UPSI Digital Repository (UDRep)
|
|
|
Abstract : Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris |
The purpose of this study is to identify the correlation between headteachers’
transformational leadership, from teachers’ perspective, and teachers’ stress. The research
design of this study is correlational research. The 358 respondents of this study were
selected by stratified random sampling, from over 4300 primary school teachers in Kinta
Utara, Ipoh, Perak. Data were collected using questionnaire, which consists of Multifactor
Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ-5X) and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). The data obtained
was analysed using descriptive statistics, such as mean dan standard deviation, and
inferential statistics, such as Pearson’s correlation. The results uncovered that the
headteachers portrayed a good level of transformational leadership behaviour (M = 58.8,
SD = 12.08), and the teachers’ stress was moderate (M = 18.78, SD = 9.21). There was a
significant negative correlation (r = -0.706, p < 0.001) between headteachers’
transformational leadership and teachers’ stress. There was also a significant negative
correlation (r = -0.709, p = 0.000) between headteachers’ transformational leadership and
teachers’ stress, based on gender, and significant negative correlation (r = -0.709, p = 0.000)
between headteachers’ transformational leadership and teachers’ stress, based on years of
service. The findings implemented that transformational leadership behaviour could
diminish stress. In conclusion, the headteachers needed to choose suitable leadership
behaviour based on the setting, leading the teacher to deliver their role effectively. |
References |
Abel, M. H., & Sewell, J. ( l 999). Stress and burnout in rural and urban secondary school teachers. The Journal of Educational Research, 92(5), 287-293. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220679909597608
Abgoli, A. R., & Sabeti, Z. (2013). The study of the relationship between managers ' transformational and transactional leadership styles and school effectiveness in secondary schools in Iran. European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 2(2), 209-218.
Ahghar, G. (2008). The role of school organizational cmong secondary school teachers in Tehran. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 21(4), 319-329. https://doi.org/10.2478/v l 000l-008- 0018-8
Ahmet, A. (2015). Investigation of transformational and transactional leadership styles of school principals, and evaluation of them in terms of educational administration. Educational Research and Revie--.,·s, 10(20), 2758-2767. https://doi.org/10.5897 /ERR2015.2483
Amr, M., El Gilany, A. H., & El-Hawary, A. (2008). Does gender predict medical students' stress in Mansoura, Egypt? Medical Education Online, 13( 1 ), 448 I. https://doi.org/10.3402/meo.vl 3i.448 l
Antonakis, J., Avolio, B. J., & Sivasubramaniam, N. (2003). Context and leadership: an examination of the nine-factor full-range leadership theory using the Multi factor Leadership Questionnaire. The Leadership Quarterly, 14(3 ), 261- 295. https://doi.org/10.1016/S 1048-9843(03)00030-4
Antonakis, J., Cianciolo, A. T., & Sternberg, R. J. (2004). The Nature of Leadership. CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
Antonakis, J., & Day, D. V. (2017). The Nature of Leadership. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
Arnold, K. A., Turner, N., Barling, J., Kellaway, E. K., & McKee, M. C. (2007). Transformational leadership and psychological well-being: The mediating role of meaningful work. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 12(3), 193-203. https://doi.org/10.103 7/1076-8998.12.3.193
Arokiasamy, A. R. A., Abdullah, A. G. K., Shaari, M. Z. A., & Ismail, A. (2016). Transformational leadership of school principals and organizational health of primary school teachers in Malaysia. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 229, 151-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.07 .124
Ash, R. C., & Persall, J.M. (2000). The principal as chiefleaming officer: Developing teacher leaders. NASSP Bulletin, 84(616), 15-22. https://doi.org/ l 0. l l 77/0 l 9263650008461604
Avolio, B. J., & Bass, B. M. (2004). Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. In MLQ.
Avolio, B. J., & Bass, B. M. (2005). Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. Mind Garden, 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1037/t03624-000 105 Avolio, B. J., Bass, B. M., & Jung, D. I. (1999). Re-examining the components of transformational and transactional leadership using the Multifactor Leadership. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 72(4), 441-462. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317999 I 66789
Babbie,E. (2015). The Practice of Social Research (14th ed.). Boston: Cengage Leaming, Inc.
Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and Performance BeyondExpectations. In Academy of Management Review. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.1987.4306754
Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1990). Developing transformational leadership: 1992 and beyond. Journal of European Industrial Training, 14(5), 03090599010135122. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090599010135122
Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1994). Improving organizational effectiveness through tramformational leadership. CA: SagePublications.
Bass, B. M., & Riggio, R.E. (2006). Transformational Leadership (2nd ed.). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410617095
Beare, H., Caldwell, B. J., & Millikan, R. H. (2018). Creating anExcellent School. In Creating an Excellent School: Some New Management Techniques. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351041546
Bennis, W., & Nanus, B. (1985). Leaders Strategies for Taking Charge. NY: Harper. Row.
Berkovich, I., & Eyal, 0. (20 I 7). The mediating role of principals· transformational leadership behaviors in promoting teachers· emotional wellness at work. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 45(2), 316-335. https://doi.org/10. l l 77/l 741143215617947
Black, S. (2003). Stressed out in the classroom. American School Board Jouma/, 190, 36-46. Retrieved from https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ674597
Blazer, C. (20 I 0). Teacher burnout. Information capsule. Volume 1003. In Research Services. Bono, J.E., Foldes, H. J., Vinson, G., & Muros, J.P. (2007). \Vorkplace emotions: The role of supervision and leadership. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(5), 1357-1367. https://doi.org/10.l 037/0021-9010.92.5.1357
Bono, J.E., & Ilies, R. (2006). Charisma, positive emotions and mood contagion. The Leadership Quarter?v, 17(4), 317-334. https://doi.org/10.10l 6/j.leaqua.2006.04.008
Bono, J.E., & Judge, T. A. (2004). Personality and transformational and transactional leadership: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(5), 901-910. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.89.5.901
Borg, M. G., & Riding, R. J. (1991). Occupational stress and satisfaction in teaching. British Educational Research Journal, 17(3), 263-281. https://doi.org/10.1080/0141I92910170306
Brace, I. (2018). How to Plan, Structure and Write Sun1ey Material for Effective Market Research Questionnaire Design. Retrieved from www.kogan-page.co.uk
Brewer,E., & McMahan, J. (2003). Job stress and burnout among industrial and technical teacher educators. Journal of Vocational Education Research, 28(2), 125-140. https://doi.org/10.5328/NER28.2. l 25
Brown, D. J., & Keeping, L. M. (2005). Elaborating the construct of transformational leadership: The role of affect. The Leadership Quarterly, 16(2), 245-272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.01.003
Bums, J. M. (1978). Leadership. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-09429-6_20 Calabrese, R. L. (1987). The principal: An agent For reducing teacher stress. NASSP Bulletin, 71(503), 66-70. https://doi.org/1O. l l 77/019263658707150315
Cenkseven-Onder, F., & Sari, M. (2009). The quality of school life and burnout as predictors of subjective weil-being among teachers. Kuram ve Uygulamada Egitim Bilimleri.
Chen, G., Gully, S. M., &Eden, D. (2001). Validation of a new general self-efficacy scale. Organizational Research Methods, 4(1), 62-83. https://doi.org/10.1177/109442810141004
Cheng, C., Bartram, T., Karimi, L., & Leggat, S. (2016). Transformational leadership and social identity as predictors of team climate, perceived quality of care, burnout and turnover intention among nurses. Personnel Revie¼', 45(6), 1200- 1216. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-05-2015-0118
Cockburn, A. D., & Kent, P. (2005). Teaching Under Pressure. In Teaching under Pressure: Looking at Primal)' Teachers· Stress. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203974438
Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24( 4), 385. https://doi.org/10.2307/2136404
Cooper, C., Cooper, C., Dewe, P., & O'Driscoll. M. (2001). Organi=ational Stress: A Reviev,, and Critique of The01y,Research, and Applications. CA: Sage.
Cosgrove, J. (2000). Breakdown: The Facts about Stress in Teaching. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203133736
Creswell, J. (2005). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research. Upper Saddle River. In Research design. Qualitative, and mixed methods approaches. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.
