UPSI Digital Repository (UDRep)
Start | FAQ | About

QR Code Link :

Type :thesis
Subject :HF Commerce
Main Author :Nabilah Razali
Title :Exploring the impact of downsizing on survivor's cognition, emotion and behaviour: A Malaysian context
Place of Production :Tanjong Malim
Publisher :Fakulti Pembangunan Manusia
Year of Publication :2019
Corporate Name :Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
PDF Guest :Click to view PDF file
PDF Full Text :Login required to access this item.

Abstract : Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
Since    the    major    economic    turmoil    in    1997    and    2008, organisational    downsizing   has   been   relatively    common   in Malaysia.   The   Human   Resource   Minister    stated   that   2015 recorded  the highest  number  of corporate  downsizings  within a five-year   span  and  the  number  is  expected  to  rise  due  to  the current   economic   uncertainty    both   globally   and   nationally (Mallow,2016).  Given  its   popularity   in   Malaysia,    surprisingly little  attention  has  been  given  on  downsizing,  particularly  on the   remaining    employees   (the   survivors).   Downsizing   often exacerbates   survivor's   mental   and    physical   health   while   in reality,  successful  downsizing  depends  on  them,  as  they  are  responsible    for    carrying    forward    the    new    organisation's objectives  (Schaeffer,   2012).  Predominantly,  empirical  studies and   established   frameworks   on   organisational    change   were derived  from  Western  societies.  Malaysian  culture  is  blatantly different,    and   evidently,   people's   attitude,   perception   and receptive   towards   change   vary   by    culture   (Hofstede,2001). Guided   by   Colquitt   et   al.   's   (2013)   organisational    justice framework,  the  primary  aim  of  this  study  was  to  explore  and understand     Malaysian    survivors    cognitions,    emotions    and behavioural      outcomes      in       relation      to      their      personal organisational      downsizing       experiences.        Whereby       the secondary  aim  of  the  research  was  to  identify  personal  factors that may  influence survivor's  responses  to  such experiences.   A    sequential     exploratory     mixed-methods     approach     was adopted.    The    first     study    collected    qualitative    data    from survivors   through   20   sessions   of    in-depth   semi-structured interviews.  It  aimed  to  examine  the  aims  mentioned   above. Through  a  thematic  an alysis,    the   results  of  Study   1  yi elded organisational  justice   theme  (as  expected  from  the  interview guide   questions),    together    with   8   other    themes   namely, psychological     contract,     perceived     organisational    support, negative    and  positive   emotions,   locus   of  control,   optimism, task  performance,  organisational   citizenship  behaviour  (OCB), and  counterproductive  work  behaviour   (CWB).     In   all,  most  participants    recognised   the    extinction    of   cradle   to   grave employment.   As   the    situation   was   perceived   as   something beyond   the   management's   control,   it   eased    them   to   get onboard  with  the  downsizing  efforts.  However,  what  le     the bad taste  in   their  mouth  was  the  way  it  was  handled.  Overall, the  results  showed  (a)  most   participants  disappointed  with  the lack  of  elimination  criteria,  the  absence   of   participation   and limited  communication  regarding  the  downsizing,  (b)  negative emotions   were  the  most  common  reactions,(c)  as  a  collectivist nation,     participants     inclined      towards     passive- aggr essive destructive  behaviour  for  instance,  by  withdrawing   themselves from    the    situation    through    absenteeism,    tardiness    and focusing   on   non-work   interests   and  activities,   and  d)  one's personal  resources  serve  as  a  beacon   of  light in an  unpleasant downsizing  situations.   Subsequently,   preceded   by   qualitative   findings   in   Study   1, eight  hypotheses   were    formulated  to  clarify  the  relationship between    survivors    cognitions,    emotions,     behaviours    and personal  factors.  By  using  an  online  survey,  244  self-reports and  125   co-worker-reports  were  completed  by  the  remaining employees   at   a   large   oil   and  gas   organisation   in   Malaysia. Overall, in both surveys,  the  findings  showed  that  compared  to  the     social    exchange     variables,     emotions     predominantly explained  the   relationship  between  one's  justice  perception  on one's    work    behaviours.   Finally,   in    regards    of   moderated mediation  model,  only   optimism  was  found  to  have  significant impact  on  the   mediation  relationship  between   organisational justice    and    work    behaviours    either    via    social    exchange  variables or  emotions.   In   conclusion,  results  from  Study  1  and  Study   2  combined, show  that  survivors   perceptions  of  justice  are  a  crucial  factor to   consider    when   implementing     downsizing.   Consideration must  also  be  given  to  survivors  emotional  needs  as  it  showed  to  be  powerful  in  explaining  the  impact  of  justice  perceptions on  work  behaviours   within  a  Malaysian  context.  This  thesis  is also hoped to  pave the  way  and  provides  recommendations for a   more   culturally   appropriate   downsizing   practice   and   also serve  a guide  for  future scholars  that is interested  in this field.    

References

2017   Hays   Asia   Salary   Guide:   Skill   shortages   continue   to burden    Malaysian    

employers.    (n.d.).   Retrieved    from https://www.hays.com.my/pressreleases/HAYS  182538

.2.

 

Abubakar,  A.  M.,  &  Arasli,  H.  (2016 ).  Dear  top  management, please     don't     make     

me     a     cynic:      intention     to sabotage. Journal  of  Management  Development,  35(10),

1266-1286.

 

Abildgaard,  J.   S.,  Nielsen,  K.,  &  Sverke,  M.  (2018).  Can  job insecurity   be  managed?   

Evaluating   an   organizational­ level  intervention    addressing   the    negative   effects   

of restructuring. Work  & Stress, 32(2),  105-123.

 

Adams,     J.     S.     (1963).     Towards     an     understanding     of inequity. The     

Journal      of      Abnormal      and      Social Psychology,  67(5),  422.

 

Adams,  J.  S.  (1965).  Inequity  in  social  exchange.  Advances  in experimental  social 

psychology,  2(267-299).

 

AI-Hammali,  M.  A.,   Habtoor,  N.  A.  N.,   &  Muthaliff,  M.  M.  A. (2017).     Establishing   

  Theoretical     Perspectives:     The Significant  Influence  of  Downsizing  as  an  Implemented 

Strategy   on  Survivors'  Motivation. International  Journal of  Learning  and Development,  7(1), 

 1- 7.

 

Ambrose,   D.   (2010).  Healing   the   Downsized   Organization: What  Every   Employee   Needs   

to   Know   about   Today's New   Workplace.Crown Business.

 

Ambrose,   M.   L.,   Seabright,   M.   A.,   &  Schminke,   M.   (2002). Sabotage   in   the   

workplace:   The  role  of  organizational injustice.  Organizational   behavior   and   human   

decision processes, 89(1),  947-965.

 

Amundson,  N.  E.,  Borgen,  W.  A.,  Jordan,  S.,  &  Erlebach,  A.  C. (2004).  Survivors  of  

downsizing:   Helpful  and  hindering experiences.  The  Career  Development  Quarterly,  52(3),

256-   271.

 

Antonacopoulou, E.  P.,  &  Gabriel,  Y.  (2001).  Emotion,  learning and   organisational  change: 

  Towards   an   integration   of psychoanalytic    and    other     perspectives.     Journal    

of Org  a n i  sat ional  Cha n ge Management,  14,  435-451.

 

Ashkanasy,. N. _M.,  &  Ashton-James,  C.  E.  (2005).  Emotionin o ganizat1 ns:  A  neglected  

topic  in  I/0   psychology,  but with   a   bright   future. International   review   of   

industrial and organizational psychology,  20(6 ),  221-268.

 

Awang,  Z.  (2012).  Structural  equation  modeling  using  AMOS graphic.  Penerbit Universiti 

Teknologi  MARA.

