah, Y., Thent, Z. C., Qodriyah, H. M. S., Zakaria, Z., Emran, A., Subermaniam, K., & Jaarin, K. (2014). Effect of consumption of fresh and heated virgin coconut oil on the blood pressure and inflammatory biomarkers: An experimental study in Sprague Dawley rats. Alexandria Journal of Medicine, 51(1), 2-11.
Hashikawa, K., Hashikawa, Y., Falkner, A., & Lin, D. (2016). The neural circuits of mating and fighting in male mice. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 38, 27–37.
Hashim, P., Mohd Ridzwan, M. S., & Bakar, J. (2014). Isolation and characterization of collagen from chicken feet. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Bioengineering and Life Sciences, 8(3), 250-254.
Hekimoglu, S. (2004). Effectiveness of cosmetic. Cosmetic Science, 313-331.
Hensel, K., Kucerova, K., Tarabova, B., Janda, M., Machala, Z., Sano, K., Cosmin Teodor Mihai, C. T., Ciorpac, M., Gorgan, L. D., Jijie, R., Pohoata, V., & Topala, I. (2015). Effects of air transient spark discharge and helium plasma jet on water, bacteria, cells, and biomolecules. Biointerphases, 10(2), 1-14.
Herpandi, Huda, N., & Adzitey, F. (2011). Fish bone and scale as potential source of halal gelatin. Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 6(4), 379-389.
Heuschkel, S., Goebel, A., & Neubert, R. H. H. (2008). Microemulsion-modern colloidal carrier for dermal and transdermal drug delivery. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 97, 603-631.
Hodgins, G. W. L., Butters, T. D., Ramsey, C. B., & Hedges, R. E. M. (2001). The chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis of archaeological wood cellulose and monosaccharide purification by high ph anion exchange chromatography for compound-specific radiocarbon dating. Proceedings of the 17th International 14C Conference, 43, 209–215.
Hoyle, N. T., & Merritt, J. H. (1994). Quality of fish protein hydrolysates from herring (Clupea harengus). Journal of Food Science, 59, 76-79.
Huang, C. Y., Kuo, J. M., Wu, S. J., & Tsai, H. T. (2016). Isolation and characterization of fish scale collagen from tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) by a novel extrusion–hydro-extraction process. Food Chemistry, 190, 997-1006.
Huang, Y. C., Hsiao, P. C., & Chai, H. J. (2011). Hydroxyapatite extracted from fish scale: Effects on MG63 osteoblast-like cells. Ceramics International, 1825-1831.
Huda, N., Abdullah A., & Babji, A. S. (1999). Halal issues in processing Surimi and Surimi-based food product. INFOFISH, Malaysia, 5, 45-48.
Huda, N., Monica, M., & Hariyani, Y. (2004). Preliminary study of processing gelatin from tilapia (Tilapia mossambica) skin. GARING, 13, 16-25.
Husain, R., Ghani, I. A., Mohammad, A., & Mehad, S. (2012). Current practices among halal cosmetics manufacturers in Malaysia. Journal of Statistical Modeling and Analytic, 3(1), 46-51.
Ibanescu, C., Danu, M., Nanu, A., Lungu, M., & Simionescu, B. C. (2010). Stability of disperse systems estimated using rheological oscillatory shear tests. Revue Roumaine de Chimie, 55 (11-12), 933-940.
Ikoma, T., Kobavasshi, H., Tanaka, J., Walsh, D., & Mann, S. (2003). Physical properties of Type I collagen extracted from fish scales of Pagrus major and Oreochromis niloticas. International Journal Biological Macromolecules, 32, 199-204.
Ilia Anisa, A. N., & Nour, A. H. (2010). Effect of viscosity and droplet diameter on water-in-oil (w/o) emulsions: An experimental study. International Journal of Chemical, Molecular, Nuclear, Materials and Metallurgical Engneering, 4(2), 213-216.
International trade and technical conference and exposition on tilapia (tilapia 2015). (2015). Aquaculture Development Division Department of Fisheries Malaysia. Retrieved from http://www.infopesca.org/sites/default/files/complemento/actividadesrecientes/adjuntos/1369/6%20MalaysiaIndustry%20and%20Market% 20Status%20of%20Tialpia.pdf
Iwai, K., Hasegawa, T., Taguchi, Y., Morimatsu, F., Sato, K., Nakamura, Y., Higashi, A., Kido, Y., Nakabo, Y., & Ohtsuki, K. (2006). Identification of food-derived collagen peptides in human blood after oral ingestion of gelatin hydrolysates. Journal Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53, 6531–6536.
Izquierdo, P., Wiechers, J. W., Escribano, E., García-Celma, M. J., Tadros, T. F., Esquena, J., Dederen, J. C., & Solans, C. (2007). A study on the influence of emulsion droplet size on the skin penetration of Tetracaine. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, 20, 263-270.
Izzati, H., Zainol, & Hanim, H. (2017). Low Molecular Weight Collagen from Tilapia Fish Scales for Potential Cosmetic Application. Der Pharma Chemica, 9(7), 108- 114.
Jamil, N. (2012). Characterization and stability of concentrated cosmetics emulsion of water-in-oil (w/o) based virgin coconut oil (VCO) (Unpublished Sc.‘s thesis). Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjong Malim.
Jepps, O. G., Dancik, Y., Anissimov, Y. G., & Roberts, M. S. (2013). Modeling the human skin barrier - Towards a better understanding of dermal absorption. Advanced Drug Delivery Reveiws, 65(2), 152-158.
Jiang, L., Xin-Rong, P., Zhao-Feng, Z., Nan, W., Jun-Bo, W., & Yong, L. (2012). A Chronic Oral Toxicity Study of Marine Collagen Peptides Preparation from Chum Salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) Skin Using Sprague-Dawley Rat. Marine Drugs, 10, 20-34.
Huo J. X., & Zhao, Z. (2009). Study on enzymatic hydrolysis of Gadus morrhua skin collagen and molecular weight distribution of hydrolystaes. Agricultural Sciences in China, 8, 723-729.
Jager-Lezer, N., Tranchant, J. F., Alard, V., Vu, C., Tchoreloff, P. C., & Grossiord, J. L. (1998). Rheological analysis of highly concentrated w/o emulsions. Rheologica Acta, 37, 129–138.
Juncan, A. M., & Vonica-Gligor, A. L. (2016). Trends in product development and formulation dermatocosmetics with anti-aging effect (Trends and advances in Sibiu Medicine VI. Sibiu: "Lucian Blaga" University of Sibiu.
