UPSI Digital Repository (UDRep)
Start | FAQ | About

QR Code Link :

Type :thesis
Subject :Z Bibliography. Library Science. Information Resources
Main Author :Wong, Shaw Chiang
Title :Development of a competency assessment model and instrument for future graphic design graduates in Malaysia
Place of Production :Tanjong Malim
Publisher :Fakulti Seni, Komputeran dan Industri Kreatif
Year of Publication :2021
Corporate Name :Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
PDF Guest :Click to view PDF file
PDF Full Text :Login required to access this item.

Abstract : Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
The criteria for measuring the competency levels of graphic design (GD) graduates have continuously been shaped by the changing context of practice. However, previous studies provide little evidence on the existence of an effective competency assessment tool for GD graduates. This study aims to develop a model and an instrument to measure the competency levels of future GD graduates in Malaysia. Sequential exploratory research design approach was used. In the first phase, a two-round modified Delphi technique was employed with a group of 32 GD experts to gain their consensus on the desired competencies. In the second phase, a survey questionnaire was constructed to collect quantitative data with 207 final year GD degree students. The data was analysed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and Cronbach’s reliability test. The results of EFA suggested that the instrument consists of 12 constructs and 59 items under five competency dimensions (CDs). In specific, cognitive CD is a two-factor structure (commercial awareness and integrated design knowledge) composes eight items; functional CD is a three-factor structure (operational design process management skills, software skills, and graphic print production skills) consists of 14 items; personal CD is a two-factor structure (personal intelligence and aesthetic and visual sensitivity) constitutes 13 items; ethical CD is a three-factor structure (professional expertise, professional behaviours, and professional values) composes 11 items; and meta-CD is a two-factor structure (analytical and creative problem-solving skills and interdisciplinary collaboration skills) contains 13 items. All 12 constructs yielded high internal consistency values, ranging between .723 and .914. Theoretically, the proposed model and instrument contributed to a new body of knowledge to the competency assessment of GD graduates in Malaysia. Practically, the findings provided relevant stakeholders with prescribed standards of performance and appropriate tools to assess the competency levels of new entrants to the GD profession.

References

Abushawali, M., Lim, Y. P., & Bedu, A. R. (2013). The impact of new digital media

on graphic designer in Jordan. 2013 International Conference on Informatics and

Creative Multimedia, 274–277. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICICM.2013.34

 

Adbusters. (1999). First Things First Manifesto 2000. Eye Managzine, No. 33 Vol. 9.

 

Adu, A. (2015). Graduate employability: The link between design education and the

graphic design industry. Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology,

Kumasi, Ghana.

 

Akama, Y. (2008). The tao of communication design practice: Manifesting implicit

values through human-centred design. RMIT University.

 

Akir, O., Eng, T. H., & Malie, S. (2012). Teaching and learning enhancement through

outcome-based education structure and technology e-learning support. Procedia -

Social and Behavioral Sciences, 62, 87–92.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.015

 

Al-Muallem, A., Elzubeir, M., Roberts, C., & Magzoub, M. (2016). Development and

Initial Testing of an Instrument for Evaluating Needs and Inferring Readiness of

Research Supervisors: A Mixed Methods Approach. Health Professions

Education, 2(2), 138–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hpe.2016.03.001

 

Ali, H. (2017). ‘Can Graphic Design Save Your Life?’ Exhibition Wellcome Collection

7 September 2017–14 January 2018. Communication Design, 5(1–2), 273–277.

https://doi.org/10.1080/20557132.2017.1403080

 

Alias, A., & Bhkari, N. M. (2007). A model of outcome-based education (OBE) for

engineering education. Gading Business and Management Journal, 11(2), 71–87.

 

Alpert, J. & N. Hajaj (2008, July 25). We knew the web was big. Google Blogspot.

 

Amanda W. Bridges. (2016). Skills, content knowledge, and tools needed in a 21st

century university-level graphic design program. Visual Communications Journal,

52(2), 1–12.

 

Ambrose, G., & Harris, P. (2011). The fundamentals of creative design (2nd ed.). AVA

Publishing SA.

 

American Institute of Graphic Arts (AIGA). (2015a). Designer of 2015 competencies.

AIGA. http://www.aiga.org/designer-of-2015-competencies/

 

American Institute of Graphic Arts (AIGA). (2015b). Designer of 2015 trends.

http://www.aiga.org/designer-of-2015-trends

 

American Institute of Graphic Design (AIGA). (2010). AIGA standards of professional

practice. AIGA. https://www.aiga.org/standards-professional-practice

 

American Institute of Graphic Design (AIGA). (2014). What AIGA is doing and why.

American Institute of Graphic Design (AIGA).

 

American Institute of Graphic Design (AIGA) & National Schools of Art and Design

(NASAD). (2010). General education and professional undergraduate programs

in graphic design. AIGA & NASAD.

 

Anastasi, A., & Urbina, S. (1997). Psychological testing (7th ed.). Prentice Hall.

 

Anderson, N., Potočnik, K., & Zhou, J. (2014). Innovation and creativity in

organizations: A state-of-the-science review, prospective commentary, and

guiding framework. Journal of Management, 40(5), 1297–1333.

https://doi.org/10.1080/15533174.2010.522671

 

Andrews, C. G., & Allen, J. M. (2002). Utilization of technology enhanced Delphi

Techniques. In Workforce Education Forum (Vol. 29, Issue 1, pp. 1–15).

 

Arbabisarjou, A., Siadat, S. A., Hoveida, R., Shahin, A., & Zamani, B. E. (2016).

Managerial competencies for chairpersons: A Delphi study. International Journal

of Humanities and Cultural Studies, 3(1), 1634–1645.

 

Arnett, D. (2018). AIGA Design Futures. American Institute of Graphic Arts (AIGA).

https://www.aiga.org/aiga-design-futures/

 

Athey, T., & Orth, M. (1999). Emerging Comptency Methods for the future. Human

Resource Management, 38(3), 215–226.

 

Australian Graphic Design Association (AGDA). (1996). AGDA Code of ethics.

