UPSI Digital Repository (UDRep)
Start | FAQ | About

QR Code Link :

Type :thesis
Subject :LB Theory and practice of education
Main Author :Sandy Jose
Title :Kepimpinan distributif dan komitmen organisasi dalam kalangan guru sekolah kebangsaan di Pitas, Sabah
Place of Production :Tanjong Malim
Publisher :Fakulti Pengurusan dan Ekonomi
Year of Publication :2019
Corporate Name :Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
PDF Guest :Click to view PDF file
PDF Full Text :Login required to access this item.

Abstract : Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
Kajian  ini  dijalankan  untuk  mengenal  pasti  tahap  kepimpinan  distributif  pentadbir sekolah,   tahap  komitmen  organisasi  guru  sekolah,  hubungan  antara  kepimpinan distributif  dan   komitmen  organisasi  dan  pengaruh  kepimpinan  distributif  terhadap komitmen  organisasi   sekolah  kebangsaan  daerah  Pitas,  Sabah.  Kajian  ini  adalah kajian kuantitatif dengan  menggunakan reka bentuk tinjauan bagi mengumpul data. Soal  selidik  yang  diguna  adalah   berdasarkan  Distributed  Leadership  Readiness Scale   (DLRS)   dan   Organizational   Commitment    Questionnaire   (OCQ).   Kaedah pensampelan  rawak  mudah  telah  digunakan  dan  seramai  234   orang  telah  dipilih sebagai  sampel.  Data  yang  dikumpul  dianalisis  dengan  menggunakan   statistik deskriptif   dan   inferens.   Dapatan   menunjukkan   bahawa   kepimpinan   distributif  pentadbir sekolah berada pada tahap yang tinggi (m=4.03; SP=0.50) dan komitmen organisasi dalam  kalangan guru pula berada pada tahap yang sederhana (m=3.53; SP=0.53).  Kajian  mendapati  wujud   hubungan  yang  signifikan  antara  kepimpinan distributif  dengan  komitmen  organisasi   [r(249)=0.469;  p

References

Abu, N.M.S. (2011). Distributed Leadership in Secondary Schools: Possibilities and Impediments  in  

Bangladesh.  The  Arts  Faculty  Journal.  Institute  of  Education and research, University of 

Dhaka.

 

Ali,  C.K.  (2014).  A  Quantitative  Study  of  the  Relationship  between  Distributed Leadership 

 and  Organizational  Citizenship  Behavior:  Perceptions  of  Turkish Primary  School  Teachers.  

Department  of  Educational  Sciences,  Faculty  of Letters,  Karabuk  University,  Karabuk,  

Turkey.  Published  by  Sciedu  Press. Journal of Curriculum and Teaching, 3(2). 69-78.

 

Allen, L. (2004).  From Votes to Dialogues: clarifying the  role of  teachers’ voices in school 

renewal. Phi Delta Kappan, 86(4). 318-321.

 

Allen, N.J. & Meyer, J.P. (1997). Commitment in The Workplace: Theory, Research and Application. 

United Kingdom: Sage Publication.

 

Allen,  N.J.  &  Meyer,  J.P.  (1990).  The  measurement  and  antecedents  of  affective, 

continuance   and   normative   commitment   to   the   organization.   Journal   of Occupational 

Psychology, 63. 1-18.

 

Allen,   N.J.   &   Meyer,   J.P.,   (1991).   A   Three   Component   Conceptualization   of 

Organizational Commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1(1). 61- 89.

 

Allen,  R.  (2003).  Building  school  culture  in  an  age  of  accountability.  Education Update, 

45(7). 1-8.

 

Anttila,   E.   (2014).   Components   of   Organizational   commitment.   University   of Tampere.

 

Arnold, K.A., Barling, K. & Kelloway, E.K.(2001). Transformational leadership or iron cage: Which 

predicts trust, commitment and team efficacy? Leadership. Organ. Dev. J. 22. 315-320.

 

Ashah,  S.,  Noraizan,  S.,  Shithra,  A.  &  Rohaida,  A.M.  (2010).  Kepimpinan  penentu 

kecemerlangan   sekolah.   Seminar   Nasional   Pengurusan   dan   Kepimpinan Pendidikan Ke-17, 

Institiut Aminuddin Baki, Kuala Lumpur.

 

Azhar,  H.,  Ramli,  B.,  Zaidatol,  A.L.P.  &  Soib,  A.  (2016).  Hubungan  antara  amalan 

kepimpinan  distributif  pengetua  dan  kepimpinan  guru  di  sekolah  menengah.

International Journal of Education and Training, 2(2). 1-13.

 

Aziz Shah, M.M.A., Malik, A.A.R. & Syed, S. (2014). Analisis statistik kesahan dan kebolehpercayaan 

 soal  selidik  Skala  Konsep  Kendiri  Multi  Dimensi  (SKKM). Jurnal Psikologi Malaysia, 28(1). 

12-35.

 

Azizi,  Y.  &  Nurfaizah,  A.M.  (2011).  Hubungan  antara  budaya  formal  sekolah  dan gaya  

pembelajaran  pelajar  dengan  pencapaian  akademik  pelajar  sekolah menengah. Journal Educational 

Psychology and Counseling, 2. 78-112.

 

Azizi, Y., Shahrin, H., Jamaludin, R., Yusof, B. & Abdul Rahim, H. (2007). Menguasai Penyelidikan 

Dalam Pendidikan. Kuala Lumpur: PTS Professional.

 

Backer,  A.B.  &  Leiter,  M.P.  (2010).  Work  Engagement.  A  Handbook  of  Essential Theory and 

Research. Hove: Psychology Press.

 

Baiza, R.D. (2011). Distributive leadership and student achievement: A case study.

Texas Tech University.

 

Bamburg,  J.  &  Andrews,  R.  (1990).  School  goals,  principals  and  achievement.

School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 2. 175-191.

 

Bandura, A. (1989). Social cognitive theory. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, Vol. 6. 1-60. Barnard,  C.I. 

 (1938).  The  Functions  of  the  executive.  Cambridge,  MA:  Harvard

University Press.

 

Baruch,   Y.   &   Holton,   B.C.   (2008).   Surveyresponse   rate   levels  and   trends   in 

organizational research. Human Relations, 61(8). 1139-1160.

 

Bass,  B.M.  &  Avolio,  B.J.  (Eds.)  (1994).  Improving  Organizational  Effectiveness through 

Transformational Leadership. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

 

Bass, B.M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expections. New York: The Free Press.

 

Bass, B.M., Avolio, B.J., Jung, D.I. & Berson, Y. (2003). Predicting unit performance by assessing 

transformational and transactional leadership. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(2). 207-218.

 

Beck,   N.M.   &   Wilson,   J.H.   (2000).   Development   of   effective   organizational 

commitment: A cross-sequental examination of change with tenure. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 

56. 114-136.

 

Becker,  H.S.  (1960).  Notes  on  the  concept  of  commitment.  American  Journal  of Sociology, 

66. 32-40.