Cummings, G. G., MacGregor, T., Davey, M., Lee, H., Wong, C. A., Lo, E., ... Stafford, E. (2010). Leadership styles and outcome patterns for the nursing workforce and work environment: A systematic review. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 47(3), 363-385. https://doi.org/10.10l 6/j.ijnurstu.2009.08.006
Darmody, M., & Smyth, E. (2016). Primary school principals 'job satisfaction and occupational stress. International Journal ofEducational Management, 30(1), 115-128. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-12-2014-0162
De Hoogh, A. H. B., & Den Hartog, D. N. (2009). Neuroticism and locus ofcontrol as moderators ofthe relationships ofcharismatic and autocratic leadership with burnout. Journal ofApplied Psychology, 94(4), 1058-1067. https://doi.org/10.1037/a00l 6253
De Simone, S., Cicotto, G., & Lampis, J. (2016). Occupational stress,job satisfaction and physical health in teachers. Revue Europeenne de Psychologie Appliquee/European Review ofApplied Psychology, 66(2), 65-77. https://doi.org/10.10 l 6/j.erap.2016.03.002
Desouky, D., & Allam, H. (2017). Occupational stress, anxiety and depression among Egyptian teachers. Journal ofEpidemiology and Global Health, 7(3), 191-198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jegh.2017.06.002
Diebig, M., Bormann, K. C., & Rowold, J. (2017). Day-level transformational leadership and followers' daily level ofstress: a moderated mediation model of team cooperation, role conflict, and type ofcommunication. European Joumal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 26(2), 234-249. https://doi.org/10.1080/l 359432X.2016.1250741
Dirks, K. T., & Ferrin, D. L. (2002). Trust in leadership: Meta-analytic findings and implications for research and practice. Journal ofApplied Psychology, 87(4), 611-628. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.4.611
Downton, J. (1973). Rebel Leadership: Commitment and Charisma in the Revolutiona,y Process. NY: Free Press.
Dubey, C. K., Chaturvedi, S., & Chaturvedi, S. (2018). A review on the effectiveness ofcur?ent approaches to stress management. Asian Journal ofPharmaceutical Research and Development, 6(5), 60-65. https://doi.org/10.22270/ajprd.v6i5.401
Dunham, J., & Varma, V. P. (1998). Stress in Teachers : Past. Present. and Future. London: WhmT Publishers.
Dworkin, A. (1987). Teacher Burnout in the Public Schools: Strucwral Causes and Consequences/or Children. NY: State University ofNew York Press.
Feng, L. (2010).Hire today, gone tomorrow: New teacher classroom assignments and teacher mobility. Education Finance and Policy, 5(3), 278-316. https://doi.org/10.1162/EDFP_a_00002
Gay, L., Mills, G., & Airasian, P. (2009). Educational Research: Competencies/or Analysis and Applications (9th ed.). NJ: Pearson.
Ghani, M. Z., Ahmad, A. C., & Ibrahim, S. (2014). Stress among special education teachers in Malaysia. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 114, 4-13. https://doi.org/10.I016/j.sbspro.2013.I2.648
Ghasemi, A., & Zahediasl, S. (2012). Normality tests for statistical analysis: A guide for non-statisticians. International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. https://doi.org/10.58I2/ijem.3505
Gilbreath, B., & Benson, P. G. (2004). The contribution of supervisor behaviour to employee psychological well-being. Work & Stress, 18(3), 255-266. https://doi.org/10. l 080/026783704123313 I 7499
Greenberg, S. (1984). Stress and the Teaching Profession. Baltimore, MD: Brookes. Handford, V., & Leithwood, K. (2013). Why teachers trust school leaders. Journal of Educa1ional Administration, 51(2), 194-212. https://doi.org/10.l 108/09578231311304706
Harrison, J. (1998). School governance: is the clash between teachers and principals inevitable? Journal of Educational Administration, 36(1), 59-82. https://doi.org/10.1108/095782398l0200169
Hassan, J., & Suandi, N. M. (2012). Kajian terhadap stres di kalangan guru sekolah rendah. Univerisiti Teknologi Malaysia.
