UPSI Digital Repository (UDRep)
Start | FAQ | About

QR Code Link :

Type :thesis
Subject :QP Physiology
Main Author :Hasnor Izzati Che Razali
Title :Development of fish scale-collagen cream (CoC) from water-in-virgin coconut oil emulsion medium for topical application
Place of Production :Tanjong Malim
Publisher :Fakulti Sains dan Matematik
Year of Publication :2019
Corporate Name :Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
PDF Guest :Click to view PDF file
PDF Full Text :Login required to access this item.

Abstract : Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
This study aimed to develop and characterise the fish scale-collagen cream (CoC) for topical application. Hydrolysed collagen (HC) was extracted from Tilapia fish scales using a  combination of hydrothermal extraction and enzymatic hydrolysis. This   HC (molecular weight, Mw ≈  1 kDa) was incorporated in water-in-oil (w/o) emulsion of Span 60:Tween 60/water/virgin coconut oil  (VCO) system at water volume fractions (φw) of 0.74, 0.83, and 0.94 via high shear homogenisation  technique. The developed CoC were then characterised by optical polarising microscope (OPM), field  emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), particle size analyser, differential scanning  calorimetry (DSC), and rheometer. Up to 20 wt% HC has been successfully loaded in all emulsion  systems  and  the optimum loading  achieved  at HC  content  as low as  5 wt%. The best CoC system  with great physical characteristic, fine texture  (305 nm) and  uniformly  disperse  in  VCO  phase   was  produced  by  emulsion  at  the  lowest  φw (0.94).  The  developed  CoC  has  been  found   to  be  thermally  stable  with  Tc  and  Tm range between -20 to -30 ? and 10 to 20 ?,  respectively. The rheological properties of  CoC  demonstrated  shear  thinning  behaviour and   thus  greatly  meet  the  needs  of topical  applications.  The  permeation  study  of  ex  vivo   rat  skin  showed  that   HC  in emulsion  droplets  (CoC  system)  easily  pass  through  the   skin.  Cytotoxicity  study through in vitro fibroblast cells and in vivo toxicity to the mice  showed that  HC at 25 and 50 mg/kg body weight did not give chronic toxic to the mice. In  conclusion, CoC from water-in-VCO emulsion system was succesfully developed. As an implication, the developed CoC is potentially used as a carrier for  HC in topical application.  

References

Agero, A. L., & Verallo-Rowell V. M. (2004). A randomized double-blind controlled

trial comparing extra virgin coconut oil with mineral oil as a moisturizer for mild to moderate 

xerosis. Dermatitis, 15(3), 109-16.

 

Alberts, B., Bray, D., Hopkin, K., Johnson, A. D., Lewis,  J., & Roberts, K. (2010).

Essential Cell Biology (3rd ed., Chapter 20). New York: Garland Science.

 

Alexander, A., Dwivedi, S., Ajazuddin, Giri, T.K., Saraf, S., Saraf, S., & Tripathi, D.

K.  (2012).  Approaches  for  breaking  the  barriers  of  drug  permeation  through transdermal 

drug delivery. Journal of Controlled Release, 164(1), 26-40.

 

Almeida,  P.  F.,  Vanalle,  R.  M..  &  Santana,  J.  C.  C.  (2012).  Gelatin  Production:  A 

competitive perspective for the productive chain of broiler chicken. Product and Production, 13(2), 

22-39.

 

Alves,  A.  L.,  Marques,  A.  L.  P.,  Martins,  E.,  Silva,  T.  H.,  &  Reis,  R.  L.  (2017).

Cosmetic potential of marine fish skin collagen. Cosmetics, 4, 1-16.

 

Alwi, A. (2013). Formulation of cosmetic emulsion based VCO from mixed span 60 and  tween  series  

(t60,  t80,  t81,  t85)  (Unpublished  BSc.‘s  thesis).  Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, 

Tanjong Malim.

 

Andrade, R. J., & Tulkens, P. M. (2011). Hepatic safety of antibiotics used in primary care. 

Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 66(7), 1431–1446.

 

Andrews,  S.  N.,  Jeong,  E.,  &  Prausnitz,  M.  R.  (2013).  Transdermal  delivery  of molecules 

is limited by full epidermis, not just stratum corneum. Pharmaceutical Research, 30(4), 1099-109.

 

Aramvit,  P.,  &  Sangcakul,  A.  (2007).  Effect  of  sericin  cream  on  wound  healing  in rats. 

Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 74, 2473–2477.

 

Arnesen,  J.  A.,  &  Gildberg,  A.  (2002).  Preparation  and  characterisation  of  gelatine from 

 the  skin  of  harp  seal  (Poca  groendlandica).  Bioresource  Technology,  82, 191-194.

 

Arnesen,  J.  A.,  &  Gildberg,  A.  (2006).  Extraction  of  muscle  proteins  and  gelatine from 

cod head. Process Biochemistry, 41(3), 697-700.

 

Arvanitoyannis,  I.  S.  (2002).  Protein-based  films  and  coatings.  Boca  Raton:  CRC Press.

 

Arvanitoyannis,  I.  S.,  &  Kassaveti,  A.  (2008).  Fish  industry  waste:  Treatments, 

environmental impacts, current and potential uses. International Journal of Food Science & 

Technology, 43, 726–745.

 

Aspmo,  S.  I.,  Horn,  S.  J.,  &  Eijsink,  V.  G.  H.  (2005).  Enzymatic  hydrolysis  of 

Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) viscera. Process Biochemistry, 40, 1957–1966.

 

Assunção, M. L., Ferreira, H. S., dos Santos, A. F., Cabral, C. R., & Florêncio, T. M.

M.   T.   (2009).   Effects   of   Dietary   Coconut   Oil   on   the   Biochemical   and

Anthropometric  Profiles  of  Women  Presenting Abdominal  Obesity.  Lipids,  44,

593-601

 

Avena-Bustillos, R. J., Olsen, C. W., Olson, D. A., Chiou, B., Yee, J., Bechtel, P. J.,

&  McHugh,  T.H.  (2006).  Water  vapor  permeability  of  mammalian  and  fish gelatin films. 

Journal of Food Science, 71(4), E202-207.

 

Baehaki, A., Lestari, S. D., & Desliani, I. (2016). Collagen hydrolysis from skin and bone  of  

Pangasius  catfish  prepared  by  Bromelain  enzyme  and  antioxidant activity of hydrolysate. Der 

Pharma Chemica, 8(4), 155-158.

 

Baert, B., Deconinck, E., Gele, M. V., Slodicka, M., Stoppie, P., Bode´, S., Slegers, G.,  Heyden,  

Y.  V.,  Lambert,  J.,  Beetense,  J.,  &  Spiegeleer,  B.  D.  (2007). Transdermal   penetration   

behaviour   of   drugs:   CART-clustering,   QSPR   and selection  of  model  compounds.  

Bioorganic  and  Medicinal  Chemistry,  15(22), 6943–6955.

 

Bais,  D.,  Trevisan,  A.,  Lapasin,  R.,  Partal,  P.,  &  Gallegos,  C.  (2005).  Rheological 

characterization   of   polysaccharide-surfactant   matrices   for   cosmetic   O/W emulsions. 

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 290, 546-556.

 

Barbero,  A.  M.,  &  Frasch,  H.  F.  (2009).  Pig  and  guinea  pig  skin  as  surrogates  for 

human in vitro penetration studies: A quantitative review.  Toxicology in  Vitro, 23, 1–13.

 

Baskakov, I. V., & Breydo, L. (2007). Converting the prion protein: what makes the protein 

infectious. Biochimica Biophysica Acta, 1772(6), 692-703.

 

Baum,  C.  L.,  &  Arpey,  C.  J.  (2005).  Normal  cutaneous  wound  healing:  clinical 

correlation with cellular and molecular events. Dermatologic Surgery, 31, 674– 686.

 

Becu, L., Grondin, P., Colin, A. & Manneville, S. (2004). How does a concentrated emulsion flow? 

Yielding, local rheology, and wall slip. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects, 263, 

146–152.

 

Belbachir,  K.,  Noreen,  R.,  Gouspillou,  G.,  &  Petibois,  C.  (2009).  Collagen  types 

analysis and differentiation by FTIR spectroscopy. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 395(3), 

829-837.

 

Bernardi, D. S., Pereira, T. A., Maciel, N. R., Bortoloto, J., Viera, G. S., Oliveira, G. C., & 

Rocha-Filho, P. A. (2011). Formation and stability of o/w nanoemulsions containing   rice   bran   

oil:   in   vitro   and   in   vivo   assessments.   Journal   of Nanobiotechnology, 9(44), 1-9.

 

Bensouilah,   J.,   &   Buck,   P.   (2006).   Aromadermatology:   Aromatherapy   in   the 

Treatment  and  Care  of  Common  Skin  Conditions.  United  Kingdom:  Radcliffe Publishing Ltd.

 

Bhaskar,  N.,  Benila,  T.,  Radha,  C.,  &  Lalitha,  R.  G.  (2008).  Optimization  of enzymatic  

hydrolysis  of  visceral  waste  proteins  of  Catla  (Catla  catla)  for preparing   protein   

hydrolysate   using   a   commercial   protease.   Bioresource

Technology, 99(10), 335-343.

 

Bhaskar, N., Modi, V. K., Govindaraju, K., Rahda, C., & Lalitha, R. G. (2007).

Utilization of meat industry by products: protein hydrolysate from sheep visceral

mass. Bioresource Technology, 98, 388-394.

 

Binks, B. P, Clint, J. H., & Whitby, C. P. (2005). Rheological behavior of water-inoil

emulsions stabilized by hydrophobic bentonite particles. Langmuir, 21, 5307-

5316.

 

Boran, G., & Regenstein, J. M. (2009). Optimization of gelatin extraction from silver

carp skin. Journal of Food Science, 74, E432-41.

 

Bos, J. D., & Meinardi, M. M. H. M. (2000). The 500 Dalton rule for the skin

penetration of chemical compounds and drugs. Experimental Dermatology, 9(3),

165-9.