 

Belhiah,  H.  (2007).  Toward  a  New  Conceptualization  of  Teacher  Leadership  in Moroccan 

School. Proceedings of the Mate 27?? Annual National Conference. Al Akhawayn University in Ifrane.

 

Bell, L., Bolan, R. & Cubillo, L. (2003). A systematic review of the impact of school headteachers 

and principals on student outcomes.

 

Bennett,  N.,  Wise,  C.,  Woods,  P.  &  Harvey,  J.A.  (2003).  Distributed  Leadership  A

Review of Literature. Nottingham: National College of School Leadership.

 

Blasé, J. & Balsé, J. (1999). Implementation of Shared Governance for Instructional Improvement:  

principals’  perspective.  Journal  of  Educational  Administration, 37(5). 476-500.

 

Blasé,  J.  &  Blasé,  J.  (1996).  Micropolitics  strategies  used  by  administrators  and 

teachers in instructional conferences. Albert Journal of Educational Research, 42(4). 345-360.

 

Blasé, J. & Blasé, J. (2001). Empowering Teachers: What Successful Principals Do. (2?? ed.). 

Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.

 

Blau, G. & Boal, K. (1987). Conceptualizing how job involvement and organizational commitment   

affect   turnover   and   absenteeism.   Academy   of   Management Review, 12(2). 288-300.

 

Bloom,  P.J.  (2000).  Circle  of  Influence:  Implementing  shared  decision  making  and 

participative management. Lake Forest, IL: New Horizons.

 

Bolden,  R.  (2011).  Distributed  leadership  in  organizations:  A  review  of  theory  and 

research international. Journal of Management Review, 13(3). 251-269.

 

Botha,  R.J.  &  Triegaardt,  P.K.  (2014).  Distributed  Leadership  Towards’  School Improvement: 

Case Study in South African School. University of South African. International Journal Educational 

Science, 7(2). 309-317.

 

Brislin,  R.  &  Chapman,  D.W.  (1970).  Back-translation  for  Cross-cultural  research.

Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1(3). 185-216.

 

Brislin,   R.W.,  Lonner,  W.J.  &  Thorndike,  E.M.   (1973).   Cross-cultural  research methods. 

New York, NY: Wiley.

 

Bruffee, K.A. (1999). Collaborative learning: Higher education, interdependence and the  authority  

of  knowledge.  Baltimore,  MD:  The  Johns  Hopkins  University Press.

 

Burgess  IX,  E.F.  (2011).  An  analysis  of  distributive  leadership  implementation  in 

schools. Walden University.

 

Chapman, C., Ainscow, M., Bragg, J., Gunter, H., Hull, J., Mongon, D., Muijs, D. & West, M. (2008). 

Emerging Patterns of School Leadership: current practice and future directions. Nottingham: 

National College for School Leadership.

 

Che Nidzam Che Ahmad, Kamisah Osman & Lilia Halim (2010). Hubungan ramalan persekitaran  

pembelajaran  makmal  sains  dengan  tahap  kepuasan  pelajar. Jurnal Pendidikan Malaysia, 35(2). 

19-30.

 

Chen, Y.H. (2007). Principals distributed leadership behaviours and their impact on student  

achievement  in  selected  elementary  school  in  Texas.  Texas  A&M University.

 

Chua Yan Piaw. (2011). Kaedah penyelidikan. Edisi kedua. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia:

Mc Graw-Hill (Malaysia).

 

Cohen, A. (2003). Multiple Commitments in the Workplace, an integrative Approach.

Mahvah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.

 

Colbeck, C. (1998). Merging in a seamless blend. How faculty integrate teaching and research. 

Journal of Higher Education, 69(6). 647-661.

 

Collie,  R.,  Shapka,  J.  &  Perry,  N.  (2011).  Prediciting  Teacher  Commitment:  The impact  

to  school  climate  and  social-emotional.  Psychology  in  the  school, 48(10).

 

Courpasson,   D.   (2000).   Managerial   Strategies   for   Domination:   power   in   soft 

bureaucracies. Organisation Studies, 51(1). 141-161.

 

Danielson,  C.  (2006).  Teacher  Leadership  that  Strengthens  Professional  Practice. 

Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development (ASCD). Alexandra, Virginia U.S.A.

 

De  Witte,  H.  (1999).  Job  insecurity  and  psychological  well-being:  Review  of  the 

literature  and  exploration  of  same  unresolved  issues.  European  Journal  of Work and 

Organizational Psychology, 8(2). 155-177.

 

De   Witte,   H.   (2005).   Job   insecurity:   review   of   the   international   literature   

on definitions,   prevalence,   antecedents   and   consequences.   SA   Journal   of Industrial 

Psychology, 31(4). 1-6.

 

Denscombe,  M.  (2010).  The  good  research  guide  for  small-scale  social  research projects. 

4?? ed. Berkshire: Open University Press.

 

Drago-Severson,  E.  &  Pinto,  K.C.  (2006).  School  leadership  for  reducing  teacher 

isolation:  Drawing  from  the  well  of  human  resource.  International  Journal  in Education, 

9(2). 129-155.

 

Dude,  D.J.  (2012).  Organizational  commitment  of  principals:  The  effects  of  job autonomy,  

  empowerment    and    distributive    justice.    University    of    Iowa. Educational           

Administration           and           Supervision           Commons. http://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2863

 

Dufour,  R.  &  Eaker,  R.  (1998).  Professional  learning  communities  at  work:  Best practices 

  for   enhancing   student   achievement.   Bloomington,IN:   National Educational Service.

 

Dufour,   R.   (2005,   May).   Beyond   instructional  leadership:   The   learning-centerd 

principal.  Retrieved  January  10,  2010,  from  Association  of  Supervision  and Curriculum 

Development Web site: http://www.bridges4kids.org

 

Dunham, R.B., Grube, J.A. & Castaneda, M.B. (1994). Organizational commitment: The utility of an 

integrative definition. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79. 370- 380.

 

Elmore, R. (2000). Building a new structur for school leadership. The Albert Shanker Institute, 

Winter, 1-42.

 

Elmore, R. (2004). Agency, Reciprocity and Accountability in Democratic Education.

Pretoria, Ilern.

 

Enche,   M.,   Sallan,   J.M.,   Simo,   P.   &   Fernandez,   V.   (2013).   Organizational 

commitment  within  a  contemporary  career  context.  International  Journal  of Manpower, 34(8). 

880-898.

 

Engestrom, Y. (1999). Activity Theory and individual and social transformation. In Y. Engestrom, R. 

Miettinen & R. Punamaki (Eds.), Perspectives on activity theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University 

Press. 19-38.

 

Engestrom,  Y.  (2000).  Activity  theory  and  the  social  construction  of  knowledge:  A story 

of four umpires. Organization 7(2). 301-310.

 

English, H.J. (2014). Coevolution of distributed leadership: An examination of social structuring 

in a team. The George Washington University.

 

Etzioni,  A.  (1961).  A  comparative  analysis  of  complex  organizations.  Glencoe,  Il: Free 

Press.

 

Field, P.A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS: Introducing statistical method (3?? ed.). 