 

Baker,T.  B.  (2009).  Transforming   the  psychological  contract through a continuous  innovation 

     methodology.

 

Basabe,  N.,  Paez,  D.,   Valencia,  J.,  Gonzalez,  J.L.,  Rime,  B., Pennebaker,     J.    y    

Diener,    E.    (1999).    El    Anclaje Sociocultural    de   la   Experiencia    Emo-   cional   

de   las Naciones:  un  analisis  colectivo.  Boletin  de Psicologia  62, 7-42.

 

Bennett,  N., Wise,  C., Woods, P.A. and Harvey, J.A.  (2003). Distributed  Leadership.  

Nottingham:  National College of  School Leadership.

 

Bergstrom,  0.,   &  Arman,  R.  (2017).  Increasing  commitment after  downsizing:  the  role  of  

involvement  and  voluntary redundancies.  Journal   of   Change   Management, 17(4), 297-320.

 

Blau,  P.  M.  (2005)   Exchange   and  power  in  social  life.  New Brunswick,  NJ: Transaction.

 

Bies, R. J. (1985).Individual reactions  to corporate recruiting procedures:  The importance  of 

fairness. Unpublished  manuscript.

 

Bies, R. J.  (2001).  Interactional  (in)justice:  The sacred  and the profane.   In   J.   

Greenberg   and   R.   Crapanzano   (Eds.), Advances    in     organizational    justice.    

Stanford,    CA: Stanford University  Press. 85-108.

 

Bies,   R.   J.,   &   Moag,   J.   F.   (1986).   Interactional   justice: Communication  criteria 

 of fairness.  In  R. J. Lewicki, B. H. Sheppard,   &    M.   H.   Bazerman   (Eds.),   Research. 

on negotiations   in   organizations   (pp.   43-55).   Greenwich,

CT: JAI Press.

 

Blau,  P.  M.  (1964).  Exchange  and  power  in  social  life.  New York:  John  Wiley.

 

Bond,   M.   H.,   Leung,   K.,   &   Wan,   K.   C.   (1982).   How   does cultural   collectivism 

  operate?   The   impact   of   task   and maintenance              contributions              on  

            reward distribution. Journal  of Cross-Cultural Psychology   13(2)

186-200.                                                                          '             '

 

Bonigk,  M., & Steffgen,  G.  (2013).  Effects  of habitual anger  on employees'           behavior 

          during           organizational change. International  journal  of  environmental  

research and  public health, 10(12), 6215-6234.

 

Sort,   J.   (2014,   June   9).    HP's   Massive   Layoffs   Won't   Be Finished  In  October  

After  All. Business Insider, Retrieved fromhttp://uk.businessinsider.com

 

Brenner,   M.   H.,   Andreeva,   E.,   Theorell,   T.,   Goldberg,   M., Westerlund,  H.,  

Leineweber,   C.,&  Bonnaud,  S.  (2014). Organizational  downsizing  and  depressive  symptoms  in 

the   European   recession:   the   experience   of   workers   in France,  Hungary,  Sweden  and  

the  United  Kingdom.  PloS one, 9(5), e97063.

 

Brockner,  J.,  & Greenberg,  J.  (1990). The impact  of  layoffs  on survivors:  An  

organizational  justice  perspective.  Applied social psychology  and organizational settings, 45, 

75.

 

Brockner,   J.,   Davy,   J.,   &  Carter,   C.   (1985).   Layoffs,   self­ esteem,  and  survivor 

 guilt:  Motivational,  affective,  and attitudinal   consequences.  Organizational   Behavior   

and Human Decision Processes,  36(2),  229-244.

 

Brockner,   J.,   Wiesenfeld,   B.   M.,   &   Martin,   C.   L.   (1995). Decision    frame,    

procedural    justice,    and    survivors' reactions    to   job    layoffs. Organizational   

behavior   and human  decision  processes, 63(1), 59-68.

 

Budros,  A.  (1999).  A  conceptual  framework  for  analyzing  why organizations    downsize.   

Organization   Science,   10(1), 69-82.

 

Budros,    A.    (2002,   June).   The   mean    and   lean   firm    and downsizing:     Causes    

 of     involuntary     and    voluntary downsizing   strategies.   In  Sociological   Forum  (Vol. 

  17, No.    2,    pp.    307-342).    Kluwer    Academic    Publishers-

Plenum  Publishers.

 

Byrne,    z.   S.     and     Crapanzano,     R.    (2001).    History     of organizational    

justice:    The    founders    speak.    In     R.Cropanz no to  practice.

(Ed.), Justice  in  the  workplace Mahwah,  NJ:  Lawrence  Erlbau Associates

From theory sociates.3-26

 

Callahan,  J.  L.,  &  McCollum,  E.  E.  (2002).  Conceptualizations of  emotion  research  in  

organizational contexts.  Advances in  Developing  Human Resources, 4(1), 4-21.

 

Cameron,      K.      S.      ( 1994).      Strategies      for      successful organizational      

                     downsizing.  HumanResource Management,  33(2),  189-211.

 

Campbell,   F.   (1999).   Survivors   of   Redundancy:    a   justice perspective.

 

Cascio,  W.  F.  (1993).  Downsizing:   What  do  we  know?  What have   we         learned?.  

Academy         of         Management Perspectives,  7( 1),  95-  104.

 

Cascio,    W.    F.    (2003).    Changes    in    workers,    work,    and organizations. Handbook 

 of psychology,  399-422.

 

Cascio,  W.  F.  (2010).  Employment  downsizing:  Causes,  costs , and     consequences.   In  

More   than   bricks   in   the   wall: Organizational  perspectives  for  sustainable  success  

(pp. 87-96).

 

Cascio,   W.   F.,   &   Wynn,   P.   (2004).   Managing   a   downsizing process. Human Resource 

Management, 43(4), 425.

 

Castillo,   C.,  Fernandez,   V.,   &  Sallan,  J.  M.  (2018).  The  six emotional   stages   of   

organizational   change. Journal   of Organizational Change Management,  31 (3), 468-493.

 

Chak,  F.  M.  (2017).  The  Post-Enlightenment  Moral  Crisis  and the     Emergence    of    

Secular    Tyranny    in    the    Middle East. American Journal of Islamic Social   Sciences, 1,

49.

 

Chang,  S.  S.,  Gunnell,  D.,  Sterne,  J.  A.,  Lu,  T.  H.,  & Cheng,  A.

T.     (2009).     Was     the     economic     crisis     1997-1998 responsible   for   rising   

suicide   rates   in   East/Southeast Asia?  A time-trend  analysis  for  Japan,  Hong  Kong, South 

Korea,  Taiwan,  Singapore  and  Thailand.  Social science  & medicine, 68(7),  1322-1331.

 

Chory,  R.  M.,  &   Hubbell,  A.  P.  (2008).  Organizational  justice and    managerial     trust 

    as    predictors     of    antisocial employee    responses.  Communication    Quarterly,  56(4  ),

357-375.

 

Clarke,  M.  (2005).  The  voluntary   redundancy   option:   carrot stick?. British Journal of  

management, 16(3), 245-251.

 

Cochran,    M.    (2014).    Counterproductive    work    behaviors, justice, and affect:  A 

meta-analysis.

 

Cohen,       R.       L.       (1985).       Procedural       justice       and participation. 

Human Relations, 38(7), 643-663.

 

Colquitt,  J.  A.  (2001).  On  the  dimensionality  of  organizational justice:  a  construct  

validation  of  a  measure.  Journal  of applied psychology, 86(3), 386.

 

Colquitt,  J.  A.,  Greenberg,  J.,  &  Zapata-Phelan,  C.  P.  (2005). What       is       

organizational      justice?       A       historical overview. Handbook  of  organizational 

justice, 1,  3-58.

