UPSI Digital Repository (UDRep)
Start | FAQ | About

QR Code Link :

Type :thesis
Subject :RC Internal medicine
Main Author :Alramah, Maryam Ahmed Salem
Title :Development of multivariate prevalent cancer mapping model in Libya
Place of Production :Tanjong Malim
Publisher :Fakulti Sains dan Matematik
Year of Publication :2018
Corporate Name :Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
PDF Guest :Click to view PDF file
PDF Full Text :The author has requested the full text of this item to be restricted.

Abstract : Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
The aim of this study was to develop the best possible method for providing estimates of relative risk for cancers by utilizing a multivariate approach through shared component model to produce specific and shared spatial patterns of cancer disease in Libya. The methodology in this study is statistical model to development to jointly analyze the spatial variation in rates of several cancers with their four spatial components without any conditions. The data for incidence of breast, lung, prostate, bladder, stomach, colon and liver in Libya districts, were used in this study. Four risk factors representing smoking, low physical activity, overweight and alcohol consumption were considered. A general framework for jointly modelling the variation of seven cancers, some of which share latent spatial fields, is considered. Finally, a new Multivariate Shared Component model is successfully developed. The procedure for predicting relative risks based on the model is presented in order to suggest approximate future cancers diseases progression patterns for Libya. In this study, the new model and the existing models were then applied to the morbidity data of seven types of cancer and four components for female and males in Libya during 2006-2011. An overall assessment of the models was carried out based on the goodness of fit. The results of the Deviance Information Criterion (DIC) value (BYM: 821.841, Mixture model: 797.832, SCM: 794.788) demonstrated how the new model fits the data better than the existing models. Furthermore, the findings of the analysis or the spatial maps analysis showed that on the basis of the model, the areas of high risk were relatively distributed across the region. As a conclusion, an observed comparison of the existing models and the new model based on the posterior precision of the relative risk estimates, strongly suggests that the multivariate modelling approach is a valuable expansion over individual analyses. The shared component model also can be readily applied to other; cancers or non-communicable diseases, risk factors, spatial areas, and time periods. The implications is that the model will provide accurate and clear maps of cancer morbidity across all regions in Libya. The information will be valuable for guiding public health strategies to reduce cancer risk, as well as of risk -lifestyle behaviours through cancer disease and maintaining a healthy lifestyle.

References

Abed,  J.,  Reilley,  B.,  Butler,  M.  O.,  Kean,  T.,  Wong,  F.,  &  Hohman,  K.  (2000).

Comprehensive  cancer  control  initiative  of  the  Centers  for Disease  Control  and Prevention: 

 an  example  of  participatory innovation  diffusion.  Journal  of  Public Health Management and 

Practice: JPHMP, 6(2), 79–92.

 

Abuidri, D., Ahmed, A., Elmadani, A., Eltayeb, E., Elgaili, E., Elwali, N., & Hamed, K. (2009).  

Cancer  management  in  Sudan:  Current  status  and  future  perspectives. Sudan Journal of 

Medical Sciences, 4(2).

 

Abusaa,  A.  (2006).  First  Annual  Report  Population-Based  Cancer  Registry  2006.

Sabratha, African Oncology Institute (AOI).

 

Abusaa, A. (2007). Second Annual Report Hospital-Based Cancer Registry Introduction and Outline. 

Sabratha, African Oncology Institute (AOI).

 

Abusaa,  A.  (2011).  First  Annual  Report  Population-Based  Cancer  Registry  2011.

Sabratha, African Oncology Institute (AOI).

 

Acland, H. (1856). Memoir of the Cholera at Oxford in the Year 1854. London: J.Churchill.

 

Akaike,  H.  (1973).  Information  theory  and  an  extension  of  the  maximum  likelihood 

principle. In B. N. Petrov & F. Csaki (2?? Eds.), 2nd International Symposium on Information Theory 

(pp. 267–281). Budapest, Hungary: Akadémiai Kiadó.

 

Alaggia, R. (2010). An ecological analysis of child sexual abuse disclosure: considerations for 

child and adolescent mental health. Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent 

Psychiatry, 19(1), 32–9.

 

Aldrich,  T.,  & Sinks,  T. (2002).  Things  to  know  and  do  about  cancer  clusters.  Cancer

Investigation, 20(5–6), 810–6.

 

Alfó, M., Nieddu, L., & Vicari, D. (2009). Finite Mixture Models for Mapping Spatially

Dependent Disease Counts. Biometrical Journal, 51(1), 84-97.

 

Alhdiri, M. A., Samat, N. A., & Mohamed, Z. (2016). Mapping Libya’ s prostate cancer based on the 

SMR method: A geographical analysis. Geografia Malaysian Journal of Society and Space, 12(9), 

118–125.

 

Alhdiri, M. A., Samat, N. A., & Mohamed, Z. (2017). Risk estimation for lung cancer in Libya:  

Analysis  based  on  standardized  morbidity  ratio,  Poisson-gamma  model, BYM  model  and  

mixture  model.  Asian  Pacific  Journal  of  Cancer  Prevention (APJCP), 18(3).

 

Allen, N., Beral, V., Casabonne, D., Kan, S., Reeves, G., Brown, A., & Green, J. (2009). Moderate 

Alcohol Intake and Cancer Incidence in Women. JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 

101(5), 296-305.

 

Amend, K., Hicks, D., & Ambrosone, C. (2006, 9 1). Breast Cancer in African-American Women: 

Differences in Tumor Biology from European-American Women. Cancer Research, 66(17), 8327-8330.

 

American  Cancer  Society.  (2014).  Cancer  Treatment  &  Survivorship  Facts  and Figures     

                     2014-2015.                          Retrieved                          from 

https://old.cancer.org/acs/groups/content/@research/documents/document/acspc- 042801.pdf.

 

American    Cancer    Society.    (2016).    Cancer    Facts    &    Figures    2016.,    1–9. 

https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NNR.0000289503.22414.79.

 

American       Cancer       Society.       (2016).       Liver       Cancer.       Retrieved       

from https://www.cancer.org/cancer/liver-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk- factors.html.

 

American Cancer Society. (2016). Viruses that can lead to cancer. Retrieved August 14, 2017,        

    from            https://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancer-causes/infectious- 

agents/infections-that-can-lead-to-cancer/viruses.html.

 

Anand, P., Kunnumakkara, A. B., Kunnumakara, A. B., Sundaram, C., Harikumar, K. B., Tharakan, S. 

T., … Aggarwal, B. B. (2008). Cancer is a preventable disease that

requires major lifestyle changes. Pharmaceutical Research, 25(9), 2097–116.

 

Anselin, L. (2001). Rao’s score test in spatial econometrics. Journal of Statistical Planning

and Inference, 97(1), 113–139.

 

Anselin, L., & Florax, J. . (1995). Small Sample Properties of Test for Spatial Dependence in 

Regression Models: Some Further Results. In L. Anselin & R. Florax (Eds.), New Directions in 

Spatial Econometric (pp. 21–74). Berlin: Springer-Verlag, New York.

 

Asmarian, N. S., Ruzitalab, A., Amir, K., Masoud, S., & Mahaki, B. (2013). Area-to-Area Poisson 

Kriging analysis of mapping of county- level esophageal cancer incidence rates in Iran. Asian 

Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention: APJCP, 14(1), 11–3.

 

Ba Saleem, H. O., Bawazir, A. A., Moore, M., & Al-Sakkaf, K. A. (2010). Five  years cancer  

incidence  in  Aden  cancer  registry,  Yemen  (2002-2006).  Asian  Pacific Journal of Cancer 

Prevention, 11(2), 507–511.

 

Baker, R. (1833). Report of Leeds Board of Health. Leeds, UK: Hernaman and Perring at the 

Intelligencer Office.

 

Barrett, F. A. (1993). A medical geographical anniversary. Social Science and Medicine, 37(6), 

701–710.

 

Barrett, F. A. (2000). Finke’s 1792 map of human diseases: The first world disease map?

Social Science and Medicine, 50(7–8), 915–921.

 

Bartlett, M. S. (1978). Nearest Neighbour Models in the Analysis of Field Experiments on JSTOR. 

Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B (Methodological), 40(2), 147–174.

 

Bawazir, A. A. (2006). Tobacco Related Cancer Incidence in Republic of Yemen 2003. In The 13th  

World Conference on Tobacco and Health Conference  (pp. 102–118). Washington, DC, USA.