Jung, E., Kang, Y. P., Yoon, I. S., Kim, J. S., Kwon, S. W., Chung, S. J., Shim, C. K., & Kim, D. D. (2013). Effect of permeation enhancers on transdermal delivery of fluoxetine: In vitro and in vivo evaluation. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 456(2), 362- 369.
Kabri, T., Arab-tehrany, E., Belhaj, N., & Linder, M. (2011). Physico-chemical characterization of nano-emulsions in cosmetic matrix enriched on omega-3. Journal of Nanobiotechnology, 9(41), 1–8.
Kadler, K. E., Baldock, C., Bella, J., & Boot-Handford, R. P. (2007). Collagens at a glance. Journal of Cell Science, 120, 1955-1958.
Kaewdang, O., Benjakul, S., Kaewmanee, T., & Kishimura, H. (2014). Characteristics of collagens from the swim bladders of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares). Food Chemistry, 155, 264-270.
Karim, A. A., & Bhat, R. (2009). Fish gelatine: properties, challenges and prospects as an alternative to mammalian gelatins. Journal of Food Hydrocolloids, 23, 563-576.
Khiari, Z., Rico, D., Martin-Diana, A. B., & Barry-Ryan, C. (2014). Structure elucidation of ACE-inhibitory and antithrombotic peptides isolated from mackerel skin gelatine hydrolysates. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 94, 1663-1671.
Khan, L. R. (2010). Look Younger for Longer. London: Rodale Press
Kim, H. W., Yeo, I. J., Hwang, K. E., Song, D. H., Kim, Y. J., Ham, Y. J., Jeong, T. J., Choi, Y. S., & Kim, C. J. (2016). Isolation and characterization of pepsinsoluble collagens from bones, skins, and tendons in duck feet. Korean Journal Food Science of Animal Resources, 36(5), 665–670.
Kim, M. K., Zhao, H., Lee, C. H., & Kim, D. D. (2001). Formulation of a reservoirtype testosterone transdermal delivery system. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 219(1-2), 51-59.
Kim, S. K., Ngo, D. H., Vo, T. S., & Ryu, B. (2013). Marine Biomaterials: Characterization, Isolation and Applications. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press.
Kinner, B., Zaleskas, J., & Spector, M. (2001). Contractile behaviour of human connective tissue and mesenchymal stem cells in collagen-GAG matrices for tissue engineering. Tissue Engineering, 7, 617.
Kittiphattanabawon, P., Benjakul, S., Visessanguan, W., Nagai, T., & Tanaka, M. (2005). Characterization of acid-soluble collagen from skin and bone of bigeye snapper (Priacanthus tayenus). Food Chemistry, 89, 363–372.
Kittiphattanabawon, P., Benjakul, S., Visessanguan, W., & Shahidi, F. (2010). Comparative study on characteristics of gelatin from the skins of brownbanded bamboo shark and blacktip shark as affected by extraction conditions. Food Hydrocolloids, 24, 164–171.
Klein, K. (2003). Formulating water-in-oil emulsions: a scary endeavour. Cosmetic & Toiletries, 118, 24-25.
Kongsri, S., Janpradit, K., Buapa, K., Techawongstien, S., & Chanthai, S. (2013). Nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite from fish scale waste: preparation, characterization and application for selenium adsorption in aqueous solution. Chemical Engineering Journal, 522-532.
Kramer, R. Z., Venugopal, M. G., Bella, J., Mayville, P., Brodsky, B., & Berman, H. M. (2000). Staggered Molecular Packing in Crystals of a Collagen-like Peptide with a Single Charged Pair. Journal of Molecular Biology, 301, 1191-1205
Krieg, T., & Aumailley, M. (2011). The extracellular matrix of the dermis: flexible structures with dynamic functions. Experimental Dermatology, 20(8), 689-695.
Kristinsson, H. G., & Rasco, B. A. (2000). Biochemical and functional properties of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) muscle proteins hydrolyzed with various alkaline proteases. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry, 48, 657–666.
Kwak, M. S., Ahn, H. J., & Song, K. W. (2015). Rheological investigation of body cream and body lotion in actual application conditions. Korea-Australia Rheology Journal, 27(3), 241-251.
Lapeyre-Mestre, M., Grolleau, S., & Montastruc, J. L. (2013). Adverse drug reactions associated with the use of NSAIDs: a case/noncase analysis of spontaneous reports from the French pharmacovigilance database 2002–2006. Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology, 27, 223–230.
Latip, L.D., Zzaman, W., Zainul Abedin, M. D., & Yang, T.A. (2014). Optimization of spray drying process in commercial hydrolyzed fish scale collagen and characterization by scanning electron microscope and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 39(2015), 1754– 1761.
Lau, W. M., White, A. W., Gallagher, S. J., Donaldson, M., McNaughton, G., & Heard, C. M. (2008). Scope and limitations of the co-drug approach to topical drug delivery. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 14, 794–802.
Lee, C. R., Grodzinsky, A. J., & Spector, M. (2001). The effects of cross-linking of collagen glycosaminoglycan scaffolds on compressive stiffness, chondrocytemediated contraction, proliferation and biosynthesis. Biomaterials, 22, 3145–54.
Lee, S. E., Choi, Y., Kim, S. E., Noh, E. B., & Kim, S. C. (2013). Differential effects of topical corticosteroid and calcineurin inhibitor on the epidermal tight junction. Experimental Dermatology, 22, 59–61.
Ledward, D.A. (2000). Handbook of hydrocolloids. Boca Raton: CRC Press & Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing Limited.
Leitinger, B., & Hohenester, E. (2007). Mammalian collagen receptors. Matrix Biology, 26, 146-155.
Liang, J., Pei, X. R., Zhang, Z. F., Wang, J. B., & Li, Y. (2012). A chronic oral toxicity study of marine collagen peptides preparation from chum salmon (Oncorhynchusketa) skin using Sprague-Dawley rat. Marine Drugs, 10, 20–34.
Li, G. Y., Fukunaga, S., Takenouchi, K., & Nakamura, F. (2005). Comparative study of the physiological properties of collagen, gelatin and collagen hydrolysate as cosmetic materials. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 27, 101–106.
Li-jun, L., Chuan-he, Z., & Zheng, Z. (2008). Analyzing molecular weight distribution of whey protein hydrolysates. Food and Bioproducts Processing, 86, 1-6.
Lim, W. H. (2006). Phase diagram, viscosity and conductivity of α-sulfonate methyl esters derived from palm stearin/1-butanol/alkane/water systems. Journal of Surfactants and Detergents, 9(4), 349-355.