 

Bunaciu, A. A., Aboul-Enein, H. Y., & Hoang, V. D. (2014). Raman spectroscopy for

protein analysis. Applied Spectroscopy Reviews. Advance online publication.

doi: 10.1080/05704928.2014. 990463.

 

Bureau of Product Standards (BPS). (2004). Philippine National Standards: Virgin

coconut oil. Philippines: Department of Trade and Industry.

 

Calejo, M. T., Almeida, A. J., & Fernandes, A. I. (2012). Exploring a new jellyfish

collagen in the production of microparticles for protein delivery. Journal of

Microencapsulation, 29, 520–531.

 

Cameron, N. R., & Sherrington, D. C. (1996). High internal phase emulsions

structures, properties and use in polymer preparation. Advances in Polymer

Science, 126, 163-214.

 

Capron, I., & Cathala, B. (2013). Surfactant-Free High Internal Phase Emulsions

Stabilized by Cellulose Nanocrystals. Biomacromolecules, 14, 291–296.

 

Carpo, B. G., Verallo-Rowell, V. M., & Kabara J. (2007). Novel antibacterial activity

of monolaurin compared with conventional antibiotics against organisms from

skin infections: an in vitro study. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology, 6(10), 991-

8.

 

Cefali, L. C., Souza-Moreira, T. M., Corrêa, M. A., Salgado, H. R. N., & Isaac, V. L.

B. (2015). Development and evaluation of an emulsion containing lycopene for

combating acceleration of skin aging. Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical

Sciences, 51(3), 579-589.

 

Chabeaud, A., Dutournie, P., Guerard, F., Vandanjon, L., & Bourseau, P. (2009).

Application of response surface methodology to optimise the antioxidant activity

of a Saithe (Pollachius virens) hydrolysate. Marine Biotechnology, 11, 445–455.

 

Chai, H. J., Li, J. H., Huang, H. N., Li, T. L., Chan Y. L., Shiau, C. Y., & Wu, C. J.

(2010). Effects of size and conformations of fish-scale collagen peptides on

facial skin qualities and transdermal penetration efficiency. Journal of

Biomedicine and Biotechnology, 2010, 1-8.

 

Chanamai, R., & McClements, D. J. (2000). Dependence of creaming and rheology of

monodisperse oil-in-water emulsions on droplet size and concentration. Colloids

and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 172, 79-86.

 

Chang, S. W., Shefelbine, S. J., & Buehler M. J. (2012). Structural and mechanical

differences between collagen homo- and heterotrimers: relevance for the

molecular origin of brittle bon disease. Biophysical Journal, 102, 640-648.

 

Chantrapornchai, W., Clydesdale, F., & McClements, D. J. (1999). Influence of

droplet characteristics on the optical properties of colored oil-in-water

emulsions. Colloids and Surfaces Physicochemical Engineering Aspects, 155,

373-382.

 

Charnock, C., & Finsrud, T. (2007). Combining esters of para-hydroxy benzoic acid

(parabens) to achieve increased antimicrobial activity. Journal of Clinical

Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 32, 567–572.

 

Chen, J., Hu, W., Qu, Y. Q., Dong, J., Gu, W., Gao, Y., Fang, Y., Fang, F., Chen, Z.

P., & Cai, B. C. (2013). Evaluation of the pharmacodynamics and

pharmacokinetics of brucine following transdermal administration. Fitoterapia,

86(1), 193-201.

 

Chen, R. H., Hsu, C. N., Chung, M. Y., Tsai, W. L., & Liu, C. H. (2008). Effect of

different concentrations of collagen, ceramides, n-acetyl glucosamine, or their

mixture on enhancing the proliferation of keratinocytes, fibroblasts and the

secretion of collagen and/or the expression of mRNA of type 1 collagen. Journal

of Food and Drug Analysis, 16(1), 66-74.

 

Cho, Y. H., Kim, S., Bae, E. K., Mok, C. K., & Park, J. (2008). Formulation of a

cosurfactant-free o/w microemulsion using nonionic surfactant mixtures. Journal

of Food Science, 73(3), E115-E121.

 

Choi, J., Choi, M. K., Chong, S., Chung, S. J., Shim, C. K., & Kim, D. D. (2012).

Effect of fatty acids on the transdermal delivery of donepezil: In vitro and in

vivo evaluation. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 422(1-2), 83-90.

 

Choi, S. Y., Ko, E. J., Lee, Y. H., Kim, B. G., Shin, H. J., Seo, D. B., Lee, S. J., Kim,

B. J., & Kim, M. N. (2014). Effects of collagen tripeptide supplement on skin

properties: A prospective, randomized, controlled study. Journal of Cosmetic

and Laser Therapy, 16(3), 132-137.

 

Chung, C., & Mcclements, D. J. (2013). Structure-function relationships in food

emulsions: Improving food quality and sensory perception (Chapter2). Food

Structure Review, 1, 106-126.

 

Chung, C., & McClements, D. J. (2014). Structure-function relationships in food

emulsions: Improving food quality and sensory perception. Food Structure, 1,

106-126.

 

Clausse, D., Gomez, F., Pezron, I., Komunjer, L., & Dalmazzone, C. (2005).

Morphology characterization of emulsions by differential scanning calorimetry.

Journal of Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 117, 59-74.

 

Clausse, D., Pezron, I., Komunjer, L., & Gauthier, A. (1995). Water transfer in mixed

water-in-oil emulsions studied by differential scanning calormetry. Fluid Phase

Equilibria, 110, 137-150.

 

Clemente., A. (2000). Enzymatic protein hydrolysates in human nutrition. Trends

Food Science Technology, 11, 254-262.

 

Clement, A., Vioque, J., & Millan, F. (1999). Vegetable Protein Hydrolysate in

Nutricion y Obesidad. Food Science Journal, 2, 289-296.

 

Colo, S. M., Herh, P. K. W., Roye, N., & Larsson, M. (2004). Rheology and the

texture of pharmaceutical and cosmetic semisolids. American Laboratory,

36(23), 26–30.

 

Cuesta, S. M., Rahman, S. A., Furnham, N., & Thornton, J. M. (2015). The

Classification and evolution of enzyme function. Biophysical Journal, 109, 1-5.

 

Dalmazzone, C., Noik, C., & Clausse, D. (2009). Application of DSC for emulsified

system characterization. Oil & Gas Science and Technology, 64(5), 543-555.

 

Daud, Z. (2008). Apa dan kenapa-Minyak kelapa dara [What and why-Virgin coconut

oil] (2nd ed). Selangor, Malaysia: Klapa Biotech Corporation.

Darbre, P. D. (2003). Under arm cosmetics and breast cancer. Journal of Applied

Toxicology, 23, 89–95.

 

DebMandal, M., & Mandal. S. (2011). Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.: Arecaceae): in

health promotion and disease prevention. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical

Medicine, 4, 241-247.

 

Degner, B. M., Chung, C., Schlegel, V., Hutkins, R., & McClements, D. J. (2014).

Factors influencing the freeze-thaw stability of emulsion-based foods.

Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 13(2), 98–113.

 

Delmo, G. C. (2004). Virgin coconut oil. Marid Agribusiness Digest, 13–16.

 

Deshmukh, S. N., Dive, A. M., Moharil, R., & Munde, P. (2016). Enigmatic insight

into collagen. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, 20(2), 276–283

 

Dluzewska, E., Stobiecka, A., & Maszewska, M. (2006). Effect of oil phase

concentration on rheological properties and stability of beverage emulsions. Acta

Scientiarum Polonorum, 5(2), 147-156.

 

Draelos, Z. D. (2007). The latest cosmeceutical approaches for antiaging. Journal of

Cosmetic Dermatology, 6, 2-6.

 

Duan, R., Zhang, J., Dua, X., Yao, X., & Konno, K. (2009). Properties of collagen

from skin, scale and bone of carp (cyprinus carpio). Food Chemistry, 112(3),

702-706.

 

Dumitriu, S., & Popa, V. (2013). Polymeric biomaterials: Structure and function.

Boca Raton, U.S.A: CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group.

 

Elezovic, A., Kostic, S., Hadziabdic, J., Rahic, O., Vranic, E., & Vehabovic, M.

(2015). Dependance of viscoelastic properties of two emulsion formulations on

preparation process. Bulletin of the Chemists and Technologists of Bosnia and

Herzegovina, 44, 23-28.

 

El Maghraby, G. M., Barry, B. W., & Williams, A. C. (2008). Liposomes and skin:

From drug delivery to model membranes. European Journal of Pharmaceutical

Sciences, 34, 203-222.

 

El-Rashidy, A. A., Gad, A., Abu-Hussein, A. E. G., Habib, S. I., Badr, N. A., &

Hashem, A. A. (2015). Chemical and biological evaluation of Egyptian Nile

Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticas) fish scale collagen. International Journal of

Biological Macromolecules, 79, 618–626.

 

Erawati, T. M., Hendradi, E., & Soeratri, W. (2014). Praformulation study of PMethoxycinnamic

acid (PMCA) nanoemulsion using vegetable oils (soybean oil,

corn oil, VCO). International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical

Sciences, 6(2), 0975-1491.

 

Fan, D., Wang, Q., Ma, P., & Ma, X. (2014). Enzymatic hydrolysis of human-like

collagen and molecular weight distribution of hydrolysates. Chemical and

Pharmaceutical Research Journal, 6, 278-282.

 

Fernandez-Diaz, M. D., Montero, P., & Guillen, M. C. G. (2003). Effect of freezing

fish skin on molecular and rheological properties of extracted gelatin. Food

Hydrocolloid, 17, 281-286.

 

Fernandez, V. E., Palazolo, G. G., Bosisio, N. A., Martínez, L. M., & Wagner, J. R.

(2012). Rheological properties and stability of low-in-fat dressings prepared with

high-pressure homogenized yeast. Journal of Food Engineering, 111(1), 57-65.

 

Flanagan, J., & Singh, H. (2006). Microemulsions: a potential delivery system for

bioactives in food. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 46, 221-237.