 

Avella, J. R. (2016). Delphi panels: Research design, procedures, advantages, and

challenges. International Journal of Doctoral Studies, 11, 305–321.

https://doi.org/10.28945/3561

 

Baartman, L., Bastiaens, T., Kirschner, P. A., & Van der Vleuten, C. (2006). The wheel

of competency assessment: Presenting quality criteria for competency assessment

programs. Studies in Educational Evaluation, 32, 153–170.

https://doi.org/10.1016/i.stueduc.2006.04.006

 

Baratta, D. (2017). The “T” shaped designer expertise. The “reverse-T” shaped

designer horizon. The Design Journal, 20(sup1), S4784–

S4786. doi:10.1080/14606925.2017.1352992

 

Baseman, F. (2015). Liberal arts is old news. In S. Heller (Ed.), The education of a

graphic designer (3rd ed., pp. 30–43). Allworth Press.

 

Bashook, P. G. (2005). Best practices for assessing competence and performance of the

behavioral health workforce. Administration and Policy in Mental Health, 32(5–

6), 563–592. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-005-3265-z

 

Bennett, A. (2006). Design studies: Theory and research in graphic design. Princeton

Architectural Press.

 

Berman, D. (2009a). Do good design: How designers can change the world? In How

designers can change the world. Berkeley, CA…. Nancy Aldrich-Ruenzel.

 

Berman, D. (2009b). Do Good Design. AIGA & New Riders.

 

Berman, D. (2013). A dialogue with David Berman. Cut Out Magazine, 54–57.

 

Bestley, R., & Noble, I. (2016). Visual research: An introduction to research methods

in graphic design (3rd ed.). Bloomsbury.

 

Bierut, M. (2015). How to use graphic design to sell things, explain things, make things

look better, make people laugh, make people cry, and (every once in a while)

change the world. Thames & Hudson Ltd.

 

Blanche, M.T., Currheim, K, & Painter, D. (2006). Research in practice: Applied

methods for the social sciences (2nd ed.). University of Cape Town Press.

 

Boak, G., & Coolican, D. (2001). Competencies for retail leadership: Accurate,

acceptable, affordable. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 22(5),

212–220. https://doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000005675

 

Bohemia, E. (2002). Designer as integrator: reality or rhetoric? The Design Journal,

5(2), 23–34. https://doi.org/10.2752/146069202790718549

 

Bonsiepe, G. (2012). A Step Towards the Reinvention of Graphic Design. In Downs,

S. (2012). In The Graphic Communication Handbook, 8-13. New York:

Routledge.

 

Boyatzis, R. E. (1982). The competent manager: A model for effective performance.

John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

 

Boyatzis, R. E. (2008). Competencies in the 21st century. Journal of Management

Development, 27(1), 5–12. https://doi.org/10.1108/02621710810840730

 

Brand, R., & Rocchi, S. (2011). Rethinking value in a changing landscape and business

transformation. In A Philips Design Paper. Philips Design, Koninklijke Philips

Electronics NV.

 

Brannen, J. (2005). Mixed methods research: A discussion paper. In ESRC National

Centre for Research Methods (pp. 1–30).

 

Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative

Resreach in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101.

 

Bridges, A. W. (2016). Identification of perceived 21st century graphic design skills,

content knowledge, and tools needed in an effective university-level graphic

design program. Visual Communication Journal, 52(2), 1-12.

 

Brown, Reva B. (1993). Meta-Competence: A Recipe for Reframing the Competence

Debate. Personnel Review, 22(6), 25–36. https://doi.org/10.1108/EL-01-2017-

0019

 

Brown, Reva Berman, & Mccartney, S. (1995). Competence is not enough: Metacompetence

and accounting education. Accounting Education, 4(1), 43–53.

https://doi.org/10.1080/09639289500000006

 

Brown, T. (2008). Design thinking. Harvard Business Review, 86(6), 85–92.

 

Bruce, M., Cooper, R., & Vazquez, D. (1999). Effective design management for small

businesses. Design Studies, 20(3), 297–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0142-

694X(98)00022-2

 

Bryman, A. and Bell, E. (2007). Business research methods. Oxford University Press,

USA.

 

Bryman, A. (1988). Quantity and quality in social research. UK, London: Routledge.

 

Buchanan, R. (1992). Wicked problems in design thinking. Design Issues, 8(2), 5–21.

https://doi.org/10.2307/1511637

 

Buchanan, R. (2001). Design research and the new learning. Design Issues, 17(4), 3–

24.

 

Bujang, M. A., Ab Ghani, P., Soelar, S. A., & Zulkifli, N. A. (2012). Sample size

guideline for exploratory factor analysis when using small sample: Taking into

considerations of different measurement scales. In 2012 International Conference

on Statistics in Science, Business and Engineering (ICSSBE) (pp. 1-5). IEEE.

 

Butler, J. (1995). The process for effective graphic design curriculum development.

University of Wisconsin-Madison.

 

Caban, G. (2004). World graphic design: contemporary graphics from Africa, the Arab

world, the Far East and Latin America. Merrell Publishers Ltd.

 

Camacho, B., & Alexandre, R. (2019). Design Education. University-industry

collaboration, a case study. The Design Journal, 22(sup1), 1317–

1332. doi:10.1080/14606925.2019.1594958

 

Cambridge Dictionary. (2017). Definition of profession.

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/profession

 

Campion, M. A., Fink, A. A., Ruggeberg, B. J., Carr, L., Phillips, G. M., & Odman, R.

B. (2011). Doing competencies well: Best practices in competency modeling.

Personnel Psychology, 64(1), 225–262. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-

6570.2010.01207.x

 

Castro, R. (2013). Inconsistent respondents and sensitive questions. Field Methods,

25(3), 283–298. https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X12466988

 

Cezzar, J. (2017). What is Graphic Design? American Institute of Graphic Design

(AIGA).

 

Chamberlin, B. (2016). The data economy. IBM Corporation.

 

Check, J., & Schutt, R. K. (2012). Survey research. In J. Check & R. K. Schutt (Eds.).

Research methods in education. (pp. 159–185). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage

Publications

 

Cheetham, G., & Chivers, G. (1996). Towards a holistic model of professional

competence. Journal of European Industrial Training, 20(5), 20–30.

https://doi.org/10.1108/03090599610119692

 

Cheetham, G., & Chivers, G. (1998). The reflective (and competent) practitioner: A

model of professional competence which seeks to harmonise the reflective

practitioner and competence-based approaches. Journal of European Industrial

Training, 22(7), 267–276. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090599810230678

 

Cheng, M. S. H. (2012). A competency model for Culinology® graduates: Evaluation

of the Research Chefs Association’ s Bachelor of Science in Culinology® core

competencies. Iowa State University.

 

Cheung, B. P. S. (2012). Double 'Blind Spots’ of the academia and design industry.

