UPSI Digital Repository (UDRep)
Start | FAQ | About

QR Code Link :

Type :thesis
Subject :LB Theory and practice of education
Main Author :Julinamary A. Parnabas
Title :Effects of schemata in enhancing critical thinking during problem based learning task
Place of Production :Tanjong Malim
Publisher :Fakulti Bahasa dan Komunikasi
Year of Publication :2008
Corporate Name :Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
PDF Guest :Click to view PDF file
PDF Full Text :Login required to access this item.

Abstract : Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
This study investigates the effects of schemata in enhancing critical thinking skills during Problem based learning task. This is because many educated students are not capable to "think out of the box". In addition, they are also not able to use their critical thinking in writing and speaking. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate whether ESL learners' content schemata and formal schemata enhance their critical thinking skills such as identifying problems, causes, effects and suggesting solutions during Problem based learning. Purposive sampling was conducted on a group of 6 respondents from Form 2 in a rural secondary school, in Perak. This research is an ethnographic research using the Vignettes technique. Hence, the research instruments include the interview, writing task, and reading comprehension test. Data was analyzed using constant comparison method. The findings of this research revealed that, both content schemata and formal schemata enhanced ESL learners' critical thinking during Problem based learning task. Thus, both content schemata and formal is a necessary skill to enhance students' critical thinking during Problem based learning task.

References

Ashman, A.F. & Conway, RN.F. (1997). An Introduction to Cognitive Education-

Theory andApplication. Routledge, London.

 

Atkinson, RK, Renkl, A. & Merrill.M.M (2003). "Transitioning From Studying

Examples to Solving Problems: Effects ofSelf-Explanation Prompts and Fading

Worked-Out Steps". Journal of Education Psychology Vol. 95. No 4.p 774-783.

 

Baron, J.B. & Stenberg, RJ. (1987). "Evaluating Thinking Skills in the Classroom ", in

 

Baron J.B & Sternberg, RJ (Ed.). "Teaching Thinking Skills: Theory and

Practice ". New York, WH Freeman and Company.

 

Borg, W.R & Gall, M.D. (1989). "Educational Research- An Introduction -

Fifth Edition ". Longman, New York.

 

Brewer, J.D. (2000). "Ethnography". Open University Press. Buckingham, Great

Britain.

 

Burns, C. & Myhill, D. (2004). "Interactive or inactive? A consideration ofthe nature of

interaction in whole class teaching". Cambridge Journal of Education, Vo1.34,

No.1, March. Carfax Publishing, London.

 

"Chikungunya Disease Kills 96 in India's Kerala State ". June 2007. Khaleej Times.

 

Clouston, T.J & Whitcombe, S.W. (2005). "An Emerging Person Centered Modelfor

Problem based learning". Journal of Further and Higher Education, Vol. 29, No.

3. Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, UK. p 265-275.

 

Costa, A.L. & Beyer, B.K. (1997). "Improving Student Thinking - A Comprehensive

Approach". United States of America

 

"Cyber suicide in America ". March 25, 2007. New Sunday Times.

 

Dashwood, A. (2005). Alternatives to Questioning: Teacher Role in Classroom

Discussion. Centre for Language Learning and Teaching. The University of

Southern Queensland, Australia.

 

"Fire Down Below". May 2004. Reader's Digest.

 

Fowler, H.W , Fowler, F.G. & Thompson, D. (Ed.). (2000). "The Concise Oxford

Dictionary" (9th ed.,). USA, Clarendon Press Oxford.

 

Fraenkel, J.R & Wallen, N.E. (2000). "How to Design & Evaluate Research in

Education - Fourth Edition". United States of America.

 

Fuchs, S. Fuchs, D. Finelli, R Courey, S,J. & Hamlett, C.L. (2004). "Expanding Schema

Based Transfer Instruction to Help Third Graders Solve Real- Life

Mathematical Problems". American Educational Research Journal, Vol. 41. No.2.

p.419-445.

 

Gagne, RM. (1985). "The Conditions ofLearning and Theory ofInstruction -Fourth

Edition". CBS College Publishing.

 

Gibbons, P. (2001). "Mediating Language Learning: Teacher Interactions with ESL

Students in a Content-Based Classroom". TESOL Quarterly, VoU

 

Hughes, R & Huby, M. (2002). "The Application of Vignettes in Social and Nursing

Research". Journal of Advanced Nursing, 37:382-386.

 

"Iceberg melting in North Pole". April 16, 2007.Edition.Newsweek.p 65.

 

Kadir Dikoh & Mohd. Feroz Abu Bakar. (2007, Jan 17). "Berfikir diluar Kotak: Perdana

Menteri". Berita Harian. p 1.

 

Kincheloe, J. L. & Weil, D. (2004). "Critical Thinking and Learning- An encyclopedia

for Parents and Teachers". Greenwood Press, London.

 

Lambros, A. (2002). Problem Based Learning in K-8 Classrooms -  a Teacher's Guide to 

Implementation. Corwin Press, California.

 

 

Lazaridou,   A.  (2006).   "How   Effective   Principals   Think  While  Solving   Problems". A  

refereed  Academic  Journal,  Volume  10,  Number  15.  University  of  Calgary Press. Canada

 

 

Lefrancois, G. (2006). "Theories of Human Learning- what the old woman said", 5?? (Ed). USA, 

Thomson Wadsworth.

 

 

"Locusts Still Swarming in Africa". October 17, 2004. Planet Diary- Earth's Journal.USA

 

 

Mariam  Mohamed  Nor.  (2002). "Resource  Book  For  TESL  Methodology".  University Pendidikan 

Sultan Idris, Tanjung Malim.

 

 

Mariam  Mohamed  Nor.  (2003a).  "Teaching  of  Reading  and  Writing  -   Module  One (Reading)". 

University Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjung Malim.

 

 

Mariam  Mohamed  Nor.  (2003b).  "Teaching  of  Reading  and  Writing  -   Module  Two (Writing)". 

University Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjung Malim.

 

 

Mariam Mohamed Nor. (2005). "Thinking skills and Techniques to enhance ESL students' Reading and 

Writing", in Sali Zaliha Mustafa (Ed.), English Language Journal, Vol. 1, University Pendidikan 

Sultan Idris, Tanjung Malim. p 25-38.

 

 

Mariam Mohamed Nor & Abdul Halim Ibrahim. (2007). "The Basic Student's Guide To Qualitative 

Research". University Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Perak.

 

Mariam Mohamed Nor & Abdul Halim Ibrahim. (2008). "Conducting Basic Research - Student's Guide To 

Quantitative and Qualitative Research". University Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Perak.

 

 

Mariam  Mohamed  Nor  & Rahmad  Suk.or  Ab.Samad.  (2006). "TESL  Methodology  -   A Teacher's 

Handbook". University of Malay Press, Kuala Lumpur.

 

Mariko  Eguchi   &  Keiichi   Eguchi.  (2006).   "The   Limited  Effect  of  Problem   Based 

Learning among the ESL Learners". Asian English Language Journal, Volume

8. Issue 3. Hiroshima University Press, Japan.

 

 

Mertler, C.A. & Charles, C.M. (2005). "Introduction on Educational Research- Fifth Edition ".  

Pearson education, United States of America.

 

 

Mayer, R.E. (1992). "Thinking, Problem Solving, Cognition -  Second Edition".

Freeman and Company. New York.

 

 

Ming Ming Chiu. (2004). "How to Improve Student Problem Solving and Time On Task".

American Educational Research Journal, Vol. 41. No.2. p.365-399.

 

 

Ming Ming Chiu & Lawrence Khoo. (2003). "Rudeness and Status Effects During Group Problem  Solving: 

  Do  They  Bias  Evaluations  and  Reduce  the  Likelihood   of Correct Solutions?", Journal of 

education Psychology, Vol. 95, No.3. p506-523.

 

 

Mouly,  G.J.  (1978). "Educational  Research  -   The  Art  and  Science  of  Irrvestigation".

Boston, Allyn and Bacon. Inc.

 

 

Nor Azrni Mostafa. (2005). "Questioning to develop thinking in the English As a Second Language 

(ESL) classroom", in Sali Zaliha (Ed.), (2005), "English Language Journal- Volume 1. University 

Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjung Malim.

 

 

Nunan, D. (1985). "Content Familiarity and Perception of Textual Relationships in Second  Language  

Reading". RELC Journal -  Journal of Language Teaching and Research  in  Southeast  Asia,  Volume. 

I6,  Number  1  June.  Singapore:  Seameo Regional Language Centre.

 

 

Nunan, D. (1992). "Research Methods in Language Learning". United States of America, Cambridge 

University Press.

 

Oon Seng Tan. (2004). "Enhancing Thinking through Problem based Learning Approaches". Thomson 

Learning, Singapore.

 

Peterson,    M.    (1997).    "Skills   to    Enchance    Problem-based    learning".    Medical 

Education Journal, Vol.2, No.3. University of Delaware Press.

 

 

Salim Akbar. (2004). "Get Real: Incorporating Problem Based-Learning to the Teaching of Social 

Studies at the Upper Secondary Level", Teaching and Learning, Vol. 25. No.2. Nanyang Technological 

University & National Institute ofEducation. Singapore.

 

 

Silverman, D. (2005). "Doing Qualitative Research -A   Practical Handbook". Sage Publication. New 

Delhi.

 

 

Spradley, J. (1979). "The Ethnographic  Interview". New York.

 

 

Taylor, I. & Burgess, H. (1997). "Responding to non traditional students: an enquiry and action 

learning approach", in Bound, D & Feletti, G. (Eds), "The Challenge of Problem Based Learning", 

(2?? ed.). London, Kogan Page.

 

"The Smart School Flagship Application- The Malaysian Smart School A Conceptual

Blueprint". (1997). Ministry of Education Malaysia, Malaysia.

 

"Transgender". May, 28, 2007. Newsweek. p. 44-48.

 

 

Trudgill, P. & Crystall, D. (1992). "Introducing Language and Society". Penguin English 

Linguistics, England.

 

 

Waite, S. & Davis, B. (2006). "Collaboration as a catalyst for critical thinking in undergraduate 

research". Journal of Further and Higher Education, Vol. 30, No. 4, November. Routledge Taylor & 

Francis Group. UK. p 405-419.

 

 

Wallace, C. (1993). "A Scheme for Teacher Education Reading''. Oxford University Press, Hong Kong.

 

 

Wardhaugh, R. (1998). "An  Introduction to Sociolinguistics". Blackwell Publishers Ltd., United 

States of America.

 

Wee Keng Neo, Lynda. (2004). "Jump Start Authentic Problem Based Learning".

Prentice Hall, Singapore.

 

 

American Education Research Centre. (1983, April). "A Nation At Risk report".

http://www.ed.gov/pubs/NatAtRisk/risk.html. Accessed date: 12 June 2007

 

 

 

Johnso L & Lamb, A. (2007). "Teacher Tap -  Professional  Development Resource for Education and 

Liberians". http://eduscapes.com/tap/index.htm Accessed date: 12 June 2007

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


This material may be protected under Copyright Act which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials.
You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research.

Back to previous page

Installed and configured by Bahagian Automasi, Perpustakaan Tuanku Bainun, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
If you have enquiries with this repository, kindly contact us at pustakasys@upsi.edu.my or Whatsapp +60163630263 (Office hours only)