 

Flowers, P., Theopold, K., Langley, R., & Robinson, W. R. (2019). Chemistry 2e.

Retrieved from https://opentextbc.ca/chemistry/chapter/10-1-intermolecularforces/

 

Foh, M. B. K., Kamara, M. T., Amadou, I., Foh, B. M., & Wenshui, X.

(2011).Chemical and physicochemical properties of tilapia (Oreochromis

Niloticus) fish protein hydrolysate and concentrate. International Journal of

Biological Chemistry, 5, 21–36.

 

Foudazi, R., Qavi, S., Masalova, I., & Malkin, A. Y. (2015). Physical chemistry of

highly concentrated emulsions. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 220,

78–91.

 

Garti, N., Spernath, A., Aserin, A., & Lutz, R. (2005). Nano-sized self-assemblies of

nonionic surfactants as solubilization reservoirs and microreactors for food

systems. Soft Matter, 1, 206-218.

 

Gasic, S., Jovanovic, B., & Jovanovic, S. (2002). The stability of emulsions in the

presence of additives. Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society, 67(1), 31-39.

 

Gasperlin, M., Kristl, J., Smid-Korbar, J., & Kerc, J. (1994). The structure elucidation

of semisolid w/o emulsion systems. International Journal Pharmacy, 107(1), 51-

56.

 

Gelse, K., Poschl, E., & Aigner, T. (2003). Collagens-structure, function, and

biosynthesis. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 55(12), 1531-46.

 

Gelatin Manufacturers of Europe, GME. (2008). Premium raw materials. Retrieved

July 10, 2016 from http://www.gelatine.org/en/gelatine/overview/127.htm.

 

Gelita. (2014). Collagen peptides are highly effective in skin and hair care. Retrieved

from https://www.gelita.com/sites/default/files/documents/2016-01/Salesfolder

%20GELITA%20Sol%20C%202014.pdf.

 

Gerdenitsch, A. (2012). Emulsions - established and promising drug carriers for

parenteral administration. Retrieved from http://ipimediaworld.com/wpcontent/

uploads/2012/05/Pages-from-IPI-Volume-2-Issue-1-11.pdf.

 

Ghorbani, M., & Mirakabad, H. Z. (2010). Factors influencing on trout production in

Khorasan Razavi Province. Trends in Agriculture Economics, 3, 1-18.

 

Goebel, A. S. B., Neubert, R. H. H., & Wohlrab, J. (2011). Dermal targeting of

tacrolimus using colloidal carrier systems. International Journal of

Pharmaceutics, 404, 159-168.

 

Gorouhi, F., & Maibach, H. I. (2009). Role of topical peptides in preventing or

treating aged skin. International Journal Cosmetic Science, 31, 327-345.

 

Gudmunsson, M., & Hafsteinsson, H. (1997). Gelatin from cod skins as affected by

chemical treatments. Journal of Food Science, 62, 37-39.

 

Guerard, F., Dufosse, L., Broise, D. D. L., & Binet, A. (2001). Enzymatic hydrolysis

of proteins from yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacores) wastes using Alcalase.

Journal of Molecular Catalysis B-Enzymatic, 11, 1051-1059.

 

Guerard, F., Guimas, L., & Binet, A. (2002). Production of tuna waste hydrolysates

by a commercial neutral protease preparation. Journal of Molecular Catalysis B:

Enzymatic, 19-20, 489-498.

 

Goddard, E. D., & Gruber, J. V. (1999). Principles of Polymer Science and

Technology in Cosmetics and Personal Care. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc.

 

Haberko, K., Buc´ko, M. M., Brzezin´ska-Miecznik, J., Haberko, M., Mozgawa, W.,

Panz, T., Pyda, A., & Zarebski, J. (2006). Natural hydroxyapatite—its behaviour

during heat treatment. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 26, 537–542.

 

Hamsi, M. A., Othman, F., Das, S., Kamisah, Y., Thent, Z. C., Qodriyah, H. M. S.,

Zakaria, Z., Emran, A., Subermaniam, K., & Jaarin, K. (2014). Effect of

consumption of fresh and heated virgin coconut oil on the blood pressure and

inflammatory biomarkers: An experimental study in Sprague Dawley rats.

Alexandria Journal of Medicine, 51(1), 2-11.

 

Hashikawa, K., Hashikawa, Y., Falkner, A., & Lin, D. (2016). The neural circuits of

mating and fighting in male mice. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 38, 27–37.

 

Hashim, P., Mohd Ridzwan, M. S., & Bakar, J. (2014). Isolation and characterization

of collagen from chicken feet. World Academy of Science, Engineering and

Technology International Journal of Bioengineering and Life Sciences, 8(3),

250-254.

 

Hekimoglu, S. (2004). Effectiveness of cosmetic. Cosmetic Science, 313-331.

 

Hensel, K., Kucerova, K., Tarabova, B., Janda, M., Machala, Z., Sano, K., Cosmin

Teodor Mihai, C. T., Ciorpac, M., Gorgan, L. D., Jijie, R., Pohoata, V., &

Topala, I. (2015). Effects of air transient spark discharge and helium plasma jet

on water, bacteria, cells, and biomolecules. Biointerphases, 10(2), 1-14.

 

Herpandi, Huda, N., & Adzitey, F. (2011). Fish bone and scale as potential source of

halal gelatin. Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 6(4), 379-389.

 

Heuschkel, S., Goebel, A., & Neubert, R. H. H. (2008). Microemulsion-modern

colloidal carrier for dermal and transdermal drug delivery. Journal of

Pharmaceutical Sciences, 97, 603-631.

 

Hodgins, G. W. L., Butters, T. D., Ramsey, C. B., & Hedges, R. E. M. (2001). The

chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis of archaeological wood cellulose and

monosaccharide purification by high ph anion exchange chromatography for

compound-specific radiocarbon dating. Proceedings of the 17th International

14C Conference, 43, 209–215.

 

Hoyle, N. T., & Merritt, J. H. (1994). Quality of fish protein hydrolysates from

herring (Clupea harengus). Journal of Food Science, 59, 76-79.

 

Huang, C. Y., Kuo, J. M., Wu, S. J., & Tsai, H. T. (2016). Isolation and

characterization of fish scale collagen from tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) by a novel

extrusion–hydro-extraction process. Food Chemistry, 190, 997-1006.

 

Huang, Y. C., Hsiao, P. C., & Chai, H. J. (2011). Hydroxyapatite extracted from fish

scale: Effects on MG63 osteoblast-like cells. Ceramics International, 1825-1831.

 

Huda, N., Abdullah A., & Babji, A. S. (1999). Halal issues in processing Surimi and

Surimi-based food product. INFOFISH, Malaysia, 5, 45-48.

 

Huda, N., Monica, M., & Hariyani, Y. (2004). Preliminary study of processing gelatin

from tilapia (Tilapia mossambica) skin. GARING, 13, 16-25.

 

Husain, R., Ghani, I. A., Mohammad, A., & Mehad, S. (2012). Current practices

among halal cosmetics manufacturers in Malaysia. Journal of Statistical

Modeling and Analytic, 3(1), 46-51.

 

Ibanescu, C., Danu, M., Nanu, A., Lungu, M., & Simionescu, B. C. (2010). Stability

of disperse systems estimated using rheological oscillatory shear tests. Revue

Roumaine de Chimie, 55 (11-12), 933-940.

 

Ikoma, T., Kobavasshi, H., Tanaka, J., Walsh, D., & Mann, S. (2003). Physical

properties of Type I collagen extracted from fish scales of Pagrus major and

Oreochromis niloticas. International Journal Biological Macromolecules, 32,

199-204.

 

Ilia Anisa, A. N., & Nour, A. H. (2010). Effect of viscosity and droplet diameter on

water-in-oil (w/o) emulsions: An experimental study. International Journal of

Chemical, Molecular, Nuclear, Materials and Metallurgical Engneering, 4(2),

213-216.

 

International trade and technical conference and exposition on tilapia (tilapia 2015).

(2015). Aquaculture Development Division Department of Fisheries Malaysia.

Retrieved from http://www.infopesca.org/sites/default/files/complemento/actividadesrecientes/adjuntos/1369/6%20MalaysiaIndustry%20and%20Market%

20Status%20of%20Tialpia.pdf

 

Iwai, K., Hasegawa, T., Taguchi, Y., Morimatsu, F., Sato, K., Nakamura, Y., Higashi,

A., Kido, Y., Nakabo, Y., & Ohtsuki, K. (2006). Identification of food-derived

collagen peptides in human blood after oral ingestion of gelatin hydrolysates.

Journal Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53, 6531–6536.

 

Izquierdo, P., Wiechers, J. W., Escribano, E., García-Celma, M. J., Tadros, T. F.,

Esquena, J., Dederen, J. C., & Solans, C. (2007). A study on the influence of

emulsion droplet size on the skin penetration of Tetracaine. Skin Pharmacology

and Physiology, 20, 263-270.

 

Izzati, H., Zainol, & Hanim, H. (2017). Low Molecular Weight Collagen from Tilapia

Fish Scales for Potential Cosmetic Application. Der Pharma Chemica, 9(7), 108-

114.

 

Jamil, N. (2012). Characterization and stability of concentrated cosmetics emulsion

of water-in-oil (w/o) based virgin coconut oil (VCO) (Unpublished Sc.‘s

thesis). Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjong Malim.

 

Jepps, O. G., Dancik, Y., Anissimov, Y. G., & Roberts, M. S. (2013). Modeling the

human skin barrier - Towards a better understanding of dermal absorption.

Advanced Drug Delivery Reveiws, 65(2), 152-158.

 

Jiang, L., Xin-Rong, P., Zhao-Feng, Z., Nan, W., Jun-Bo, W., & Yong, L. (2012). A

Chronic Oral Toxicity Study of Marine Collagen Peptides Preparation from

Chum Salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) Skin Using Sprague-Dawley Rat. Marine

Drugs, 10, 20-34.