 

Colquitt,   J.   A.,   &   Rodell,   J.   B.   (2011).   Justice,   trust,   and trustworthiness:  

A  longitudinal  analysis  integrating  three theoretical  perspectives.  Academy  of  Management

Journal, 54(6), 1183-1206.

 

Colquitt, J.  A.,   Scott,  B.  A.,  Rodell,  J.  B.,  Long,  D. M.,  Zapata,

C.  P.,  Conlon,  D.  E.,  &  Wesson,  M.  J.  (2013).  Justice  at the  millennium,  a  decade  

later:  A  meta-analytic  test  of social  exchange   and  affect-based  perspectives.  Journal of 

Applied Psychology,  98(2), 199.

 

Coulson-Thomas, C.  (1992).  Strategic  vision  or  strategic  con?: Rhetoric  or reality?. Long  

range planning, 25(1), 81-89.

 

Coyle-Shapiro,    J.    A.,    &    Conway,    N.    (2005).    Exchange relationships:   Examining 

   psychological    contracts    and perceived    organizational    support.Journal   of    applied 

psychology,  90( 4),  774.

 

Coyne,  I.,  Gentile,  D.,  Born,  M.  P.,  Ersoy,  N.  C.,  &  Vakola,  M. (2013).    The    

relationship    between    productive     and counterproductive  work  behaviour  across  four  

European countries.  European  Journal  of  Work  and  Organizational Psychology,  22(4), 377-389.

 

Creswell,  J.  W.  (1999).  Mixed  method  research:  Introduction and     application.     In     

T.Cijek     (Ed.),     Handbook     of educational    policy    (pp.    455-472).    San    Deigo,  

  CA: Academic  Press.

 

Creswell,    J.    W.    (2002).    Educational    research:    Planning, conducting,  and  

evaluating  quantitative  and  qualitative approaches    to    research.    Upper    Saddle    

River,    NJ: Merrill/Pearson Education.

 

Creswell, J. W., Tashakkori,  A., Jensen,  K.  D.,   & Shapley,  K.

L.   (2003).  Teaching  mixed  methods  research:  Practices, dilemmas,  and challenges.  In  A.  

Tashakkori  & C.  Teddlie (Eds.),   Handbook    of   mixed   methods   in   social   and behavioral 

  research    (pp.   619-637).    Thousand   Oaks, CA:Sage.

 

Creswell,   J.   W.,   Fetters,   M.  D.,   &  Ivankova,   N.   V.   (2004). Designing   a   mixed  

 methods   study   in   primary   care. Annals of Family  Medicine,  2( 1),  7-12.

 

Crapanzano,   R.   (Ed.).   (1993). Justice  in  the  workplace  (pp.

79-103).  L. Erlbaum  Associates.

 

Crapanzano,  R.,  Byrne,  Z.  S.,  Bobocel,  D.  R.,  &  Rupp,  D.  E. (2001).  Moral  virtues,  

fairness  heuristics,  social  entities, and  other  denizens  of  organizational  justice.  

Journal  of Vocational  Behavior, 58(2), 164-209.

 

Crapanzano,  R.,  &  Folger,  R.  (1989).  Referent  cognitions  and task  decision  autonomy:  

Beyond  equity  theory.  Journal of  Applied  Psychology,  74(2),  293-299.

 

Crapanzano,   R., James, K., & Citera, M. (1993). A goal hierarchy

model of personality, motivation, and leadership. Research in organizational behavior, 15,

267-267.

                 

Cropanzano, R., & Mitchell, M. S. (2005). Social exchange

theory: An interdisciplinary review. Journal of

management, 31(6), 874-900.

 

Cropanzano, R., Stein, J. H., & Nadisic, T. (2011). Social

justice and the experience of emotions. New York:

Routledge.

 

Cropanzano, R ., & Prehar, C. (2001). Emerging Justice

concerns in an era of changing psychological contracts. In R. Cropanzano (Ed.), Justice in the workplace: From

Theory to Practice (Vol. 2, pp. 45-269). Mahwah, NJ:

Lawrence Erlbaum and Associates.

 

Cropanzano, R., & Rupp, D. E. (2008). Social exchange theory

and organizational justice: Job performance, citizenship

behaviors, multiple foci, and a historical integration of

two literatures. In S. W. Gilliland, D. P. Skarlicki, & D. D.

Steiner (Eds.), Research in social issues in management:

Justice, morality, and social responsibility (pp. 63-99).

Greenwich CT: Information Age.

 

Cropanzano, R., Rupp, D. E., Mohler, C. J., & Schminke, M.

(2001). Three roads to organizational justice. In G. R.

Ferris (Ed.), Research in personne/and human resource

management (pp. 1-113). New York: Elsevier Science.

 

Crosby, F. (1976). A model of egoistical relative

deprivation. Psychological review, 83(2), 85.

 

Cummings, 1. (2015). How Procedural Justice during Corporate

Downsizing Can Reduce Negative Psychological Impacts

by Reducing Survivor Guilt (Doctoral dissertation).

 

Dalal, R. S. (2005). A meta-analysis of the relationship

between organizational citizenship behavior and

counterproductive work behavior. The Journal of Applied

Psychology, 90(6), 1241-1255.

 

De Cremer, D. (2005). Procedural and distributive justice

effects moderated by organizational

identification. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 20(1),

4-13.

 

De Meuse, K. P., Marks, M. L., & Dai, G. (2011).

Organizational downsizing, mergers and acquisitions,

and strategiC alliances: Using theory and research to

enhance practice. APA handbook of industrial and

organizational psychology, 3, 729-768.

 

De Spiegelaere, S., Van Gyes, G., De Witte, H., Niesen, W., &

Van Hootegem, G. (2014). On the relation of job

insecurity, job autonomy, innovative work behaviour and

the mediating effect of work engagement. Creativity and

innovation management, 23(3), 318-330.

 

Deutsch, M. (1975). Equity, equality, and need: What

determines which value will be used as the basis of distributive justice? Journal of Social issues, 31 (3), 137-149.

 

DeWitt,    R.    L.    (1993).    The    structural    consequences     of downsizing.  

Organization  Science, 4(1),  30-40.

 

Dhar,  R.  L.  (2009).  Quality  of  work  life:  a  study  of  municipal corporation   bus  

drivers. International  Journal  of  Indian Culture and Business  Management,  2(6), 638-653.

 

Downs,  A. (1995). Corporate  executions.  New  York:  Amacom. 

 

Eisenberger,   R.,  Huntington,   R.,  Hutchison,   S.,  &  Sowa,  D.

(1986).    Perceived    organizational    support. Journal    of

Applied psychology, 71(3); 500.

 

Eisbach,  K.  D.,  Stigliani,  I.,  & Stroud,  A.  (2012).  The  building of  employee  distrust:  

A  case  study  of  Hewlett-Packard from    1995    to    2010. Organizational   Dynamics, 41(3),

254-263.

 

Emerson,  R. M.  (1976).  Social  exchange  theory.  Annual  review of sociology, 2(1),  335-362.

 

Fassinger,  R.,  &  Morrow,  S.  (2013).  Toward  best  practices  in quantitative,  qualitative,  

and mixed-method  research:  A social   justice   perspective.   Journal   for   Social   Action   

in Counseling  and Psychology,  5 (2), 69-83.

 

Fineman,  S. (Ed.). (2000). Emotion  in organizations. Sage.

 

Folger,  R.  (1984).  Perceived  injustice,  referent  cognitions,  and the      concept      of    

  comparison      level. Representative Research  in Social Psychology.