Singapore: SAGE Publication Asia Pacific Ltd.

 

Finegold, D., Mohrman, S. & Spreitzer, G.M. (2002). Age Effects on the Predistors of Technical  

Workers’  Commitment  and  Willingness  to  Turnover.   Journal  of Organizational Behavior, 23(5). 

655-674.

 

Forde,   C.,   McMohan,   M.   Mc   Phee,   A.D.   &   Patrick,   F.   (2006).   Professional 

Development, Reflection and Enquiry. London: Paul Chapman Publishing.

 

Foster,  R.  &  St.  Hilaire,  B.  (2004).  The  who,  how,  why  and  what  of  leadership  in 

secondary school improvement: Lessons learned in England. Albert Journal of Educational Research, 

50(4). 354-356.

 

Foster-Nelson, A. (2012). The role of distributive leadership in the implementation of program  

administration  scale  assessment  recommendations.  University  of Missouri-Columbia.

 

Fowler,  F.J.  (2009).  Survey  research  methods.  Los  Angeles.  Thousand  Oaks, California: SAGE 

Publication.

 

Frost,  R.  (2008).  Developing  Student  Participation,  Research  and  Leadership:  The HCD  

Student  Partnership.  School  Leadershipand  Management,  28(4).  353- 358.

 

Gall, M.D., Gall, J.P. & Borg, W.R. (2007). Educational Research. Boston: Person.

 

Gay, L. (2000). Educational Research: Competencies for analysis and application (5??

ed.). Englewood Cliff, NJ: Merril.

 

Gaynor,  A.  (1998).  Analyzing  problems in  school  and  school  system:  A  theoretical 

approach. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: Mahwah, New Jersey.

 

Getzels, J.W. & Guba, E.G. (1957). School behavior and the administrative process.

School Review, 65. 423-441.

 

Gliem, J.A. & Gliem, R.R. (2013). Calculating, Intrepreting and Reporting Cronbach’s Alpha  

Reliability Coefficient for Likert-Type  Scales.  Presented  at the  Midwest Research-toPractice    

Conference    in   Aldult,   Continuing    and   Community Education, The Ohio State University, 

Colimbus, OH, 8-10 Oktober 2013. 82- 88.

 

Goleman,  D.  (2002).  The  new  leaders:  Transforming  the  art  of  leadership  into science of 

result. London: Little Brown.

 

Gorard,  G.  (2005).  Current  Context  for  Research  in  Educational  Leadership  and Management. 

Educational Management Administration and Leadership, 33(2). 155-164.

 

Gordon,  Z.V.  (2005).  The  effect  of  distributed  leadership  on  student  achievement.

Centeral Connecticut State University,

 

Gould,  J.D.  (1979).  European  inter-continental  emigration:  Patterns  and  Causes.

Journal of European Economic History, 8(3). 593-679.

 

Greenhaus, J.H. (1971). An investigation of the role of career salience in vocational behavior. 

Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 1. 209-216.

 

Gronn,   P.   (2000).   Distributed   properties:   A   new   architecture   for   leadership. 

Educational management and administration: Journal of the British educational management and 

administration, 28(3). 317-338.

 

Gronn, P. (2002). Distributed leadership as a unit of analysis. Leadership Quarterly, 13. 423-451.

 

Gronn, P. (2003). The new work of educational leader: Changing leadership practice in an era of 

school reform. London: Paul Chapman Publishing.

 

Gronn, P. (2009). Leadership configuration. Leadership. 5(3). 381-391.

 

Gunter,  H.  &  Rayner,  S.  (2007).  Modernizing  the  School  Workforce  in  England: Challanging 

Transformation and Leadership. Leadership, 47(3). 47-64.

 

Gunter,  H.  (2007).  Remodelling  the  School  Workforce  in  England:  A  study  in Tyranny. 

Journal for Critical Education Policy Studies, 5(1). 1-11.

 

Guppy, N. & Gary, G. (2008). Successful surveys: Research methods and practice.

Thompson Neilson.

 

Hairuddin,  M.A.  &  Salisu,  A.Y.  (2015).  Distributed  Leadership  and  Empowerment Influence on 

Teachers Organization Commitment. MCSER Publishing, Rome- Italy. Academic Journal of 

Interdisciplinary Studies, 4(1). 73-84.

 

Hall,  K.  (1970).  An  r-dimensional  quadratic  placement  algorithm.  Management Science, 17(3). 

219-229.

 

Hall,  V.  (2001).  Management  Teams  in  Education:   An  unequal  music.  School Leadership and 

Management, 21(3). 327-341.

 

Hargeaves, A. & Fink, D. (2006). “Sustainable Leadership.’’ USA: Jossey-Bass

 

Harris,  A.  &  Spillane,  J.  (2008).  Distributed  leadership  through  the  looking  glass.

Management in Education, 22(1). 31-34.

 

Harris,  A.  (2002).  Distributed  leadership  in  school:  Leading  or  misleading?  (CV4 7AL).    

           Retrieved               January               26,               06               from 

http://www.shu.ac.uk/bemas/harris2002.html

 

Harris,  A.  (2004).  Teacher  leadership  and  distributed  leadership:  An  exploration of the 

literature. Leading and Managing, 10(2). 1-9.

 

Harris,   A.   (2005).   Leading   or   Misleading?   Distributed   Leadership   and   School 

Improvement. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 37(3). 255-265.

 

Harris,   A.   (2006).   Leading   or   misleading?   Distributed   leadership   and   school 

improvement. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 37(3). 255-265.

 

Harris, A. (2009). Distributed leadership: What we know. Dordrecht: Springer. Hartely, D. (2007). 

The emergence of distributed leadership in education: Why now?

British Journal of Educational Studies, 55(2). 202-214.

 

Hatcher,  R.  (2005).  The  Distribution  of  Leadership  and  Power  in  Schools.  British Journal 

of Sociology of Education, 26(2). 253-267.

 

Hayward,   Q.,   Goss,   M.   &   Tolmay,   R.   (2004).    The   relationship   between 

transformational   and   transactional   leadership   and   employee   commitment. Grahamstown: 

Rhodes University. Business Report.

 

Heck,   R.H.   &   Hallinger,   P.   (2005).   The   study   of   educational   leadership   and 

management:  Where  does  the  field  stand  today?  Educational  Management Administration 

Leadership, 33. 229-244.

 

Heery, E. & Noon, M. (2001). A Dictionary of Human Resource Management. Oxford: Oxford University 

Press.

 

Heikka,  J.,  Waniganayake,  M.  &  Hujala,  E.   (2012).  Contextualizing  distributed leadership 

within early childhood education: Current understandings, research evidence and future challenges. 

Educational Management Administration and Leadership, 41(1). 30-44.

 

Hrebiniak,  L.G.  &  Alutto,  J.A.  (1972).  Personal  and  role-related  factors  in  the 

development  of organizational commitment.  Administrative Science  Quarterly, 17(4). 555-573. 

http://www.sajournalofeducation.co.za

 

Hulpia, H., Devos, G. & Rosseel, Y. (2009). Development and validation of scores on the    

distributed    leadership    inventory.    Educational    and    Psychological Measurement, 69(5). 