 

Beaglehole,  R.,  Bonita,  R.,  &  Kjellstrom,  T.  (1993).  WHO  Library  Cataloguing-in- 

Publication Data (2nd ed.). Geneva: World Health Organisation.

 

BenNasir, E., El Mistiri, M., McGowan, R., & Katz, R. V. (2015). Oral cancer in Libya and 

development of regional oral cancer registries: A review. Saudi Dental Journal,

27(4), 171–179.

 

Berger, J. O., Moreno, E., Pericchi, L. R., Bayarri, M. J., Bernardo, J. M., Cano, J. A., …

Sivaganesan, S. (1994). An overview of robust Bayesian analysis.  Test, 3(1), 5– 124.

 

Berke,  O.  (2004).  Exploratory  disease  mapping:  kriging  the  spatial  risk  function  from 

regional count data. International Journal of Health Geographics, 3(1), 18.

 

Bermedo-Carrasco, S., Waldner, C., Peña-Sánchez, J. N., & Szafron, M. (2016). Spatial variations in 

cervical cancer prevention in Colombia: Geographical differences and associated socio-demographic 

factors. Spatial and Spatio-Temporal Epidemiology, 19, 78–90.

 

Bernardinelli, L., & Montomoli, C. (1992). Empirical bayes versus fully bayesian analysis of 

geographical variation in disease risk. Statistics in Medicine, 11(8), 983–1007.

 

Bernardinelli, L., Clayton, D., Pascutto, C., Montomoli, C., Ghislandi, M., & Songini, M. (1995).  

Bayesian  analysis  of  space-time  variation  in  disease  risk.  Statistics  in Medicine, 

14(21–22), 2433–43.

 

Besag,  J.  (1974).  Spatial  Interaction  and  the  Statistical  Analysis  of  Lattice  Systems.

Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B (Methodological), 36(2), 192–236.

 

Besag,  J.,  &  Kempton,  R.  (1986).  Statistical  Analysis  of  Field  Experiments  Using 

Neighbouring Plots. Biometrics, 42(2), 231.

 

Besag, J., York, J., & Mollie, A. (1991). Bayesian image restoration with two applications in 

spatial statistics. Annals of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics, 43, 1–59.

 

Best, N. (1999). Bayesian ecological modelling. In A. B. Lawson, A. Biggeri, D. Böhning,

E.  Lesaffre,  J.-F.  Viel,  &  R.  Bertollini  (Eds.),  Disease  Mapping  and  Risk Assessment for 

Public Health (pp. 193–201). Chichester: Wiley.

 

Best, N., & Hansell, A. (2009). Geographic variations in risk: adjusting for unmeasured confounders 

  through   joint   modeling   of   multiple   diseases.    Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass), 20(3), 

400-410.

 

Best, N., Richardson, S., & Thomson, A. (2005). A comparison of Bayesian spatial models

for disease mapping. Statistical methods in medical research, 14(1), 35-59.

 

Bilancia,  M.,  &  Fedespina,  A.  (2009).  Geographical  clustering  of  lung  cancer  in  the

province of Lecce, Italy: 1992–2001. International Journal of Health Geographics, 8(1), 40.

 

Blangiardo, M., Cameletti, M., Baio, G., & Rue, H. (2013). Spatial and spatio-temporal models with 

R-INLA. Spatial and Spatio-Temporal Epidemiology, 4, 33–49.

 

Bodalal, Z., & Bendardaf, R. (2014). Colorectal carcinoma in a Southern Mediterranean country: The 

Libyan scenario. World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology, 6(4), 98–103.

 

Bodalal, Z., Azzuz, R., & Bendardaf, R. (2014). Cancers in eastern Libya: First results from 

Benghazi medical center. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 20(20), 6293– 6301.

 

Boder, J. M. E., Abdalla, F. B. E., Elfageih, M. A., Abusaa, A., Buhmeida, A., & Collan,

Y. (2011). Breast cancer patients in Libya: Comparison with European and central African patients. 

Oncology Letters, 2(2), 323–330.

 

Boder,  J.,  Abdalla,  F.,  Elfagieh,  M.,  &  Collan,  Y.  (2013).  Estimation  of  tubular 

differentiation in female libyan breast cancer. Journal of Cancer Therapeutics and Research, 2(1), 

5.

 

Boder,  J.,  Abdalla,  F.,  Elfagieh,  M.,  Buhmeida,  A.,  &  Collan,  Y.  (2013).  Proliferative 

Activity  in  Libyan  Breast  Cancer  with  Comparison  to  European  and  Central African 

Patients. BioMed Research International, 2013, 1–10.

 

Boffetta, P., & Trichopoulos, D. (2002). Cancer. of the Lung, Larynx, and Pleura. In H. Adami,  D.  

Hunter,  &  D.  Trichopoulos  (Eds.),  extbook  of  cancer  epidemiology. Oxford: Oxford University 

Press.

 

Böhning, D., Dietz, E., & Schlattmann, P. (2000). Space-time mixture modelling of public health 

data. Statistics in Medicine, 19(17–18), 2333–44.

 

Brenner, H., Kloor, M., & Pox, C. P. (2014). Colorectal cancer. Lancet (London, England), 

383(9927), 1490–502.

 

Brown,  P.  J.,  Le,  N.  D.,  &  Zidek,  J.  V.  (1994).  Multivariate  spatial  interpolation  

and

exposure to air pollutants. Canadian Journal of Statistics, 22(4), 489–509.

 

Campos, F. G., Logullo Waitzberg, A. G., Kiss, D. R., Waitzberg, D. L., Habr-Gama, A.,

&  Gama-Rodrigues,  J.  (2005).  Diet  and  colorectal  cancer:  current  evidence  for etiology 

and prevention. Nutricion Hospitalaria, 20(1), 18–25.

 

Canadian Cancer Society. (2016). Cancer Cell Developmenty/What is Cancer? Retrieved from            

        http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-101/what-is- 

cancer/cancer-cell-development/?region=pe

 

Cancer   Research   UK.   (2010).   Stomach   cancer   risks   and   causes.   Retrieved   from 

http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/type/stomach- 

cancer/about/stomach-cancer-risks-and-causes#smoke.

 

Cancer  Research  UK.  (2016).  Physical  activity  facts  and  evidence.  Retrieved  from 

http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/causes-of-cancer/physical-

activity-and-cancer/physical-activity-facts-and-evidence.

 

Cao, Y., Willett, W., Rimm, E., Stampfer, M., & Giovannucci, E. (2015). Light to moderate intake of 

alcohol, drinking patterns, and risk of cancer: results from two prospective US cohort studies. 

British Medical Journal, 351, h4238.

 

Carlin, B. P., & Louis, T. A. (2000). Bayes and Empirical Bayes methods for data analysis.

Chapman & Hall/CRC.

 

Cartwright, S. (1826). A series of essays on the causes, symptoms, morbid anatomy, and treatment  

of  some  of  the  principal  diseases  of  the  southern  state.  The  Medical Recorder, 9(3–44), 

225–267.

 

Casella,  G.,  &  George,  E.  I.  (1992).  Explaining  the  Gibbs  Sampler.  The  American 

Statistician, 46(3), 167–174.

 

Cassettari, S. (1993). Introduction to integrated geo-information management. Chapman & Hall.

 

Cassetti, T., La Rosa, F., Rossi, L., D’Alò, D., & Stracci, F. (2008). Cancer incidence in men: a 

cluster analysis of spatial patterns. BMC Cancer, 8(1), 344.

 

Centers  for  Disease  Control  and  Prevention  (US).  (2010).  How  tobacco  smoke  causes 

disease:  the  biology  and  behavioral  basis  for  smoking-attributable  disease  :  a report of 

the Surgeon General. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

(US).

 

Centers  for  Disease  Control  and  Prevention.  (2016).  Smoking  and  Tobacco  Use;  Fact

Sheet; Health Effects of Cigarette Smoking. Retrieved from Centers for Disease Control              

                                  and                                                Prevention: 

https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/health_effects/effects_cig

_smoking/

 

Chen, H. S., Portier, K., Ghosh, K., Naishadham, D., Kim, H. J., Zhu, L., … Feuer, E. J. (2012). 