Health and Safety Executive. (2017). Work related stress, depression or anxiety in Great Britain, 2017. Retrieved from http://www.hse.gov.uk/statistics/causdis/stress/stress.pdf
Hermosilla, D., Amutio, A., da Costa, S., & Paez, D. (2016). El Liderazgo transformacional en las organizaciones: variables mediadoras y consecuencias a largo plazo. Revista de Psicologia Del Trabajo y de Las Organizaciones, 32(3), I35-143. https://doi.org/10.10 l 6/j.rpto.2016.06.003 Hersey, P.H., Blanchard, K.H., & Johnson, D. E. (2007). Management pf Organizational Behavior (10th ed.). NJ: Pearson.
Hetland,H., Sandal, G. M., & Johnsen, T. B. (2007). Burnout in the information technology sector: Does leadership matter? European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 16(1), 58-75. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432060I084558
Hinshaw, K. J., Richter, L. T., & Kramer, G. A. (2010). Stress, burnout, and renewal activities of dental hygiene education administrators in six U.S. Midwestern states. Journal ofDental Education.
Hipp, K. A. (1996). Influence of Principal Leadership Behavior. In American Educational Research Association. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED396409.pdf
Hodgetts, R., & Altman, S. (l979). Organizational Behavior. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company.
Hunter-Boykin, H., & Evans, V. (2009). The relationship between high school principals' leadership and teachers' morale. Journal ofJnstroctional Psychology, 22, 152-167. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/openview/2bac53aa360f79da71c25203a2e9389b/1?p q-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2029838
Hysa, F. (2014). School management and leadership in education. Journal of Educational and Social Research, 4(3). https://doi.org/10.590l/jesr.2014.v4n3p303
Jamaludin, J. (2007). Stressors and Stress levels ofPrimary School Music Teachers in Selangor, Malaysia. Universiti Putra Malaysia.
Johnson, B. (2001). Toward a new classification of nonexperimental quantitative research. Educational Researcher, 30(2), 3-13. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X030002003
Johnson, R. A., & Bhattacharyya, G. K. (2019). Statistics: Principles and Methods. NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Jones, D., & Rudd, R. (2008). Transactional, Transformational, or Laissez-Faire leadership: An assessment of college of agriculture academic program leaders' (Deans) leadership styles. Journal ofAgricultural Education, 49(2), 88-97. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2008.02088
Kaiser, H. (1974). Analysis of factorial simplicity. Psyc/10metrika, 39, 31-36.
Kanste, 0., Kyngas, H., & Nikkila, J. (2007). The relationship between multidimensional leadership and burnout among nursing staff. Journal of Nursing Management, 15(7), 731-739. https://doi.org/10. l l l 1/j.1365- 2934.2006.00741.x
Keiper, R. W., & Busselle, K. (1996). The rural educator and stress. Rural Educator, 17, 18-21. Retrieved from https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ523556
Kelly, J. (1974). Organizational Behaviour: An Existential-systems Approach. Homewood, IL: R.D. Irwin.
Klassen, R. M., Usher, E. L., & Bong, M. (2010). Teachers' collective efficacy,job satisfaction, and job stress in cross-cultural context. The Journal of Experimental Education, 7 8( 4 ), 464-486. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220970903292975
Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30(3), 607-610. https://doi.org/1 O. l 177/001316447003000308
Kumar, S. (2014). Establishing linkages between emotional intelligence and transformational leadership. Industrial Psychiatry Journal, 23( 1 ), 1. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-6748.144934
Kyriacou, C. (2000). Stress-busting for Teachers. Cheltenham: Stanley Thomes.
Kyriacou, Chris. (1987). Teacher stress and burnout: an international review. Educational Research, 29(2), 146--152. https:/ /doi.org/10.1080/0013188870290207
Kyriacou, Chris. (2001). Teacher stress: directions for future research. Educational Review, 53( 1 ), 27-35. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131910120033628
Lambersky, J. (2016). Understanding the human side of school leadership: Principals' impact on teachers' morale. self-efficacy, stress, and commitment. Leadership and Policy in Schools, 15(4), 379-405. https://doi.org/ I 0.1080/15700763.2016.1181188
Lambert, R. G., McCarthy, C., O'Donnell, M .. & Wang, C. (2009). Measuring elementary teacher stress and coping in the classroom: Validity evidence for the classroom appraisal of resources and demands. Psychology in the Schools, 46( 10), 973-988. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.20438
Lambert, R., & McCarthy, C. (2006). Understanding Teacher Stress in An Age of Accountability. Greenwich, CT: Information Age Publishing.
Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, Appraisal, and Coping. NY: Springer publishing company.
Leithwood, K, & Beatty, B. (2008). Leadingwith Teacher Emotions in A1ind. Thousand Oaks, CA: Convin Press.
Leithwood, Kenneth. ( 1994). Leadership for school restructuring. Educational Administration Quarter?v. 30( 4), 498-518. https://doi.org/l 0.1177/0013 l 61X94030004006
Leithwood, Kenneth, & Sun, J. (2012). The nature and effects of transformational school leadership. Educational Administration Quarter(v, 48(3), 387-423. https://doi.org/ l 0.1177/001316 l Xl 1436268
Lewis-Beck, M., Bryman, A., & Liao, T. F. (2004). The SAGE Encyclopedia of Social Science Research Methods. https://doi.org/10.4 l 35/9781412950589
Ling, T. P., Pihie, Z. A. L., Asimirin, S., & Fooi, F. S. (2015). The influence of transfonnational school leadership on teacher efficacy in Malaysian secondary school teachers. International Journal of Social Science Research, 3(2), 73. https:/ /doi.org/10.5296/ijssr.v3i2. 7794
Luk, A. L., Chan, B. P. S., Cheong, S. W., & Ko, S. K. K. (2010). An exploration of the burnout situation on teachers in two schools in Macau. Social Indicators Research, 95(3), 489-502. https://doi.org/10.1007/s l 1205-009-9533-7
Lyons, J. B., & Schneider, T. R. (2009). The effects of leadership style on stress outcomes. The Leadership Quarterly, 20(5), 737-748. https://doi.org/10.10 l 6/j.leaqua.2009.06.010
Mafukata, M., & Mudau, A. (2016). Exploring teacher mass resignation and early retirement from public schools. Dirasat: Human and Social Sciences, 2245. https://doi.org/10.355 l 6/0272-043-993-0l7
Malik, N. A. (2018). Occupational stress and mental and musculoskeletal health among university teachers. Eurasian Journal of Medical Investigation, 2(3), 139-147. https://doi.org/10.14744/ejmi.2018.41636
Manning, M. R., Jackson, C. N., & Fusilier, M. R. (1996). Occupational stress, social support, and the cost of healthcare. Academy of Management Journal, 39(3 ), 738-750. https://doi.org/10.2307/256662
Margolis, J., & Nagel, L. (2006). Education reform and the role of administrators in mediating teacher stress. Teacher Education Quarterly, 33, 143-159.
Marshall, I. A. (2015). Principal leadership style and teacher commitment among a sample of secondary School teachers in Barbados. Caribbean Educational Research Journal, 3(1), 76--90. Retrieved from http://www.theartsjoumal.org/index.php/site/index43
Matteson, M. T., & lvancevich, J.M. (1982). Managingjob stress and health: the intelligent person's guide. CA: Jossey-Bass.
McCormick, J. (1997). Occupational stress of teachers: biographical differences in a large school system. Journal of Educational Administration. 35(1 ), 18-38. https://doi.org/10.1108/09578239710156962
McDaniel, C., & Gates, R. (2013). Marketing Research (9th ed.). Singapore: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
McGrath, J. (1970). Social and Psychological Factors in Stress. Oxford: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.
Mohamad, J. S., & Parvina, S. (2013). Headmasters Practice of Transformational Leadership, Malaysia. Germany: Lap Lambert Academic Publishing.
Montgomery, C., & Rupp, A. A. (2005). A meta-analysis for exploring the diverse causes and effects of stress in teachers. Canadian Journal of Education, 28, 461- 488.
Munir, F., Nielsen, K., & Carneiro, G. I. (2010). Transformational leadership and depressive symptoms: A prospective study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 120(1-3), 235-239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2009.03.020
Myslivecek, J. (2015). The basis of the stress reaction. Current Science, 109(4), 716-- 726.