1013-1034.

 

Hulpia, H., Devos, G. & Van Keer, H. (2010). The influence of distributed leadership on  

organizational  commitment:  A  multilevel  approach.  Journal  of  Educational Research, 103(1). 

40-52.

 

Hulpia,  H.,  Devos,  G.  &  Van  Keer,  H.  (2011).  The  Relation  Between  School

uted  Perspective  and  Teachers’  Organizational Commitment:  Examining  the  Source  of  the  Leadership  Function.  Educational

Administration Quarterly, 47(5). 728-771.

 

Humphreys, E. (2010). Distributed leadership and it impact on teaching and learning.

NUI Maynooth.

 

Ishak, M.S. (2008). Kesan Kepimpinan Pengetua dan Angkubah Moderator terhadap Kepuasan Kerja Guru 

dan Komitmen Guru. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.

 

Jackson, D. (2004). Distributed Leadership: Spaces between the pebbles in the jar. 

http://www.ncsl.org.uk

 

Jacobs, G.E. (2010). The relationship between distributed leadership as practiced by principals  

and  the  organizational  commitment  of  teacher.  Georgia  Southern University.

 

Jaimes   I.J.   (2009).   Distributed   leadership   practices   in   schools:   Effect   on   the 

development  of  teacher  leadership  a  case  study.  University  of  Southern California.

 

Jamalulail,  A.W.,  Aida  Hanim,  A.H.,  Suriati,  Z.  &  Md  Fuad,  M.R.  (2013).  The 

relationship   between   headteacher’s   distributed   leadership   practices   and teachers’ 

motivation in national primary school. Asian school, 9(16).

 

Janary, L. & Shukri, Z. (2016). Pengaruh amalan kepimpinan berstruktur, efikasi guru dan 

norma-norma budaya terhadap keprihatinan guru sekolah kebangsaan di Sarawak. Malaysian Journal of 

Sciences and Humanities, 1(3). 152-183.

 

Johnson, B. & Turner, L.A. (Eds.) (2003). Data collection strategies in mixed methods research.  

Handbook  of  Mixed  Methods  in  Social  &  Behavioral  Research. California: Sge Publication, 

Inc.

 

Kamaruzaman   Kamarudin   (2007).   Tekanan   kerja   di   kalangan   guru   sekolah menengah. 

Jurnal Kemanusian, 10. 104-118.

 

Kamus Dewan (2015). Edisi Kelima. Dewan Bahasa Dan Pustaka.

 

Kanter,  R.M.  (1968).  Commitment  and  social  organization:  A  study of  commitment mechanism  

in  Utopian  communities.  American  Sociological  Review,  33(4). 499-517.

 

Katzenmeyer, M. & Moller, G. (1996). Awakening the sleeping giant. Corwin Press: Thousand Oaks, 

California.

 

Kelman, H.C. (1958). Compliance, identification, internalization: Three processes of attitude 

change. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 2. 51-60.

 

Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia (2012). Pelan Pembangunan Pendidikan Malaysia 2013-2025. 

Puterajaya: KPM.

 

Kent,    A.    &    Chelladrul,    P.    (2001).    Perceived    transformational    leadership, 

organizational   commitment   and   citizenship   behaviour:   A   case   study   in

ournal Sport Management, 15(2). 135-159.

 

Ko,  J.-W.  (1996).  Asseeements  of  Meyer  and  Allen’s  three-componen  model  of organizational 

 commitment  in  South  Korea.  The  University  of  Iowa,  United States. ProQuest 

DissertationsThesis (PQDT) database.

 

Ko,  J.-W.,  Price,  J.L.  &  Mueller,  C.W.  (1997).  Assessment  of  Meyer  and  Allen’s 

three-component model of organizational commitment in South Korea. Journal of Applied Psychology, 

82(6). 961-973. Doi:10.1037/0021-9010.82.6.961

 

Krejcie,  R.  V  dan  Morgan,  D  (1970).  Determining  Sample  Size  for  Research educational and 

Psychological Measurement. 30. 607-610.

 

Lambert, L. (2003). Leadership capacity for lasting school improvement. 1?? Edition.

Alexandra, VI: Association for supervision and Curriculum Development.

 

Lambert,   L.   (2003).   Leadership   redefined:   An   Evocative   context   for   teacher 

leadership. School leadership and management, 23(4). 421-430.

 

Law,  K.P.  &  Law,  K.  K.  (2011).  Hubungan  antara  tahap  komitmen  guru  terhadap organisasi 

dengan gaya kepimpinan Guru Besar SRJK(C). Voice of Academia, 6(2). 161-180.

 

Lay,  Y.F.  &  Khoo,  C.H.  (2009).  Pengenalan  kepada  analisis  data  berkomputer dengan SPSS 

16.0 for windows. Cetakan pertama. Venton Publishing (M) Sdn. Bhd.

 

Lee, J. (2004). Effects of leadership and leader-member exchange on commitment.

Leadership Organizational Development Journal, 26. 655-672.

 

Lee, K., Allen, N.J., Meyer, J.P. & Rhee, K.Y. (2001). Cross-cultural generalizability of  the  

Three-Component  Model of  organizational commitment:  An  application to South Korea. Applied 

Psychology: An International Review, 50. 596-614.

 

Lee,  K.,  Allen,  N.J.,  Meyer,  J.P.  &  Rhee,  K-Y.  (2001).  The  effect  of  distributed 

leadership on student achievement. Centeral Connecticut State University.

 

Leithwood,  K.  &  Jantzi,  D.  (2000)  Transformational  leadership:  How  principals can help 

reform school cultures. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 1. 249-280.

 

Leithwood,  K.  &   Mascall,   B.   (2008).   Collective   Leadership  effects  on   student 

achievement. Educational Administrative Quarterly, 44(4). 529-561.

 

Leithwood,  K.,  Day,  C.,  Sammons,  P.  &  Harris,  A.  (2006).   Successful  school leadership: 

What  it  is and  how  it  influences pupil  learning.  Nottingham:  DfES Publications.

 

Leithwood,  K.,  Louis,  K.S.,  Anderson,  S.  &  Wahlstrom,  K.  (2004).   Review  of research:    

How    leadership    influences    student    learning.   Learning    from Leadership    Project.   

 Center    for    Applied    Research    and    Educational Improvement,   University   of   

Minnesota.   Ontario   Institute   for   Studies   in

oronto. Commissioned by The Wallace Foundation.

 

Leithwood,  K.,  Louis,  K.S.,  Anderson,  S.,  Wahlstrom,  K.  &  Mascall,  B.  (2010). Learning 

from leadership: Investigating the links to improved student learning. New York, NY: The Wallace 

Foundation.

 

Levacic, R. (2005). Educational leadership as a causal factor: Methodological issues in research on 

leadership effects. Educational Management Administration and Leadership, 33(2). 197-210.

 

Liang,  J.G.  &  Sandmann,  L.  (2015).  Leadership  for  Communirty  Engagement  –  A Distributed  

Leadership  Perspective.  University  of  Georgia.  Journal  of  Higher Education Outreach and 

Engagement, 19(1). 35-64.