Predicting US- and state-level cancer counts for the current calendar year: Part I: Evaluation of 

temporal projection methods for mortality. Cancer, 118(4), 1091– 1099.

 

Chils, J.-P., & Delfiner,  P. (Eds.). (1999).  Geostatistics: Modeling Spatial Uncertainty.

New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

 

Chitnis,  N.,  Cushing,  J.  M.,  &  Hyman,  J.  M.  (2006).  Bifurcation  Analysis  of  a 

Mathematical   Model   for   Malaria   Transmission.   SIAM   Journal   on   Applied Mathematics, 

67(1), 24–45.

 

Clancy, D. (2005). A stochastic SIS infection model incorporating indirect transmission.

Journal of Applied Probability, 42(3), 726–737.

 

Clayton, D., & Kaldor, J. (1987). Empirical Bayes Estimates of Age-Standardized Relative Risks for 

Use in Disease Mapping. Biometrics, 43(3), 671.

 

Clayton, M. K., Geisser, S., & Jennings, D. E. (1986). Bayesian Inference and Decision Techniques.  

In  P.  Goel  &  A.  Zelner  (Eds.),  A  comparison  of  several  model selection procedures (ed, 

pp. 425–439). New York: Elsevier Science Publisher.

 

Cliff, A. D., & Ord, J. k. (1981). Spatial processes: models & applications. London: Pion.

 

Congdon, P. (2001). Bayesian Statistical Modelling. Chichester: Wiley.

 

Congdon, P. (2014). Applied Bayesian Modelling. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons. 

 

Cook, D. G., & Pocock, S. J. (1983). Multiple regression in geographical mortality studies,

with allowance for spatially correlated errors. Biometrics, 39(2), 361–71.

 

Coory, M. (2008). Statistical inference is overemphasized in cluster investigations: the case

of the cluster of breast cancers at the Australian Broadcasting Corporation studios in Brisbane, 

Australia. Internal Medicine Journal, 38(4), 288–291.

 

Copperthwaite,  N.  H.  (1972).  Mortality  or  Morbidity  Mapping:  Some  Examples  from Yugoslav 

Macedonia. In N. D. McGlashan (Ed.), Medical Geography: Techniques and Field Studies (eds). London: 

Methuen.

 

Cox, D. R. (1972). The statistical analysis of dependencies in point processes. In P. A. W. Lewis 

(Ed.), Stochastic Point Processes (ed, pp. 55–66). New York: Wiley.

 

Cressie, N. A. C. (1993). Statistics for Spatial Data (revised edition) (2nd ed). New York: Wiley.

 

Cunningham,  D.,  Atkin,  W.,  Lenz,  H.-J.,  Lynch,  H.  T.,  Minsky,  B.,  Nordlinger,  B.,  & 

Starling,  N.  (2010).  Colorectal  cancer.  Lancet  (London,  England),  375(9719), 1030–47.

 

Dabney,  A.,  & Wakefield, J. (2005).  Issues  in the mapping of two diseases.  Statistical Methods 

in Medical Research, 14(1), 83-112.

 

Daley, D., & Vere-Jones, D. (1988). Introduction to the Theory of Point Processes. In P.

A.  .  Lewis  (Ed.),  Stochastic  Point  Processes.  Statistical  Analysis,  Theory,  and 

Application, ed. New York: Wiley.

 

Dayhum, A., Sharif, M., Eldaghayes, I., Kammon, A., Calistri, P., Danzetta, M. L., et al. (2017). 

Sero-prevalence and epidemiology of peste des petits ruminants in Libya. Transboundary and Emerging 

Diseases, 00:1–7.

 

De Araújo, V. E. M., Pinheiro, L. C., Almeida, M. C. de M., de Menezes, F. C., Morais,

M. H. F., Reis, I. A., et al (2013). Relative risk of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil: a spatial 

analysis in urban area. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 7(11), e2540.

 

Deneke, T. (1895). Nachtrgliches zur Hamburger cholera-Epidemie von 1892. Munchener Medicinische 

Wochenschrift, 41, 957–961.

 

DeOlivera, V., Kedem, B., & Short, D. (1997). Bayesian prediction of fransformed Gausian random 

field. Journal of the American Statistical Association. Vol: 92, 92, 1422-

1433.

 

Devesa, S. ., Grauman, D. ., Blot, W. ., Pennelo, G. ., Hoover, R. ., & Fraumeni, J. . (1999).

Atlas  of  cancer  mortality  in  the  United  States,  1950-94.  Bethesda:  National Institutes of 

Health, National Cancer Institute.

 

Diah, I. M., Aziz, N., Ahmad, N. (2016). Relative Risk Estimation of Tuberculosis with Standardized 

Morbidity Ratio in Malaysia, Global Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics. 12 (5): 4011–4019.

 

Diggle, P. J. (1993). Point process modelling in environmental epidemiology. In V. Barnett & K. 

Turkman (Eds.), Statistics in the Environment (SPRUCE) (ed). New York: John Wiley and Sons.

 

Diggle, P. J. (2003). Statistical analysis of spatial point patterns (2nd ed). London: Edward

Arnold.

 

Diggle, P. J. (2006). Spatio-temporal point processes, partial likelihood, foot and mouth

disease. Statistical Methods in Medical Research, 15(4), 325–36.

 

Diggle, P. J., Guan, Y., Hart, A. C., Paize, F., & Stanton, M. (2010). Estimating Individual- Level 

Risk in Spatial Epidemiology Using Spatially Aggregated Information on the Population  at  Risk.  

Journal  of  the  American  Statistical  Association,  105(492), 1394–1402.

 

Diggle, P. J., Tawn, J. A., & Moyeed, R. A. (1998). Model-based geostatistics. Journal of the Royal 

Statistical Society: Series C (Applied Statistics), 47(3), 299–350.

 

Doll, S. R. (1980). The Epidemiology of Cancer. Cancer, 45(10), 2475–2485.

 

Donnelly,  C.  A.  (1995).  The spatial  analysis  of  covariates  in  a  study of  environmental 

epidemiology. Statistics in Medicine, 14(21–22), 2393–409.

 

Downing, A., Forman, D., Gilthorpe, M. S., Edwards, K. L., & Manda, S. O. (2008). Joint disease   

mapping   using   six   cancers   in   the   Yorkshire   region   of   England. International 

Journal of Health Geographics, 7, 41.

 

Doyle,   V.   C.   (2007).   Nutrition   and   colorectal   cancer   risk:   a   literature   

review.

Gastroenterology Nursing : The Official Journal of the Society of Gastroenterology

Nurses and Associates, 30(3), 178-82–3.

 

Dreassi, E. (2007). Polytomous Disease Mapping to Detect Uncommon Risk Factors for

Related Diseases. Biometrical Journal, 49(4), 520-529.

 

Druesne-Pecollo, N., Tehard, B., Mallet, Y., Gerber, M., Norat, T., Hercberg, S., & Latino- Martel, 

P. (2009). Alcohol and genetic polymorphisms: effect on risk of alcohol- related cancer. The Lancet 

Oncology, 10(2), 173-180.

 

Dyba,  T.,  &  Hakulinen,  T.  (2000).  Comparison  of  different  approaches  to  incidence 

prediction based on simple interpolation techniques. Statistics in Medicine, 19(13), 1741–52.

 

Ecker, M. D., & Gelfand, A. E. (1997). Bayesian Variogram Modeling for an Isotropic Spatial 

Process. Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics, 2(4), 347.

 

El Mistiri, M., Pirani, M., El Sahli, N., El Mangoush, M., Attia, A., Shembesh, R., … Federico, M. 

(2010). Cancer profile in Eastern Libya: Incidence and mortality in the year 2004. Annals of 

Oncology.

 

El Mistiri, M., Salati, M., Marcheselli, L., Attia, A., Habil, S., Alhomri, F., . . . Federico,

M. (2015). Cancer incidence, mortality, and survival in Eastern  Libya:  Updated report from the 

Benghazi Cancer Registry.  Annals of Epidemiology,  25(8), 564-

568.

 

El Mistiri, M., Verdecchia, A., Rashid, I., El Sahli, N., El Mangush, M., & Federico, M.

(2007).  Cancer  incidence  in  eastern  Libya:  The  first  report  from  the  Benghazi Cancer 

Registry, 2003. International Journal of Cancer, 120(2), 392–397.