 

Huo J. X., & Zhao, Z. (2009). Study on enzymatic hydrolysis of Gadus morrhua skin

collagen and molecular weight distribution of hydrolystaes. Agricultural

Sciences in China, 8, 723-729.

 

Jager-Lezer, N., Tranchant, J. F., Alard, V., Vu, C., Tchoreloff, P. C., & Grossiord, J.

L. (1998). Rheological analysis of highly concentrated w/o emulsions.

Rheologica Acta, 37, 129–138.

 

Juncan, A. M., & Vonica-Gligor, A. L. (2016). Trends in product development and

formulation dermatocosmetics with anti-aging effect (Trends and advances in

Sibiu Medicine VI. Sibiu: "Lucian Blaga" University of Sibiu.

 

Jung, E., Kang, Y. P., Yoon, I. S., Kim, J. S., Kwon, S. W., Chung, S. J., Shim, C. K.,

& Kim, D. D. (2013). Effect of permeation enhancers on transdermal delivery of

fluoxetine: In vitro and in vivo evaluation. International Journal of

Pharmaceutics, 456(2), 362- 369.

 

Kabri, T., Arab-tehrany, E., Belhaj, N., & Linder, M. (2011). Physico-chemical

characterization of nano-emulsions in cosmetic matrix enriched on omega-3.

Journal of Nanobiotechnology, 9(41), 1–8.

 

Kadler, K. E., Baldock, C., Bella, J., & Boot-Handford, R. P. (2007). Collagens at a

glance. Journal of Cell Science, 120, 1955-1958.

 

Kaewdang, O., Benjakul, S., Kaewmanee, T., & Kishimura, H. (2014). Characteristics

of collagens from the swim bladders of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares).

Food Chemistry, 155, 264-270.

 

Karim, A. A., & Bhat, R. (2009). Fish gelatine: properties, challenges and prospects

as an alternative to mammalian gelatins. Journal of Food Hydrocolloids, 23,

563-576.

 

Khiari, Z., Rico, D., Martin-Diana, A. B., & Barry-Ryan, C. (2014). Structure

elucidation of ACE-inhibitory and antithrombotic peptides isolated from

mackerel skin gelatine hydrolysates. Journal of the Science of Food and

Agriculture, 94, 1663-1671.

 

Khan, L. R. (2010). Look Younger for Longer. London: Rodale Press

 

Kim, H. W., Yeo, I. J., Hwang, K. E., Song, D. H., Kim, Y. J., Ham, Y. J., Jeong, T.

J., Choi, Y. S., & Kim, C. J. (2016). Isolation and characterization of pepsinsoluble

collagens from bones, skins, and tendons in duck feet. Korean Journal

Food Science of Animal Resources, 36(5), 665–670.

 

Kim, M. K., Zhao, H., Lee, C. H., & Kim, D. D. (2001). Formulation of a reservoirtype

testosterone transdermal delivery system. International Journal of

Pharmaceutics, 219(1-2), 51-59.

 

Kim, S. K., Ngo, D. H., Vo, T. S., & Ryu, B. (2013). Marine Biomaterials:

Characterization, Isolation and Applications. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press.

 

Kinner, B., Zaleskas, J., & Spector, M. (2001). Contractile behaviour of human

connective tissue and mesenchymal stem cells in collagen-GAG matrices for

tissue engineering. Tissue Engineering, 7, 617.

 

Kittiphattanabawon, P., Benjakul, S., Visessanguan, W., Nagai, T., & Tanaka, M.

(2005). Characterization of acid-soluble collagen from skin and bone of bigeye

snapper (Priacanthus tayenus). Food Chemistry, 89, 363–372.

 

Kittiphattanabawon, P., Benjakul, S., Visessanguan, W., & Shahidi, F. (2010).

Comparative study on characteristics of gelatin from the skins of brownbanded

bamboo shark and blacktip shark as affected by extraction conditions. Food

Hydrocolloids, 24, 164–171.

 

Klein, K. (2003). Formulating water-in-oil emulsions: a scary endeavour. Cosmetic &

Toiletries, 118, 24-25.

 

Kongsri, S., Janpradit, K., Buapa, K., Techawongstien, S., & Chanthai, S. (2013).

Nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite from fish scale waste: preparation,

characterization and application for selenium adsorption in aqueous solution.

Chemical Engineering Journal, 522-532.

 

Kramer, R. Z., Venugopal, M. G., Bella, J., Mayville, P., Brodsky, B., & Berman, H.

M. (2000). Staggered Molecular Packing in Crystals of a Collagen-like Peptide

with a Single Charged Pair. Journal of Molecular Biology, 301, 1191-1205

 

Krieg, T., & Aumailley, M. (2011). The extracellular matrix of the dermis: flexible

structures with dynamic functions. Experimental Dermatology, 20(8), 689-695.

 

Kristinsson, H. G., & Rasco, B. A. (2000). Biochemical and functional properties of

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) muscle proteins hydrolyzed with various alkaline

proteases. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry, 48, 657–666.

 

Kwak, M. S., Ahn, H. J., & Song, K. W. (2015). Rheological investigation of body

cream and body lotion in actual application conditions. Korea-Australia

Rheology Journal, 27(3), 241-251.

 

Lapeyre-Mestre, M., Grolleau, S., & Montastruc, J. L. (2013). Adverse drug reactions

associated with the use of NSAIDs: a case/noncase analysis of spontaneous

reports from the French pharmacovigilance database 2002–2006. Fundamental

& Clinical Pharmacology, 27, 223–230.

 

Latip, L.D., Zzaman, W., Zainul Abedin, M. D., & Yang, T.A. (2014). Optimization

of spray drying process in commercial hydrolyzed fish scale collagen and

characterization by scanning electron microscope and fourier transform infrared

spectroscopy. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 39(2015), 1754–

1761.

 

Lau, W. M., White, A. W., Gallagher, S. J., Donaldson, M., McNaughton, G., &

Heard, C. M. (2008). Scope and limitations of the co-drug approach to topical

drug delivery. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 14, 794–802.

 

Lee, C. R., Grodzinsky, A. J., & Spector, M. (2001). The effects of cross-linking of

collagen glycosaminoglycan scaffolds on compressive stiffness, chondrocytemediated

contraction, proliferation and biosynthesis. Biomaterials, 22, 3145–54.

 

Lee, S. E., Choi, Y., Kim, S. E., Noh, E. B., & Kim, S. C. (2013). Differential effects

of topical corticosteroid and calcineurin inhibitor on the epidermal tight junction.

Experimental Dermatology, 22, 59–61.

 

Ledward, D.A. (2000). Handbook of hydrocolloids. Boca Raton: CRC Press &

Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing Limited.

 

Leitinger, B., & Hohenester, E. (2007). Mammalian collagen receptors. Matrix

Biology, 26, 146-155.

 

Liang, J., Pei, X. R., Zhang, Z. F., Wang, J. B., & Li, Y. (2012). A chronic oral

toxicity study of marine collagen peptides preparation from chum salmon

(Oncorhynchusketa) skin using Sprague-Dawley rat. Marine Drugs, 10, 20–34.

 

Li, G. Y., Fukunaga, S., Takenouchi, K., & Nakamura, F. (2005). Comparative study

of the physiological properties of collagen, gelatin and collagen hydrolysate as

cosmetic materials. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 27, 101–106.

 

Li-jun, L., Chuan-he, Z., & Zheng, Z. (2008). Analyzing molecular weight

distribution of whey protein hydrolysates. Food and Bioproducts Processing, 86,

1-6.

 

Lim, W. H. (2006). Phase diagram, viscosity and conductivity of α-sulfonate methyl

esters derived from palm stearin/1-butanol/alkane/water systems. Journal of

Surfactants and Detergents, 9(4), 349-355.

 

Lin, Y. J., Le, G. W., Wang, J. Y., Li, Y. X., Shi, Y. H., & Sun, J. (2010).

Antioxidative peptides derived from enzyme hydrolysis of bone collagen after

microwave assisted acid pre-treatment and nitrogen protection. International

Journal Molecular Sciences, 11, 4297- 4308.

 

Li, P., Ghosh, A., Wagner, R. F., Krill, S., Joshi, Y. M. & Serajuddin, A. T. M.

(2005). Effect of combined use of nonionic surfactant on formation of oilinwater

microemulsions. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 288, 27-34.

 

Liu, D., Liang L., Regenstein, J. M., & Zhou, P. (2012). Extraction and

characterisation of pepsin-solubilised collagen from fins, scales, skins, bones and

swim bladders of bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis). Food Chemistry,

133, 1441–1448.

 

Liu, C., & Sun, J. (2014). Potential application of hydrolyzed fish collagen for

inducing the multidirectional differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal

stem cells. Biomacromolecules, 15, 436−443.

 

Liu, D., Wei, G., Li, T., Hu, J., Lu, N., Regenstein, J. M., & Zhou, P. (2015). Effects

of alkaline pretreatments and acid extraction conditions on the acid-soluble

collagen from grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) skin. Food Chemistry, 172,

836-843.

 

Liu, H., Xu, X. M., & Guo, Sh. D. (2007). Rheological, texture and sensory properties

of low-fat mayonmaise with different fat mimetics. LWT-Food Science and

Technology, 40, 946-954.

 

Lopes, L. B. (2014). Overcoming the cutaneous barrier with microemulsions.

Pharmaceutics, 6(1), 52–77.

 

Lowry, O. H., Rosebrough, N. J., Farr, A. L., & Randall, R. J. (1951). Protein

measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. Journal of Biological Chemistry,

193(1), 265-75.

 

Lupo, M. P. (2011). Antioxidants and vitamins in cosmetics. Clinics in Dermatology,

19(4), 467-73.

 

Lv, F. F., Zheng, L. Q., & Tung, C. H. (2006). Studies on the stability of the

chloramphenical in the microemulsion free alcohols. European Journal of

Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 62, 288-294.

 

Lynfield, Y. L., & Macwilliams, P. (1970). Shaving and Hair Growth. Journal of

Investigative Dermatology, 55(3), 170-172.