 

Cheung, B. P. S. (2016). Professional graphic design knowledge in Hong Kong: From

graduate to professional. Communication Design, 4(1–2), 21–40.

https://doi.org/10.1080/20557132.2016.1275476

 

Chiang, W. S., Al-Hudawi, S. H. V., Hamdan, A. R., & Musah, M. B. (2016). Students’

understanding of integrating social responsibility dimensions into graphic design

curriculum. Man in India, 96(1–2), 547–566.

 

Chiou, L., & Tucker, C. (2017). Content aggregation by platforms: The case of the news

media. Journal of Economics and Management Strategy, 26(4), 782–805.

https://doi.org/10.1111/jems.12207

 

Chung, R., & Wu, C. (2011). The identification of personnel directors competency

profile through the use of the job competence assessment method. African Journal

of Business Management, 5(2), 405–415. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJBM10.440

 

Churchill, Jr. G. A. (1979). A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing

constructs. Journal of Marketing Research, 16(1), 64-73.

https://doi.org/10.1177/002224377901600110

 

Ciampa, R. (2010). Critical Thinking, The Graphic Design Process, and Improving

Thinking as Educators and Practitioners.

 

Clibbens, N., Walters, S., & Baird, W. (2012). Delphi research: Issues raised by a pilot

study. Nurse Researcher, 19(2), 37–43.

https://doi.org/10.7748/nr2012.01.19.2.37.c8907

 

Coakes, S. J., & Steed, L. G. (2003). Multiple response and multiple dichotomy

analysis. SPSS: analysis without anguish: Version 11.0 for Windows, 215-224.

 

Cobanoglu, C., Warde, B., & Moreo, P. J. (2001). A comparison of mail, fax and webbased

survey methods. International Journal of Market Research, 43(4), 1–15.

 

Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2000). Research methods in education (5th

ed.). Routledge Falmer.

 

Cohen, R. J., Swerdlik, M. E., & Sturman, E. D. (2013). Psychological testing and

assessment: An introduction to tests and measurement (8th ed.). McGraw-Hill

Education.

 

Conley, C. (2004). Leveraging Design’s Core Competencies. Design Management

Review, 15(3), 45–51. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1948-7169.2004.tb00171.x

 

Conley, C. (2007). Educating Designers for Broad Roles in Organizations. Design

Management Review, 18(3), 10–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1948-

7169.2007.tb00208.x

 

Cooper, R. (1998). Design Contexts. The Design Journal, 2(1), 1.

https://doi.org/10.2752/146069299790225270

 

Couper, M. P., Traugott, M. W., & Lamias, M. J. (2012). Web survey design and

administration. Public Opinion Quarterly, 65(2), 230–253.

 

Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2011). Designing and conducting mixed methods

research (2nd ed.). Sage.

 

Creswell, J. W. (2012). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating

quantitative and qualitative research (4th ed.). Pearson Education, Inc.

 

Cross, N. (2007). Understanding designerly ways of knowing and thinking. In R.

Michel (Ed.), Design Research Now: Essays and Selected Projects (pp. 41–54).

Birkhäuser Basel.

 

Cruess, S. R., Johnston, S., & Cruess, R. L. (2010). “Profession”: A working definition

for medical educators. Teaching and Learning in Medicine: An International

Journal, 16(1), 74–76. https://doi.org/10.1207/ s15328015tlm1601_15

 

Cullen, M. & Davis, M. (2018). Resilient Organizations. American Institute of Graphic

Arts (AIGA). https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316691151

 

Custer, R. L., Scarcella, J. A., & Stewart, B. R. (1999). The modified Delphi technique:

A rotational modification. Journal of Vocational and Technical Education, 15(2),

50-58. http://doi.org/10.21061/jcte.v15i2.702

 

D’Amico, G. S. (2018). Key managerial skill sets in graphic design education. Visual

Communications Journal, 54(2), 1–9.

 

Dalkey, N., & Helmer, O. (1963). An experimental application of the Delphi method to

the use of experts. Management Science, 9(3), 458–467.

 

Davis, M. & Littlejohn, D. (2018). Accountability for anticipating design outcomes.

American Institute of Graphic Arts (AIGA). https://www.aiga.org/aiga-designfutures/

accountability-for-anticipating-design-outcomes/

 

Davis, M. (2005). Raising the bar for higher education. In S. Heller (Ed.), The education

of a graphic designer (2nd ed., pp. 13–18). Allworth Press.

 

Davis, M. (2008). Why do we need doctoral study in design? International Journal of

Design, 2(3), 71–79.

 

Davis, M. (2014). Mapping the Field of Design_ Part 1 of an Interview with Meredith

Davis. AIGA Raleigh.

 

Davis, M. (2015a). Interdisciplinarity and the education of the design generalist. In S.

Heller (Ed.), The education of a graphic designer (3rd ed., pp. 20–29). Allworth

Press.

 

Davis, M. (2015b). What is “professional” about professional education. In S. Heller

(Ed.), The education of a graphic designer (3rd ed., pp. 114–121). Allworth Press.

 

Davis, M. (2018a). Aggregation and curation. American Institute of Graphic Arts

(AIGA). https://www.aiga.org/aiga-design-futures/aggregation-and-curation/

 

Davis, M. (2018b). Bridging digital and physical experiences. American Institute of

Graphic Arts (AIGA).

 

Davis, M. (2018c). Complex problems. American Institute of Graphic Arts (AIGA).

https://www.aiga.org/aiga-design-futures/complex-problems/

 

Davis, M. (2018d). Core values matter. American Institute of Graphic Arts (AIGA).

https://www.aiga.org/aiga-design-futures/core-values-matter/

 

Davis, M. (2018e). Introduction to Design Futures. American Institute of Graphic Arts

(AIGA). https://www.aiga.org/aiga-design-futures/introduction-to-designfutures/

 

Debbie, G. S. S. (2011). A nation’s visual language: Nation branding and the visual

identity of contemporary malaysia. Nottingham Trent University.

 

Delbecq, A. L., Van de Ven, A. H., & Gustafson, D. H. (1975). Group techniques for

program planning: A guide to nominal groups and Delphi process. Scott,

Foresman, and Co.

 

Department of Skills and Development. (2013). National Occupation Skills Standard

(NOSS) for graphic design (printing technology): Level 3. Department of Skills

and Development.

 

Design Census. (2017). Design Census 2017. Google, AIGA, SOSO,

BRESSLEGROUP. http://designcensus2017.aiga.org/

 

Design Census. (2019). Design Census 2019: Understanding the state of design and

the people who make it. AIGA, Eye On Design, Google Design, & Accurat.