 

Lo,  M.C.,  Ramayah,  T.  &  Min,  H.W.  (2009).  Leadership  style  and  organizational 

commitment: A test on Malaysia manufacturing industry. Full Length Research Paper. African Journal 

of Marketing Management, 1(6). 133-139.

 

Loke, J.C.F. (2001). Leadership behaviours: Effects on job satisfaction, productivity and 

organizational commitment. Journal of Nursing Management, 9. 191-204.

 

Lowe,  G.  (1999).  Human  behavior  in  the  social  environment:  A  social  systems approach. 

Aldine De Gruyter: New York.

 

Lucia,  R.  (2004).   Distributed  leadership:  An  exploratory  study.  Florida  Atlantic 

University.

 

Lunenburg, F.C. & Ornstein, A.C. (2004). Educational Administration: Concepts and practices (4?? 

ed.). Belmont, California: Thomson Wadsworth.

 

Lydon, S. & King, C. (2009). Can a single, short continuing professional development workshop  

cause  change  in  the  classroom?   Professional  Development  in Education, 35(1). 63-82.

 

MacBeath,   J.  (2005).  Leadership   as  distributed:   A   matter  of   practice.   School 

Leadership and Management, 25(4). 349-366.

 

MacBeath, J., Odouro, G. & Waterhouse, J. (2004). Distributed Leadership in Action: A  study  of  

Current  Practice  in  Schools,  Distributed  Leadership,  Booklet  3.2. Nottingham National 

College for School Leadership (NCSL).

 

Malloy, J.P. (2012). Effects of distributed leadership on teachers’ academic optimism and student 

achievement. University of Toronto.

 

Manetje,  O.  &  Martins,  N.  (2009).  The  relationship  between  organisational  culture and  

organisational commitment.  Southern  Africa Business Review,  13(1). 87- 111.

 

March,   S.   &   Simon,   G.   (1958).   Differentiating   antecedents   of   organizational 

commitment. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 19(1). 5-28.

 

Mareena,  M.,  Norhasni,  Z.A.,  Ismi,  A.I.  &  Azizan,  A.  (2011).  Tinjauan  Hubungan

Gaya Kepimpinan dengan Komitmen Organisasi. Eksplorasi, 6(1). 17-28.

 

Markovits,  Y.,  Boer,  D.  &  van  Dick,  R.  (2013). Economic  crisis and  the  employee: The 

effects of economic crisis on employee job satisfaction, commitment and self-regulation. European 

Management Journal. In Press.

 

Marsh,  R.M.  &  Mannari,  H.  (1977).  Organizational  commitment  and  turnover.  A prediction 

study. Administrative Science Quarterly, 22. 57-67.

 

Marshall,  I.A.  (2015).  Principal  Leadership  and  Teacher  Commitment  among  a Sample of 

Secondary School Teacher in Barbados. School of Education, The University of  the West Indies,  

Cave  Hill Campus,  Barbados.  The Art  Journal, 4(5). 45-58.

 

Maslow,  A.H.  (1970).  Motivation  and  Personality,  Third  Edition.  Addison  Wesley Longman. 

Inc.

 

Mathieu,  J.E.  &  Zajac,  D.M.  (1990).  A  review  and  meta-analysis  of  antecedents, 

correlates  and  consequences  of  organizational  commitment.  Psychological Bulettin, 108. 

71-194.

 

Mayrowetz, D. (2008). Making sense of distributed leadership: Exploring the multiple usages of the 

concept in the field. Educational Administration Quartely, 44(3). 424-435.

 

McDonald,  D.J.  &  Makin,  P.J.  (2000).  The  psychological  contract,  organizational commitment 

   and    job    satisfaction    of    temporary    staff,    leadership    & organizational. 

Development Journal, 21. 84-91.

 

McGee,  G.M.  &  Ford,  R.C.  (1987).  Two  (or  more?)  dimensions  of  organizational commitment: 

Re-examination of the affective and continuance scale. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74. 424-432.

 

Mehmet,  K.  (2007).  The  effects  of  leadership  style  on  organizational  health.  Gazi 

University, Turkey. Educational Research Quarterly, 30(3). 23-55.

 

Meng  Tian  (2011).  Distributed  Leadership  and  Teachers’  Self-efficacy:  The  Case Studies of 

Three Chinese School in Shanghai. University of Jyvaskyla.

 

Meyer,  J.P.  &  Allen,  N.J.  (1984).  Testing  the  side  bet  theory  of  organizational 

commitment:    Some    methodological    considerations.    Journal    of    Applied Psychology, 

69. 372-378.

 

Meyer,   J.P.   &   Allen,   N.J.   (1991).   A   three-component   conceptualization   of 

organizational commitment.  Human  Resource  Management  Review, 1(1). 61- 89.

 

Meyer, J.P. & Allen, N.J. (1997). Commitment in the workplace, theory, research and application. 

California: Sage.

 

Meyer,   J.P.  &  Allen,   N.J.   (1997).   Cross-cultural  generalizability  of   the   Three- 

Component  Model  of  organizational  commitment:  An  application  to  South Korea. Applied 

Psychology: An International Review, 50. 596-614.

 

Meyer,  J.P.  &  Herscovitch,  L.  (2001).  Commitment  in  the  workplace:  toward  a

general model. Human Resource Management Review, 11. 299-326.

 

Meyer,  J.P.  (2009).  Commitment  in  a  changing  world  of  work.  In  H.J.  Klein,  T.E. Becker 

& J.P. Meyer (Eds.), SIOP organizational frontiers series. Commitment in organizations: Accumulated 

wisdom and new directions. New York, NY, US: Routlege/Taylor and Francis Group, 37-68.

 

Meyer,  J.P.,  Allen,  N.J.  &  Smith,  C.A.  (1993).  Commitment  to  organizations  and 

occupations:   Extension   and   test   of   a   three-component   conceptualization. Journal of 

Applied Psychology, 78(4). 538-551.

 

Meyer,  J.P.,  Stanley,  D.J.,  Herscovitch,  L.,  &  Topolnytsky,  L.  (2002).  Affective, 

continuance and normative commitment to the organization: A meta-analysis of antecedents, 

correlates and consequence. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 61. 20-52.

 

Meyer, J.P., Stanley, D.J., Jackson, T.A., McInnis, K.J., Maltin, E.R. & Sheppard, L. (2012).   

Affective,   normative   and   continuance   commitment   levels   across cultures: A 

meta-analysis. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80(2). 225-245.

 

Mguqulwa, N. (2008). The relationship between organisational commitment and work performance in an 

agricultural company.University of South Africa.

 

Mirels,  H.L.  &  Garret,  J.B.  (1977).  The  Protestant  ethic  as  a  personality  variable.

Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 36. 40-44.

 

Mohamad  Majid  Konting  (2000).  Kaedah  Penyelidikan  Pendidikan.  Kuala  Lumpur.

Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.