Nielsen, K., Randall, R., Yarker, J., & Brenner, S. 0. (2008). The effects of transformational leadership on followers' perceived work characteristics and psychological well-being: A longitudinal study. Work and Stress. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370801979430
Northouse, P. G. (2013). Leadership: Theory and Practice. CA: SAGE.
Offemrnnn, L. R., & Hellmann, P. S. (1996). Leadership behavior and subordinate stress: a 360 degrees view. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 1(4), 382-390. https://doi.org/10.1037/l 076-8998.1.4.382
Pawlas, G., & Oliva, P. F. (2008). Supervision for Today's Schools. NY: Wiley Press.
Peltzer, K., Shisana, 0., Zuma, K., Van Wyk, B., & Zungu-Dirwayi, N. (2009). Job ? :., stress, job satisfaction and stress-related illnesses among South African educators. Stress and Health, 25(3), 247-257. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.1244
Platsidou, M., & Agaliotis, I. (2008). Burnout, job satisfaction and instructional assignment-related sources of stress in Greek special education teachers. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 55(1), 61-76. https://doi.org/10.1080/ l 0349120701654613
Punch, K., & Oancea, A. (2014). Introduction to Research Methods in Education. CA: Sage.
Rabindarang, S., Bing, K. W., & Yin, K. Y. (2014). The influence of distributed leadership on job stress in technical and vocational education. lntemational Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 4(1), 490-499. https://doi.org/l 0.6007 /IJARBSS/v4-i 1/555
Richards, J. (2012). Teacher stress and coping strategies: A national snapshot. The Educational Forum, 76(3), 299-316. https://doi.org/10.1080/00I 3 l 725.2012.682837
Rieg, S. A., Paquette, K. R., & Chen. Y. (2005). Coping with stress: An investigation of novice teachers· stressors in the elementary classroom. Education, 128. 211- 226.
Rowold, J., Diebig, M., & Heinitz, K. (2017). The effects of transformational and instrumental leadership on followers' levels of cortisol. German Journal of Human Resource Management: Zeitschrift Fur Personalforschung, 2017, 1-19.
Rowold, J., & Schlotz, W. (2009). Transformational and transactional leadership and followers' chronic stress. Leadership Review, 9{Spring), 35-48.
Ryan, S. V., von der Embse, N. P., Pendergast, L. L., Saeki, E., Segool, N., & Schwing, S. (2017). Leaving the teaching profession: The role of teacher stress and educational accountability policies on turnover intent. Teacl,ing and Teacher Education, 66, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2017.03.016
Ryhal, P. C. ., & Singh, K. (1996). A study of correlates of job stress among university faculty. Indian Psy. Rev, 46(1-2), 20-26.
Ryker, R. M. (2015). The Impact of Principal Leadership Behaviors on Indiana Teacher Stress Levels.
?ahyn, S. (2004). The relationship between transformational and transactional leadership styles of school principals and school culture (The case of Izmir, Turkey). Eoitim Bilimleri I Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 4(2), 387- 396.
Salkind, N. J. (2013). Tests & Measurement for People who (Think They) Hate Tests & Measurement (2nd ed.). CA: SAGE Publications.
Saufi, R. A., Leong, K. T., Chua, B. S., & Eranza, D. R. D. (2013). The effects of organisational factors and extra-organisational factors on work stress. Journal of the Asian Academy of Applied Business, 2, 20-32.
Schneiderman, N., Ironson, G., & Siegel, S. D. (2005). Stress and health: psychological, behavioral, and biological determinants. Annual Review of Clinical Psy chology, 1( l ), 607-628. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy. l . l 02803.144141
Selye, H. (1950). Stress and the General Adaptation Syndrome. British Medical Journal, 1(4667), 1383-1392. https://doi.org/10. l 136/bmj.l .4667.1383
Selye, H. (1976). The Stress of life (Rev.). NY: McGraw-Hill Book Company.
Sergiovanni, T. (1990). Value-added Leadership: How to Get Extraordinary Pe,formance in Schools. CA: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich.