 

Elebead, F. M., Hamid, A., Hilmi, H. S. M., & Galal, H. (2012). Mapping cancer disease using  

geographical  information  system  (gis)  in  gezira  state-Sudan.  Journal  of Community Health, 

37(4), 830–839.

 

Elias,  J.,  Harmsen,  D.,  Claus,  H.,  Hellenbrand,  W.,  Frosch,  M.,  &  Vogel,  U.  (2006). 

Spatiotemporal analysis of invasive meningococcal disease, Germany. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 

12(11), 1689–95.

 

Elliott, P., & Wartenberg, D. (2004). Spatial epidemiology: current approaches and future 

challenges. Environmental Health Perspectives, 112(9), 998–1006.

 

Elliott, P., Cuzick, J., English, D., & Stern, R. (1996). Geographical and environmental

epidemiology. Methods for small-area studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

 

Elliott,   P.,   Martuzzi,   M.,   &   Shaddick,   G.   (1995).   Spatial   statistical   methods   

in

environmental epidemiology: a critique. Statistical Methods in Medical Research, 4(2), 137–59.

 

Ermiah, E. E. A. (2013). Libyan breast cancer: Health services and biology. Diagnosis delay and 

prognostic value of DNA pploidy, S-phase fraction, and Ki-67 and Bcl-2 immunohistochemistry.        

University        of        Turku.        Retrieved        from 

http://www.utu.fi/fi/Sivut/home.aspx.

 

Ermiah, E., Buhmeida, A., Khaled, B. R., Abdalla, F., Salem, N., Pyrhönen, S., & Collan,

Y. (2013). Prognostic value of bcl-2 expression among women with breast cancer in Libya. Tumor 

Biology, 34(3), 1569–1578.

 

Etxeberria, J., Goicoa, T., Ugarte, M. D., & Militino, A. F. (2014). Evaluating space-time models 

for short-term cancer mortality risk predictions in small areas. Biometrical Journal, 56(3), 

383–402. https://doi.org/10.1002/bimj.201200259

 

Ezzati, M., Lopez, A.D., Rodgers, A., Vander Hoorn, S., Murray, C.J., Comparative Risk Assessment 

Collaborating Group (2002). Selected major risk factors and global and regional burden of disease. 

Lancet, 360 (9343),1347-1360.

 

Fedirko, V., Tramacere, I., Bagnardi, V., Rota, M., Scotti, L., Islami, F., . . . Jenab, M. (2011). 

Alcohol drinking and colorectal cancer risk: an overall and dose-response meta-analysis of 

published studies. Annals of Oncology, 22(9), 1958-1972.

 

Ferlay, J., Soerjomataram, I., Dikshit, R., Eser, S., Mathers, C., Rebelo, M., … Bray, F. (2015). 

Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: Sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012.  

International  Journal of Cancer,  136(5), E359– E386.

 

Fishman, P., & Snyder, D. (1976). The statistical analysis of space-time point processes.

IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 22(3), 257–274.

 

Fong, Y., Dupey, D., Feng, M., & Abou-Alfa, G. (2015). Cancer of the liver. In V. DeVita,

T. Lawrence, & S. Rosenberg (Eds.), DeVita, Hellman, and Rosenberg’s Cancer: Principles  and  

Practice  of  Oncology  (10th  ed.,  pp.  696–714).  Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

 

Forouzanfar,  M.  H.,  Afshin,  A.,  Alexander,  L.  T.,  Anderson,  H.  R.,  Bhutta,  Z.  A.,

Biryukov,   S.,   …   Murray,   C.   J.   L.   (2016).   Global,   regional,   and   national

comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational,

and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of 

Disease Study 2015. The Lancet, 388(10053), 1659–1724.

 

Gao, S., Mioc, D., Anton, F., Yi, X., & Coleman, D. J. (2008). Online GIS services for mapping   

and   sharing   disease   information.   International   Journal   of   Health Geographics, 7, 8.

 

Gardner, M., Winter, P., & Barker, D. (1984). Atlas of Disease Mortality from Selected Diseases in 

England and Wales 1968-1978. Chichester: John Wiley.

 

Gardner, M., Winter, P., Taylor, C., & Acheson, E. (1983). Atlas of Cancer Mortality in England and 

Wales 1968-1978. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons.

 

Gatrell, A. C., Bailey, T. C., Diggle, P. J., & Rowlingson, B. S. (1996). Spatial Point Pattern 

Analysis and Its Application in Geographical Epidemiology. Transactions of the Institute of British 

Geographers, 21(1), 256.

 

Gaudard,  M.,  Karson,  M.,  Linder,  E.,  & Sinha,  D.  (1999).  Bayesian  spatial  prediction.

Environmental and Ecological Statistics, 6(2), 147–171.

 

Gavin, A. T., & Catney, D. (2006). Addressing a community’s cancer cluster concerns.

The Ulster Medical Journal, 75(3), 195–9.

 

Gelfand, A. E., & Dey,  D. K. (1994). Bayesian Model Choice: Asymptotics and Exact Calculations. 

Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B (Methodological),

56(3), 501–514.

 

Gelfand, A. E.,  & Smith, A. F. M. (1990). Sampling-Based Approaches to Calculating

Marginal Densities. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 85(410), 398.

 

Gelman, A., Carlin, J. B., Stern, H. S., & Rubin, D. B. (2004). Bayesian Data Analysis.

Chapman and Hall (2nd ed, Vol. 2). London: Chapman and Hall/CRC Press.

 

Geman,  S.,  &  Geman,  D.  (1984).  Stochastic  Relaxation,  Gibbs  Distributions,  and  the 

Bayesian  Restoration  of  Images.  IEEE  Transactions  on  Pattern  Analysis  and Machine 

Intelligence, 6(PAMI-6), 721–741.

 

Geweke,   J.   (1989).   Bayesian   inference   in   econometric   models   using  monte   carlo

integration. Econometric Society, 57(issue 6), 1317–1339.

 

Ghosh, K., Tiwari, R., Feuer, E., Cronin, K., & Jemal, A. (2008). Predicting US Cancer

Mortality Counts Using State Space Models. In R. Khattree & E. D.N. Naik (Eds.), Computational  

Methods  in  Biomedical  Research  (pp.  131–151).  Chapman  and Hall/CRC. 

https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420010923.ch5

 

Gilbert, E. W. (1958). Pioneer Maps of Health and Disease in England. The Geographical Journal, 

124(2), 172.

 

Gilks, W. R., Richardson, S., & Spiegelhalter, D. J. (1996). Markov chain Monte Carlo in practice. 

Landon: Chapman & Hall.

 

Gill, J. (2002). Bayesian methods: a social and behavioral sciences approach. New York: Chapman & 

Hall/CRC.

 

Glick,  B.  (1979).  The  spatial  autocorrelation  of  cancer  mortality.  Social  Science  & 

Medicine. Medical Geography, 13 D(2), 123–30.

 

Goodman, G. E. (2002). Lung cancer. 1: prevention of lung cancer. Thorax, 57(11), 994– 9.

 

Green,  P.  J.  (1995).  Reversible  Jump  Markov  Chain  Monte  Carlo  Computation  and Bayesian 

Model Determination. Biometrika, 82(4), 711–732.

 

Grewal, P., & Viswanathen, V. (2012). Liver Cancer and Alcohol. Clinics in Liver Disease,

16(4), 839-850.

Grönberg, H. (2003). Prostate cancer epidemiology. The Lancet, 361(9360), 859–864.

 

Gross, A. (2015). The Global Economic Cost of Cancer: Improving Outcomes and Cost by Reducing 

International Barriers to Care. Loyola University Chicago International Law Review, 12(2).

 

Habib, O. S., Al-Ali, J. K., Al-Wiswasi, M. K., Ajeel, N. A. H., Al-Asady, O. G., Khalaf,

A.  A.  A.,  &  Al-Mayah,  A.  Z.  M.  (2007).  Cancer  registration  in  Basrah  2005: Preliminary 

results. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 8(2), 187–190.

 

Haining,  R.  P.  (1993).  Spatial  data  analysis  in  the  social  and  environmental  sciences.

Cambridge University Press.