Lin, Y. J., Le, G. W., Wang, J. Y., Li, Y. X., Shi, Y. H., & Sun, J. (2010). Antioxidative peptides derived from enzyme hydrolysis of bone collagen after microwave assisted acid pre-treatment and nitrogen protection. International Journal Molecular Sciences, 11, 4297- 4308.
Li, P., Ghosh, A., Wagner, R. F., Krill, S., Joshi, Y. M. & Serajuddin, A. T. M. (2005). Effect of combined use of nonionic surfactant on formation of oilinwater microemulsions. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 288, 27-34.
Liu, D., Liang L., Regenstein, J. M., & Zhou, P. (2012). Extraction and characterisation of pepsin-solubilised collagen from fins, scales, skins, bones and swim bladders of bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis). Food Chemistry, 133, 1441–1448.
Liu, C., & Sun, J. (2014). Potential application of hydrolyzed fish collagen for inducing the multidirectional differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Biomacromolecules, 15, 436−443.
Liu, D., Wei, G., Li, T., Hu, J., Lu, N., Regenstein, J. M., & Zhou, P. (2015). Effects of alkaline pretreatments and acid extraction conditions on the acid-soluble collagen from grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) skin. Food Chemistry, 172, 836-843.
Liu, H., Xu, X. M., & Guo, Sh. D. (2007). Rheological, texture and sensory properties of low-fat mayonmaise with different fat mimetics. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 40, 946-954.
Lopes, L. B. (2014). Overcoming the cutaneous barrier with microemulsions. Pharmaceutics, 6(1), 52–77.
Lowry, O. H., Rosebrough, N. J., Farr, A. L., & Randall, R. J. (1951). Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 193(1), 265-75.
Lupo, M. P. (2011). Antioxidants and vitamins in cosmetics. Clinics in Dermatology, 19(4), 467-73.
Lv, F. F., Zheng, L. Q., & Tung, C. H. (2006). Studies on the stability of the chloramphenical in the microemulsion free alcohols. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 62, 288-294.
Lynfield, Y. L., & Macwilliams, P. (1970). Shaving and Hair Growth. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 55(3), 170-172.
Madaan, V., Chanana, A., Kataria, M. K., & Bilandi, A. (2014). Emulsion technology and recent trends in emulsion applications. International Research Journal of Pharmacy, 5(7), 533-542
Mahdi, E. S., Sakeena, M. H. F., Abdulkarim, M. F., Abdullah, G. Z., Sattar, A. M., & Noor, M. A. (2011). Effect of surfactant and surfactant blends on pseudoternary phase diagram behavior of newly synthesized palm kernel oil esters. Drug Design, Development and Therapy, 5, 311–23.
Mansor, T. S. T., Che Man, Y. B., Shuhaimi, M., Abdul Afiq, M. J., & Ku Nurul, F. K. M. (2012). Physicochemical properties of virgin coconut oil extracted from different processing methods. International Food Research Journal, 19(3), 837- 845.
Marina, A. M., Che Man, Y. B., & Amin, I. (2009). Virgin coconut oil: emerging functional food oil. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 20, 481-487. Marine matrix. (n.d). Collagen-the framework of the skin. Retrieved from https://marinematrix.com/collagen/.
Martin, R. B. (1998). Free energies and equilibria of peptide bond hydrolysis and formation. Biopolymers, 45, 351-353.
Martins, V. G., Costa, J. A. V., & Hernandez, C. P. (2009). Fish protein hydrolyzed obtained by chemical and enzymatic processes from corvina (Micropogonias furnieri). Química Nova, 32(1), 61-66.
Marto, J., Baltazar, D., Duarte, A., Fernandes, A., Gouveia, L., Militão, M., Salgado, A., Simões, S., Oliveira, E., & Ribeiro, H. M. (2015). Topical gels of etofenamate: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 20(6), 710-715.
Masalova, I., Foudazi, R., & Malkin, A. Y. (2011). The rheology of highly concentrated emulsions stabilized with different surfactants. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 375, 76–86.
Matsuda, N., Koyama, Y., Hosaka, Y., Ueda, H., Watanabe, T., Araya, T., Irie, S., & Takehana, K. (2006). Effects of ingestion of collagen peptide on collagen fibrils and glycosaminoglycans in the dermis. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology, 52(3), 211-215.
Matsumoto, H., Ohara, H., Ito, K., Nakamura, Y., & Takahashi, S. (2006). Clinical effects of fish type I collagen hydrolysate on skin properties. ITE Letters, 7(4), 386-390.
May-Masnou, A., Ribo-Besolí, J., Porras, M., Maestro, A., Gonzalez, C., & Gutierrez, J. M. (2014). Scale-up model obtained from the rheological analysis of highly concentrated emulsions prepared at three scales. Chemical Engineering Science, 111, 410–420.
McClements, D. J. (1999a). Coalescence in food emulsions: principles, practice, and techniques. Boca Raton, U.S.A: CRC Press LLC.
McClements, D. J. (1999b). Emulsifier type and concentration, in food emulsions: principles, practice, and techniques. Boca Raton, U.S.A: CRC Press LLC.
McClements, D. J. (2005). Food emulsion: principles, practice and tehniques (2nd ed.). Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press.
Meena, C., Mengi, S., & Deshpande, S. (1999). Biomedical and industrial applications of collagen. Journal of Chemical Sciences, 111, 319–329.
Mehta, R. M. (2010). Dispensing Pharmacy (3rd ed.). New Delhi: Vallabh Prakashan.
Minaguchi, J., Koyama, Y., Meguri, N., Hosaka, Y., Ueda, H., Kusubata, M., Hirota, A., Irie, S., Mafune, N., & Takehana, K. (2005). Effects of ingestion of collagen peptide on collagen fibrils and glycosaminoglycans in Achilles tendon. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology, 51(3), 169-74.
MINERVA Research Labs Ltd. (2011). What is hydrolysed collagen? Retrieved from https://www.gold-collagen.com/uk/skincare-science-and-research
Mizuno, M., & Kuboki, Y. J. (2001). Osteoblast-related gene expression of bone marrow cells during the osteoblastic differentiation induced by type I collagen. Journal of Biochemistry, 129(1), 133−138.
Mohammad, A. W., Kumar, A. G., & Basha, R. K. (2014). Optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis of tilapia (Oreochromis Spp.) scale gelatin, Journal International Aquatic Research, 1-13.
Mondal, S., Mahata, S., Kundu, S., & Mondal, B. (2010). Processing of natural resourced hydroxyapatite ceramics from fish scale. Advances in Applied Ceramics, 109, 234–239.