 

de Winter, J. C., Dodou, D. I. M. I. T. R. A., & Wieringa, P. A. (2009). Exploratory

factor analysis with small sample sizes. Multivariate behavioral research, 44(2),

147-181. https://doi.org/10.1080/00273170902794206

 

Dharavath, H. (2003). Importance of technical competencies in the graphic

communications technology curriculum as perceived by the graphic

communications industry and educators. Journal of Industrial Technology, 19(2),

1–7.

 

Dillman, D. A. (2007). Mail and internet Surveys. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

 

Dolan, T. A., & Lauer, D. S. (2001). Delphi study to identify core competencies in

geriatric dentistry. Special Care in Dentistry, 21(5), 191–197.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-4505.2001.tb00254.x

 

Dorst, K. (2008). Design research: A revolution-waiting-to-happen. Design Studies,

29(1), 4–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.destud.2007.12.001

 

Dorst, K. (2016). Design practice and design research: Finally together? DRS2016:

Future-Focused Thinking.

 

Dreyfus, H., & Dreyfus, S. (1986). Mind over machine: The power of human intuition

and expertise in the era of the computer. New York: Blackwell Publishers.

 

Du, J. (2015). Restructuring Chinese post-secondary graphic design curricula to create

greater compatibility with design careers in China today. (Doctoral dissertation).

Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. (10019482)

 

Dubberly, H. & Pangaro, P. (2018). Making sense in the data economy Making sense

in the data economy. American Institute of Graphic Arts (AIGA).

https://www.aiga.org/aiga-design-futures/making-sense-in-the-data-economy/

 

Dubberly, H. (2008). Toward a model of innovation. Interactions, XV(1), 1–14.

 

Dubberly, H. (2017). Connecting Things: Broadening design to include systems,

platforms, and product-service ecologies. In Leslie Atzmon & Prasad Boradkar

(Ed.), Encountering Things: Design and Theories of Things (pp. 1–8). Bloomsbury

Publishing.

 

Dubberly, H., & Evenson, S. (2008). The modelling experience cycle. Interactions,

15(3), 11–15. https://doi.org/10.1145/1353782.1353786

 

Dubberly, H., & Evenson, S. (2010). Designing for service: Creating an experience

advantage. In G. S. & W. Karwowski (Ed.), Introduction to Service Engineering

(pp. 403–413). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. http://www.dubberly.com/wpcontent/

uploads/2013/08/Dubberly_Design-for-service.pdf

 

Dunham, R. B. (1998). The Delphi technique.

 

Dziobczenski, P. R. N., & Galeotti, A. A. R. (2017). Preparing design students for the

market: An initial investigation on the required knowledge and skills for graphic

designers in Brazil. The Design Journal, 20(sup1), S1241–S1249.

https://doi.org/10.1080/14606925.2017.1352653

 

Dziobczenski, P. R. N., & Person, O. (2017). Graphic designer wanted: A document

analysis of the described skill set of graphic designers in job advertisements from

the United Kingdom. International Journal of Design, 11(2), 41–55.

 

Dziobczenski, P. R. N., Person, O., & Meriläinen, S. (2018). Designing career paths in

graphic design: A document analysis of job advertisements for graphic design

positions in Finland. The Design Journal, 21(3), 349–370.

https://doi.org/10.1080/14606925.2018.1444874

 

Dziobczenski, P. R. N., Person, O., Tonetto, L. M., & Mandelli, R. R. (2018). Requests

from Companies and Requirements for Design Education in Brazil: where do they

meet? DRS2018: Catalyst, 7(April 2019). https://doi.org/10.21606/drs.2018.535

 

Ellmers, G. (2015). The graphic design project: employing structured and critical

reflection to guide student learning. Communication Design, 3(1), 62-79.

https://doi.org/10.1080/20557132.2015.1057376

 

Ellmers, G. (2017). Connecting learning from graphic design project with thinking

about approaches to design practice. Art, Design & Communication in Higher

Education, 16(1), 69-82. https://doi.org/10.1386/adch.16.1.69_1

 

Ellmers, G., Bennett, S., & Brown, I. (2014). Design education: fostering the conditions

for transfer through a structured and critical approach to reflective practice. In

M. Laakso & K. Ekman (Eds.), Proceedings of NordDesign 2014 Conference

(pp. 115-123). Finland: Aalto University.

 

Emat, Y. (2005). Pendidikan teknikdan vokasional di Malaysia. IBS Buku Sdn. Bhd.

 

Ennis, M. R. (2008). Competency models: a review of the literature and the role of the

employment and training administration (ETA) (pp. 1–25). Office of Policy

Development and Research, Employment and Training Administration, US

Department of Labor.

 

Eraut, M. (1994). Developing professional knowledge and competence. Falmer Press.

 

European Commision. (2017). Building a European data economy.

 

Evans, D. S., & Schmalensee, R. (2013). The antitrust analysis of multi-sided platform

businesses (No. w18783). National Bureau of Economic Research.

 

Evetts, J. (2014). The concept of professionalism: Professional work, professional

practice and learning. International Handbook of Research in Professional and

Practice-Based Learning, 29–57. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8902-8

 

Falcão, G. & Almendra, R. (2017). The end of “briefing” and “the client” in graphic

design. The Design Journal, 20(sup1), S1405-S1414.

https://10.1080/14606925.2017.1352666

 

Fan, C. K., & Cheng, C.-L. (2006). A study to identify the training needs of life

insurance sales representatives in Taiwan using the Delphi approach.

International Journal of Training and Development, 10(3), 212–226.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2419.2006.00255.x

 

Ferrari, T. G. (2017). Design and the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Dangers and

opportunities for a mutating discipline. The Design Journal, 6925, S2625–S2633.

https://doi.org/10.1080/14606925.2017.1352774

 

Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics. London: Sage.

 

Findeli, A. (2001). Rethinking design education for the 21st century: Theoretical,

methodological, and ethical discussion. Design Issues, 17(1), 5–17.

https://doi.org/10.1162/07479360152103796

 

Fitzpatrick, J.L., Sanders, J.R., & Worthen, B. R. (2004). Program evaluation:

Alternative approaches and practical guidelines (3rd ed.). Pearson/Allyn and

Bacon.

 

Fleischmann, K. (2015). Generalist designers, specialist projects: Forming

multidisciplinary teams that work. International Journal of Learning, Teaching

and Educational Research, 13(3), 26–40.