 

Hamajima, N., Hirose, K., Tajima, K., Rohan, T., Calle, E., Heath, C., . . . Collaborative

Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. (2002). Alcohol, tobacco and breast cancer  –  

collaborative  reanalysis  of  individual  data  from  53  epidemiological studies, including 58515 

women with breast cancer and 95067 women without the disease. British Journal of Cancer, 87(11), 

1234-1245.

 

Hammersley, J. M., & Handscomb, D. C. (1964). Monte Carlo Methods. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 

Inc.

 

Handcock, M. S., & Stein, M. L. (1993). A Bayesian Analysis of Kriging. Technometrics, 35(4), 403.

 

Handcock,  M.  S.,  & Wallis, J. R.  (1994).  An  Approach  to  Statistical  Spatial-Temporal 

Modeling   of   Meteorological   Fields.   Journal   of   the   American   Statistical Association, 

89(426), 368–378.

 

Harriss,  D.  J.,  Atkinson,  G.,  Batterham,  A.,  George,  K.,  Tim  Cable,  N.,  Reilly,  T.,  … 

Colorectal Cancer, Lifestyle, Exercise And Research Group. (2009). Lifestyle factors and colorectal 

cancer risk (2): a systematic review and meta-analysis of associations with leisure-time physical 

activity. Colorectal Disease, 11(7), 689–701.

 

Harty, W. (1820). Historic Sketch of the Causes, Progress, Extent and Mortality of the Contagious  

Fever  Epidemic  in  Ireland  During  the  Years  1817,  1818  and  1819. Dublin: Hodges and 

McArthur.

 

Hashibe,  M.,  Brennan,  P.,  Chuang,  S.-c.,  Boccia,  S.,  Castellsague,  X.,  Chen,  C.,  .  .  

. Boffetta, P. (2009). Interaction between Tobacco and Alcohol Use and the Risk of Head and Neck 

Cancer: Pooled Analysis in the International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology Consortium. Cancer 

Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention, 18(2),

541-550.

 

Hastings, W. K. (1970). Monte Carlo sampling methods using Markov chains and their applications. 

Biometrika, 57(1), 97–109.

 

Health           Status.           (2000).           Data           Definition           and        

   Limitation.

https://doi.org/http://www.healthunit.org/chsr/data_def/def.htm

 

Ministry  of  Health-  Information  and  Documentation  Center.  (2012).  Annual  Statistical

Report     2012.     Tripoli.     file:///C:/Users/malhd/Downloads/_report%202012.pdf,

WWW.SEHA.LY.

 

Heidenreich, A., Bastian, P. J., Bellmunt, J., Bolla, M., Joniau, S., van der Kwast, T., … European 

Association of Urology. (2014a). EAU guidelines on prostate cancer. part 1:  screening,  diagnosis, 

 and  local  treatment  with  curative  intent-update  2013. European Urology, 65(1), 124–37.

 

Heidenreich, A., Bastian, P. J., Bellmunt, J., Bolla, M., Joniau, S., van der Kwast, T., … European 

Association of Urology. (2014b). EAU Guidelines on Prostate Cancer. Part  II:  Treatment  of  

Advanced,  Relapsing,  and  Castration-Resistant  Prostate Cancer. European Urology, 65(2), 

467–479.

 

Heisterkamp,  S.  H.,  Doornbos,  G.,  &  Gankema,  M.  (1993).  Disease  mapping  using empirical  

Bayes  and  Bayes  methods  on  mortality  statistics  in  The  Netherlands. Statistics in 

Medicine, 12(19–20), 1895–913.

 

Held, L., Natário, I., Fenton, S. E., Rue, H., & Becker, N. (2005). Towards joint disease mapping. 

Statistical Methods in Medical Research, 14(1), 61–82.

 

Higgins, J. (2005). Chapter 2 The correlation coefficient. In The Radical Statistician, 1-26 Howe, 

G. (1963). National Atlas of Disease Mortality in the United Kingdom. London:

Nelson.

 

Howe, G. (1971). The mapping of disease in history. In E. Clarke (Ed.), Modern Methods in the 

History of Medicine (ed). London: University of London, Athlone.

 

Howe, G. (1986). Disease Mapping. In M. Pacione (Ed.), Medical Geography: Progress and Prospect 

(ed). Britain: Biddles Ltd, Guildford and King’s Lynn.

 

Ibañez-Beroiz,  B.,  Librero,  J.,  Bernal-Delgado,  E.,  García-Armesto,  S.,  Villanueva- 

Ferragud, S., & Peiró, S. (2014). Joint spatial modeling to identify shared patterns among  chronic 

 related  potentially  preventable  hospitalizations.  BMC  Medical Research Methodology, 14(1), 

74.

 

Jackson,  C.,  Best,  N.,  &  Richardson,  S.  (2006).  Improving  ecological  inference  using

individual-level data. Statistics in Medicine, 25(12), 2136–59.

 

Jarup, L. (2004). Health and environment information systems for exposure and disease

mapping, and risk assessment. Environmental Health Perspectives, 112(9), 995–7.

 

Jee, S., Ohrr, H., Sull, J., & Samet, J. (2004). Cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, hepatitis B, 

and risk for hepatocellular carcinoma in Korea. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 96(24), 

1851-6.

 

John, R., & Ross, H. (2010). The global economic cost of cancer. Retrieved from American cancer   

society:   http://www.cancer.org/AboutUs/GlobalHealth/global-economic- cost-of-cancer-report.

 

Kaaks, R., Tikk, K., Sookthai, D., Schock, H., Johnson, T., Tjønneland, A., . . . Lukanova,

A. (2014). Premenopausal serum sex hormone levels in relation to breast cancer risk,  overall  and  

by  hormone  receptor  status-Results  from  the  EPIC  cohort. International Journal of Cancer, 

134(8), 1947-1957.

 

Kass, R. E., & Raftery, A. E. (1995). Bayes Factors. Journal of the American Statistical 

Association, 90(430), 773–795.

 

Kemp, I., Boyle, P., Smans, M., & Miur, C. (1985). Atlas of Cancer in Scotland1975-1980: Incidence 

and Epidemiological Perspective. Lyon: IARC Scientific Publications.

 

Keys, A. (1980). Seven Countries—A Multivariate Analysis of Death and Coronary Heart Disease. 

Boston: Harvard University Press.

 

Kim, H., Sun, D., & Tsutakawa, R. (2001). A Bivariate Bayes Method for Improving the Estimates of 

Mortality Rates With a Twofold Conditional Autoregressive Model. Journal of the American 

Statistical Association, 96(456), 1506-1521.

 

Knorr-Held, L. (2000). Joint Disease Mapping. Yearbook of the Finnish Statistical Society, 

1999-2000, 59-75.

 

Knorr-Held,  L.,  &  Besag,  J.  (1998).  Modelling  risk  from  a  disease  in  time  and  space.

Statistics in Medicine, 17(18), 2045–2060.

 

Knorr-Held, L., & Best, N. G. (2001). A shared component model for detecting joint and selective 

clustering of two diseases. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series

A (Statistics in Society), 164(1), 73–85.

 

Knorr-Held, L., & Rasser, G. (2000). Bayesian detection of clusters and discontinuities in

disease maps. Biometrics, 56(1), 13-21.

 

Knorr-Held, L., Ralsser, G., & Becker, N. (2002). Disease mapping of stage-specific cancer 

incidence data. Biometrics, 58(3), 492–501.

 

Koch, T. (2005). Cartographies of disease: maps, mapping, and medicine. Redlands, CA:

Esri Press.

 

Langford, I. H. (1995). A log-linear multi-level model of childhood leukaemia mortality.

Journal of Health and Place, 1(2), 113–120.

 

Langford, I. H., & Bentham, G. (1996). Regional variations in mortality rates in England and Wales: 

an analysis using multi-level modelling. Social Science & Medicine, 42(6), 897–908.

 

Langford, I., Leyland, A., Rasbash, J., & Goldstein, H. (1999). Multilevel modelling of the 

geographical  distributions  of  diseases.  Journal  of  the  Royal  Statistical  Society Series C 

(Applied Statistics), 48(2), 253-268.

 

Larsson,  S.,  & Wolk,  A.  (2007).  Overweight,  obesity and  risk  of  liver  cancer:  a  meta- 

analysis of cohort studies. British journal of cancer, 97(7), 1005-8.

 

Lawson,  A.  B.  (2009).  Bayesian  disease  mapping:  hierarchical  modelling  in  spatial 

epidemiolog. US: CRC Press.