 

Folger,   R.,   &  Greenberg,   J.   (1985).   Procedural   justice:   An interpretive  analysis  

of  personnel  systems.  Research  in personnel    and    human    resources    management, 3( 1),

141-183.

 

Folger,     R.    (1996).    Distributive     and    procedural    justice: Multifaceted  meanings  

 and  interrelations. Social  Justice Research,  9( 4),  395-416.

 

Fox,  s., &  Spector,  P.  E.  (1999).  A  model  of  work  frustration- aggression. Journal        

      of              organizational

behavior, 20(6), 915-931. distributive  justice?

Journal  of Social issues, 31(3), 137-

149

 

DeWitt,    R ..     -      (1993).    The    structural    consequences     of downsizing.  

Organization  Science, 4(1), 30-40.

 

Dhar,  R.  L.  (2009).  Quality  of  work  life:  a  study  of  municipal corporation   bus  

drivers. International  Journal  of  Indian Culture and Business  Management,  2(6), 638-653.

 

Downs, A. (1995). Corporate  executions.  New  York:  Amacom. 

 

Eisenberger,   R.,  Huntington,   R., Hutchison,   S.,   &  Sowa,  D.

(  1986).    Perceived    organizational    support. Journal    of

Applied  psychology, 71 (3), 500.

 

Eisbach,  K.  D.,  Stigliani,  I.,  &  Stroud,  A.  (2012).  The  building of  employee  distrust:  

A  case  study  of  Hewlett-Packard from    1995    to    2010. Organizational   Dynamics, 41(3),

254-263.

 

Emerson,  R. M.  (1976).  Social  exchange  theory.  Annual review of  sociology, 2(1),  335-362.

 

Fassinger,  R.,  &  Morrow,  S.  (2013).  Toward  best  practices  in quantitative,  qualitative,  

and mixed-method  research:  A social   justice   perspective.   Journal  for  Social  Action   in 

Counseling  and Psychology,  5 (2), 69-83.

 

Fineman,  S. (Ed.). (2000). Emotion  in organizations. Sage.

 

Folger,  R.  (1984).  Perceived  injustice,  referent  cognitions,  and the      concept      of    

  comparison      level. Representative Research  in Social  Psychology.

 

Folger,   R.,   &  Greenberg,   J.   (1985).   Procedural   justice:   An interpretive   analysis  

of  personnel  systems.  Research  in personnel    and    human    resources    management, 3(1), 

141-183.

 

Folger,     R.    (1996).    Distributive    and    procedural    justice: Multifaceted  meanings  

and  interrelations. Social  Justice Research,  9(4), 395-416.

 

Fox,  s., &  Spector,  P.  E.  (1999).  A  model  of  work  frustration- aggression.  Journal       

       of              organizational

behavior, 20(6), 915-931.

 

Folger, R. and Bies, R., J. (1989). Managerial responsibilities

and procedural justice. Responsibilities and Rights

Journal, 2, 79-89.

 

Folger, R., & Cropanzano, R. (2001). Fairness theory: Justice

as accountability. Advances in organizational justice, 1,

1-55.

 

Folger, R., & Konovsky, M. A. (1989). Effects of procedural

and distributive justice on reactions to pay raise

decisions. Academy of Management journal, 32(1), 115-

130.

 

Folger, R., & Martin, C. (1986). Relative deprivation and

referent cognitions: Distributive and procedural justice

effects. Journal of Experimental Social

Psychology, 22(6),531-546.

 

Folger, R., Rosenfield, D. D., & Robinson, T. (1983). Relative

deprivation and procedural justifications. Journal of

Personality and Social Psychology, 45(2), 268.

 

Fox,S., Spector, P. E., & Miles, D. (2001). Counterproductive

work behavior (CWB) in response to job stressors and

organizational justice: Some mediator and moderator

tests for autonomy and emotions. Journal of vocational

behavior, 59(3), 291-309.

 

Freeman, S. J., & Cameron, K. S. (1993). Organizational

downsizing: A convergence and reorientation

framework. Organization science, 4(1), 10-29.

 

Frijda, N. H. (1986). The emotions. Cambridge University

Press.

 

Gabriel, A. (2015, May 28). MAS to spring biggest layoff in

Malaysia's corporate history. Retrieved February 1,

2018, fromhttps: IIwww.businesstimes.com.sg/transport/

mas-to-spri nq- biggest-Iayoff- in- ma laysias-corporatehistory

 

Gandolfi,  F.,  Neck,  P.,  (2008).  "Consequences,  payoffs,  and fallout   of  downsizing   (A  

literature  review   of  corporate downsizing:      Part      3)",      Review      of      

International Comparative  Management,  9 (1), 55-78.

 

Gieever, .F: (?009). Looking forwards and back: Exploring

anuclpattva versus retrospective emotional changeexpenences.

Journal of Change Management 9(4) 419-

434. ' ,

 

Gicever,   _F:   ( 2009).   Looking   forwards   and   back:   Exploring ant1c1 at1ve    versus    

retrospective    emotional    change­

expenences. Journal  of Change  Management   9(4)   419-

434.                                                                                               

    

Gicever,   F.   (2010).   Exploring   the   emotional   experience   of organizational change  over 

 time:  The case  of  introducing

electronic  care plans  in  hospitals.

 

Gilliland, S. W., & Chan, D. (2001). Methods, and applications. Handbook of

Industrial, Work & Organizational Psychology: Volume 2: Organizational

Psychology, 143.

 

Girak,  B.  (2016).  An  exploratory  investigation  into  the impact of  downsizing  on  

occupational  stress  and  organisational commitment.

 

Gluschkoff,  K.,  Elovainio,  M.,  Hintsa,  T.,  Pentti,  J.,  Salo,  P., Kivimaki,  M.,  &  

Vahtera, J.  (2017).  Organisational justice protects    against    the    negative    effect    of 

   workplace violence    on    teachers'    sleep:    A    longitudinal    cohort study. Occup 

Environ  Med, 74(7), 511-516.

 

Greenberg,  J.  (1993).  Justice  and  organizational citizenship:  A commentary    on   the   

state   of   the    science.  Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal,  6(3),  249-256.

 

Greenberg,  J.  (1996). The quest  for  justice  on  the  job:  Essays and  experiments.  Sage 

Publications,  Incorporated.

 

Greenberg,   J.   (1987).   A   taxonomy   of  organizational  justice theories.  Academy  of  

Management  review, 12(1), 9-22.

 

Greenberg,     J.     (1993a).     T    e     social     side     of     fairness: Interpersonal  

and informational  classes  of  organizational justice. In  R. Cropanzano  (Ed.), Justice  in the  

workplace: Approaching   fairness   in   human   resource   management (pp.  79-103).  Hillsdale, 

NJ:  Erlbaum.

 

Griffith,  D.  A.,  Harvey,  M.  G.,  &  Lusch,  R.  F.  (2006).  Social exchange   in   supply   

chain   relationships:   The   resulting benefits  of  procedural  and  distributive  justice. 

Journal  of operations  management,  24(2), 85-98.

 

Gouldner,  A.  W.  ( 1960). The  norm of reciprocity:  A  preliminary statement.  American 

sociological  review, 161-178.

 

Greenberg, J. (1993). The social side of fairness:  Interpersonal and  informational  classes  of  

organizational justice .  In  R. Cr_opanz no  (Ed.),  Justice  in the  workplace  :  Approaching 

fairness  in    human  resource  management.  Hillsdale,  NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.  79-103.

 

Greenberg,    J.,    Bies,    R.    J.    and    Eskew,    D.    E.    (1991). Establishing    

fairness    in    the    eye    of    the    beholder: Managing   impressions   of  organizational  

 justice.   In   R. Giacalone   and  P.  Rosenfeld   (Eds.),  Applied  impression management:   How 

  image   making   affects   managerial decisions.  Newbury  Park, CA:  Sage. 111-132.

