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UPSI Digital Repository (UDRep)
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| Abstract : Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris |
| The mature landfill leachate is characterized by high-strength ammonium, which leads to
difficulties in reducing the ammonium concentration in the wastewater discharge to the permissible
limit (10 mg/L) using the existing biological treatment of sequencing batch reactors
(SBRs). The challenge of the nitrogen removal via nitrification of high strength
ammonium landfill leachate is substrate inhibition, particularly in the form of free
ammonia (FA) and free nitrous acid (FNA) in ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and
nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB). The problem is more severe, as 43% of the landfills are not
well designed and not properly equipped with leachate control mechanism facilities.
In particular, this type of landfill exposed the river water to the risk of
ammonium contamination from the landfill leachate. Therefore, there is an urgent need to improve
the existing leachate management at landfills.
Prior to the nitrification study, leachate characteristics and the presence of inorganic
nitrogen in the rivers receiving landfill leachate from three different types of landfills in
Selangor state, Malaysia were assessed throughout a year to determine the impact of
landfill leachate on river water chemistry. In response to the results of the water quality
study, a nitrification-activated sludge system has been developed for high-strength
ammonium synthetic wastewater, which serves as a reference before treatment with the
actual landfill leachate. The system was operated under controlled conditions that favor
nitrification and was started in the fed-batch mode of operation to prevent inhibitory
effects of FA and FNA on nitrifiers. As the heterotrophs could also inhibit
the nitrification performance, the organic carbon removal was monitored during
the nitrification of mature landfill leachate. A molecular technique, fluorescence in
situ hybridization (FISH), was used to identify both the microbial populations as well as the
localization of the nitrifiers in the sludge floe complex community.
The background, scope and objectives of the study are described in the introduction, Chapter 1.
In Chapter 2, leachates from three different types of landfills, namely
active uncontrolled, active controlled and closed controlled, were characterized, and
their relationships with river water chemistry were examined each month for a year. The
influence of leachate on river water chemistry from each type of landfill depended on
many factors, including the presence of a leachate control mechanism, leachate
characteristics, precipitation, surface run-off and the applied treatment. The impact of
leachate from an active uncontrolled landfill was the highest, as the organic content, N
NH/ Cd and Mn levels appeared high in the river. At the same time, influences of
leachate were also observed from both types of controlled landfills in the form of
inorganic nitrogen (N-NH/, N-NO-3 and N-NO?) and heavy metals (Fe, Cr, Ni and Mn).
Improper treatment practice led to high levels of some contaminants in the stream near
the closed controlled landfill.
In Chapter 3, the feasibility of a nitrifying activated sludge system to completely
nitrify synthetic mature landfill leachate with N-NH/ concentration of 1452 mg/L was
tested. The process started with a nit rogen loading rate (NLR) of 0.4 kgN-NH/ !m3/day in a
fed-batch mode to avoid any accumulation of the FA and FNA in the system, and the NLR was
subsequently gradually increased. Complete nitrification was achieved with a very high
ammonium removal percentage (-100%). The maximum specific and volumetric
nitrification rates obtained were 0.49 gN-NH/lg VSS/day and 3.0 kgN NH//m3/day,
respectively, which were higher than those reported previously for ammonium-rich
removal using an activated sludge system. The nitrifying sludge exhibited good
settling characteristics of up to 36 mL/g VSS and a long solid retention time (SRT) of
more than 53 days, which contributed to the success of the nitrification process. The
coexistence and synthropic association of the AOB and NOB were observed using the FISH technique,
which supported the results on complete nitrification obtained in the system. These findings
would be of prominent importance for further treatment of actual landfill leachate.
In Chapter 4, nitrification of mature sanitary landfill leachate with high-strength N
NH/ (1080-2350 mg/L) was performed in a 10 L continuous nitrification-activated
sludge reactor. During the entire period of study, dissolved oxygen and pH were
maintained at a minimum of 2.0 mg/L and 7.4-7.6, respectively. The nitrification system was
acclimatized with synthetic leachate for about 13 days before being fed with actual mature
leachate. Successful nitrification was achieved with an approximately complete ammonium
removal (99%) and a 96% conversion of N-NH/ to N-NO-3 . At the same
time, BOD removal of 85 to 95% and COD removal of 38-57% were accomplished. The
maximum volumetric and specific nitrification rates obtained were 2.56
kgN NH/lm3/day and 0.23 g N-NH/lg VSS/day, respectively, at a HRT of 12.7 hand SRT of
50 days. Incomplete nitrification of 3.14 kg N-NH/ /m3/day with up to 460 mg/L of N NO2-
built up in the system was encountered when operating at higher (NLRs). The inhibitory
effect of FNA on nitrifiers rather than interspecies competition between
heterotrophs and nitrifiers was believed to trigger the accumulation of N-NO- 2 .
Results from FISH experiments, which revealed the disintegration of some AOB cell aggregates
into single cells, further supported the inhibitory effect mentioned above. During the
complete nitrification, the AOB and NOB were found in almost similar percentages, while
the number of the AOB and NOB decreased and the heterotrophs dominated for the duration of the
incomplete nitrification.
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