 

Lawson, A. B. (2001). Tutorial in biostatistics: disease map reconstruction.  Statistics in 

Medicine, 20(4), 2183–2204.

 

Lawson,  A.  B.  (2006).  Statistical  Methods  in  Spatial  Epidemiology.  Wiley  Series  in 

Probability and Statistics (2nd ed). England, UK: John Wiley & Sons.

 

Lawson, A. B., & Clark, A. (2002). Spatial mixture relative risk models applied to disease mapping. 

Statistics in Medicine, 21, 359–370.

 

Lawson,  A.  B.,  &  Leimich,  P.  (2000).  Approaches  to  the  space-time  modelling  of 

infectious disease behaviour.  IMA Journal of Mathematics Applied in Medicine

and Biology, 17(1), 1–13.

 

Lawson, A. B., & Williams, F. L. R. (2001). An Introductory Guide to Disease Mapping.

Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

 

Lawson, A. B., Biggeri, A. B., Boehning, D., Lesaffre, E., Viel, J. F., Clark, A., … Divino,

F.  (2000).  Disease  mapping  models:  an  empirical  evaluation.  Disease  Mapping Collaborative 

Group. Statistics in Medicine, 19(17–18), 2217–41.

 

Lawson, A. B., Browne, A. B., & Vidal Rodeiro, C. L. (2003). Disease mapping with Win BUGS and 

MLwiN. England: John Wiley & Sons.

 

Le,  N.  D.,  &  Zidek,  J.  V.  (1992).  Interpolation  with  uncertain  spatial  covariances:  A 

Bayesian alternative to Kriging. Journal of Multivariate Analysis, 43(2), 351–374.

 

Learmonth, A. T. (1972). Atlas in Medical Geography 1950-1970. In N. McGlashan (Ed.),

Medical  Geography:  Techniques  and  Field  Studies  (ed,  pp.  133–152).  London:

Methuen.

 

Lee,   D.,   &  Mitchell,   R.   (2012).   Boundary  detection   in   disease   mapping  studies.

Biostatistics, 13(3), 415–426.

 

Lee, D., & Mitchell, R. (2013). Locally adaptive spatial smoothing using conditional auto- 

regressive  models.  Journal  of  the  Royal  Statistical  Society:  Series  C  (Applied 

Statistics), 62(4), 593–608.

 

Lee, I., & Oguma, Y. (2006). Physical activity. In I. Lee, Y. Oguma, D. Schottenfeld, & J. Fraumeni 

(Eds.), Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention. 3rd ed. New York: Oxford University Press.

 

LeSage, J. (1999). A Spatial Econometric Analysis of China’s Economic Growth. Journal of 

Geographical Information Sciences, 5(2), 143–153.

 

LeSage,   J.   (2000).   Bayesian   Estimation   of   Limited   Dependent   Variable   Spatial 

Autoregressive Models. Geographical Analysis, 32(1), 19–35.

 

Lewandowsky,  S.,  Herrmann,  D.,  Behrens,  J.,  Li,  S.-C.,  Pickle,  L.,  &  Jobe,  J.  (1993). 

Perception of clusters in statistical maps. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 7(6), 533-

551.

 

Leyland, A., Langford, I., Rasbash, J., & Goldstein, H. (2000). Multivariate spatial models

for event data. Statistics in medicine, 19(17-18), 2469-78.

 

Lloyd,  O.,  Williams,  F.  L.,  Berry,  W.,  &  Florey,  C.  (1987).  An  Atlas  of  Mortality  in

Scotland. London: Croom Helm.

 

López-Abente,  G.,  Aragonés,  N.,  García-Pérez,  J.,  &  Fernández-Navarro,  P.  (2014). Disease  

mapping  and  spatio-temporal  analysis:  Importance  of  expected-case computation criteria. 

Geospatial Health, 9(1), 27–35.

 

Louie, M. M., & Kolaczyk, E. D. (2006). A multiscale method for disease mapping in spatial 

epidemiology. Statistics in Medicine, 25(8), 1287–1306.

 

MacEarcheran, A. (1995). How Maps Work: Representation, Visualisation and Design.

New York: Guildford Press.

 

MacNab,  Y.  C.,  &  Dean,  C.  B.  (2002).  Spatio-temporal  modelling  of  rates  for  the 

construction of disease maps. Statistics in Medicine, 21(3), 347–358.

 

Mahaki,  B.,  Mehrabi,  Y.,  Kavousi,  A.,  Akbari,  M.  E.,  Waldhoer,  T.,  Schmid,  V.  J.,  & 

Yaseri, M. (2011). Multivariate Disease Mapping of Seven Prevalent Cancers in Iran using a Shared 

Component Model. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev, 12(12), 

2353–2358.

 

Malvezzi, M., Bertuccio, P., Levi, F., La Vecchia, C., & Negri, E. (2012). European cancer 

mortality predictions for the year 2012. Annals of Oncology, 23(4), 1044–1052.

 

Malvezzi, M., Bertuccio, P., Levi, F., La Vecchia, C., & Negri, E. (2013). European cancer 

mortality predictions for the year 2013. Annals of Oncology, 24(3), 792–800.

 

Manda, S., Feltbower, R., & Gilthorpe, M. (2011). Review and empirical comparison of joint  mapping 

 of  multiple  diseases.   Southern  African  Journal  of  Infectious Diseases, 27(4), 169-182.

 

Martin,   D.   (1991).   Geographic   Information   Systems   and   Their   Socioeconomic 

Applications. London: Routledge.

 

Mathers,  C.  D.,  &  Loncar,  D.  (2006).  Projections  of  Global  Mortality  and  Burden  of 

Disease from 2002 to 2030. PLoS Medicine, 3(11), e442.

 

May, J. (1955). World Atlas of Diseases. New York: American Geographical Society.

 

McNabola, A., & Gill, L. W. (2009). The control of environmental tobacco smoke: a policy

review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 6(2), 741–58.

 

Messier, V., Karelis, A., Prud'homme, D., Primeau, V., Brochu, M., & Rabasa-Lhoret, R. (2010).  

Identifying  metabolically  healthy  but  obese  individuals  in  sedentary postmenopausal women. 

Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.), 18(5), 911-7.

 

Metropolis,  Rosenbluth,  A.  W.,  Rosenbluth,  M. N.,  Teller,  A.  H.,  & Teller,  E.  (1953). 

Equations of state calculations by fast computing machine. Journal of Chemical Physics, 21(6), 

1087–1092.

 

Meza,  J.  (2003).  Empirical  Bayes  estimation  smoothing  of  relative  risks  in  disease 

mapping. Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference, 112(1–2), 43–62.

 

Miyawaki, R., Shibata, A., Ishii, K., & Oka, K. (2014). Awareness and correlates of the role of 

physical activity in breast cancer prevention among Japanese women: results from an internet-based 

cross-sectional survey. BMC Women's Health, 14(1), 80.

 

Mohd Din, M. A., Shaaban, M. G., Norlaila, T., & Norariza, L. (2007). A Study of Dengue Disease 

Data by GIS Software in Urban Areas of Petaling Jaya Selatan. In GIS for Health and the Environment 

(pp. 206–213). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer  Berlin Heidelberg.

 

Mohebbi, M., Wolfe, R., & Forbes, A. (2014). Disease mapping and regression with count data in the 

presence of overdispersion and spatial autocorrelation: a Bayesian model averaging approach. 

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 11(1), 883–902.

 

Monmonier, M. S. (1996). How to lie with maps. University of Chicago Press.

 

Mungiole, M., Pickle, L., & Simonson, K. (1999). Application of a weighted head-banging algorithm 

to mortality data maps. Statistics in medicine, 18(23), 3201-9.

 

Murata,   N.,   Yoshizawa,   S.,   &   Amari,   S.   (1994).   Network   information   criterion- 

determining  the  number  of  hidden  units  for  an  artificial  neural  network  model. IEEE 

Transactions on Neural Networks, 5(6), 865–72.

 

Murray,  C.  J.  L.,  &  GBD  2015  Mortality  and  Causes  of  Death  Collaborators.  (2015).

Global,   regional,   and   national   age-sex   specific   all-cause   and   cause-specific

mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of 

Disease Study 2013. Lancet (London, England), 385(9963), 117–71.