Moravkova, T., & Filip, P. (2013). The influence of emulsifier on rheological and sensory properties of cosmetic lotions. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 2013, 1-7.
Moser, K., Kriwet, K., Naik, A., Kalia, Y. N., & Guy, R. H. (2001). Passive skin penetration enhancement and its quantification in vitro. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 52(2), 103-112.
Mudeme, S., Masalova, I., & Haldenwang, R. (2010). Kinetics of emulsification and rheological properties of highly concentrated explosive emulsions. Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification, 49(5), 468-475.
Munasinghe, K. A., Schwarz, J. G., & Whittiker, M. (2015). Utilization of chicken by-products to form collagen films. Journal of Food Processing, 2015, 1-6.
Mura, E., Josset, C., Loubar, K., Bellettre, J., & Massoli, P. (2012). Experimental study of the water in oil emulsions features by differential scanning calorimetry analysis. Applied Energy, 97, 834-840.
Muyonga, J. H., Cole, C. G. B., & Duodu, K. G. (2004). Extraction and physicochemical characterization of Nile perch (Lates niloticus) skin and bone gelatin. Food Hydrocolloids, 18, 582-591.
Nagai, T., & Suzuki, N. (2000). Isolation of collagen from fish waste material-skin, bone and fins. Food Chemistry, 68, 277–281.
Nagai, T., Suzuki, N., Tanoue, Y., Kai, N., & Nagashima, T. (2010). Characterization of acid-soluble collagen from skins of surf smelt (Hypomesus pretiosus japonicas Brevoort). Food and Nutrition Sciences, 1, 59-66.
Nagai, T., Tanoue, Y., Kai, N., & Suzuki, N. (2015). Characterization of collagen from emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) skins. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 52(4), 2344-2351.
Nalinanon, S., Benjakul, S., & Kishimura, H. (2012). Partial characterization of collagenfrom pharaoh cuttlefish (Sepia Pharaonis) skin. International proceedings of chemical, biological & environmental, 39, 47–51.
Nakamura, Y., Matsumoto, S., Mochida, T., Nakamura, K., Takehana, K., & Endo, F. (2009). Glycine regulates proliferation and differentiation of salivary-glandderived progenitor cells. Cell Tissue Research, 336, 203−212.
Naylor, E. C., Watson, R. E., & Sherratt, M. J. (2011). Molecular aspects of skin ageing. Maturitas, 69(3), 249-56.
Nevin, K. G., & Rajamohan, T. (2006). Virgin coconut oil supplemented diet increases the antioxidant status in rats. Food Chemistry, 99, 260–266.
Nevin, K. G., & Rajamohan, T. (2010). Effect of topical application of virgin coconut oil on skin components and antioxidant status during dermal wound healing in young rats. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, 23(6), 290-7.
Nicklas, M., Schatton, W., Heinemann, S., Hanke, T., & Kreuter, J. (2009). Enteric coating derived from marine sponge collagen. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 35, 1384–1388.
Niedzwiedz, K., Buggisch, H., & Willenbacher, N. (2010). Extensional rheology of concentrated emulsions as probed by capillary breakup elongational rheometry (CaBER). Rheological Acta, 49, 1103–1116.
Nimni, M. E., & Harkness, R. D. (1988). Molecular structures and functions of collagen. Collagen-Bio-chemistry. Boca Raton, U.S.A: CRC Press.
Ninan, G., Joseph, J., & Aliyamveettil, Z. A. (2014). A comparative study on the physical, chemical and functional properties of carp skin and mammalian gelatins. Journal Food Science Technology, 51(9), 2085–2091.
Normah, I., & Nurul Asyiraf A. J. (2012). Extraction of Collagen from Catfish (Clarias gariepnus) waste and determination of its physico-chemical properties. Scientific Research Journal, 9(1), 29-42.
Ogawa, M., Moody, M. M., Portier, R. J., Bell, J., Schexnayder, M. A., & Losso, J. N. (2003). Biochemical properties of blackdrum and sheepshead seabream skin collagen. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51(27), 8088–8092.
Ohara, H., Matsumoto, H., Akiyama, M., Fujimoto, N., Kobayashi, T., & Tajima, S. (2010). Collagen-derived dipeptide, proline-hydroxyproline, stimulates cell proliferation and hyaluronic acid synthesis in cultured human dermal fibroblast. Journal of Dermatology, 37, 330-338.
Ohara, H., Matsumoto, H., Ito, K., Iwai, K., & Sato, K. (2007). Comparison of quantity and structures of hydroxyproline-containing peptides in human blood after oral ingestion of gelatin hydrolysates from different sources. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 55(4), 1532-1535.
Ohara, H., Ito, K., Iida, H., & Matsumoto, H. (2009). Improvement in the moisture content of the stratum corneum following 4 weeks of collagen hydrolysate ingestion. Nippon Shokuhin Kogaku Kaishi, 569(3), 137-145.
Oishi, S. (2002). Effects of butyl paraben on the male reproductive system in mice. Archives of Toxicology, 76, 423–429.
Okawa, T., Yamaguchi, Y., Takada, S., Sakai, Y., Numata, N., Nakamura, F., Nagashima, Y., Ikezawa, Z., & Aihara, M. (2012). Oral administration of collagen tripeptide improves dryness and pruritus in the acetone-induced dry skin model. Journal of Dermatology, 66, 136-143.
Olsen, H. S. (2004). Enzymes at work. Bagsvaerd, Denmark: Novo Nordisk.
Orafidiya, L. O., & Oladimeji, F. A. (2002). Determination of the required HLB values of some essential oils. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 237(1/2), 241–249
Orasan, M. S., Roman, I. I., Coneac, A., Muresan, A., & Orasan, R. I. (2016). Hair loss and regeneration performed on animal models. Clujul Medical, 89(3), 327– 334.
Ovissipour, M., Abedian, A., Motamedzadegan, A., Rasco, B., Safari, R., & Shahiri, H. (2009). The effect of enzymatic hydrolysis time and temperature on the properties of protein hydrolysates from Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus) viscera. Food Chemistry, 115, 238-242.
Pallela, R., Venkatesan, J., Bhatnagar, I., Shim, Y., & Kim, S. (2013). Marine Biomaterials: Characterization, Isolation and Applications. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press.
Pal, R. (1996a). Effect of droplet size on the rheology emulsions. American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AiChE) Journal, 11(42), 3181-3190.
Pal, R. (1996b). Viscoelastic Properties of Polymer-Thinkened Oil-in-Water Emulsions. Chemical Engineering Science, 51, 3299-3305.