 

Guthrie,  J.  P.,  & Datta,  D.  K.  (2008).  Dumb  and  dumber:  The impact  of downsizing  on  

firm  performance  as moderated by     industry     conditions. Organization     Science, 19(1), 

108-123.

 

Hajjar,   S.   T.   E.   ( 2014) .   A   Statistical   Study   to   Develop   a Reliable   Scale   

to   Evaluate   Instructors   within   Higher Institutions.  WSEAS   Transactions   on   

Mathematics, 13, 885-   894.

 

Harmon-Jones,   C.,  Bastian,  B.,  &  Harmon-Jones,  E.  (2016). The   discrete   emotions   

questionnaire:   A   new   tool   for measuring   state           self-reported           emotions. 

PloS one, 11(8), e0159915.

 

Hart,  A.  L.,   Thomson,  N.  F.,  &  Huning,  T.  M.  (2016).  The mediating      role     of     

distributive,      procedural,     and interactional     justice     on    the     relationship     

between downsizing           and           organizational          citizenship behavior. Academy    

     of        Educational         Leadership

Journal, 20(1), 132.

 

Hashim,  J.,  &  Bakar,  A.  A.  (2003).  The  practice  of  corporate downsizing   during  

economic  downturn  among  selected companies      in     Malaysia.  Asia     Pacific     

Management

Review, 8(1),        27-42.

 

Hatin,   W.   I.,    Zahri,   M.   K.,    Xu,   S.,   Jin,   L.,   Tan,  S. .     G.,

Rizmanidid,   M.,&   HUGO   Pan-Asian   SNP   Consortium. (2011).    Population    genetic    

structure    of    peninsular Malaysia     Malay     sub-ethnic     groups.  PloS    one, 6(4),

el 8312

 

Hitt, M.A., Hoskisson, R.E., Harrison, J.S., & Summer, T.P.

(1994). Human capital and strategic competitiveness in

the 1990s. Journal of Manpower Development, 13 (1) 35-46. '

 

Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture and organizations. International

Studies of Management & Organization, 10(4), 15-

41.

 

Hofstede, G. (1984). Culture's consequences: International

differences in work-related values (Vol. 5). sage.

 

Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture's Consequences: Comparing

Values, Behaviors, Institutions and Organizations across

Nations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage (co-published in the

PRC as Vol. 10 in the Shanghai Foreign Language

Education Press SFLEP Intercultural Communication

Reference Series, 2008)

 

Hollett, B. (2001). Differing ways to conduct layoff. Drake

Beam, Marin HRIM Mail, August 7.

 

Holtgraves, T. (1997). Styles of Language use: individual and

cultural variability in conversational indirectness. Journal

of Personality and So- cial Psychology, 73, 624-637.

 

Homans, G. C. (1958). Social behavior as exchange. American

journal of sociology, 597-606.

 

Homans, G. C. (1961). Social behavior: Its elementary forms.

 

Huseman, R. c., Hatfield, J. D., & Miles, E. W. (1987). A new

perspective on equity theory: The equity sensitivity

construct. Academy of management Review, 12(2), 222-

234.

 

Iverson, R. D., & Zatzick, C. D. (2007). High-commitment

work practices and downsizing harshness in Australian

workplaces. Industrial Relations: A Journal of

Economy and Society, 46(3), 456-480.

Javed, A., Saif, N., Rehman, S., Khan, M., Rehman, K.,

urRehman, Z., & Khan, Y. (2013). The impact of dumb

sizing on the motivation of survivors. In Information and

Knowledge Management (Vol. 3, No.4, pp. 89-96).

 

Jiang, Z., Gollan, P. J., & Brooks, G

.. (2015): Mo?eration of

Doing and Mastery orientations In relationships among

justice, commitment, and trust: A cross-cultural

perspective. Cross Cultural Management, 22(1), 42-67.

 

Kalimo, R., Taris, T. W., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2003). The effects

of past and anticipated future downsizing on survivor

well-being: An Equity perspective. Journal of

occupational health psychology, 8(2), 91.

 

Karatepe, O. M. (2012). Perceived organizational support,

career satisfaction, and performance outcomes: a study

of hotel employees in Cameroon. International Journal of

Contemporary Hospitality Management, 24(5), 735-752.

 

Karjalainen, P., & Tvvnela, J. (2016). Downsizing Survivors

and their Post-Era Behavior.

 

Khan, A. K., Quratulain, 5., & Crawshaw, J. R. (2013). The

mediating role of discrete emotions in the relationship

between injustice and counterproductive work

behaviors: A study in Pakistan. Journal of business and

psychology, 28( n. 49-61.

 

Khubchandani, J., & Price, J. H. (2017). Association of Job

insecurity with health risk factors and poorer health in

American workers. Journal of community health, 42(2),

242-251.

 

Kidder, L. H., & Muller, S. (1991). What is "fair" in Japan?

In Social justice in human relations (pp. 139-154).

Springer, Boston, MA.

 

Kim, Y. K., Ahn, Y. 5., Kim, K., Yoon, J. H., & Roh, J. (2016).

Association between job stress and occupational injuries

among Korean firefighters: a nationwide cross-sectional

study. BMJopen, 6(11), e012002.

 

Kim, H. S. (2009). Examining the role of informational justice

in the wake of downsizing from an organizational

relationship management perspective. Journal of

Business Ethics, 88(2), 297.

 

Kinnie, N., Hutchinson,S., & Purcell, J. (1998). Downsizing: is

it always lean and mean? Personnel Review, 27(4),

296-311.

 

Kissler, G. D. (1994). The new employment contract. Human

resource management, 33(3), 335-352.

 

Kozlowski, S. W., Chao, G. T., Smith, E. M., Heglund, J. A., &

Wal.z,. P. M. (1991). Organizational downsizing:

Individual and organizational implications and

recommendations for action. BATIELLE MEMORIAL INST

RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK NC.

 

Kurtessis, J. N., Eisenberger, R. F., Ford, M. T., Buffardi, L. c.,

& Stewart, K. KA, & Adis, CS (2015). Perceived

organizational support: A meta-analytic evaluation of

organizational support theory. Journal of

Management, 20(10), 1-31.

 

Landy, F. J., & Conte, J. M. (2010). Work in the 21st Century.

Hoboken.

 

Lavelle, J. J., Brockner, J., Konovsky, M. A., Price, K. H.,

Henley, A. B., Taneja, A., & Vinekar, V. (2009).

Commitment, procedural fairness, and organizational

citizenship behavior: A multifoci analysis. Journal of

Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of

Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology

and Behavior, 30(3), 337-357.

 

Lavelle, J. J., McMahan, G. c., & Harris, C. M. (2009). Fairness

in human resource management, social exchange

relationships, and citizenship behavior: Testing linkages

of the target similarity model among nurses in the

United States. The International Journal of

HumanResource Management, 20(12),2419-2434.

 

Lawler, E. E. (1968). A correlational-causal analysis of the

relationship between expectancy attitudes and job

performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 52(6p1),

462.

 

Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Cognition and motivation in emotion.

American Psychologist, 46(4), 352-367.

 

Lazarus, R. (1999). Stress and emotion. A new synthesis (1st

ed.). London: Free Association Books.

 

Lazarus, R.5., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, Appraisal, and

Coping. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company.

Leana,

 

Leana, C.R., & Feldman, D.C. (1988). Individual responses to

job loss: perceptions, reactions, and coping behaviours.

[Electronic version]. Journal of Management 14(3), 375-

389.

 

Leana, C.R. & Feldman, D.C. (1994). Coping with job loss:

How individuals, organizations and communities cope. Administrative Science Quarterly, 39, 189-192.