 

Madaan, V., Chanana, A., Kataria, M. K., & Bilandi, A. (2014). Emulsion technology

and recent trends in emulsion applications. International Research Journal of

Pharmacy, 5(7), 533-542

 

Mahdi, E. S., Sakeena, M. H. F., Abdulkarim, M. F., Abdullah, G. Z., Sattar, A. M., &

Noor, M. A. (2011). Effect of surfactant and surfactant blends on pseudoternary

phase diagram behavior of newly synthesized palm kernel oil esters. Drug

Design, Development and Therapy, 5, 311–23.

 

Mansor, T. S. T., Che Man, Y. B., Shuhaimi, M., Abdul Afiq, M. J., & Ku Nurul, F.

K. M. (2012). Physicochemical properties of virgin coconut oil extracted from

different processing methods. International Food Research Journal, 19(3), 837-

845.

 

Marina, A. M., Che Man, Y. B., & Amin, I. (2009). Virgin coconut oil: emerging

functional food oil. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 20, 481-487.

Marine matrix. (n.d). Collagen-the framework of the skin. Retrieved from

https://marinematrix.com/collagen/.

 

Martin, R. B. (1998). Free energies and equilibria of peptide bond hydrolysis and

formation. Biopolymers, 45, 351-353.

 

Martins, V. G., Costa, J. A. V., & Hernandez, C. P. (2009). Fish protein hydrolyzed

obtained by chemical and enzymatic processes from corvina (Micropogonias

furnieri). Química Nova, 32(1), 61-66.

 

Marto, J., Baltazar, D., Duarte, A., Fernandes, A., Gouveia, L., Militão, M., Salgado,

A., Simões, S., Oliveira, E., & Ribeiro, H. M. (2015). Topical gels of

etofenamate: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Pharmaceutical Development and

Technology, 20(6), 710-715.

 

Masalova, I., Foudazi, R., & Malkin, A. Y. (2011). The rheology of highly

concentrated emulsions stabilized with different surfactants. Colloids and

Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 375, 76–86.

 

Matsuda, N., Koyama, Y., Hosaka, Y., Ueda, H., Watanabe, T., Araya, T., Irie, S., &

Takehana, K. (2006). Effects of ingestion of collagen peptide on collagen fibrils

and glycosaminoglycans in the dermis. Journal of Nutritional Science and

Vitaminology, 52(3), 211-215.

 

Matsumoto, H., Ohara, H., Ito, K., Nakamura, Y., & Takahashi, S. (2006). Clinical

effects of fish type I collagen hydrolysate on skin properties. ITE Letters, 7(4),

386-390.

 

May-Masnou, A., Ribo-Besolí, J., Porras, M., Maestro, A., Gonzalez, C., & Gutierrez,

J. M. (2014). Scale-up model obtained from the rheological analysis of highly

concentrated emulsions prepared at three scales. Chemical Engineering Science,

111, 410–420.

 

McClements, D. J. (1999a). Coalescence in food emulsions: principles, practice, and

techniques. Boca Raton, U.S.A: CRC Press LLC.

 

McClements, D. J. (1999b). Emulsifier type and concentration, in food emulsions:

principles, practice, and techniques. Boca Raton, U.S.A: CRC Press LLC.

 

McClements, D. J. (2005). Food emulsion: principles, practice and tehniques (2nd

ed.). Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press.

 

Meena, C., Mengi, S., & Deshpande, S. (1999). Biomedical and industrial

applications of collagen. Journal of Chemical Sciences, 111, 319–329.

 

Mehta, R. M. (2010). Dispensing Pharmacy (3rd ed.). New Delhi: Vallabh Prakashan.

 

Minaguchi, J., Koyama, Y., Meguri, N., Hosaka, Y., Ueda, H., Kusubata, M., Hirota,

A., Irie, S., Mafune, N., & Takehana, K. (2005). Effects of ingestion of collagen

peptide on collagen fibrils and glycosaminoglycans in Achilles tendon. Journal

of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology, 51(3), 169-74.

 

MINERVA Research Labs Ltd. (2011). What is hydrolysed collagen? Retrieved from

https://www.gold-collagen.com/uk/skincare-science-and-research

 

Mizuno, M., & Kuboki, Y. J. (2001). Osteoblast-related gene expression of bone

marrow cells during the osteoblastic differentiation induced by type I collagen.

Journal of Biochemistry, 129(1), 133−138.

 

Mohammad, A. W., Kumar, A. G., & Basha, R. K. (2014). Optimization of enzymatic

hydrolysis of tilapia (Oreochromis Spp.) scale gelatin, Journal International

Aquatic Research, 1-13.

 

Mondal, S., Mahata, S., Kundu, S., & Mondal, B. (2010). Processing of natural

resourced hydroxyapatite ceramics from fish scale. Advances in Applied

Ceramics, 109, 234–239.

 

Moravkova, T., & Filip, P. (2013). The influence of emulsifier on rheological and

sensory properties of cosmetic lotions. Advances in Materials Science and

Engineering, 2013, 1-7.

 

Moser, K., Kriwet, K., Naik, A., Kalia, Y. N., & Guy, R. H. (2001). Passive skin

penetration enhancement and its quantification in vitro. European Journal of

Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 52(2), 103-112.

 

Mudeme, S., Masalova, I., & Haldenwang, R. (2010). Kinetics of emulsification and

rheological properties of highly concentrated explosive emulsions. Chemical

Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification, 49(5), 468-475.

 

Munasinghe, K. A., Schwarz, J. G., & Whittiker, M. (2015). Utilization of chicken

by-products to form collagen films. Journal of Food Processing, 2015, 1-6.

 

Mura, E., Josset, C., Loubar, K., Bellettre, J., & Massoli, P. (2012). Experimental

study of the water in oil emulsions features by differential scanning calorimetry

analysis. Applied Energy, 97, 834-840.

 

Muyonga, J. H., Cole, C. G. B., & Duodu, K. G. (2004). Extraction and

physicochemical characterization of Nile perch (Lates niloticus) skin and bone

gelatin. Food Hydrocolloids, 18, 582-591.

 

Nagai, T., & Suzuki, N. (2000). Isolation of collagen from fish waste material-skin,

bone and fins. Food Chemistry, 68, 277–281.

 

Nagai, T., Suzuki, N., Tanoue, Y., Kai, N., & Nagashima, T. (2010). Characterization

of acid-soluble collagen from skins of surf smelt (Hypomesus pretiosus

japonicas Brevoort). Food and Nutrition Sciences, 1, 59-66.

 

Nagai, T., Tanoue, Y., Kai, N., & Suzuki, N. (2015). Characterization of collagen

from emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) skins. Journal of Food Science and

Technology, 52(4), 2344-2351.

 

Nalinanon, S., Benjakul, S., & Kishimura, H. (2012). Partial characterization of

collagenfrom pharaoh cuttlefish (Sepia Pharaonis) skin. International

proceedings of chemical, biological & environmental, 39, 47–51.

 

Nakamura, Y., Matsumoto, S., Mochida, T., Nakamura, K., Takehana, K., & Endo, F.

(2009). Glycine regulates proliferation and differentiation of salivary-glandderived

progenitor cells. Cell Tissue Research, 336, 203−212.

 

Naylor, E. C., Watson, R. E., & Sherratt, M. J. (2011). Molecular aspects of skin

ageing. Maturitas, 69(3), 249-56.

 

Nevin, K. G., & Rajamohan, T. (2006). Virgin coconut oil supplemented diet

increases the antioxidant status in rats. Food Chemistry, 99, 260–266.

 

Nevin, K. G., & Rajamohan, T. (2010). Effect of topical application of virgin coconut

oil on skin components and antioxidant status during dermal wound healing in

young rats. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, 23(6), 290-7.

 

Nicklas, M., Schatton, W., Heinemann, S., Hanke, T., & Kreuter, J. (2009). Enteric

coating derived from marine sponge collagen. Drug Development and Industrial

Pharmacy, 35, 1384–1388.

 

Niedzwiedz, K., Buggisch, H., & Willenbacher, N. (2010). Extensional rheology of

concentrated emulsions as probed by capillary breakup elongational rheometry

(CaBER). Rheological Acta, 49, 1103–1116.

 

Nimni, M. E., & Harkness, R. D. (1988). Molecular structures and functions of

collagen. Collagen-Bio-chemistry. Boca Raton, U.S.A: CRC Press.

 

Ninan, G., Joseph, J., & Aliyamveettil, Z. A. (2014). A comparative study on the

physical, chemical and functional properties of carp skin and mammalian

gelatins. Journal Food Science Technology, 51(9), 2085–2091.

 

Normah, I., & Nurul Asyiraf A. J. (2012). Extraction of Collagen from Catfish

(Clarias gariepnus) waste and determination of its physico-chemical properties.

Scientific Research Journal, 9(1), 29-42.

 

Ogawa, M., Moody, M. M., Portier, R. J., Bell, J., Schexnayder, M. A., & Losso, J. N.

(2003). Biochemical properties of blackdrum and sheepshead seabream skin

collagen. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51(27), 8088–8092.

 

Ohara, H., Matsumoto, H., Akiyama, M., Fujimoto, N., Kobayashi, T., & Tajima, S.

(2010). Collagen-derived dipeptide, proline-hydroxyproline, stimulates cell

proliferation and hyaluronic acid synthesis in cultured human dermal fibroblast.

Journal of Dermatology, 37, 330-338.

 

Ohara, H., Matsumoto, H., Ito, K., Iwai, K., & Sato, K. (2007). Comparison of

quantity and structures of hydroxyproline-containing peptides in human blood

after oral ingestion of gelatin hydrolysates from different sources. Journal of

Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 55(4), 1532-1535.

 

Ohara, H., Ito, K., Iida, H., & Matsumoto, H. (2009). Improvement in the moisture

content of the stratum corneum following 4 weeks of collagen hydrolysate

ingestion. Nippon Shokuhin Kogaku Kaishi, 569(3), 137-145.