 

Flynn, B. B., Sakakibara, S., Schroeder, R. G., Bates, K. A., & Flynn, E. J. (1990).

Empirical research methods in operations management. Journal of Operations

Management, 9(2), 250–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-6963(90)90098-X

 

Frascara, J. (1998). Graphic design : Fine art or social science? Design Issues, 5(1), 18–

29. https://doi.org/10.2307/1511556

 

Frascara, J. (2004). Communication Design, Principles, Methods and Practice.

 

Friedman, K. (2003). Theory construction in design research Criteria: Approaches, and

methods. Design Studies, 24(6), 507–522. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0142-

694X(03)00039-5

 

Friedman, K. (2012). Models of design: Envisioning a future design education. Visibile

Language, 46.1(2), 132–153.

 

G.Wilson, D. (2001). Needs assessment: Implications for graphic communications

education. Visual Communications Journal, 1–6.

 

Gangani, N., McLean, G. N., & Braden, R. A. (2006). Competency-based human

resource development strategy. Performance Improvement Quarterly, 19(1),

127–139.

 

García, A. A. (2011). Cognitive interviews to test and refine questionnaires. Public

Health Nursing, 28(5), 444–450. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-

1446.2010.00938.x

 

Gardien, P., Djajadiningrat, T., Hummels, C., & Brombacher, A. (2014). Changing your

hammer: The implications of paradigmatic innovation for design practice.

International Journal of Design, 8(2), 119–139. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1948-

7169.2011.00139.x

 

Garson, G. D. (2012). Testing statistical assumptions. Asheboro, NC: Statistical

Associates Publishing.

 

Giampietro, R. (2015). Graphic design & critical thinking. In S. Heller (Ed.), The

education of a graphic designer (3rd ed., pp. 164–171). Allworth Press.

 

Gibbs, W., Graves, P. R., & Bernas, R. S. (2001). Evaluation guidelines for multimedia

courseware. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 34(1), 2–17.

https://doi.org/10.1080/15391523.2001.10782329

 

Giloi, S., & Du Toit, P. (2013). Current approaches to the assessment of graphic design

in a higher education context. International Journal of Art and Design Education,

32(2), 256–268. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-8070.2013.01758.x

 

Gonczi, A., Hager, P., & Athanasou, J. (1993). The development of competency-based

assessment strategies for the professions. AGPS.

 

Gonczi, A. G. (1994). Competency based assessment in the professions in australia.

Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, 1(1), 27–44.

https://doi.org/10.1080/0969594940010103

 

Goodman, C. M. (1987). The Delphi technique: A critique. Journal of Advanced

Nursing, 12(6), 729–734. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.1987.tb01376.x

 

Gorsuch, R. L. (1983). Factor analysis (2nd Ed.). Hillsdale, New Jersey: Erlbaum.

 

Graphic Design Association of Malaysia (wREGA). (2012). Roundtable discussion:

The state of design in Malaysia. wREGA.

 

Graphic Design Association of Malaysia (wREGA). (2013). Code of Professional

Conduct. wREGA.

 

Greenstein, L. (2012). Assessing 21st century skills: A guide to evaluating mastery and

authentic learning. SAGE Publications.

 

Guerrero, D., & De los Ríos, I. (2012). Professional Competences: a Classification of

International Models. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 46, 1290–1296.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.05.290

 

Habibi, A., Sarafrazi, A., & Izadyar, S. (2014). Delphi Technique Theoretical

Framework in Qualitative Research. The International Journal Of Engineering

And Science, 3(4), 8–13.

 

Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data

analysis. (7th Ed.). New York: Pearson.

 

Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2006). Multivariate data

analysis. (6th Ed.). New York: Pearson.

 

Hana, U. (2013). Competitive advantage achievement through innovation and

knowledge. Journal of Competitiveness, 5(1), 82–96.

https://doi.org/10.7441/joc.2013.01.06

 

Harden, R. M., Crosby, J. R., & Davis, M. H. (1999). AMEE guide no 14: Outcomebased

education: Part 1- An introduction to outcome based education. Medical

Teacher, 21(1), 7–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/01421599979969

 

Harland, R. (2011). The dimensions of graphic design and its spheres of influence.

Design Issues, 27(1), 21–34. https://doi.org/10.1162/DESI_a_00054

 

Harland, R. (2012). Towards an integrated pedagogy of graphics in the United Kingdom.

Iridescent, 2(1), 50–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/19235003.2012.11428503

 

Harland, R. (2016). Graphic design in urban environments. Bloomsbury Academic.

 

Harland, R. G., Corazzo, J., Gwilt, I., Honnor, A., & Rigley, S. (2018). Graphic design

research: A cause for the concerned. DRS 2018: Design as a Catalyst for Change.

Design Research Society, 2811–2821. https://doi.org/10.21606/drs.2018.389

 

Hartel, R., & Gardner, D. (2003). Making the transition to a food science curriculum

based on assessment of learning outcomes. Journal of Food Science Education,

2, 32–39.

 

Hartel, R W, & Foegeding, E. A. (2004). Learning: Objectives, competencies, or

outcomes? Journal of Food Science Education, 3, 69–70.

 

Hartel, Richard W. (2002). Core competencies in food science: Background

information on the development of the IFT education standards. Journal of Food

Science Education, 1(1), 3–5. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-

4329.2002.tb00003.x

 

Hasson, F., & Keeney, S. (2011). Enhancing rigour in the Delphi technique research.

Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 78(9), 1695–1704.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2011.04.005

 

Hassan, T. B., & Barnett, D. B. (2002). Delphi type methodology to develop consensus

on the future design of EMS systems in the United Kingdom. Emergency

Medicine Journal, 19(2), 155-159.

 

Hasson, F., Keeney, S., & McKenna, H. (2000). Research guidelines for the Delphi

survey technique. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 32(4), 1008–1015.

https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.2000.t01-1-01567.x

 

Havas Worldwide. (2016). Project Superbrand.

https://www.marketingcharts.com/featured-65075

 

Heller, S. & Vienne, V. (2003a). Citizen designer: Perspectives on design responsibility.

Allworth Press.

 

Heller, S. & Vienne, V. (2003b). Citizen designers: Perspectives on design

responsibility. Allworth Press.

 

Heller, S & Fernandes, T. (2004). Becoming a graphic designer: A guide to careers in

design (3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

 

Heller, S. (2005a). The education of a graphic designer. In Choice Reviews Online (2nd

ed., Vol. 43, Issue 09). Allworth Press.