 

Lee, K., & Allen, N. J. (2002). Organizational citizenship behavior and workplace deviance: The role of affect and

cognitions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(1), 131-

142.

 

Leventhal, G. S. (1980). What should be done with equity

theory? In Social exchange (pp. 27-55). Springer,

Boston, MA.

 

Leventhal, G. S. (1976). The Distribution of Rewards and

Resources in Groups and Organizations1. In Advances in

experimental social psychology (Vol. 9, pp. 91-131).

Academic Press.

 

Leventhal, G. S. (1980). What should be done with equity

theory?In Social exchange (pp. 27-55). Springer,

Boston, MA.

 

Leventhal, G. S., Karuza, J., & Fry, W. R. (1980). Beyond

fairness: A theory of allocation preferences. Justice and

social interaction, 3(1), 167-218.

 

Lewis, P., Thornhill, A., & Saunders, M. (2003). Employee

relations: understanding the employment relationship.

Pearson education.

 

Lim, V. K., & Sng, Q. S. (2006). Does parental job insecurity

matter? Money anxiety, money motives, and work

motivation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(5), 1078.

 

Lind, E. A. (2001). Fairness heuristic theory: Justice

judgments as pivotal cognitions in organizational

relations. Advances in organizational justice, 56(8).

 

Lind, E. A., Kulik, C. T., Ambrose, M., & de Vera Park, M. V.

(1993). Individual and corporate dispute resolution:

Using procedural fairness as a decision

heuristic. Administrative Science Quarterly, 224-251.

 

Lind, E. A., & Tyler, T. R. (1988). The social psychology of

procedural justice. Springer Science & Business Media

 

Lind, E. A., Tyler, T. R., & Huo, Y. J. (1997). Procedural

context and culture: Variation in the antecedents of

procedural justice judgments. Journal of Personality and

Social Psychology, 73(4), 767.

 

Lind, E. A., & Van den Bos, K. (2002). When fairness works:

Toward a general theory of uncertainty

management. Research in organizational behavior 24 , , 181-223.

 

Lopez Bohle, S. A., Chambel, M. J., & Diaz-Valdes Iriarte, A.

(2018). Job insecurity, procedural justice and downsizing

survivor affects. The International Journal of

Human Resource Management, 1-20.

 

Lowry, P. B., Posey, c., Bennett, R. B. J., & Roberts, T. L.

(2015). Leveraging fairness and reactance theories to

deter reactive computer abuse following enhanced

organisational information security policies: An empirical

study of the influence of counterfactual reasoning and

organisational trust. Information Systems

Journal, 25(3), 193-273.

 

Lu, M. L., Nakata, A., Park, J. B., & Swanson, N. G. (2014).

Workplace psychosocial factors associated with workrelated

injury absence: a study from a nationally

representative sample of Korean workers. International

journalof behavioral medicine, 21(1), 42-52.

 

Lundberg, C. c., & Young, C. A. (2001). A note on emotions

and consultancy. Journal of Organizational Change

Management, 14(6), 530-538.

 

Luthans, F. (2002). The need for and meaning of positive

organizational behavior. Journal of organizational

behavior, 695-706.

 

M. Kramer, "Why does reality shock continue?" in Current

Issues in Nursing, J. C. McCloskey and H. K. Grace, Eds.,

pp. 891-903, Blackwell Scientific, Malden, Mass, USA,

1985.

 

Mabena, A. (2016). Surviving middle managers: a criti?al

component to enhancing a restructuring

process (Doctoral dissertation, University of Pretoria) ..

 

Mallow, M. S. (2016, March 22). Plan retrenchment exercise

with care. The Star. Retrieved from https: I/www.thestar.com.my/oPinion/letters/20 16/03/2

2/plan-retrenchment-exercise-with-care/

 

Malik, M. I., Ahm?d, A., ? Hu?sain, S. (2010). How downsizing

affe?ts the JO? satisfaction and life satisfaction of layoff

survivors. African Journal of Business

Management, 4(16),3564-3570.

 

Manyika, J. (2017). A future that works: ai, automation,

employment, and productivity.

 

Masterson, S. S., Lewis, K., Goldman, B. M., & Taylor, M. S.

(2000). Integrating justice and social exchange: The

differing effects of fair procedures and treatment on

work relationships. Academy of Management Journal,

43, 738-748.

 

Matheny, J. A., & Smollan, R. K. (2005). Taking change to

heart: exploring emotions experienced through change

events. In The effect of affect in organizational

settings (pp. 173-210). Emerald Group Publishing

Limited.

 

Matsumoto, D. (2007). Culture, context, and behavior. Journal

of personality, 75(6), 1285-1320.

 

Millward, L. J., & Hopkins, L. J. (1998). Psychological

contracts, organizational and job commitment. Journal

of Applied Social Psychology, 28(16), 1530-1556.

 

Mishra, A. K., & Spreitzer, G. M. (1998). Explaining how

survivors respond to downsizing: The roles of trust,

empowerment, justice, and work redesign. Academy of

management Review, 23(3), 567-588.

 

Mohan, M. L. (1993). Organizational communication and

cultural vision: Approaches for analysis. SUNY Press.

 

Moore, S., Grunberg, L., Anderson-Connolly, R., & Greenberg,

E. S. (2003). Physical and Mental Health Effects of

Surviving Layoffs: A Longitudinal Examination.

Instituteof Behavioural Science: Research Program on

Political and Economic Change, 2003-0003.

 

Moorman, R., H. (1991). Relationship between organizational

justice and organizational citizenship behaviors: Do

fairness perceptions influence employee citizenship?

Journal 0/ Applied Psychology, 76, 845-855

Morgan,

 

Mroczkowski" T." & Hanaoka, M. (1997). Effective rightsizing

strateqies In Japan and America: Is there a convergence

of employment practices? The Academy of Management

Executive, 11(2), 57-67.

 

Mustafa, R., & Mansor, S. A. (1999). Malaysia's financial crisis

and contraction in human resource: policies and lessons

for SMIS. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation.

 

Muzaffar, Syah Mallow (2016,March 22). Plan retrenchment

exercise with care. The Star Online. Retrieved from

http://www.thestar.com.my/opinion/letters/2016/03/22/

__--=p=la:..:..n,__- retrenchment-exercise-with-care/

 

Nadasic, T. (2006). The Motives of Organizational Justice,

Paris, Chambre De Commerce Et D'industrie De Paris.

 

Neves, P., Mesdaghinia, 5., Eisenberger, R., & Wickham, R. E.

(2018). Timesizing Proximity and Perceived

Organizational Support: Contributions to Employee Wellbeing

and Extra-role Performance. Journal of Change

Management, 18(1), 70-90.

 

Nielsen, K. (2018). How workers' appraisals of change

influence employee outcomes. In Organizational

Change (pp. 78-89). Routledge.

 

Novak, M., & Cooper, J. W. (Eds.). (1981). The corporation: a

theological inquiry (Vol. 81). American Enterprise

Institute.

 

Noer, D.M. (1993). Healing the wounds: Overcoming the

trauma of layoffs and revitalising downsized

organizations. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.

 

Noer D. M. (2009). Healing the wounds: Overcoming the

'trauma of layoffs and revitalizing downsized

organizations. John Wiley and Sons.

 

Norman, G. R., & Streiner, D. L. (1994). Biostatistics: the bare

essentials. St. Louis: Mosby-Year Book.

 

O'Neal, R. (2015, January 23). Downsizing: E,mployees ,need

careful considerationsfrom icadersh.p. Retrieved

fromhttps:/lwww.hr.com/en/topleaders/all articles/downsizing -em ployees- need-ca refu I-considerationsf

i5972fyO.html

 

O'Reilly, B. (1994) The New Deal: What Companies and

Employees Owe One Another, Fortune, June, 28-33.