 

Mohamad Najib Abdul Ghafar (1999). Penyelidikan Pendidikan. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Skudai.

 

Mohamad Najib Abdul Ghafar (2003). Reka Bentuk Tinjauan Soal Selidik Pendidikan.

Skudai: Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.

 

Mohd  Faiz,  M.Y.,  Hamidah,  Y.  &  Jamal,  N.Y.  (2016).  Model  pengukuran  budaya sekolah:   

Kajian   di   sekolah   kebangsaan   di   Malaysia.   Jurnal   Kepimpinan Pendidikan, 3(4). 58-71.

 

Mohd  Majid,  K.  (1998).  Education  Research  Methodology.  Kuala  Lumpur:  Dewan Bahasa dan 

Pustaka, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

 

Morrow,  P.C.  (1983).  Concept  redundancy in  organizational research:  The  case of work 

commitment. Academy of Management Review, 8(3). 486-500.

 

Morrow, P.C. (1993). The theory and measurement of work commitment. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

 

Moslem,  M.H.,  Hassan,  R.Z.  &  Mostafa,  A.S.  (2013).  The  Study  of  Relationship between 

Distributed Leadership and Principals’ Self-Efficacy in High School of Iran. International Journal 

of Learning and Development, 3(2). 92-100.

 

Mowday,   R.T.,   Steers,   R.M.   &   Porter,   L.W.   (1979).   The   measurement   of

organizational commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 14. 224-247.

 

Moyo, A. (2010). The perceptions of heads, middle leaders and classroom teachers about the effects 

of distributed leadership on teaching and learning. A study in selected school in the west midlands 

of England. University of Birmingham.

 

Muijs, D. & Harris, A. (2007). Teacher leadership in (In) action: Three case studies of contrasting 

 schools.  Educational  Management  Administration  &  Leadership, 35(1). 111-134.

 

Murphy,   J.   (2005).   Connecting   Teacher   Leadership   and   School   Improvement.

Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.

 

Mutter,  D.  (2003). An  inquiry of distributed leadership  in Virginia:  From reliance on self  to 

 reliance  on  collective  strength.  Commonwealth  Educational  Policy Institute.

 

Naser,  S.  (2007).  Exploring  Organizational  Commitment  and  Leadership  Frames within  Indian  

and  Iranian  Higher  Education  Institutions.  Bulletin  of  Education and Research, 29(1). 17-32.

 

Neuman,  M  &  Simmons,  W.  (2000).  Leadership  for  student  learning.  Phi  Delta Kappa, 82(1). 

9-12.

 

Neuman, M (2000). Leadership for student learning. Phi Delta Kappan, 82(1). 9-13.

 

Nguyen,   T.L.H.   (2013).   Barriers   to   and   facilitators   of   female   Deans’   career 

advancement  in  higher  education:  an  exploratory  study  in  Vietnam.  Higher Education, 66. 

123-138.

 

Nichols, W.  (2014).  Building  leadership  capacity for  instructional  improvement  with 

elementary school formal teacher leaders: Closing the knowing and doing gap. The George Washington 

University.

 

Noble,   D.   (2005).   Distributed   leadership   in   schools:   Conditions   for   success.

Dominican University of California, paper 132.

 

Noraini  Idris.  (2010).  Penyelidikan  dalam  pendidikan.  Kuala  Lumpur,  Malaysia: McGraw-Hill 

(Malaysia).

 

Norashimah,  I.,  Jamaliah,  A.H.,  Foo,  S.F.  &  Suhaidah,  A.K.  (2009).  Amalan  taktik 

sosialisasi pengetua baru: Satu kajian kes di Pulau Pinang. Jurnal Pendidikan Malaysia, 34(2). 

93-109.

 

Nurulaim, A.Z. & Suhaida, A.K. (2013). Komitmen guru terhadap sekolah menengah di   daerah   

Kangar,   Perlis.   Seminar   Pasca   Siswazah   dalam   Pendidikan, Universiti Putra Malaysia.

 

O’Reilly,  C.  &  Chatman,  J.  (1986).  Organizational  commitment  and  psychological attachment: 

The effects of compliance, identification and internalization on pro- social behavior. American 

Psychological Association, 71(3). 492-499.

 

Oduro,  G.K.  (2004).  Distributed  leadership  in  schools:  What  English  headteachers

say about the ‘pull’ and ‘push’ factors.

 

Pai-Lu,  W.,  Hui-Ju,  W.  &  Pei-Chen,  W.  (2013).  Asian  Journal  of  Management

Sciences and Education, 2(1).

 

Pallant, J. (2007). SPSS Survival Manual: Step-by-step Guide to Data Analysis using SPSS version 

15. Third edition. Open University Press: McGraw-Hill (England).

 

Patchen,  M.  (1970).  Participation,  achievement  and  involvement  on  the  job.  UK: Academic 

Press.

 

Peng, L. (2013). Motivating Teachers’ Commitment to Change by Transformational School Leadership in 

Urban Upper Secondary School of Shenyang City, China. Ontario Institute for Studies in Education. 

University of Toronto.

 

Porter,  L.W.,  Steers,  R.M.,  Mowday,  R.T.  &  Boulian,  P.V.  (1974).  Organizational 

commitment,  job  satisfaction  and  turnover  among  psychiatric  technicians. Journal of Applied 

Psychology, 59. 603-609.

 

PricewaterhouseCoopers  (PwC)  (2007).  Independent  study  into  school  leadership: Main Report, 

Department for Education and Skill, London, England.

 

Rahmah   Yusak   (1997).   Pembinaan   Instrumen   Untuk   Mengukur   Kualiti   Dan Produktiviti 

Guru Dalam Profesion Keguruan. Universiti Utara Malaysia.

 

Ramli,  B.,  Norashikin,  A.B.  &  Foo,  S.F.  (2017).  Hubungan  kepimpinan  pengajaran pengetua   

dengan   pencapaian   akademik   pelajar.   International   Research Journal of Education and 

Sciences (IRJES), 1(1). 60-70.

 

Robinson, V.J. (2006). Putting education back into educational leadership.  Leading and Managing, 

12(1). 62-75.

 

Robinson,   V.J.   (2008).   Forging   the   links   between   distributed   leadership   and 

educational outcomes. Journal of School Administration, 46(2). 241-256.

 

Rohana Salam (2002).  Peranan pengetua  sebagai pemimpin pengajaran:  kajian  di sekolah di daerah 

Pontian, Johor. Bangi: Universiti Malaya.

 

Rosnarizah, A.H. & Hussein, A. (2015). Kepimpinan distributif, faktor kontekstual dan efikasi 

kendiri guru di Malaysia. Jurnal Kepimpinan Pendidikan, 2(1). 47-61.

 

Rosnow,  R.  &  Rosenthal,  R.  (1996).  Beginning  behavioural  research.  Englewood Cliffs: 

Prentice Hall.

 

Ruokolainen,  M.  (2011).  Do  Organizational  and  Job-Related  Factors  Relate  to Organization  

commitment?  A  Mixed  Methodology  Study  of  the  Associations. University of Jyvaskyla. 