 

Heller, S. (2005b). Too many grads or too few competencies? The design school

dilemma. American Institute of Graphic Arts (AIGA). www.aiga.org/too-manygrads-

or-too-few-competencies-the-design-school-dilemma

 

Heller, S. (2005c). Too many grads or too few competencies? The design school

dilemma. American Institute of Graphic Design (AIGA).

 

Heller, S. (2015a). The education of a graphic designer (3rd ed.). Allworth Press.

 

Heller, S. (2015b). What this country needs is a good five-year design program. In S.

Heller (Ed.), The education of a graphic designerducation of a Graphic Designer

(3rd ed., pp. 209–211). Allworth Press.

 

Hernandez, R. J., Cooper, R., & Jung, J. (2017). The understanding and use of design

in the UK industry: Reflecting on the future of design and designing in industry

and beyond. The Design Journal, 20(sup1), S2823–

S2836. doi:10.1080/14606925.2017.1352794

 

Heskett, J. (2009). Creating economic value by design. International Journal of Design,

3(1), 71–84.

 

Higgins, B. (2008). Program evaluation: Utilizing graduate and employer perception

data in determining graduates’job preparedness levels. Journal of Industrial

Technology, 24(3).

 

Hoffmann, T. (1999). The meanings of competency. Journal of European Industrial

Training, 23(6), 275–286. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090599910284650

 

Hogarty, K. Y., Hines, C. V., Kromrey, J. D., Ferron, J. M., & Mumford, K. R. (2005).

The quality of factor solutions in exploratory factor analysis: The influence of

sample size, communality, and overdetermination. Educational and

Psychological Measurement, 65(2), 202-226.

https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164404267287

 

Hollis, R. (2015). Principles before style: Questions in design history. In S. Heller (Ed.),

The education of a graphic designer (3rd ed., pp. 144–146). Allworth Press.

 

Horng, Jeou-shyan, & Lu, H. (2006). Needs Assessment of Professional Competencies

of F & B / Hospitality Management Students at College and University Level.

Journal of Teaching in Travel & Tourism, 6(3)(September 2012), 1–26.

https://doi.org/10.1300/J172v06n03

 

Horváth, I. (2007). Comparison of Three Methodological Approaches of Design

Research. International Conference on Engineering Design, ICED 07, 7, 28–31.

 

Hsieh, S.F., Guan, S.S., & Wu, C. L. (2010). The study on competency of graduating

students being major in graphic design. The International Journal of Learning,

17(9), 389–401.

 

Hsu, C., & Sandford, B. (2007). The delphi technique: Making sense of consensus.

Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 12(10), 1–8.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2070(99)00018-7

 

Huba, M., & Freed, J. (2000). Developing a learner-centered perspective. In M. E. H.

& J. E. Freed (Ed.), Learner-centered assessment on college campuses: Shifting

the focus from teaching to learning. Allyn and Bacon.

 

Hung, H. L., Altschuld, J. W., & Lee, Y. F. (2008). Methodological and conceptual

issues confronting a cross-country Delphi study of educational program

evaluation. Evaluation and Program Planning, 31(2), 191-198.

 

International Council of Communication Design (ICOGRADA). (2011). Icograda

Design Education Manifesto 2011. International Council of Communication

Design (ICOGRADA).

 

International Council of Design (ico-D). (2011). Best practice paper: Model code of

professional conduct for designers. International Council of Design (ico-D).

 

International Council of Design (ico-D). (2020). Professional code of conduct for

designers. International Council of Design (ico-D).

 

International Council of Communication Design (ICOGRADA). (2012). Definition of

Communcation Design. http://www.icograda.org/about/about/articles836

 

Irwin, T. (2004). Specialization and design. AIGA.

 

Itten, J. (1975). Design and form: The basic course at the Bauhaus and later. John

Wiley & Sons, Inc.

 

Jairath, N, & Weinstein, J. (1994). The Delphi methodology: a useful administrative

approach. Canadian Journal of Nursing Administration. 7, 29-42.

 

Janke, K. K., Kelley, K. A., Sweet, B. V., & Kuba, S. E. (2016). A modified Delphi

process to define competencies for assessment leads supporting a doctor of

pharmacy program. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 80(10).

https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.5688/ajpe8010167

 

Jevnaker, B. H., & Bruce, M. (1998). Design alliances: The hidden assets in

management of strategic innovation. The Design Journal, 1(1), 24–40.

https://doi.org/10.2752/146069298790225190

 

Johnson, R. B. B., Onwuegbuzie, A. J., & Turner, L. A. (2007). Mixed methods

research. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1(2), 112–133.

https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203777176

 

Johnston, L. M., Wiedmann, M., Orta-Ramirez, A., Oliver, H. F., Nightingale, K. K.,

Moore, C. M., Stevenson, C. D., & Jaykus, L. A. (2014). Identification of core

competencies for an undergraduate food safety curriculum using a modified

Delphi approach. Journal of Food Science Education, 13(1), 12–21.

https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4329.12024

 

Kaiser, H. F. (1960). The application of electronic computers to factor analysis.

Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20(1), 141-151.

https://doi.org/10.1177/001316446002000116

 

Kandampully, J. (2012). Innovation as the core competency of a service organisation:

The role of technology, knowledge and networks. European Journal of

Innovation Management, 5(1), 18–26.

https://doi.org/10.1108/14601060210415144

 

Kang, H. J., Chung, K. W., & Nam, K. Y. (2015). A competence model for design

managers: A case study of middle managers in Korea. International Journal of

Design, 9(2), 109–127.

 

Kaplowitz, M. D., Hadlock, T. D., & Levine, R. (2004). A comparison of web and mail

survey response rates. Public Opinion Quarterly, 68(1), 94–101.

 

Karpen, S. C. (2018). The social psychology of biased self-assessment. American

Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 82(5), 441–448.

https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe6299

 

Kay, C., & Russette, J. (2000). Hospitality-management competencies. Hotel and

Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 52–63.

 

Keeley, L. (2013). Ten Types of Innovation: The Discipline of Building Breakthroughs.

Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

 

Keeney, S, Hasson, F., & McKenna, H. P. (2001). A critical review of Delphi as a

research methodology in nursing research. International Journal of Nursing

Studies, 38, 195–200.