 

Oluoch, N. G. (2011). Effects of downsizing on surviving

employees in the dominion farms-siaya county,

Kenya (Doctoral Dissertation, School Of Business,

University Of Nairobi).

 

Organ, D. W. (1988). Organizational citizenship behavior: The

good soldier syndrome. Lexington Books/DC Heath and

Com.

 

Organ, D. W. (1990). The motivational basis of organizational

citizenship behavior. In B. M. Staw & L. L. Cummings

(Eds.), Research in organizational behavior (Vol. 12, pp.

43-72). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

 

Organ, D. W., & Konovsky, M. (1989). Cognitive versus

affective determinants of organizational citizenship

behavior. Journal of applied psychology, 74(1), 157.

 

Ortony, A., Clore, G. c., & Collins, A. (1988). The cognitive

structure ofemotions. Cambridge: Cambridge University

Press.

 

Parks, J. M. & Kidder, D. L. (1990). Till death do us part

changing work relationships in the 1990s.In C.L. Cooper

& D.M. Rousseau (Eds.) Trends in organizational

behavior (Vol. 1, pp. 111-136). New York: Wiley.

 

Parkinson, B. (1995). Ideas and realities of emotion. London:

Routledg.

 

Pekrun, R., & Frese, M. (1992). Emotions in work and

achievement. In: C. L. Cooper & I. T. Robertson (Eds),

International review of industrial and organizational

psychology (Vol. 7, pp. 153-200). Chichester, UK:

Wiley.

 

Pelehach, L. (1996). Feature: Defying Downsizing. Laboratory

Medicine, 27(5), 314-322.

 

Perreira, T. A., Berta, W., & Herbert, M. (2018). The employee

retention triad in health care: Exploring relationships

amongst organisational justice, affective commitment and turnover intention. Journal of clinical nursing, 27(7-

8), e1451-e1461.

 

Pritchard, R. A. (1969)

critique.Organizational

Performance, 4,75-94.

Equity theory:

Behavior

A review and

and Human

 

Probst, T. M. (2002). Layoffs and tradeoffs: Production, quality

and safety demands under the threat of job loss.

Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 7, 211-220.

 

R. Fink, M. Krugman, K. Casey, and C. Goode, "The graduate

nurse experience: qualitative residency program

outcomes," Journal of Nursing Administration, vol. 38,

no. 7-8, pp. 341-348, 2008.

 

Redmond, M. V. (2015). Social exchange theory.

 

Rehman, R. R. (2011). Effect of organizational change on

employee job involvement: Mediating role of

communication, emotions and psychological

contract. Information Management and Business

Review, 3(3), 178-184.

 

Reinardy, S. (2010). Downsizing effects on personnel: The

case of layoff survivors in US newspapers. Journal of

Media Business Studies, 7(4), 1-19.

 

Robinson, S. L., & Morrison, E. W. (1995). Psychological

contracts and OCB: The effect of unfulfilled obligations

on civic virtue behavior. Journal of organizational

behavior, 16(3), 289-298.

 

Ross, W. D. (1925). Aristotle's Metaphysics. A revised text

with introduction and commentary.

 

Rousseau, D. M. (1989). Psychological and implied contracts in

organizations. Employee responsibilities and rights

journal, 2(2), 121-139.

 

Rupp, D. E., & Cropanzano, R. (2002). The mediating effects

of social exchange relationships in predicting workplace

outcomes from multifoci organizational

justice. Organizational behavior and human decision

processes, 89(1), 925-946.

 

Ryan, K. D., & Oestreich, D. K. (1991). Driving fear out of the

workplace: How to overcome the invisible barriers to

quality, productivity, and innovation. Jossey-8ass.

 

Sadeghniiat-Haghighi, K., & Yazdi, Z. (2015). Fatigue

management in the workplace. Industrial Psychiatry

Journal, 24(1), 12-17. http://doLorg/l0.4103/0972-

6748.160915

 

Sahdev, K. (2003). Survivors' reactions to downsizing: The

importance of contextual factors. Human Resource

Management Journal, 13(4),56-74.

 

Sahdev, K., Vinnicombe, S., & Tyson, S. (1999). Downsizing

and the changing role of HR. International Journal of

Human Resource Management, 10(5), 906-923.

 

Sahlins, M. (1972). Stone age economics. New York: Aldine De

Gruyter

 

Saruhan, N. (2014). The Role of Corporate Communication

and Perception of Justice during Organizational Change

Process. Business & Economics Research Journal, 5(4).

 

Saunders, M., & Thornhill, A. (2004). Trust and mistrust in

organizations: An exploration using an organizational

justice framework. European Journal of Work and

Organizational Psychology, 13(4),493-515.

 

Schaeffer, C. J. (2012). Downsized Survivors: Areas of Loss

and Work Behaviors.

 

Schiro, J. B., & Baker, R. L. (2009). Downsizing and

organizational change survivors and victims: Mental

health issues. International Journal of Applied

Management and Technology, 7(1), 3.

 

Sears, D. O. (1986). College sophomores in the laboratory:

Influences of a narrow data base on social psychology's

view of human nature. Journal of personality and social

psychology, 51 (3), 515.

 

Shanock, L. R., & Eisenberger, R. (2006). When supervisors

feel supported: Relationships with subordinates'

perceived supervisor support, perceived organizational

support, and performance. Journal of Applied

psychology, 91(3), 689.

 

Sigurst:insdottir, H., & Rafnsdottir, G. L. (2015). Sickness and

sickness absence of remaining employees in a time of

economic crisis: a study among employees of

municipalities in Iceland. Social Science & Medicine 132

95-102. ' ,

 

Singh, R. (2018, January 3). 50,000 Malaysians expected to

be laid off this year. Retrieved March 28 2018 from , , http://www.thesundaily.mY/news/20 18/0 1104/50000-

malaysians-expected-be-Iaid-year

 

Skarlicki, D. P., & Folger, R. (1997). Retaliation in the

workplace: The roles of distributive, procedural, and

interactional justice. Journal of applied

Psychology, 82(3), 434.

 

Smith, C. A., & Ellsworth, P. C. (1987). Patterns of appraisal

and emotion related to taking an exam. Journal of

personality and social psychology, 52(3), 475.

 

Smollan, R. K. (2009). The emotional rollercoaster of

organisational change: affective responses to

organisational change, their cognitive antecedents and

behavioural consequences: a thesis presented in

partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of

Doctor of Philosophy in Management at Massey

University, Auckland, New Zealand(Doctoral dissertation,

Massey University).

 

Smollan, R. K. (2012). Chapter 6 Emotional Responses to the

Injustice of Organizational Change: A Qualitative Study.

In Experiencing and Managing Emotions in the

Workplace (pp. 175-202). Emerald Group Publishing

Limited.

 

Soares, S. M., Gelmini, 5., Brandao, S. 5., & Silva, J. (2018).

Workplace accidents in brazil: analysis of physical and

psychosocial stress and health-related factors. RAM.

Revista de Administrac;ao Mackenzie, 19( 3).

 

Spector, P. E. (1975). Relationships of organizational

frustration with reported behavioral reactions of

employees. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60(5), 635.

 

Spector, P. E. (1978). Organizational frustration: A model and

review of the literature. Personnel Psychology, 31(4),

815-829.

 

Spector, P. E., & Fox, S. (2002). An emotion-centered model

of voluntary work behavior. Human Resource

Management Review, 12, 269-292.

 

Spector, P. E., Fox, S., & Van Katwyk, P. T. (1999). The role of

negative affectivity in employee reactions to job

characteristics: Bias effect or substantive effect? Journal

of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 72(2),

205-218.