Parenteau-Bareil, R., Gauvin, R., & Berthod, F. (2010). Collagen-based biomaterials for tissue engineering applications. Materials, 3, 1853-1887.
Pati, F., Adhikari, B., & Dhara, S. (2010). Isolation and characterization of fish scale collagen of higher thermal stability. Bioresource Technology, 101, 3737-3742.
Porras, M., Solans, C., González, C., Martínez, A., Guinart, A., & Gutiérrez, J. M. (2004). Studies of formation of W/O nano-emulsions. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 249(1-3), 115–118.
Potts, R. O., & Guy, R. H. (1992). Predicting skin permeability. Pharmaceutical Research, 9, 663–669.
Pranoto, Y., Lee, C. M., & Park, H. J. (2007). Characterization of fish gelatin films added with gellan and κ-carrageenan processing of fish. International Journal of Food Science Technology, 40(5), 301–343.
Prausnitz, M. R., & Langer, R. (2008). Transdermal drug delivery. Nature Biotechnology, 26(11), 1261-1268.
Prestes, R.C. (2013). Collagen and its derivatives: characteristics and applications in meat products. Revista Unopar Scientífic Biological and Health Sciences, 15(1), 65-74.
Proksch, E., Segger, D., Degwert, J., Schunck, M., Zague, V., & Oesser, S. (2014). Oral supplementation of specific collagen peptides has beneficial effects on human skin physiology: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, 27(1), 47-55.
Payne, K. J., & Veis, A. (1988). Fourier transform ir spectroscopy of collagen and gelatin solutions: Deconvolution of the amide I band for conformational studies. Biopolymers, 27(11), 1749-1760.
Quereshi, S., Mhaske, A., Raut, D., Singh, R., Mani, A., & Patel, J. (2010). Biotechnology extraction and partial characterization of collagen from different animal skins. Recent Research in Science and Technology, 2(9), 28-31.
Rabiei, S., Nikoo, M., Rezaei, M., & Rafieian-Kopaei, M. (2017). Marine-derived bioactive peptides with pharmacological activities- A review. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 11(10), KE01-KE06
Ramakrishnan, V. V., Ghaly, A. E., Brooks, M. S., & Budge, S. M. (2013). Extraction of proteins from mackerel fish processing waste using alcalase enzyme. Bioprocessing Biotechnology Journal, 3(2), 1-9.
Raza, K., Kumar, M., Kumar, P., Malik, R., Sharma, G., Kaur, M., & Katare, O. P. (2014). Topical delivery of aceclofenac: challenges and promises of novel drug delivery systems. BioMed Research International, 2014, 1-11.
Richelle, M., Sabatier, M., Steiling, H., & Williamson, G. (2006). Skin bioavailability of dietary vitamin E, carotenoids, polyphenols, vitamin C, zinc and selenium. British Journal of Nutrition, 96(2). 227-38.
Rodriguez, M. I. A., Barroso, L. G. R., & Sanchez, M. L. (2018). Collagen: a review on its sources and potential cosmetic applications. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 17, 20–26.
Roh, M., Han, M., Kim, D., & Chung, K. (2006). Sebum output as a factor contributing to the size of facial pores. The British Journal of Dermatology, 155(5), 890-894.
Rozanska, S., Rozanski, J., Ochowiak, M., & Mitkowski, P. T. (2014). Extensional viscosity measurements of concentrated emulsions with the use of the opposed nozzles device. Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 31(1), 47 – 55.
Ruela, A. L. M., Perissinato, A. G., Lino, M. E. S., Mudrik, P. S., & Pereira, G. R. (2016). Evaluation of skin absorption of drugs from topical and transdermal formulations. Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 52, 527-544.
Ryabinin, A. E., Wang, Y. M., & Finn, D. A. (1999). Different levels of fos immunoreactivity after repeated handling and injection stress in two inbred strains of mice. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 63(1), 143–151.
Sahoo, S., Pani, N. R., & Sahoo, S. K. (2016). Effect of microemulsion in topical sertaconazole hydrogel: in vitro and in vivo study. Drug Delivery, 23(1), 338- 345.
Samantha, P., Ying, P. C., & Kwan, K. W. (2013). The evaluation of the suitability of fish wastes as a source of collagen. International Conference on Nutrition and Food Science, 53, 77-81.
Samson, S., Basri, M., Masoumi, H. R. F., Karjiban, R. A., & Malek, E. A. (2016). Design and development of a nanoemulsion system containing copper peptide by D-optimal mixture design and evaluation of its physicochemical properties. RSC Advances, 6, 17845-17856.
Sanjeewani, N. A., & Sakeena, M. H. F. (2013). Formulation and characterization of virgin coconut oil (VCO) based emulsion. International Journal of Science and Research, 3(12), 1-6.
Sankar, S., Sekar, S., Mohan, R., Rani, S., Sundaraseelan, J., & Sastry, T. P. (2008). Preparation and partial characterization of collagen sheet from fish (Lates calcarifer) scales. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 42, 6-9.
Santana, R. C., Perrechil, F. A., & Cunha, R. L. (2013). High- and low-energy emulsifications for food applications: A focus on process parameters. Food Engineering Review, 5, 107-122.
Santana, R. C., Sato, A. C. K., & Cunha, R. L. (2012). Emulsions stabilized by heattreated collagen fibers. Food Hydrocolloids, 26, 73-81.
Sasseville, D. (2004). Hypersensitivity to preservatives. Dermatology Therapy. 17(3), 251–263.
Schagen, S. (2017). Topical peptide treatment with effective anti-aging results. Cosmetics, 4, 1-14.
Schmidt, M. M., Dornelles, R. C. P., Mello, R. O., Kubota, E. H., Mazutti, M. A., Kempka, A. P., & Demiate, I. M. (2016). Collagen extraction process. International Food Research Journal, 23(3), 913-922.
Schmook, F. P., Meingassner, J. G., & Billich, A. (2001). Comparison of human skin or epidermis models with human and animal skin in in vitro percutaneous absorption. International Journal Pharmaceutics, 215, 51–56.
Schrieber, R., & Gareis, H. (2007). Gelatine Handbook Theory and Industrial Practice. German, Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
Schwartz, S. R., & Park, J. (2012). Ingestion of biocell collagen ((R)), a novel hydrolyzed chicken sternal cartilage extract; enhanced blood microcirculation and reduced facial aging signs. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 7, 267-73.
See, S. F., Hoo, L. L., & Babji, A. S. (2011). Optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis of Salmon (Salmo salar) skin by Alcalase. International Food Research Journal, 18(4), 1359-1365.