 

Oishi, S. (2002). Effects of butyl paraben on the male reproductive system in mice.

Archives of Toxicology, 76, 423–429.

 

Okawa, T., Yamaguchi, Y., Takada, S., Sakai, Y., Numata, N., Nakamura, F.,

Nagashima, Y., Ikezawa, Z., & Aihara, M. (2012). Oral administration of

collagen tripeptide improves dryness and pruritus in the acetone-induced dry

skin model. Journal of Dermatology, 66, 136-143.

 

Olsen, H. S. (2004). Enzymes at work. Bagsvaerd, Denmark: Novo Nordisk.

 

Orafidiya, L. O., & Oladimeji, F. A. (2002). Determination of the required HLB

values of some essential oils. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 237(1/2),

241–249

 

Orasan, M. S., Roman, I. I., Coneac, A., Muresan, A., & Orasan, R. I. (2016). Hair

loss and regeneration performed on animal models. Clujul Medical, 89(3), 327–

334.

 

Ovissipour, M., Abedian, A., Motamedzadegan, A., Rasco, B., Safari, R., & Shahiri,

H. (2009). The effect of enzymatic hydrolysis time and temperature on the

properties of protein hydrolysates from Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus)

viscera. Food Chemistry, 115, 238-242.

 

Pallela, R., Venkatesan, J., Bhatnagar, I., Shim, Y., & Kim, S. (2013). Marine

Biomaterials: Characterization, Isolation and Applications. Boca Raton, FL,

USA: CRC Press.

 

Pal, R. (1996a). Effect of droplet size on the rheology emulsions. American Institute

of Chemical Engineers (AiChE) Journal, 11(42), 3181-3190.

 

Pal, R. (1996b). Viscoelastic Properties of Polymer-Thinkened Oil-in-Water

Emulsions. Chemical Engineering Science, 51, 3299-3305.

 

Parenteau-Bareil, R., Gauvin, R., & Berthod, F. (2010). Collagen-based biomaterials

for tissue engineering applications. Materials, 3, 1853-1887.

 

Pati, F., Adhikari, B., & Dhara, S. (2010). Isolation and characterization of fish scale

collagen of higher thermal stability. Bioresource Technology, 101, 3737-3742.

 

Porras, M., Solans, C., González, C., Martínez, A., Guinart, A., & Gutiérrez, J. M.

(2004). Studies of formation of W/O nano-emulsions. Colloids and Surfaces A:

Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 249(1-3), 115–118.

 

Potts, R. O., & Guy, R. H. (1992). Predicting skin permeability. Pharmaceutical

Research, 9, 663–669.

 

Pranoto, Y., Lee, C. M., & Park, H. J. (2007). Characterization of fish gelatin films

added with gellan and κ-carrageenan processing of fish. International Journal of

Food Science Technology, 40(5), 301–343.

 

Prausnitz, M. R., & Langer, R. (2008). Transdermal drug delivery. Nature

Biotechnology, 26(11), 1261-1268.

 

Prestes, R.C. (2013). Collagen and its derivatives: characteristics and applications in

meat products. Revista Unopar Scientífic Biological and Health Sciences, 15(1),

65-74.

 

Proksch, E., Segger, D., Degwert, J., Schunck, M., Zague, V., & Oesser, S. (2014).

Oral supplementation of specific collagen peptides has beneficial effects on human skin physiology: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Skin

Pharmacology and Physiology, 27(1), 47-55.

 

Payne, K. J., & Veis, A. (1988). Fourier transform ir spectroscopy of collagen and

gelatin solutions: Deconvolution of the amide I band for conformational studies.

Biopolymers, 27(11), 1749-1760.

 

Quereshi, S., Mhaske, A., Raut, D., Singh, R., Mani, A., & Patel, J. (2010).

Biotechnology extraction and partial characterization of collagen from different

animal skins. Recent Research in Science and Technology, 2(9), 28-31.

 

Rabiei, S., Nikoo, M., Rezaei, M., & Rafieian-Kopaei, M. (2017). Marine-derived

bioactive peptides with pharmacological activities- A review. Journal of Clinical

and Diagnostic Research, 11(10), KE01-KE06

 

Ramakrishnan, V. V., Ghaly, A. E., Brooks, M. S., & Budge, S. M. (2013). Extraction

of proteins from mackerel fish processing waste using alcalase enzyme.

Bioprocessing Biotechnology Journal, 3(2), 1-9.

 

Raza, K., Kumar, M., Kumar, P., Malik, R., Sharma, G., Kaur, M., & Katare, O. P.

(2014). Topical delivery of aceclofenac: challenges and promises of novel drug

delivery systems. BioMed Research International, 2014, 1-11.

 

Richelle, M., Sabatier, M., Steiling, H., & Williamson, G. (2006). Skin bioavailability

of dietary vitamin E, carotenoids, polyphenols, vitamin C, zinc and selenium.

British Journal of Nutrition, 96(2). 227-38.

 

Rodriguez, M. I. A., Barroso, L. G. R., & Sanchez, M. L. (2018). Collagen: a review

on its sources and potential cosmetic applications. Journal of Cosmetic

Dermatology, 17, 20–26.

 

Roh, M., Han, M., Kim, D., & Chung, K. (2006). Sebum output as a factor

contributing to the size of facial pores. The British Journal of Dermatology,

155(5), 890-894.

 

Rozanska, S., Rozanski, J., Ochowiak, M., & Mitkowski, P. T. (2014). Extensional

viscosity measurements of concentrated emulsions with the use of the opposed

nozzles device. Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 31(1), 47 – 55.

 

Ruela, A. L. M., Perissinato, A. G., Lino, M. E. S., Mudrik, P. S., & Pereira, G. R.

(2016). Evaluation of skin absorption of drugs from topical and transdermal

formulations. Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 52, 527-544.

 

Ryabinin, A. E., Wang, Y. M., & Finn, D. A. (1999). Different levels of fos

immunoreactivity after repeated handling and injection stress in two inbred

strains of mice. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 63(1), 143–151.

 

Sahoo, S., Pani, N. R., & Sahoo, S. K. (2016). Effect of microemulsion in topical

sertaconazole hydrogel: in vitro and in vivo study. Drug Delivery, 23(1), 338-

345.

 

Samantha, P., Ying, P. C., & Kwan, K. W. (2013). The evaluation of the suitability of

fish wastes as a source of collagen. International Conference on Nutrition and

Food Science, 53, 77-81.

 

Samson, S., Basri, M., Masoumi, H. R. F., Karjiban, R. A., & Malek, E. A. (2016).

Design and development of a nanoemulsion system containing copper peptide by

D-optimal mixture design and evaluation of its physicochemical properties. RSC

Advances, 6, 17845-17856.

 

Sanjeewani, N. A., & Sakeena, M. H. F. (2013). Formulation and characterization of

virgin coconut oil (VCO) based emulsion. International Journal of Science and

Research, 3(12), 1-6.

 

Sankar, S., Sekar, S., Mohan, R., Rani, S., Sundaraseelan, J., & Sastry, T. P. (2008).

Preparation and partial characterization of collagen sheet from fish (Lates

calcarifer) scales. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 42, 6-9.

 

Santana, R. C., Perrechil, F. A., & Cunha, R. L. (2013). High- and low-energy

emulsifications for food applications: A focus on process parameters. Food

Engineering Review, 5, 107-122.

 

Santana, R. C., Sato, A. C. K., & Cunha, R. L. (2012). Emulsions stabilized by heattreated

collagen fibers. Food Hydrocolloids, 26, 73-81.

 

Sasseville, D. (2004). Hypersensitivity to preservatives. Dermatology Therapy. 17(3),

251–263.

 

Schagen, S. (2017). Topical peptide treatment with effective anti-aging results.

Cosmetics, 4, 1-14.

 

Schmidt, M. M., Dornelles, R. C. P., Mello, R. O., Kubota, E. H., Mazutti, M. A.,

Kempka, A. P., & Demiate, I. M. (2016). Collagen extraction process.

International Food Research Journal, 23(3), 913-922.

 

Schmook, F. P., Meingassner, J. G., & Billich, A. (2001). Comparison of human skin

or epidermis models with human and animal skin in in vitro percutaneous

absorption. International Journal Pharmaceutics, 215, 51–56.

 

Schrieber, R., & Gareis, H. (2007). Gelatine Handbook Theory and Industrial

Practice. German, Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.

 

Schwartz, S. R., & Park, J. (2012). Ingestion of biocell collagen ((R)), a novel

hydrolyzed chicken sternal cartilage extract; enhanced blood microcirculation

and reduced facial aging signs. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 7, 267-73.

 

See, S. F., Hoo, L. L., & Babji, A. S. (2011). Optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis of

Salmon (Salmo salar) skin by Alcalase. International Food Research Journal,

18(4), 1359-1365.

 

Senaratne, L. S., Park, P. J., & Kim, S. K. (2006). Isolation and Characterization of

Collagen from Brown Backed Toadfish (Lagocephalus gloveri) Skin.

Bioresource Technology, 97, 191-197.

 

Shen, Q. W., Jones, C. S., Kalchayanand, N., Zhu, M. J., & Du, M. (2005). Effect of

dietary alpha-lipoic acid on growth, body composition, muscle pH, and AMPactivated

protein kinase phosphorylation in mice. Animal Science Journal,

83(11), 2611-7.

 

Shigemura, Y., Iwai, K., Morimatsu, F., Iwamoto, T., Mori, T., Oda, C., Taira, T.,

Park, E. Y., Nakamura, Y., & Sato, K. (2009). Effect of prolyl-hydroxyproline

(pro-hyp), a food-derived collagen peptide in human blood, on growth of

fibroblasts from mouse Skin. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 57,

444–449.

 

Shim, J., Kang, H. S., Park, W. S., Han, S. H., Kim, J., & Chang, I. S. (2004).

Transdermal delivery of mixnoxidil with block copolymer nanoparticles. Journal

of Controlled Release, 97, 477–484.