 

Spreitzer, G. M., & Mishra, A. K. (2002). To stay or to go:

Voluntary survivor turnover following an organizational

downsizing. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The

International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and

Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 23(6), 707-

729.

 

Stoner, J. S., & Gallagher, V. C. (2010). Who cares? The role

of job involvement in psychological contract

violation. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 40(6),

1490-1514.

 

Stouffer, S. A., Suchman, E. A., DeVinney, L. c., Star, S. A., &

Williams Jr, R. M. (1949). The American soldier:

Adjustment during army life.(Studies in social

psychology in World War II), Vol. 1.

 

Stroh, L. K., Brett, J. M. & Reilly, J. H. (1994). A decade of

change: Managers attachment to their organizations and

their jobs. Human Resource Management, 33, 531-548.

 

Susskind, A. M., Borchgrevink, C. P., Kacmar, K. M., &

Brymer, R. A. (2000). Customer service employees'

behavioral intentions and attitudes: An examination of

construct validity and a path model. International

Journal of Hospitality Management, 19(1), 53-77.

 

Sverke, M., Hellgren, J., & Naswall, K. (2002). No security: a

meta-analysis and review of job insecurity and its

consequences. Journal of occupational health

psychology, 7(3), 242.

 

Takeuchi, R., Chen, Z., & Cheung, S. Y. (2012). Applyinq

uncertainty management theory to employee voice

behavior: An integrative investigation. Personnel

Psychology, 65(2), 283-323.

 

Taylor AJ.W. (ed.) (2006b) Justice as a Basic Human Need.

Nova Science Publishers, New York.

 

Thibaut, J. & Walker, L. (1975). Procedural justice: A

psychological analysis. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum

Associates.

 

Thibaut, J., & Walker, L. (1978). A theory of procedure. Cal. L.

Rev., 66, 541.

 

Tice, D. M., & Baumeister, R. F. (2001). The primacy of the

interpersonal self.

 

Travaglione, A., & Cross, B. (2006). Diminishing the social

network in organizations: does there need to be such a

phenomenon as 'survivor syndrome'after

downsizing? Strategic Change, 15(1), 1-13.

 

Trevor, C. 0., & Nyberg, A. J. (2008). Keeping your headcount

when all about you are losing theirs: Downsizing,

voluntary turnover rates, and the moderating role of HR

practices. Academy of Management Journal, 51 (2), 259-

276.

 

Trompenaars, F., & Hampden-Turner, C. (1998). Riding the

waves of culture (p. 162). New York: McGrawHill.

 

Tyler, T. R. (1989). The psychology of procedural justice: a

test of the group-value model. Journal of personality and

social psychology, 57(5), 830.

 

Tyler, T. R. (1994). Psychological models of the justice

motive: Antecedents of distributive and procedural

justice. Journal of personality and social

psychology, 67(5), 850.

 

Tyler, T. R. & Bies, R. J. (1990). Beyond formal procedures:

The interpersonal context of procedural justice. In 1.

Carroll (Ed.), Applied social psychology and

organizational settings. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum

Associates. 77-98.

 

Tyler, T. R. & Lind, E. A. (1992). A relational model of

authority in groups. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in

experimental social psychology. San Diego, CA:

 

Undang-Undang,L.P.(2010). Perlembagaan Persekutuan

. Pe ta ling Jaya: International Law Book Services

 

Ugwumgbor, T. (2016). Abusive supervision, work tension and

overload as predictors of counter productive work

behaviour(Doctoral dissertation).

 

Van den Bos, K. (2001). Uncertainty management: The

influence of uncertainty salience on reactions to

perceived procedural fairness. Journal of Personality and

Social Psychology, 80, 931-941.

 

Van den Bos, K. (2002). Assimilation and contrast in

organizational justice: The role of primed mindsets in

the psychology of the fair process effect. Organizational

Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 89(1), 866-

880.

 

van den Bos, K., Heuven, E., Burger, E., & Van Veldhuizen, M.

F. (2006). Uncertainty management after

reorganizations: The ameliorative effect of outcome

fairness on job uncertainty. Revue internationale de

psychologie sociale, 19(1), 145-156.

 

Van den Bos, K., Vermunt, R., & Wilke, H. A. (1997).

Procedural and distributive justice: what is fair depends

more on what comes first than on what comes

next. Journal of Personality and Social

Psychology, 72(1), 95.

 

Van den Bos, K., Wilke, H. A., & Lind, E. A. (1998). When do

we need procedural fairness? The role of trust in

authority. Journal of Personality and social

Psychology, 75(6), 1449.

 

Van den Bos, K., & Miedema, J. (2000). Toward understanding

why fairness matters: The influence of mortality salience

on reactions to procedural fairness. Journal of

personality and social psychology, 79(3), 355.

 

Van Dierendonck, D., & Jacobs, G. (2012). Survivors and

victims, a meta-analytical review of fairness and

organizational commitment after downsizing. British

Journal of Management, 23(1), 96-109.

 

Van Dyne, L., & LePine, J. A. (1998). Helping and voice extrarole

behaviors: Evidence of construct and predictive

validity. Academy of Management journal, 41(1), 108-

119.

 

Wafa, S. A., Govindan, J. T., Jantan, M., & Sulong, R. S.

(2003). AN ANALYSIS OF THE VALUE ORIENTATIONS OF

MALAYSIANS.

 

Walster, E., Berscheid, E., & Walster, G. W. (1973). New

directions in equity research. Journal of personality and

social psychology, 25(2), 151.

 

Walster, E., Berscheid, E., & Walster, G. W. (1976). New

Directions in Equity Research12. In Advances in

experimental social psychology (Vol. 9, pp. 1-42).

Academic Press.

 

Walster, E., Walster, G. W., &- Berscheid, E. (1978). Equity:

Theory and research.

 

Weber, H. (2004). Explorations in the social construction of

anger. Motivation and Emotion, 28(2), 197-219.

 

Weiner, B. (1985). An attributional theory of achievement

motivation and emotion. Psychological Review, 92, 548-

573.

 

Weiss, H. M. (2002). Introductory comments: Antecedents of

emotional experiences at work. Motivation and

Emotion, 26(1), 1-2.

 

Weiss, H. M., & Cropanzano, R. (1996). Affective Events

Theory: A theoretical discussion on the structure, causes

and consequences of affective experiences at work.

Research in Organizational Behavior, 18, 1-74.

 

Weiss, M. R., & Stevens, C. (1993). Motivation and attrition of

female coaches: An application of social exchange

theory. The Sport Psychologist, 7(3), 244-261.

 

Weiss, H. M., Suckow, K., & Cropanzano, R. (1999). Effects of

justice conditions on discrete emotions. Journal of

applied Psychology, 84(5), 786.

 

Westermann-Winter, B. (2007). A phenomenological study

into the experiences of retrenchment

implementers (Doctoral dissertation, Stellenbosch:

University of Stellenbosch).

 

World Health Organization. (2001). International classification

of functioning, disability and health: ICF. Geneva: World

Health Organization.

 

World Health Organization. World health statistics 2008.

Geneva: WHO, 2008.

 

Wong, N. L. (2010). Silent communication of Japanese society.

Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaya Press.

 

Zhang, Z. X. (2006). Chinese conceptions of justice and

reward allocation. In Indigenous and Cultural Psychology

(pp. 403- 420). Springer US.

 

 

 

.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


This material may be protected under Copyright Act which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials.
You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research.

Back to previous page

Installed and configured by Bahagian Automasi, Perpustakaan Tuanku Bainun, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
If you have enquiries with this repository, kindly contact us at pustakasys@upsi.edu.my or Whatsapp +60163630263 (Office hours only)