 

Mussa,  A.,  Rabia,  A.,  Wesam,  E.,  Jamela,  B.  M.,  Firas,  A.,  &  Fathi,  A.  B.  (2015). 

Clinicopathological Characteristics of Colon Cancer in Libya. Misurata Medical Science Journal 

(MMSJ), 2(2), 107–113. Retrieved from www.misuratau.edu.ly.

 

National    Comprehensive    Cancer    Control    Program    (NCCCP).    (2016).    What    Is 

Comprehensive              Cancer              Control?              Retrieved              from 

https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/ncccp/what_is_cccp.htm

 

Nelson, D., Jarman, D., Rehm, J., Greenfield, T., Rey, G., Kerr, W., . . . Naimi, T. (2013). 

Alcohol-attributable  cancer  deaths  and  years  of  potential  life  lost  in  the  United 

States. American journal of public health, 103(4), 641-8.

 

O’Neill, P. D. (2002). A tutorial introduction to Bayesian inference for stochastic epidemic models 

 using  Markov  chain  Monte  Carlo  methods.  Mathematical  Biosciences, 180(1), 103–114.

 

Ocaña-Riola, R. (2010). Common errors in disease mapping. Geospatial Health, 4(2), 139.

 

Old, L. J. (2002). Information Cartography: Using GIS for Visualizing Non-Spatial Data Space  and  

Spatial  Metaphors.  In  the  Proceedings,  ESRI  International  Users’ Conference. San Diego, CA.

 

Oleson, J. J., Smith, B. J., & Kim, H. (2008). Joint Spatio-Temporal Modeling of Low Incidence 

Cancers Sharing Common Risk Factors. Journal of Data Science, 6, 105– 123.

 

Olland, A. B. M., Falcoz, P.-E., Santelmo, N., Kessler, R., & Massard, G. (2014). Primary Lung  

Cancer  in  Lung  Transplant  Recipients.  The  Annals  of  Thoracic  Surgery, 98(1), 362–371.

 

Onicescu, Hill, E., Lawson, A., Korte, J., & Gillespie, M. (2010). Joint disease mapping of 

cervical and male oropharyngeal cancer incidence in blacks and whites in South Carolina.      Spat  

    Spatiotemporal      Epidemiol.,      1(2-3),      133-41.      doi: 10.1016/j.sste.2010.03.005.

 

Ormerod, W. (1848). On the Sanatory [sic] Condition of Oxford. Oxford: The Ashmolean

Society.

 

Pandey, G. (2005, February 25). Bhutan’s smokers face public ban. BBC News/ South Asia.

Bhutan.

 

Pandey, G. (2008, October 2). Indian ban on smoking in public. BBC News/ South Asia.

Delhi.

 

Parrott, R., Volkman, J. E., Lengerich, E., Ghetian, C. B., Chadwick, A. E., & Hopfer, S. (2010).   

Using   Geographic   Information   Systems   to   Promote   Community Involvement  in  

Comprehensive  Cancer  Control.  Health  Communication,  25(3), 276–285.

 

Petermann, A. (1852). Cholera Map of the Britain Isles, Showing the Districts Attacked in 1831, 

1832 and 1833. London: John Betts.

 

Pickle  L.W,  Mungiole  M,  Jones  G.K,  &  White  A.A.  (1996).  Atlas  of  United  States 

mortality. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics.

 

Pickle,  L.,  Mungiole,  M.,  Jones,  G.,  & White,  A.  (1999).  Exploring spatial  patterns  of 

mortality: the newAtlas of United States Mortality. Statistics in Medicine, 18(23),

3211-3220.

 

Rezaeian,  M.,  Dunn,  G.,  St  Leger,  S.,  &  Appleby,  L.  (2006).  Ecological  association

between  suicide  rates  and  indices  of  deprivation  in  the  north  west  region  of England:  

the  importance  of  the  size  of  the  administrative  unit.   Journal  of epidemiology and 

community health, 60(11), 956-61.

 

Richardson, S., Abellan, J. J., & Best, N. (2006). Bayesian spatio-temporal analysis of joint 

patterns  of  male  and  female  lung  cancer  risks  in  Yorkshire  (UK).  Statistical Methods in 

Medical Research, 15(4), 385–407.

 

Ridge, C. A., McErlean, A. M., & Ginsberg, M. S. (2013). Epidemiology of lung cancer.

Seminars in Interventional Radiology, 30(2), 93–8.

 

Ripley, B. (1981). Spatial statistics. New York: Wiley.

 

Ripley, B. (1987). Stochastic Simulation. New York: Wiley & Sons.

 

Ripley, B. D. (1987). Stochastic Simulation. (B. D. Ripley, Ed.), Statistics (Vol. 2009).

Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

 

Robert, C. P., & Casella, G. (1999).  Monte Carlo Statistical Methods. New York, NY:

Springer Verlag.

 

Robsahm, T. E., Aagnes, B., Hjartåker, A., Langseth, H., Bray, F. I., & Larsen, I. K. (2013).

Body mass index, physical activity, and colorectal cancer by anatomical subsites. European Journal 

of Cancer Prevention, 22(6), 492–505.

 

Rodenwaldt,  E.,  &  Jusatz,  H.  (1961).  Weltseuchatlas  (Atlas  of  Epidemic  disease).

Hamburg: Falk.

 

Samat, N. A., & Percy, D. F. (2014). Predictions of Relative Risks for Dengue Disease Mapping in 

Malaysia Based on Stochastic SIR-SI Vector-Borne Infectious Disease Transmission Model. In 

Proceedings of the International Conference on Science, Technology and Social Sciences (ICSTSS) 

2012 (pp. 399–404). Singapore: Springer Singapore.

 

Schlattmann, P., & Böhning, D. (1993). Mixture models and disease mapping. Statistics in Medicine, 

12(19–20), 1943–50.

 

Schmid, V., & Held, L. (2004). Bayesian Extrapolation of Space-Time Trends in Cancer Registry Data. 

Biometrics, 60(4), 1034–1042.

 

Schoenberg,  F.  P.,  Brillinger,  D.  R.,  &  Guttorp,  P.  (2002).  Point  processes,  spatial– 

temporal. Encyclopedia of Environmetrics, 3, 1573–1577.

 

Schwarz, G. (1978). Estimating the Dimension of a Model. The Annals of Statistics, 6(2),

461–464.

 

Seaman, V. (1798). An enquiry into the cause of the prevalence of the yellow fever in New

York. The Medical Repository, 1, 315–372.

 

Shapter, T. (1849). The History of the Cholera in Exeter in 1832. London: J. Churchill.

 

Short, M., Carlin, B. P., & Bushhouse, S. (2002). Using hierarchical spatial models for cancer 

control planning in Minnesota (United States). Cancer Causes & Control, 13(10), 903–16.

 

Siegel, R. L., & Jemal, A. (2016). Colorectal Cancer Facts & Figures 2014-2016. American

Cancer Society, 1–32.

 

Simmons,  J.  S.,  Whayne,  T.  F.,  Anderson,  G.  W.,  &  Horack,  H.  M.  (1944).  Global

Epidemiology. A Geography of Disease and Sanitation. Volume 1. Part 1: India and the Far East. Part 

2: The Pacific Area. London, UK: William1 Heinemann,

Ltd.

 

Simon,  S.  (2016).  Why  Non-smokers  Sometimes  Get  Lung  Cancer.  Retrieved  from

American  Cancer  Society:  https://www.cancer.org/latest-news/why-lung-cancer- 

strikes-nonsmokers.html

 

Snow, J. (1854). On the Mode of Communication of Cholera (2nd edn). London: Churchill Livingstone.

 

Spiegelhalter,  D.,  Thomas,  A.,  Best,  N.,  &  Way,  R.  (2003).  WinBUGS  User  Manual version 

1.4. Components. Cambridge UK: MRC Biostatistics Unit.

 

Statistics   Canada.   (1991).   Mortality   atlas   of   Canada.   Ottawa,   Canada:   Canada 

Communication Group.

 

Steel, D. G., Tranmer, M., & Holt, D. (2006). Unravelling ecological analysis. Journal of Applied 

Mathematics and Decision Sciences, 2006, 1–18.

 

Stein, G. (1999). Rethinking World-Systems: Diasporas, Colonies, and Interaction in Uruk 

Mesopotamia. Tuscon: University of Arizona Press.