 

Shoulders, M. D., & Raines, R. T. (2009). Collagen structure and stability. Annual

Review of Biochemistry, 78, 929–958.

 

Shu, Y., Ren, H., Ao, R., Qi, W. C., & Zhang, Z. S. (2017). Comparison of physical

and chemical characteristics of collagen from the skin of cod (Gadus

macrocephaius). Genetics and Molecular Research, 16(2), 2-8.

 

Sibilla, S., Godfrey, M., Brewer, S., Budh-Raja, A., & Genovese, L. (2015). An

overview of the beneficial effects of hydrolysed collagen as a nutraceutical on

skin properties: scientific background and clinical studies. The Open

Nutraceuticals Journal, 8, 29-42.

 

Silva, T. H., Moreira-Silva, J., Marques, A. L. P., Domingues, A., Bayon, Y., & Reis,

R. L. (2014). Marine origin collagens and its potential applications. Marine

Drugs, 12(12), 5881-5901.

 

Silvipriya, K. S., Kumar, K. K., Bhat, A. R., Kumar, B. D., John, A., & Lakshmanan,

P. (2015). Collagen: animal sources and biomedical application. Journal of

Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 5(3), 123-127.

 

Sim, Y. C., Lee, S. G., Lee, D. C., Kang, B. Y., Park, K. M., Lee, J. Y., Kim, M. S.,

Chang, I. S., & Rhee, J. S. (2000). Stabilization of papain and lysozyme for

application to cosmetic products. Biotechnology Letters, 22, 137–140.

 

Sinko, B., Garrigues, T. M., Balogh, G. T., Nagy, Z. K., Tsinman, O., Avdeef, A., &

Takacs-Novak, K. (2012). Skin–PAMPA: A new method for fast prediction of

skin penetration. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 45, 698–707.

 

Sinthusamran, S., Benjakul, S., & Kishimura, H. (2013). Comparative study on

molecular characteristics of acid soluble collagens from skin and swim bladder

of seabass (Lates calcarifer). Food Chemistry, 138(4), 2435-2441.

 

Skierka, E., & Sadowska, M. (2007). The influence of different acids and pepsin on

the extractability of collagen from the skin of baltic cod (Gadus morhua). Food

Chemistry, 105, 1302–1306.

 

Smith, P. K., Krohn, R. I., Hermanson, G. T., Mallia, A. K., Gartner, F. H.,

Provenzano, M. D., Fujimoto, E. K., Goeke, N. M., Olson, B. J., & Klenk, D. C.

(1985). Measurement of protein using bicinchoninic acid. Analytical

Biochemistry, 150, 76–85.

 

Sonavanea, G., Tomodaa, K., Sanoa, A., Ohshimaa, H., Teradaa, H., & Makino, K.

(2008). In vitro permeation of gold nanoparticles through rat skin and ratintestine: Effect of particle size. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 65, 1–

10.

 

Song, H., & Li, B. (2017). Beneficial effects of collagen hydrolysate: a review on

recent developments. Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research,

1(2), 1-4.

 

Sonneville-Aubrun, O., Simonnet, J. T., & Alloret, F. L'. (2004). Nanoemulsions: A

new vehicle for skincare products. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science,

108-109, 145-149.

 

Sripriya, R., & Kumar, R. (2015). A novel enzymatic method for preparation and

characterization of collagen film from swim bladder of fish Rohu (Labeo rohita).

Food and Nutrition Sciences, 6, 1468-1478.

 

St-Onge, M. P., & Jones, P. J. H. (2002). Physiological effects of medium-chain

triglycerides: potential agents in the prevention of obesity. Journal of Nutrition,

132, 329-332.

 

Stahl, J., Wohlert, M., & Kietzmann, M. (2011). The effect of formulation vehicles on

the in vitro percutaneous permeation of ibuprofen. BMC Pharmacology, 11(12),

1-5.

 

Stephane, P. (2015). Stability of cosmetic formulations containing UV filters and

preservatives, based on physical and chemical parameters. MOJ Toxicology,

1(1), 1-11.

 

Strem Chemicals, Inc. (n.d.). Novozymes Protease Products-Strem Chemicals.

Retrieved from https://www.strem.com/uploads/technical_notes/06-3110tech.pdf

 

Suckow, M. A., Danneman, P., & Brayton, C. (2001). The Laboratory Mouse.

Retrieved from http://www.med.unlp.edu.ar/archivos/cicual/the_laboratory_

mouse__2001_.pdf.

 

Sujithra, S., Kiruthiga, N., Prabhu, M. J., & Kumeresan, R. (2013). Isolation and

determination of type I collagen from tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) waste.

International Journal of Engineering and Technology, 5(3), 2181-2185.

 

Suraweera, R. K., Pasansi, H. G. P., Herath, H. M. D. R., Wickramaratne, D. B. M.,

Sudeshika, S. H. T., Niyangoda, D., & Sakeena M.H.F. (2014). Formulation and

stability evaluation of ketoprofen loaded virgin coconut oil based creamy

emulsion. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences,

6(8), 249-254.

 

Surewicz, W. K., & Mantsch, H. H. (1988). New insight into protein secondary

structure from resolution-enhanced infrared spectra. Biochimica et Biophysica

Acta, 952(2), 115-30.

 

Swatschek, D., Schatton, W., Muller, W. E. G., & Kreuter, J. (2002). Microparticles

derived from marine sponge collagen (SCMPs): Preparation, characterization

and suitability for dermal delivery of all-trans retinol. European Journal of

Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 54, 125–133.

 

Tadros, T. (1992). Rheological properties of emulsion systems, in emulsions – a

fundamental and practical approach. Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers

 

Taherian, A. R., Britten, M., Sabik, H., & Fustier, P. (2011). Ability of whey protein

isolate and/or fish gelatin to inhibit physical separation and lipid oxidation in fish

oil-in-water beverage emulsion. Food Hydrocolloids, 25(5), 868-879.

 

Talorete, T. P. N., Bouaziz, M., Sayadi, S., & Isoda, H. (2006). Influence of medium

type and serum on MTT reduction by flavonoids in the absence of cells.

Cytotechnology, 52, 189–198.

 

Tang, J., & Saito, T. (2015). Biocompatibility of novel type I collagen purified from

Tilapia fish scale: an In vitro comparative study. Biomed Research International,

2015, 1-8.

 

Thackham, J. A., McElwain, D. L. S., & Long, R. J. (2008). The use of hyperbaric

oxygen therapy to treat chronic wounds: A review. Wound Repair and

Regeneration, 16, 321-330.

 

Turner, P. V., Brabb, T., Pekow, C., & Vasbinder, M. A. (2011). Administration of

substances to laboratory animals: routes of administration and factors to

consider. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science,

50(5), 600–613.

 

Ullah, S., Zainol, I., & Idrus, R. H. (2017). Incorporation of zinc oxide nanoparticles

into chitosan-collagen 3D porous scaffolds: Effect on morphology, mechanical

properties and cytocompatibility of 3D porous scaffolds. International Journal of

Biological Macromolecules, 104, 1020–1029.

 

Uson, N., Garcia, M. J., & Solans, C. (2004). Formation of water-in-oil (W/O) nanoemulsions

in a water/mixed non-ionic surfactant/oil systems prepared by a lowenergy

emulsification method. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and

Engineering Aspects, 250, 415–421

 

Uriguen, J. I., Bremer, L., Mathot, V., & Groeninckx, G. (2004). Preparation of waterborne

dispersions of pololefins: new system for the study of homogeneous

nucleation of polymers. Polymer, 45, 5961-5968.

 

Varani, J., Dame, M. K., Rittie, L., Fligiel S. E. G., Kang, S., Fisher, G. J., &

Voorhees, J. J. (2006). Decreased collagen production in chronologically aged

skin: roles of age-dependent alteration in fibroblast function and defective

mechanical stimulation. American Journal of Pathology, 168(6), 1861-1868.

 

Villariba, C. (2003). Virgin coconut oil being tested on SARS patients. Retrieved from

http://www.inq7.net.

 

Villarino, B. J., Dy, L. M., & Lizada, C. C. (2007). Descriptive sensory evaluation of

virgin coconut oil and refined, bleached and deodorized coconut oil. LWT-Food

Science and Technology, 40, 193-199.

 

Viyoch, J., Klinthong, N., & Siripaisal, W. (2003). Development of oil-in water

emulsion containing tamarind fruit pulp extract I. Physical characteristics and

stability of emulsion. Naresuan University Journal, 11(3), 29–49.

 

Wang, J., Xu, M., Liang, R., Zhao, M., Zhang, Z., & Li, Y. (2015). Oral

administration of marine collagen peptides prepared from chum salmon

(Oncorhynchus keta) improves wound healing following cesarean section in rats.

Food & Nutrition Research, 59(1), 33-39.

 

Wang, L., An, X., Yang, F., Xin, Z., Zhao, L., & Hu, Q. (2008). Isolation and

characterisation of collagens from the skin, scale and bone of deep-sea redfish

(Sebastes mentella). Food Chemistry, 108, 616–623.

 

Wang, T., Lin, S., Shen, Y., Liu, S., Wang-McCall, T., Chin, M., Lin, T., Yang, C.,

Wu, W., & Yang, C. (2011). Type I collagen from bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana)

fallopian tube. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10(42), 8414-8420.

 

Wang, W., Li, Z., Liu, J. Z., Wang, Y. J., Liu, S. H., & Sun, M. (2013). Comparison

between thermal hydrolysis and enzymatic proteolysis processes for the

preparation of Tilapia skin collagen hydrolysate. Czech Journal of Food

Sciences, 31(1), 1- 4.

 

Wang, Y., & Regenstein, J. M. (2009). Effect of EDTA, HCl and citric acid on Ca salt

removal from Asian (silver) carp scales prior to gelatin extraction. Journal of

Food Science, 74 (6), C426-C431.

 

Wang, Z., Wang, Q., Wang, L., Xu, W., He, Y., Li, Y., He, S., & Ma, H. (2017).