 

Kimberlin, C. L., & Winterstein, A. G. (2008). Validity and reliability of measurement

instruments used in research. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy,

65(23), 2276–2284. https://doi.org/10.2146/ajhp070364

 

Klink, M. van der, & Boon, J. (2002). The investigation of competencies within

professional domains. Human Resource Development International, 5(4), 411–

424. https://doi.org/10.1080/13678860110059384

 

Kountur, R. (2016). Detecting careless responses to self-reported questionnaires.

Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 64, 307–318.

https://doi.org/10.14689/ejer.2016.64.17

 

Kowaltowski, D. C. C. K., Bianchi, G., & De Paiva, V. T. (2010). Methods that may

stimulate creativity and their use in architectural design education. International

Journal of Technology and Design Education, 20(4), 453–476.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10798-009-9102-z

 

Krosnick, J. a., & Presser, S. (2009). Question and Questionnaire Design.

 

Landa, R. (2014). Graphic design solutions (5th ed.). Wadsworth Cengage Learning.

 

Laurel, B. (2003). Design research: Methods and perspectives. MIT press.

 

Lawson, B., & Samson, D. (2001). Developing innovation capability in organisations:

a Dynamic capabilities approach. International Journal of Innovation

Management, 5(3), 377–400. https://doi.org/10.1142/s1363919601000427

 

Le Deist, F. D., & Winterton, J. (2005). What is competence? Human Resource

Development International, 8(1), 27–46.

https://doi.org/10.1080/1367886042000338227

 

LeCompte, M. D., & Goetz, J. P. (1982). Problems of reliability and validity in

ethnographic research. Review of Educational Research, 52(1), 31–60.

https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543052001031

 

Leedy, P. D., & Ormrod, J. E. (2013). Practical research: Planning and design (10th

ed.). Pearson Educational International.

 

Lehrer, W. (2005). Emptying the spoon, enlarging the plate: Some thoughts on graphic

design education. In S. Heller (Ed.), The education of a graphic designer (2nd ed.,

pp. 74–80). Allworth Press.

 

Lembaga Arkitek Malaysia (Board of Architects Malaysia). (2017). Graduate

architects. http://www.lam.gov.my/

 

Levy, R. (1990). Design Education: Time to Reflect. Design Issues, 7(1), 42–52.

https://doi.org/10.2307/1511470

 

Lewis, W. P., & Bonollo, E. (2002). An analysis of professional skills in design:

Implications for education and research. Design Studies, 23(4), 385–406.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0142-694X(02)00003-0

 

Littlejohn, D. (2017). Disciplining the graphic design discipline: The role of external

engagement, mediating meaning, and transparency as catalysts for change. Art,

Design & Communication in Higher Education, 16(1): 33–51.

doi:10.1386/adch.16.1.33_1.

 

Lim, B. (2015). A discussion on creativity and design education in Singapore and

Malaysia. Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences, 3(2), 56–61.

 

Linstead, S. (1993). Developing management meta-competence: Can distance learning

help? Journal of European Industrial Training, 14(6), 17–27.

 

Linstone, H. A., & Turoff, M. (2002). The Delphi Method - Techniques and

Applications. Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers Inc.

Linstone, H.A. (1978). The Delphi technique. Handbook of futures research. Westport,

CT: Greenwood.

 

Logan, C. D. (2006). Circles of practice: educational and professional graphic design.

Journal of Workplace Learning, 18(6), 331–343.

https://doi.org/10.1108/13665620610682062

 

Lucia, A. D., & Lepsinger, R. (1999). The art and science of competency models.

Jossey-Bass.

 

Lunkenheimer, G. (2002). Identifying e-commerce competencies for marketing

education: A national Delphi study. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses.

 

MacCallum, R. C., Widaman, K. F., Zhang, S., & Hong, S. (1999). Sample Size in

Factor Analysis. Psychological Methods, 4(1), 84–99.

https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.4.1.84

 

MacMillan, J. H. and Schumacher, S. (2001). Research in education. A conceptual

introduction. (5th Ed.), Longman, Boston.

 

Maeda, J. (2018). Design in tech report 2018. https://designintech.report/

 

Malaysian Qualifications Agency (MQA). (2017). Malaysian Qualifications

Framework (MQF) 2nd Edition. Malaysian Qualifications Agency.

 

Malaysian Qualifications Agency (MQA). (2020). Programme standards: Art and

design. Malaysian Qualifications Agency.

 

Malhotra, N. K. (2010). Marketing research: an applied orientation. (6th ed). New

Jersey: Prentice Hall Inc.

 

Manfra, L. (2005). School Survey 2005: Research – Its role in North American Design

Education. Metropolis, 132-136.

 

Marks, A. (2015). A design core for the twenty-first century. In S. Heller (Ed.), The

education of a graphic designer (3rd ed., pp. 17–19). Allworth Press.

 

Marwan, E. (2010). Unravelling the story of graphic design in Malaysia. Blueprint Asia.

 

May, T. (2011). Social research: Issues, methods, and process. California: Open

University Press.

 

Mayer, J. D. (2008). Personal intelligence. Imagination, Cognition and Personality,

27(3), 209–232. https://doi.org/10.2190/ic.27.3.b

 

Mayo, C. R., & Thomas-Haysbert, C. (2005). Essential competencies needed by

hospitality and tourism management graduates as determined by industry

professionals and hospitality educators. Consortium Journal of Hospitality and

Tourism Management, 9(2), 5–17.

 

McClelland, D. C. (1973). Testing for competence rather than for “intelligence”. The

American Psychologist, 28(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0034092

 

McClelland, D. C. (1998). Identifying competencies with behavioral-event interviews.

Psychological Science, 9(5), 331–339. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00065

 

McCollam, P. (2014). Redefine design ethics: Why. Design and Culture, 6(3), 315–325.

https://doi.org/10.2752/175613114X14105155617384

 

McCoy, K. (1990a). American graphic design expression. Design Quarterly, 148(148),

3. https://doi.org/10.2307/4091231

 

McCoy, K. (1990b). Professional design education: An opinion and a proposal. Design

Issues, 731(1), 20–22.

 

McCoy, K. (1997). Education and professionalism or what’s wrong with graphic design

education. How We Learn What We Learn Conference.

 

McCoy, K. (2003). Good citizenship: Design as a social and political force. In V. Heller,

S. & Vienne (Ed.), Citizen designers: Perspectives on design responsibility (pp.

2–8). Allworth Press.