Jyvaskyla Studies in Education, Psychology and Social Research.

 

Rylander,  D.H.  (2003).   Changes  in  organizational  commitment  for  sales  force newcomers: An 

exploratory look at early employment influences. Advances in Marketing-The  Proceedings  of  the  

Annual  Meeting  of  the  Association  of Collegiate Marketing Educator, 140-146.

 

Sabre, C. & Willow, B. (2013). Towards Distributed Leadership as Standards-Based

Practice in Brirish Columbia. Canadian Journal of Education, 36(3). 23-46.

 

Saifuddin,  K.A.  (2015).  Penilaian  kemahiran  kebolehdapatan  kerja  dalam  kalangan pelajar 

Diploma Kejuruteraan Politeknik. Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris.

 

Salahuddin,   A.N.M.   (2011).   Perception   of   effective   leadership   in   Bangladesh 

secondary   school:   Moving   towards   distributed   leadership?   University   of Canterbury.

 

Sekaran,  U.  &  Bougie,  R.  (2010).  Research  Methods  for  Business:  A  skill  building 

approach. United Kingdom: John willey & Sons Ltd.

 

Sergiovanni,  T.J.  (2001).   What’s  in  it  for  school?   Routledge  Falmer:  London, England.

 

Sergiovanni, T.J. (2007). Rethinking Leadership. A Collection of articles. 2?? Edition: Crowin 

Press.

 

Shahid,  A.  &  Azhar,  S.M.  (2013).  Gaining  Employee  Commitment:   Linking  to Organizational 

Effectiveness. Journal of Management Research, 5(1). 250-268.

 

Sheldon,  M.E.  (1971).  Investments  and  involvement  as  mechanisms  producing commitment to the 

organization. Administrative Science Quarterly, 16(2). 143- 150.

 

Shore,   L.M.   &   Waynes,   S.J.   (1993).   Commitment   and   employee   behavior: Comparison   

of   affective   commitment   and   continuance   commitment   with perceived  organizational  

support.  Journal  of  Applied  Psychology,  78(5).  774- 780. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.78.5.774

 

Singh, S. (2014). The impact of distributed leadership practices on the functioning of primary 

schools in Johannesburg South. University of South Africa.

 

Siti Alia Mahmood (2005). Faktor-faktor yang Mempengaruhi Penilaian Prestasi dan Kaitannya  

Terhadap Prestasi Kerja.  Fakulti Sains Kognitif  dan Pembangunan Manusia, UNIMAS, Sarawak.

 

Siva, R. & Khuan, W.B. (2012). Kerangka Teoritikal Pengaruh Kepimpinan Distributif Terhadap 

Komitmen Organisasi Dan Tekanan Kerja Dalam Organisasi Teknik dan Vokasional. Universiti Pendidikan 

Sultan Idris. Proceeding of 5?? UPSI-IPS Conference on Education 2012. Hotel Concorde, Shah Alam, 

Malaysia.

 

Siva,  R.  (2014).  Kepimpinan  distributif,  komitmen  organisasi  dan  tekanan  kerja  di Kolej 

Vokasional, Malaysia. Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris.

 

Siva, R., Khuan, W.B. & Khoo, Y.Y. (2013). Konsep dan perkembangan kepimpinan distributif.  Kertas  

kerja  dibentangkan  di  seminar  sehari  penyelidikan  FPE, anjuran Fakulti Pengurusan dan 

Ekonomi, Universiti Perguruan Sultan Idris, 23 Mac, Perak.

 

Siva,  R.,  Khuan,  W.B.  &  Khoo,  Y.Y.  (2014).  Refleksi  Tenaga  Pengajar  Terhadap Kepimpinan  

 Distributif  dan   Tekanan  Kerja  dalam  Pendidikan   Teknik  dan Vokasional. Universiti 

Perguruan Sultan Idris, Perak. Akademika, 84(1&2). 17-

27.

 

Smith, L.M.  (2007). Study of teacher engagement  in four dimensions of distributed

leadership   in   one   school   district   in   Georgia.    Electronic   Thesis   and 

Dissertations. Paper 282.

 

Smith, R.W., Ross, M. & Robichaux, R. (2004). Creation and validation of a measure of   leadership  

 density   in   elementary   and   middle   school.   The   Journal  of Research for Educational 

Leaders, 2(2). 79-111.

 

Somech,  A.  (2005).  Directive  versus  participative  leadership:  Two  complementary approaches  

 to   managing  school  effectiveness.   Educational  Administration Quarterly, 41. 777-800.

 

Spector, P.E. (1998). A control theory of the job stress process. In C.L. Cooper (Eds.) Theories of 

organizational stress. OxfordUniversity Press, 153-169.

 

Spillane,  J.P.  &  Sherer,  J.Z.  (2004,  April).  A  distributed  perspective  on  school 

leadership:  Leadership  practice  as  stretched  over  people  and  place.  Paper presented at the 

annual meeting of the American Education Association, San Diego, CA.

 

Spillane,  J.P.  (2004).  Distributed  leadership:  What’s  all  the  hoopla?  Evanston,  Il: 

Northwestern  University,  Institute  for  Policy  Research.  Retrieved  August  8, 2009

fromhttp://www.northwestern.edu/ipr/publications/papers/Spillane_DistribLead.

 

Spillane,  J.P.  (2005).  Distributed  leadership:  What’s  all  the  hoopla?  Institute  for 

Policy   Research   School   of   Education   and   Social   Policy   Northwestern University, 

1-10.

 

Spillane, J.P. (2006). Distributed Leadeship. San Francisco: John Wiley & Sons. 

 

Spillane,  J.P.,  Camburn,  E.M.,  Pustejovsky,  J.,  Pareja,  A.S.  &  Lewis,  G.  (2008).

Taking a distributed perspective: Epistemological and methodological tradeoffs

in    operationalizing    the    leaders-plus    aspect.    Journal    of    Educational 

Administration, 46(2). 189-213. doi: 10.1108/09578230810863262

 

Spillane, J.P., Diamond, J.B. & Jita, L. (2003). Leading instruction: The distribution of 

leadership for instruction. Journal of Curriculum studies, 35(5). 533-543.

 

Spillane, J.P., Halverson, R. & Diamond, J.B. (2001). Investigating school leadership practice: A 

distributed perspective. Educational Researcher, 3(11). 22-28.

 

Spillane, J.P., Halverson, R. & Diamond, J.B. (2004). Towards a theory of leadership: A distributed 

perspective. J. Curriculum Studies, 36(1). 3-34.

 

Spillane, J.P., Reiser, B.J. & Rimer, T. (2002). Policy implementation and cognition: reframing  

and  refocusing  implementation  research.  Review  of  Educational Research, 72(2). 387-431.

 

Squire-Kelly,  V.D.  (2012).  The  relationship  between  teacher  empowerment  and

student achievement. Electronic Thesis and Dissertations. Paper 406.

 

Steyrer, J., Schiffinger, M. & Lang, R. (2008). Organizational commitment-A missing link between 

leadership behaviour and organizational performance?  Scand. J. Mgmt. 24. 364-374.