Senaratne, L. S., Park, P. J., & Kim, S. K. (2006). Isolation and Characterization of Collagen from Brown Backed Toadfish (Lagocephalus gloveri) Skin. Bioresource Technology, 97, 191-197.
Shen, Q. W., Jones, C. S., Kalchayanand, N., Zhu, M. J., & Du, M. (2005). Effect of dietary alpha-lipoic acid on growth, body composition, muscle pH, and AMPactivated protein kinase phosphorylation in mice. Animal Science Journal, 83(11), 2611-7.
Shigemura, Y., Iwai, K., Morimatsu, F., Iwamoto, T., Mori, T., Oda, C., Taira, T., Park, E. Y., Nakamura, Y., & Sato, K. (2009). Effect of prolyl-hydroxyproline (pro-hyp), a food-derived collagen peptide in human blood, on growth of fibroblasts from mouse Skin. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 57, 444–449.
Shim, J., Kang, H. S., Park, W. S., Han, S. H., Kim, J., & Chang, I. S. (2004). Transdermal delivery of mixnoxidil with block copolymer nanoparticles. Journal of Controlled Release, 97, 477–484.
Shoulders, M. D., & Raines, R. T. (2009). Collagen structure and stability. Annual Review of Biochemistry, 78, 929–958.
Shu, Y., Ren, H., Ao, R., Qi, W. C., & Zhang, Z. S. (2017). Comparison of physical and chemical characteristics of collagen from the skin of cod (Gadus macrocephaius). Genetics and Molecular Research, 16(2), 2-8.
Sibilla, S., Godfrey, M., Brewer, S., Budh-Raja, A., & Genovese, L. (2015). An overview of the beneficial effects of hydrolysed collagen as a nutraceutical on skin properties: scientific background and clinical studies. The Open Nutraceuticals Journal, 8, 29-42.
Silva, T. H., Moreira-Silva, J., Marques, A. L. P., Domingues, A., Bayon, Y., & Reis, R. L. (2014). Marine origin collagens and its potential applications. Marine Drugs, 12(12), 5881-5901.
Silvipriya, K. S., Kumar, K. K., Bhat, A. R., Kumar, B. D., John, A., & Lakshmanan, P. (2015). Collagen: animal sources and biomedical application. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 5(3), 123-127.
Sim, Y. C., Lee, S. G., Lee, D. C., Kang, B. Y., Park, K. M., Lee, J. Y., Kim, M. S., Chang, I. S., & Rhee, J. S. (2000). Stabilization of papain and lysozyme for application to cosmetic products. Biotechnology Letters, 22, 137–140.
Sinko, B., Garrigues, T. M., Balogh, G. T., Nagy, Z. K., Tsinman, O., Avdeef, A., & Takacs-Novak, K. (2012). Skin–PAMPA: A new method for fast prediction of skin penetration. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 45, 698–707.
Sinthusamran, S., Benjakul, S., & Kishimura, H. (2013). Comparative study on molecular characteristics of acid soluble collagens from skin and swim bladder of seabass (Lates calcarifer). Food Chemistry, 138(4), 2435-2441.
Skierka, E., & Sadowska, M. (2007). The influence of different acids and pepsin on the extractability of collagen from the skin of baltic cod (Gadus morhua). Food Chemistry, 105, 1302–1306.
Smith, P. K., Krohn, R. I., Hermanson, G. T., Mallia, A. K., Gartner, F. H., Provenzano, M. D., Fujimoto, E. K., Goeke, N. M., Olson, B. J., & Klenk, D. C. (1985). Measurement of protein using bicinchoninic acid. Analytical Biochemistry, 150, 76–85.
Sonavanea, G., Tomodaa, K., Sanoa, A., Ohshimaa, H., Teradaa, H., & Makino, K. (2008). In vitro permeation of gold nanoparticles through rat skin and ratintestine: Effect of particle size. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 65, 1– 10.
Song, H., & Li, B. (2017). Beneficial effects of collagen hydrolysate: a review on recent developments. Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research, 1(2), 1-4.
Sonneville-Aubrun, O., Simonnet, J. T., & Alloret, F. L'. (2004). Nanoemulsions: A new vehicle for skincare products. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 108-109, 145-149.
Sripriya, R., & Kumar, R. (2015). A novel enzymatic method for preparation and characterization of collagen film from swim bladder of fish Rohu (Labeo rohita). Food and Nutrition Sciences, 6, 1468-1478.
St-Onge, M. P., & Jones, P. J. H. (2002). Physiological effects of medium-chain triglycerides: potential agents in the prevention of obesity. Journal of Nutrition, 132, 329-332.
Stahl, J., Wohlert, M., & Kietzmann, M. (2011). The effect of formulation vehicles on the in vitro percutaneous permeation of ibuprofen. BMC Pharmacology, 11(12), 1-5.
Stephane, P. (2015). Stability of cosmetic formulations containing UV filters and preservatives, based on physical and chemical parameters. MOJ Toxicology, 1(1), 1-11.
Strem Chemicals, Inc. (n.d.). Novozymes Protease Products-Strem Chemicals. Retrieved from https://www.strem.com/uploads/technical_notes/06-3110tech.pdf
Suckow, M. A., Danneman, P., & Brayton, C. (2001). The Laboratory Mouse. Retrieved from http://www.med.unlp.edu.ar/archivos/cicual/the_laboratory_ mouse__2001_.pdf.
Sujithra, S., Kiruthiga, N., Prabhu, M. J., & Kumeresan, R. (2013). Isolation and determination of type I collagen from tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) waste. International Journal of Engineering and Technology, 5(3), 2181-2185.
Suraweera, R. K., Pasansi, H. G. P., Herath, H. M. D. R., Wickramaratne, D. B. M., Sudeshika, S. H. T., Niyangoda, D., & Sakeena M.H.F. (2014). Formulation and stability evaluation of ketoprofen loaded virgin coconut oil based creamy emulsion. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 6(8), 249-254.
Surewicz, W. K., & Mantsch, H. H. (1988). New insight into protein secondary structure from resolution-enhanced infrared spectra. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 952(2), 115-30.
Swatschek, D., Schatton, W., Muller, W. E. G., & Kreuter, J. (2002). Microparticles derived from marine sponge collagen (SCMPs): Preparation, characterization and suitability for dermal delivery of all-trans retinol. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 54, 125–133.
Tadros, T. (1992). Rheological properties of emulsion systems, in emulsions – a fundamental and practical approach. Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers
Taherian, A. R., Britten, M., Sabik, H., & Fustier, P. (2011). Ability of whey protein isolate and/or fish gelatin to inhibit physical separation and lipid oxidation in fish oil-in-water beverage emulsion. Food Hydrocolloids, 25(5), 868-879.