Improvement of skin condition by oral administration of collagen hydrolysates in

chronologically aged mice. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,

97(9), 2721-2726.

 

Washington, J. M., Rathjen, J., Felquer, F., Lonic, A., Bettess, M. D., Hamra, N.,

Semendric, L., Tan, B. S., Lake, J. A., Keough, R. A., Morris, M. B., & Rathjen,

P. D. (2010). L-Proline induces differentiation of ES cells: a novel role for an

amino acid in the regulation of pluripotent cells in culture. American Journal of

Physiology-Cell Physiology, 298, C982-992.

 

Wasswa, J., Tang, J., & Gu, X. (2007). Utilization of fish processing by-products in

the gelatin industry. Food Reviews International, 23(2), 159-174.

 

Watanabe-Kamiyama, M., Shimizu, M., Kamiyama, S., Taguchi, Y., Sone, H.,

Morimatsu, F., Shirakawa, H., Furukawa, Y., & Komai, M. (2010). Absorption

and effectiveness of orally administered low molecular weight collagen

hydrolysate in rats. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 58(2), 835-41.

 

Wester, R.C., Melendres, J., Sedik, L., Maibach, H., & Riviere, J. E. (1998).

Percutaneous absorption of salicylic acid, theophylline, 2,4-dimethylamine,

diethyl hexyl phthalic acid, and p-aminobenzoic acid in the isolated perfused

porcine skin flap compared to man in vivo. Toxicology Applied Pharmacology,

151, 159–165.

 

Wickett, R. R., & Visscher, M. O. (2006). Structure and function of the epidermal

barrier. American Journal of Infection Control, 34(10), S98–S110.

 

Wijaya, W., Van der Meeren, P., Wijaya, C. H., & Patel, A. R. (2016), High internal

phase emulsions stabilized solely by whey protein isolate-low methoxyl pectin

complexes: effect of pH and polymer concentration. Food & Function, doi:

10.1039/c6fo01027j.

 

Wokovich, A.M., Prodduturi, S., Doub, W. H., Hussain, A. S., & Buhse, L. F. (2006).

Transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) adhesion as a critical safety, efficacy

and quality attribute. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and

Biopharmaceutics, 64(1), 1- 8.

 

Wolfenden, R., & Snider, M. J. (2001). The depth of chemical time and the power of

enzymes as catalysts. Accounts of Chemical Research, 34(12), 938–945.

 

Wood, A., Ogawa, M., Portier, M., Schexnayder, M., Shirley, M., & Losso, J. N.

(2008). Biochemical properties of alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) bone

collagen. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and

Molecular Biology, 151, 246–249.

 

Wu, J., Fujioka, M., Sugimoto, K., Mu, G., & Ishimi, Y. (2004). Assessment of

effectiveness of oral administration of collagen peptide on bone metabolism in

growing and mature rats. Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism, 22, 547–

553.

 

Xhauflaire-Uhoda, E., Fontaine, K., & Pierard, G. E. (2008). Kinetics of moisturizing

and firming effects of cosmetic formulations. International Journal of Cosmetic

Science, 30, 131–138.

 

Xingmin, S., Jingfen, C., Guimin, X., Hongbin, R., Sile, C., Zhengshi , C. , Jinren, L.,

Chongya, H., Guanjun, Z., & Xili, W. (2016). Effect of cold plasma on cell

viability and collagen synthesis in cultured murine fibroblasts. Plasma Science

and Technology, 18, 353-359.

 

Yamada, S., Yamamoto, K., Ikeda, T., Yanagiguchi, K., & Hayashi, Y. (2014).

Potency of fish collagen as a scaffold for regenerative medicine. Biomedical

Research International, 2014, 1-8.

 

Yang, H., & Shu, Z. (2014). The extraction of collagen protein from pig skin. Journal

of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 6(2), 683-687.

 

Yang, H., Wang, Y., Jiang, M., Jun-Hyun, O., Herring, J., & Zhou, P. (2007). 2-Step

optimization of the extraction and subsequent physical properties of channel

catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) skin gelatin. Journal Food Science, 72, 188-195.

 

Yang, J. A., Kim, E. S., Kwon, J. H., Kim, H., Shin, J. H., Yun, S. H., Choi, K.Y., &

Hahn, S. K. (2012). Transdermal delivery of hyaluronic acid - human growth

hormone conjugate. Biomaterials, 33(25), 5947-5954.

 

Yorgancioglu, A., & Bayramoglu, E. E. (2013). Production of cosmetic purpose

collagen containing antimicrobial emulsion with certain essential oils. Industrial

Crops and Products, 44, 378–382.

 

Yuan, F., Wang, L., Lin, C. C., Chou, C. H., & Li, L. (2014). A cornea substitute

derived from fish scale: 6-month follow up on rabbit model. Journal of

Ophthalmology, 2014, 1-6.

 

Yu, M., Ma, H., Lei, M., Li, N., & Tan, F. (2014). In vitro/in vivo characterization of

nanoemulsion formulation of metronidazole with improved skin targeting and

anti-rosacea properties. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and

Biopharmaceutics, 88(1), 92-103.

 

Yunoki, S., Nagai, N., Suzuki, T., & Munekata, M. (2004). Novel biomaterial

fromreinforced salmon collagen gel prepared by fibril formation and crosslinking,

Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 98, 40-47.

 

Yunoki, S., Suzuki, T., & Takai, M. (2003). Stabilization of low denaturation

temperature collagen from fish by physical cross-linking methods. Journal of

Bioscience and Bioengineering, 96, 575–577.

 

Zague, V. (2008). A new view concerning the effects of collagen hydrolysate intake

on skin properties. Archives of Dermatological Research, 300(9), 479-483.

 

Zainol, I., Alwi, N. M., Abidin, M. Z., Haniza, H. M. Z., Ahmad, M. S., & Ramli, A.

(2012). Physicochemical properties of hydroxyapatite extracted from fish scales.

Advanced Materials Research, 545, 235-239.

 

Zainol, I., Aziz, H. H. A., & Ahmad, M. S. (2011). Malaysian Patent Pending,

PI2011004316. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Intellectual Property Corporation of

Malaysia (MyIPO).

 

Zapata, A. M. O., Barona, S. R., & Gomez, G. I. G. (2015). Rheological

characterization and stability study of an emulsion made with a dairy by-product

enriched with omega-3 fatty acids. Brazilian Journal of Food Technology, 8(1),

23-30.

 

Zavareze, E. R., Silva, C. M., Mellado, M. S., & Prentice-Hernández, C. (2009).

Functionality of bluewing searobin (Prionotus punctatus) protein hydrolysates

obtained from different microbial proteases. Química Nova, 32(7), 1739-1743.

 

Zhai, H., Dika, E., Goldovsky, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2007). Tape-stripping method in

man: comparison of evaporimetric methods. Skin Research and Technology, 13,

207–210.

 

Zhang, F., Ren, L., Lin, H., Yin, M., Tong, Y., & Shi, G. (2012). The optimal dose of

recombinant human osteogenic protein-1 enhances differentiation of mouse

osteoblast-like cells: An in vitro study. Archives of Oral Biology, 57, 460−468.

 

Zhang, F., Wang, A., Li, Z., He, S., & Shao, L. (2011). Preparation and

characterization of collagen from freshwater fish scales. Food and Nutrition

Sciences, 2, 818-823.

 

Zhang, J., Duan, R., Ye, C., & Konno, K. (2010). Isolation and characterization of

collagens from scale of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix). Journal of

Food Biochemistry, 34, 1343–1354.

 

Zhang, J., Jeevithan, E., Bao, B., Wang, S., Gao, K., Zhang, C., & Wu, W. (2016).

Structural characterization, in-vivo acute systemic toxicity assessment and invitro

intestinal absorption properties of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) skin acid

and pepsin solublilized type I collagen. Process Biochemistry, 51, 2017-2025.

 

Zhang, Z., Li, G., & Shi, B. (2005). Physicochemical properties of collagen, gelatin

and collagen hydrolysate derived from bovine limed split wastes. Journal of The

Society of Leather Technologists and Chemists, 90, 23-28.

 

Zhang, Z. [Zhaofeng], Wang, J., Ding, Y., Dai, X., & Li, Y. (2011). Oral

administration of marine collagen peptides from Chum Salmon skin enhances

cutaneous wound healing and angiogenesis in rats. Journal of Sciences Food

Agriculture, 91(12), 2173-2179.

 

Zhao, S., Yu, Y., Ma, S., & Liu, J. (2013). An enzymolysis-based extraction method

to obtain collagen from wood frog skin and their antioxidant activities. IACSIT

Press, Singapore: 4th International Conference on Food Engineering and

Biotechnology, 50(29), 142-145. doi: 10.7763/IPCBEE.

 

Zhong, M., Chen, T., Hu, C., & Ren, C. (2015). Isolation and characterization of

collagen from the body wall of sea Cucumber Stichopus monotuberculatus.

Journal of Food Science, C1-C9. doi: 10.1111/1750-3841.12826.

 

Zhou, P., & Regenstein, J. M. (2004). Optimization of extraction conditions for

Pollock skin gelatin. Journal of Food Science, 69, 393-398.

 

Zhou, P., & Regenstein, J. M. (2005). Effects of alkaline and acid pre-treatments on

Alaska pollock skin gelatin extraction. Journal Food Science, 70, C392-C396.

 

Zubia, M., Malik, A., Haider, M. S., Tarar, O. M., Zehra, L., Rehman, H. U., Jamil,

N., Din, N., Razzaq, W., Nazeer, N., & Jahangir, Q. (2015). Evaluation of crude

protein and amino acid contents in the scales of blue Tilapia, Oreochromis

aureus from Pakistan. Global Veterinaria, 14, 603-607.

 


This material may be protected under Copyright Act which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials.
You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research.

Back to previous page

Installed and configured by Bahagian Automasi, Perpustakaan Tuanku Bainun, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
If you have enquiries with this repository, kindly contact us at pustakasys@upsi.edu.my or Whatsapp +60163630263 (Office hours only)