 

Stevenson, L. G. (1965). Putting Disease on the Map. The Early Use of Spot Maps in The Study of 

Yellow Fever. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 20,

226–61.

 

Stewart, B. W., & Wild, C. P. (2014). World cancer report 2014. Geneva: International

Agency for Research on Cancer.

 

Stucky, A. M. (2011). Breast Cancer: Epidemiology and Risk Factors. Clinical Obstetrics and 

Gynecology, 54(1), 96–102.

 

Suerbaum, S., Kraft, C., Dewhirst, F. E., & Fox, J. G. (2002). Helicobacter nemestrinae ATCC 49396T 

is a strain of Helicobacter pylori (Marshall et al. 1985) Goodwin et al. 1989, and Helicobacter 

nemestrinae Bronsdon et al. 1991 is therefore a junior heterotypic synonym of Helicobacter pylori. 

International Journal of Systematic

and Evolutionary Microbiology, 52(2002), 437–439.

 

Takeuchi,  K.  (1976).  Distribution  of  informational  statistics  and  a  criterion  for  model

fitting (in Japanese). SuriKagaku (Mathematic Sciences, 153, 12–18.

 

Tarhan, Ç., Özkan, P., Altan, P., Eser, S., Yakut, C., & Saygin, Ö. (2012). A GIS Based 

Geo-Relationship   Between   Environment   and   Cancer   Cases:   Izmir   Case.   In International 

Symposium on Environmental Protection and Planning (pp. 81–90). Izmir-TURKEY: Geographic 

Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) Applications (ISEPP).

 

Torabi,  M.,  &  Rosychuk,  R.  J.  (2011).  Spatio-temporal  modelling  using  B-spline  for 

disease mapping: analysis of childhood cancer trends. Journal of Applied Statistics, 38(9), 

1769–1781.

 

Torre, L. A., Bray, F., Siegel, R. L., Ferlay, J., Lortet-Tieulent, J., & Jemal, A. (2015).

Global cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 65(2), 87–108

 

Trumbo, C. W., McComas, K. A., & Besley, J. C. (2008). Individual- and community-level effects on 

risk perception in cancer cluster investigations. Risk Analysis: An Official Publication of the 

Society for Risk Analysis, 28(1), 161–78.

 

Tzala, E., & Best, N. (2008). Bayesian latent variable modelling of multivariate spatio- temporal 

variation in cancer mortality. Statistical Methods in Medical Research, 17(1), 97-118.

 

Ugarte, M. D., Etxeberria, J., Goicoa, T., & Ardanaz, E. (2012). Gender-specific spatio- temporal 

patterns of colorectal cancer incidence in Navarre, Spain (1990–2005). Cancer Epidemiology, 36(3), 

254–262.

 

Ugarte,  M.,  Goicoa,  T.,  Etxeberria,  J.,  &  Militino,  A.  (2012).  Projections  of  cancer 

mortality risks using spatio-temporal P-spline models. Statistical Methods in Medical Research, 

21(5), 545–560.

 

United Nations News Service. (2008a). UN health agency calls for total ban on tobacco advertising   

          to             protect             young.             Retrieved             from 

http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=26857#.WJgzvzt97IU

 

United Nations News Service. (2008b). UN News - UN health agency calls for total ban on  tobacco  

advertising  to  protect  young.  Retrieved  February  6,  2017,  from

http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=26857#.Uxk8PNwpSx2

 

United   States   Department   of   Health   and   Human   Services.   (2014).   The   Health

Consequences of Smoking-50 Years of Progress. A Report of the Surgeon General. Retrieved           

from           www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/reports/50-years-of- progress/full-report.pdf on 

January 22, 2014.

 

Van  den  Broeck,  J.,  Brestoff,  J.  R.,  &  Kaulfuss,  C.  (2013).  Statistical  Estimation.  In 

Epidemiology:  Principles  and  Practical  Guidelines  (pp.  417–438).  Dordrecht: Springer 

Netherlands.

 

Wakefield, J. (2007). Disease mapping and spatial regression with count data. Biostatistics, 8(2), 

158–183.

 

Wakefield,  J.  C.,  &  Morris,  S.  E.  (2001).  The  Bayesian  Modeling  of  Disease  Risk  in 

Relation  to  a  Point  Source.  Journal  of  the  American  Statistical  Association, 96(453), 

77–91.

 

Waldhoer, T., Wald, M., & Heinzl, H. (2008). Analysis of the spatial distribution of infant 

mortality by cause of death in Austria in 1984 to 2006. International journal of health 

geographics, 7, 21.

 

Waller,  L.  A.,  Carlin,  B.  P.,  Xia,  H.,  &  Gelfand,  A.  E.  (1997).  Hierarchical  Spatio- 

Temporal   Mapping   of   Disease   Rates.   Journal   of   the   American   Statistical 

Association, 92(438), 607.

 

Walter, S. D. (2001). Disease mapping: a historical perspective. In P. Elliott, J. Wakefield,

N. Best, & D. J. Briggs (Eds.), Spatial Epidemiology (ed, pp. 223–239). Oxford: Oxford University 

Press.

 

Wang, F., & Wall, M. M. (2003). Generalized common spatial factor model. Biostatistics, 4(4), 

569–582.

 

Watson, A. J. M., & Collins, P. D. (2011). Colon cancer: a civilization disorder. Digestive 

Diseases (Basel, Switzerland), 29(2), 222–8.

 

Webted. (2016). World Cancer Day: The rate of infection is low in the Arab world, and the chances   

         of            healing            as            well.            Retrieved            from 

https://www.webteb.com/articles/10156. (In Arabic)

 

World  Health  Organization.  (2000).  Obesity:   preventing  and  managing  the   global

epidemic.  Report  of  a  WHO  consultation.  World  Health  Organization  Technical

Report Series, 894, i–xii, 1-253.

 

WHO.  (2013).  Global  action  plan  for  the  prevention  and  control  of  noncommunicable

diseases 2013-2020. World Health Organization.

 

Wilkinson, G. N., Eckert, S. R., Hancock, T. W., & Mayo, O. (1983). Nearest Neighbour (NN) Analysis 

of Field  Experiments on JSTOR.  Ournal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B 

(Methodological), 45(2), 151–211.

 

Wolpert,  R.  (1991).  Monte  Carlo  importance  sampling  in  Bayesian  statistics.  In  N. 

Flournoy & R. Tsutakawa (Eds.), Statistical Multiple Integration (ed, pp. 101–115). Contemporary 

Mathematics.

 

World   Cancer   Day.   (2014).   World   Cancer   Day   2014   Resources.   Retrieved   from 

http://www.worldcancerday.org/previous-wcd-resources/wcd2014-resources

 

World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF), & American Institute for Cancer Research (AICR). (2009). Policy 

and Action for Cancer Prevention. Food, Nutrition, and Physical Activity:  a  Global  Perspective.  

Washington  DC:  American  Institute  for  Cancer Research (AICR).

 

World Cancer Research Fund, & American Institute for Cancer Research. (2016).  Diet, Nutrition, 

Physical Activity and Stomach Cancer. Amer Inst for Cancer Research. Available at: 

wcrf.org/stomach-cancer-2016

 

World  Health  Organization  (WHO).  (2017).  Cancer:  Fact  Sheet.  Retrieved  February 7, 2017, 

from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs297/en/

 

?agar, T., Zadnik, V., & ?akelj, M. P. (2011). Local standardized incidence ratio estimates and 

comparison with other mapping methods for small geographical areas using Slovenian breast cancer 

data. Journal of Applied Statistics, 38(12), 2751–2761.

 

Zanetti, R., Tazi, M. A., & Rosso, S. (2010). New data tells us more about cancer incidence in 

North Africa. European Journal of Cancer, 46(3), 462–466.

 

Zhu, L., Pickle, L. W., Ghosh, K., Naishadham, D., Portier, K., Chen, H.-S., … Jemal, A. (2012). 

Predicting US- and state-level cancer counts for the current calendar  year.

Cancer, 118(4), 1100–1109.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


This material may be protected under Copyright Act which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials.
You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research.

Back to previous page

Installed and configured by Bahagian Automasi, Perpustakaan Tuanku Bainun, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
If you have enquiries with this repository, kindly contact us at pustakasys@upsi.edu.my or Whatsapp +60163630263 (Office hours only)