 

Stoll,    L.    (2004).    Enhancing    internal    capacity:    Leadership    for    learning. 

http://www.ncsl.org.uk

 

Storey, A. (2004). The problem of distributed leadership in school. School leadership and 

management, 24(3). 249-265.

 

Suraiya,  R.N.  &  Raj,  M.  (2013).  Teacher’s  reflections  on  distributive  leadership  in 

public primary school in Soweto. South African Journal of Education, 33(2).

 

Talan,  T.  (2010).  Distributed  leadership:  Something  new  or  something  borrowed?

Exchange Magazine, 8-10.

 

Tan,  M.,  Takagi,  H.,  Ishida,  M.  &  Masuda,  K.  (1998).  A  study  of  antecedents  of 

organizational commitment. Japanese Psychological Research, 40. 198-205.

 

Tang, K.N. & Abdul Ghani, K.A. (2006). Budaya organisasi dan komitmen guru dalam pelaksanaan  

pengurusan  kualiti  menyeluruh  di  sekolah  menengah  zon  Bukit Mertajam. Jurnal Teknologi, 

16(E). 17-28.

 

Tannenbaum,  A.S.  (1961).  Control  and  effectiveness  in  a  voluntary  organization.

American Journal of Sociology, 67(1). 33-46.

 

Terrell, H.P. (2010). The relationship of the dimensions of   distributed leadership in elementary  

school  of  urban  districts  and  student  achievement.  The  George Washington University.

 

Thoendike,  E.L.  (1991).  Animal  Intelligence;  Experimental  studies.  New  York:  The Macmillan 

Company.

 

Tian, M. (2011). Distributed leadership and teachers’ self-efficacy: The case studies of three 

Chinese school in Shanghai. University of Jyvaskyla.

 

Trammell, J.M. (2016). The relationship between distributed leadership and teacher affective   

commitment   in   public   and   private   schools.   Carson-Newman University.

 

Walumbwa,    F.O.    &    Lawler,    J.J.    (2003).    Building    effective    organizations: 

transformational  leadership,  collectivist  orientation,  work-related  attitudes  and withdrawal 

behaviors in three emerging economies. Int. J. Hum. Res. Manage. 14. 1083-1101.

 

Wasti, S.A. & Can, O. (2008). Affective and normative commitment to organization, supervisor and 

coworkers: Do collectivist values matter? Journal of Vocational Behavior, 73(3). 404-413.

 

Water,  J.T.,  Marzano,  R.J.  &  McNulty,  B.  (2004).  Leadership  that  sparks  learning.

Educational Leadership, 61(7). 48-51.

 

West-Burnham    (2004).     Building    Leadership    Capacity-helping     leadersteam. 

ww.ncsl.org.uk

 

Wiener,  Y.  (1982).  Commitment  in  organizations.  A  normative  view.  Academy  of

Management Review. 7(3). 418-428.

 

Wiguna, I.D.G.E.C. (2015). Pengaruh gaya kepimpinan, komunikasi, pendidikan dan pelatihan  terhadap 

 kinerja  karyawan  pada  PT.  PLN  (Persero)  distribusi  Bali area Bali Selatan. E-Jurnal 

Manajemen Unud, 4(9). 2527-2543.

 

Williamson,  I.O.,  Burnett,  M.F.  &  Bartol,  K.M.  (2009).  The  interactive  effect  of 

collectivism    and     organizational     rewards    on     affective     organizational 

commitment. Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal, 16(1). 28- 43.

 

Willmott,  H.  (2003).  Organization  Theory  as  a  Critical  Science?  Forms  of  analysis and  

new  organization  forms.  The  Oxford  Handbook  of  Organization  Theory. Oxford: Oxford 

University Press. 88-112.

 

Woods,  P.A.  (2004).  Democratic  Leadership:  Drawing  distinctions  with  distributed 

leadership. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 7(1). 3-26.

 

Woods, P.A., Bennett, N., Harvey, J.A. & Wise, C. (2004). Variabilities and dualities in   

distributed   leadership:   Findings   from   a   systematic   literature   review. Educational 

Management Administration Leadership, 32. 439-457.

 

Wright, P.M., Gardner, T.M., Moynihan, L.M. & Allen, M.R. (2005). The relationship between   HR   

practices   and   firm   performance   examining   causal   order. Personnel psychology, 58(2). 

409-446.

 

Yaakob, D. & Yahya, D. (2012). Budaya sekolah, kepimpinan transformasional dan pencapaian akademik 

pelajar. Malaysian Journal of Learning and Instruction, 9. 111-139.

 

Yeh,  H.  (2012).  The  mediating  effect  of  organizational  commitment  on   leadership type   

and   job   performance.   The   Journal  of   Human   Resource   and   Adult Learning, 8(2). 

50-59.

 

Yousef, D.A. (2000). Organizational commitment: a mediator of the relationships of leadership  

behavior  with  job  satisfaction  and  performance  in  a  non-western country.   United   Arab   

Emirates   University,   United   Arab   Emirates.   MCB University Press. Journal of Managerial 

Psychology, 15(1). 6-28.

 

Yu, H., Leithwood, K. & Jantzi, D. (2002). The effects of transformational leadership on  teacher’s 

 commitment  to  change  in  Hong  Kong.  Journal  of  Educational Administration, 40(4). 368-389.

 

Yukl, G. (2006). Leadership in organizations. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. 

 

Yukl, G.A. (2002). Leadership in Organizations, 5?? edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ:

Prentice-Hall.

 

Yusof,  B.  &  Yahzanon,  T.  (2013).  Kepimpinan  tersebar  dan  hubungannya  dengan

tekanan dan komitmen kerja. Johor: Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.

 

Yusuf,  C.  (2010).  The  effects  of  servant  leadership  on  teachers’  organizational 

commitment in primary school in Turkey. International Journal of Leadershipin Education, 13(3). 

301-317.

 

Zoolaiha, A.R. (2015). Amalan kepimpinan distributif dalam kalangan pengetua dan hubungannya dengan 

kepuasan kerja guru di Selangor.  Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris.

 

Zuraidah,  J.M.Y.,  Yahya,  D.  &  Siti,  N.I.  (2014).  Kompetensi  Emosi  Pemangkin Keberkesanan  

Amalan   Kepimpinan   Guru.   Pusat   Pengajian   Pendidikan   & Bahasa Moden, Universiti Utara 

Malaysia. Jurnal Kepimpinan Pendidikan, 1(3).

 

Zuraidah,  J.M.Y.,  Yahya,  D.  &  Siti,  N.I.  (2016).  Pengaruh  kepimpinan  distributif terhadap 

  pengurusan   konflik   dalam   kalangan   pemimpin   sekolah.   Jurnal

Pendidikan Malaysia, 41(2). 165-171.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


This material may be protected under Copyright Act which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials.
You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research.

Back to previous page

Installed and configured by Bahagian Automasi, Perpustakaan Tuanku Bainun, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
If you have enquiries with this repository, kindly contact us at pustakasys@upsi.edu.my or Whatsapp +60163630263 (Office hours only)