Shah, M., Hasan, S., Malik, S., & Sreeramareddy, C. T. (2010). Perceived stress. sources and severity of stress among medical undergraduates in a pakistani medical school. BMC Medical Education, 10(1), 2. hnps://doi.org/10. l 186/1472- 6920-10-2
Sharma, G. (2017). Pros and cons of different sampling techniques. lntemationa/ Journal of Applied Research, 3(7), 749-752.
Shkembi, F., Melonashi, E., & Fanaj, N. (2015). Workplace stress among teachers in Kosovo. SAGE Open, 5(4), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.l 177/2158244015614610
Skakon, J., Nielsen, K., Borg, V., & Guzman, J. (2010). Are leaders' well-being, behaviours and style associated with the affective well-being of their employees? A systematic review of three decades of research. Work & Stress, 24(2), 107-139. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2010.495262
Slocum, J., & Hellriegel, D. (2007). Fundamentals of Organizational Behavior. USA: Thomson South Western.
Smith, D. L., & Smith, B. J. (2006). Perceptions of violence: The views of teachers who left urban schools. The High School Journal, 89(3), 34--42. https://doi.org/1 O. l 353/hsj.2006.0004
Sosik, J. J., & Godshalk, V. M. (2000). Leadership styles, mentoring functions received, and job-related stress: a conceptual model and preliminary study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21(4), 365-390. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)l 099-1379(200006)21 :4<365::AIDJOB 14>3.0.CO;2-H
Stacciarini, J.-M. R., & Troccoli, B. T. (2004). Occupational stress and constructive thinking: health and job satisfaction. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 46(5), 480- 487. https://doi.org/10. l l l l /j.1365-2648.2004.03022.x
Sun, J., Chen, X., & Zhang, S. (2017). A review of research evidence on the antecedents of transformational leadership. Education Sciences, 7(1 ), 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci70 I 0015
Swick, K. J. (1989). Stress and Teaching. Washington, D.C: National Education Association.
Tepper, B. J. (2000). Consequences of abusive supervision. Academy of Management Journal, 43(2), 178-190. https://doi.org/10.2307/1556375
Timms, C., Graham, D., & Caltabiano, M. (2006). Gender implication of perceptions of trustworthiness of school administration and teacher burnout/job stress. Australian Journal of Social issues, 41(3), 343-358. https://doi.org/10.1002/j. l 839-4655.2006.tb00020.x
Triwahyuni, L., Thamrin, A., & Widodo, S. (2014). The effect of organizational culture , transformational leadership and self- confidence to teachers ' performance. International Journal of Managerial Studies and Research, 2(10), 156-165.
Umar, M., & Chua, Y. P. (2018). Critical success factors for school improvement in high performing secondary schools in Malaysia. University of Malaya.
van Dierendonck, D., Haynes, C., Borrill, C., & Stride. C. (2004). Leadership behavior and subordinate well-being. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 9(2), 165-175. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.9.2.165
Wahab, J. A., Fuad, C. F. M., Ismail, H., & Majid, S. (2014). Headmasters' transformational leadership and their relationship with teachers' job satisfaction and teachers' commitments. International Education Studies, 7(13). https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v?n I 3p40
Walker, D. ( 1990). Fundamentals of curriculum. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Webster's New College Dictiona,y (3rd ed.). (2008). G & C Merriam Company. Wu, S. M., & Amtmann, D. (2013). Psychometric evaluation of the perceived stress scale in multiple sclerosis. JSRN Rehabilitation, 2013, 1-9. https://doi.org/1 O. l l 55/2013/608356
Xu, H., & Deng, Y. (2018). Dependent evidence combination based on sheannan coefficient and pearson coefficient. IEEE Access, 6, 11634-11640. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2783320
Yahaya, A., Hashim, S., & Kim, T. S. (2006). Occupational stress among technical teachers in technical school in Johore, Malacca and Negeri Sembilan (University of Technology Malaysia). https://doi.org/10.1017/C8O9781107415324.004 Yuki, G. (20 l 0). Leadership in organisations. In Organisation (7th ed.). NJ: Prentice Hall.
|
This material may be protected under Copyright Act which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. |