Talorete, T. P. N., Bouaziz, M., Sayadi, S., & Isoda, H. (2006). Influence of medium type and serum on MTT reduction by flavonoids in the absence of cells. Cytotechnology, 52, 189–198.
Tang, J., & Saito, T. (2015). Biocompatibility of novel type I collagen purified from Tilapia fish scale: an In vitro comparative study. Biomed Research International, 2015, 1-8.
Thackham, J. A., McElwain, D. L. S., & Long, R. J. (2008). The use of hyperbaric oxygen therapy to treat chronic wounds: A review. Wound Repair and Regeneration, 16, 321-330.
Turner, P. V., Brabb, T., Pekow, C., & Vasbinder, M. A. (2011). Administration of substances to laboratory animals: routes of administration and factors to consider. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science, 50(5), 600–613.
Ullah, S., Zainol, I., & Idrus, R. H. (2017). Incorporation of zinc oxide nanoparticles into chitosan-collagen 3D porous scaffolds: Effect on morphology, mechanical properties and cytocompatibility of 3D porous scaffolds. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 104, 1020–1029.
Uson, N., Garcia, M. J., & Solans, C. (2004). Formation of water-in-oil (W/O) nanoemulsions in a water/mixed non-ionic surfactant/oil systems prepared by a lowenergy emulsification method. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 250, 415–421
Uriguen, J. I., Bremer, L., Mathot, V., & Groeninckx, G. (2004). Preparation of waterborne dispersions of pololefins: new system for the study of homogeneous nucleation of polymers. Polymer, 45, 5961-5968.
Varani, J., Dame, M. K., Rittie, L., Fligiel S. E. G., Kang, S., Fisher, G. J., & Voorhees, J. J. (2006). Decreased collagen production in chronologically aged skin: roles of age-dependent alteration in fibroblast function and defective mechanical stimulation. American Journal of Pathology, 168(6), 1861-1868.
Villariba, C. (2003). Virgin coconut oil being tested on SARS patients. Retrieved from http://www.inq7.net.
Villarino, B. J., Dy, L. M., & Lizada, C. C. (2007). Descriptive sensory evaluation of virgin coconut oil and refined, bleached and deodorized coconut oil. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 40, 193-199.
Viyoch, J., Klinthong, N., & Siripaisal, W. (2003). Development of oil-in water emulsion containing tamarind fruit pulp extract I. Physical characteristics and stability of emulsion. Naresuan University Journal, 11(3), 29–49.
Wang, J., Xu, M., Liang, R., Zhao, M., Zhang, Z., & Li, Y. (2015). Oral administration of marine collagen peptides prepared from chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) improves wound healing following cesarean section in rats. Food & Nutrition Research, 59(1), 33-39.
Wang, L., An, X., Yang, F., Xin, Z., Zhao, L., & Hu, Q. (2008). Isolation and characterisation of collagens from the skin, scale and bone of deep-sea redfish (Sebastes mentella). Food Chemistry, 108, 616–623.
Wang, T., Lin, S., Shen, Y., Liu, S., Wang-McCall, T., Chin, M., Lin, T., Yang, C., Wu, W., & Yang, C. (2011). Type I collagen from bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) fallopian tube. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10(42), 8414-8420.
Wang, W., Li, Z., Liu, J. Z., Wang, Y. J., Liu, S. H., & Sun, M. (2013). Comparison between thermal hydrolysis and enzymatic proteolysis processes for the preparation of Tilapia skin collagen hydrolysate. Czech Journal of Food Sciences, 31(1), 1- 4.
Wang, Y., & Regenstein, J. M. (2009). Effect of EDTA, HCl and citric acid on Ca salt removal from Asian (silver) carp scales prior to gelatin extraction. Journal of Food Science, 74 (6), C426-C431.
Wang, Z., Wang, Q., Wang, L., Xu, W., He, Y., Li, Y., He, S., & Ma, H. (2017). Improvement of skin condition by oral administration of collagen hydrolysates in chronologically aged mice. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 97(9), 2721-2726.
Washington, J. M., Rathjen, J., Felquer, F., Lonic, A., Bettess, M. D., Hamra, N., Semendric, L., Tan, B. S., Lake, J. A., Keough, R. A., Morris, M. B., & Rathjen, P. D. (2010). L-Proline induces differentiation of ES cells: a novel role for an amino acid in the regulation of pluripotent cells in culture. American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology, 298, C982-992.
Wasswa, J., Tang, J., & Gu, X. (2007). Utilization of fish processing by-products in the gelatin industry. Food Reviews International, 23(2), 159-174.
Watanabe-Kamiyama, M., Shimizu, M., Kamiyama, S., Taguchi, Y., Sone, H., Morimatsu, F., Shirakawa, H., Furukawa, Y., & Komai, M. (2010). Absorption and effectiveness of orally administered low molecular weight collagen hydrolysate in rats. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 58(2), 835-41.
Wester, R.C., Melendres, J., Sedik, L., Maibach, H., & Riviere, J. E. (1998). Percutaneous absorption of salicylic acid, theophylline, 2,4-dimethylamine, diethyl hexyl phthalic acid, and p-aminobenzoic acid in the isolated perfused porcine skin flap compared to man in vivo. Toxicology Applied Pharmacology, 151, 159–165.
Wickett, R. R., & Visscher, M. O. (2006). Structure and function of the epidermal barrier. American Journal of Infection Control, 34(10), S98–S110.
Wijaya, W., Van der Meeren, P., Wijaya, C. H., & Patel, A. R. (2016), High internal phase emulsions stabilized solely by whey protein isolate-low methoxyl pectin complexes: effect of pH and polymer concentration. Food & Function, doi: 10.1039/c6fo01027j.
Wokovich, A.M., Prodduturi, S., Doub, W. H., Hussain, A. S., & Buhse, L. F. (2006). Transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) adhesion as a critical safety, efficacy and quality attribute. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 64(1), 1- 8.
Wolfenden, R., & Snider, M. J. (2001). The depth of chemical time and the power of enzymes as catalysts. Accounts of Chemical Research, 34(12), 938–945.
Wood, A., Ogawa, M., Portier, M., Schexnayder, M., Shirley, M., & Losso, J. N. (2008). Biochemical properties of alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) bone collagen. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 151, 246–249.
Wu, J., Fujioka, M., Sugimoto, K., Mu, G., & Ishimi, Y. (2004). Assessment of effectiveness of oral administration of collagen peptide on bone metabolism in growing and mature rats. Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism, 22, 547– 553.
Xhauflaire-Uhoda, E., Fontaine, K., & Pierard, G. E. (2008). Kinetics of moisturizing and firming effects of cosmetic formulations. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 30, 131–138.
Xingmin, S., Jingfen, C., Guimin, X., Hongbin, R., Sile, C., Zhengshi , C. , Jinren, L., Chongya, H., Guanjun, Z., & Xili, W. (2016). Effect of cold plasma on cell viability and collagen synthesis in cultured murine fibroblasts. Plasma Science and Technology, 18, 353-359.
Yamada, S., Yamamoto, K., Ikeda, T., Yanagiguchi, K., & Hayashi, Y. (2014). Potency of fish collagen as a scaffold for regenerative medicine. Biomedical Research International, 2014, 1-8.
Yang, H., & Shu, Z. (2014). The extraction of collagen protein from pig skin. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 6(2), 683-687.
Yang, H., Wang, Y., Jiang, M., Jun-Hyun, O., Herring, J., & Zhou, P. (2007). 2-Step optimization of the extraction and subsequent physical properties of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) skin gelatin. Journal Food Science, 72, 188-195.
Yang, J. A., Kim, E. S., Kwon, J. H., Kim, H., Shin, J. H., Yun, S. H., Choi, K.Y., & Hahn, S. K. (2012). Transdermal delivery of hyaluronic acid - human growth hormone conjugate. Biomaterials, 33(25), 5947-5954.
Yorgancioglu, A., & Bayramoglu, E. E. (2013). Production of cosmetic purpose collagen containing antimicrobial emulsion with certain essential oils. Industrial Crops and Products, 44, 378–382.
Yuan, F., Wang, L., Lin, C. C., Chou, C. H., & Li, L. (2014). A cornea substitute derived from fish scale: 6-month follow up on rabbit model. Journal of Ophthalmology, 2014, 1-6.
Yu, M., Ma, H., Lei, M., Li, N., & Tan, F. (2014). In vitro/in vivo characterization of nanoemulsion formulation of metronidazole with improved skin targeting and anti-rosacea properties. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 88(1), 92-103.
Yunoki, S., Nagai, N., Suzuki, T., & Munekata, M. (2004). Novel biomaterial fromreinforced salmon collagen gel prepared by fibril formation and crosslinking, Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 98, 40-47.
Yunoki, S., Suzuki, T., & Takai, M. (2003). Stabilization of low denaturation temperature collagen from fish by physical cross-linking methods. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 96, 575–577.
Zague, V. (2008). A new view concerning the effects of collagen hydrolysate intake on skin properties. Archives of Dermatological Research, 300(9), 479-483.
Zainol, I., Alwi, N. M., Abidin, M. Z., Haniza, H. M. Z., Ahmad, M. S., & Ramli, A. (2012). Physicochemical properties of hydroxyapatite extracted from fish scales. Advanced Materials Research, 545, 235-239.
Zainol, I., Aziz, H. H. A., & Ahmad, M. S. (2011). Malaysian Patent Pending, PI2011004316. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Intellectual Property Corporation of Malaysia (MyIPO).
Zapata, A. M. O., Barona, S. R., & Gomez, G. I. G. (2015). Rheological characterization and stability study of an emulsion made with a dairy by-product enriched with omega-3 fatty acids. Brazilian Journal of Food Technology, 8(1), 23-30.
Zavareze, E. R., Silva, C. M., Mellado, M. S., & Prentice-Hernández, C. (2009). Functionality of bluewing searobin (Prionotus punctatus) protein hydrolysates obtained from different microbial proteases. Química Nova, 32(7), 1739-1743.
Zhai, H., Dika, E., Goldovsky, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2007). Tape-stripping method in man: comparison of evaporimetric methods. Skin Research and Technology, 13, 207–210.
Zhang, F., Ren, L., Lin, H., Yin, M., Tong, Y., & Shi, G. (2012). The optimal dose of recombinant human osteogenic protein-1 enhances differentiation of mouse osteoblast-like cells: An in vitro study. Archives of Oral Biology, 57, 460−468.
Zhang, F., Wang, A., Li, Z., He, S., & Shao, L. (2011). Preparation and characterization of collagen from freshwater fish scales. Food and Nutrition Sciences, 2, 818-823.
Zhang, J., Duan, R., Ye, C., & Konno, K. (2010). Isolation and characterization of collagens from scale of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix). Journal of Food Biochemistry, 34, 1343–1354.
Zhang, J., Jeevithan, E., Bao, B., Wang, S., Gao, K., Zhang, C., & Wu, W. (2016). Structural characterization, in-vivo acute systemic toxicity assessment and invitro intestinal absorption properties of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) skin acid and pepsin solublilized type I collagen. Process Biochemistry, 51, 2017-2025.
Zhang, Z., Li, G., & Shi, B. (2005). Physicochemical properties of collagen, gelatin and collagen hydrolysate derived from bovine limed split wastes. Journal of The Society of Leather Technologists and Chemists, 90, 23-28.
Zhang, Z. [Zhaofeng], Wang, J., Ding, Y., Dai, X., & Li, Y. (2011). Oral administration of marine collagen peptides from Chum Salmon skin enhances cutaneous wound healing and angiogenesis in rats. Journal of Sciences Food Agriculture, 91(12), 2173-2179.
Zhao, S., Yu, Y., Ma, S., & Liu, J. (2013). An enzymolysis-based extraction method to obtain collagen from wood frog skin and their antioxidant activities. IACSIT Press, Singapore: 4th International Conference on Food Engineering and Biotechnology, 50(29), 142-145. doi: 10.7763/IPCBEE.
Zhong, M., Chen, T., Hu, C., & Ren, C. (2015). Isolation and characterization of collagen from the body wall of sea Cucumber Stichopus monotuberculatus. Journal of Food Science, C1-C9. doi: 10.1111/1750-3841.12826.
Zhou, P., & Regenstein, J. M. (2004). Optimization of extraction conditions for Pollock skin gelatin. Journal of Food Science, 69, 393-398.
Zhou, P., & Regenstein, J. M. (2005). Effects of alkaline and acid pre-treatments on Alaska pollock skin gelatin extraction. Journal Food Science, 70, C392-C396.
Zubia, M., Malik, A., Haider, M. S., Tarar, O. M., Zehra, L., Rehman, H. U., Jamil, N., Din, N., Razzaq, W., Nazeer, N., & Jahangir, Q. (2015). Evaluation of crude protein and amino acid contents in the scales of blue Tilapia, Oreochromis aureus from Pakistan. Global Veterinaria, 14, 603-607.
|
This material may be protected under Copyright Act which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. |