 

McKenna, H. P. (1994). The Delphi technique: a worthwhile research approach for

nursing? Journal of Advanced Nursing, 19(6), 1221–1225.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.1994.tb01207.x

 

McDaniel, C. D. and R. Gates (2006). Marketing research essentials. Hoboken, New

Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

 

McWade, J. (2013). Before & After: Things Every Designer Should Know [Video file].

http://www.lynda.com/Design-Page-Layout-tutorials/Before-After-Things-

Every-Designer-Should-Know/110285-2.html

 

Meade, A. W., & Craig, S. B. (2012). Identifying careless responses in survey data.

Psychological Methods, 17(3), 437–455. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028085

 

Meggs, P. B. & Purvis, A. W. (2012). Meggs’ history of graphic design (5th ed.). John

Wiley & Sons, Inc.

 

Millar, M., Mao, Z., & Moreo, P. (2010). Hospitality & tourism educators vs. The

industry: A competency assessment. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism

Education, 22(2), 38–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/10963758.2010.10696975

 

Ministry of Education Malaysia (MoE). (2015). Malaysia Education Blueprint 2015-

2025 (Higher Education). In Ministry of Education Malaysia (Vol. 2025, p. 40).

 

Misner, T. (2009). Building support for use-based design into hardware products.

Interactions, 16(5), 58–64. https://doi.org/10.1145/1572626.1572639

 

Mitchell, A., Tom, R., & Leah, C. (2012). What Facebook and Twitter Mean for News.

https://www.journalism.org/2012/03/19/what-facebook-and-twitter-mean-fornews/

 

Morrison, A., Edeholt, H., Røise, Ø., Bjørkli, C. A., & Hoff, T. (2014). What we talk

about when we Talk about design. Toward a taxonomy of design competencies.

FORMakademisk, 7(2), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.7577/formakademisk.788

 

Morvaridi, B. (2005). Contentious development issues and transnational networks. In

Global Encounters (pp. 133-153). UK: Palgrave Macmillan.

 

Morvaridi, B. (2012). Capitalist Philanthropy and Hegemonic Partnerships. Third

World Quarterly, 33(7), 1191–1210.

 

Muijs, D. (2004). Doing quantitative research in education. SAGE Publications.

 

Mundfrom, D., Shaw, D., & Ke, T. (2005). Minimum sample size recommendations

for conducting factor analyses. International Journal of Testing, 5(2), 159-168.

https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327574ijt0502_4

 

Muratovski, G. (2015). Paradigm Shift: Report on the New Role of Design in Business

and Society. She Ji: The Journal of Design, Economics, and Innovation, 1(2),

118–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sheji.2015.11.002

 

Muratovski, G. (2016a). Research for deisgners: A guide to methods and practice.

SAGE Publications.

 

Muratovski, G. (2016b). Research for designers: A guide to methods and practice.

SAGE Publications Inc.

 

Murphy, M. K., Black, N. A., Lamping, D. L., McKee, C. M., Sanderson, C. F., Askham,

J., & Marteau, T. (1998). Consensus development methods, and their use in

clinical guideline development. Health Technology Assessment (Winchester,

England), 2(3), i–88.

 

Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2002). How to use a Monte Carlo study to decide on

sample size and determine power. Structural Equation Modeling, 9(4), 599–620.

https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0904_8

 

Myers, N. D., Ahn, S., & Jin, Y. (2011). Sample size and power estimates for a

confirmatory factor analytic model in exercise and sport: A Monte Carlo approach.

Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 82(3), 412–423.

https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2011.10599773

 

Nae, H.-J. (2017). An Interdisciplinary Design Education Framework. The Design

Journal, 20(sup1), S835–S847. https://doi.org/10.1080/14606925.2017.1353030

 

Neuman, W. L. (1997). Social research methods qualitative and quantitative

approaches. (3rd ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

 

Naveiro, R. M., & Pereira, R. C. de S. (2008). Design education in Brazil. Design

Studies, 29(3), 304–312. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.destud.2008.02.002

 

Neves, M. (2017). The future of print design relies on interaction. The Design Journal,

20(sup1), S4087–S4100. https://doi.org/10.1080/14606925.2017.1352910

 

Newark, Q. (2008). What is graphic design? Rotovision.

 

Nicholson, P., Griffin, P., Gillis, S., Wu, M., & Dunning, T. (2012). Measuring nursing

competencies in the operating theatre: Instrument development and psychometric

analysis using Item Response Theory. Nurse Education Today, 33(9), 1088–1093.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2012.04.008

 

Nunnally, J. (1978). Psychometric theory (2nd Ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

 

Nworie, B. J. (2011). Using the Delphi Technique in educational technology research.

TechTrends, 55(5), 24–30.

 

Ogbeifun, E., Agwa-Ejon, J., Mbohwa, C., & Pretorius, J. H. C. (2016). The Delphi

technique: A credible research methodology. Proceedings of the International

Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management, 2004–2009.

 

Okoli, C., & Pawlowski, S. D. (2004). The Delphi method as a research tool: An

example, design considerations and applications. Information and Management,

42(1), 15–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2003.11.002

 

Okyere, M. (2017). The graphic design workforce in Ghana: A case study of Asafo,

Kumasi. Communication Design, 5(1–2), 183–202.

https://doi.org/10.1080/20557132.2017.1398926

 

Omran, A., Subhe, A., & Suleiman, H. (2017). Identifying the competence components

of the construction project managers in the Palestinian construction industry. The

Engineering Project Organization Journal, 7(2).

 

Ong, Z. H. (2017). (Graphic) Design is not dead. Malaysia.My.

 

Opher, A., Chou, A., Onda, A., & Sounderrajan, K. (2016). The rise of the data

economy: Driving value through Internet of Things data monetization. In IBM

Corporation.

 

Opoku, N., Appiah, E., & deGraft-Yankson, P. (2020). Competencies of the presentday

graphic designer: A document analysis of online job ads in Ghana.

http://doi.org/10.24867/JGED-2020-2-037

 

Ovadia, S. (2013). Digital content curation and why it matters to librarians. Behavioral

and Social Sciences Librarian, 32(1), 58–62.

https://doi.org/10.1080/01639269.2013.750508

 

Paik, H., Kim, S., Ahn, S., Suh, H., Kang, H., Lee, E., Cho, H., & Wang, Q. (2019).

Integrated perspectives in design: Issues and perspectives of design research,

education, and practice. The Design Journal, 22(5), 581–605.

https://doi.org/10.1080/14606925.2019.1622315

 

Palardy, J. M., & Eisele, J. E. (2010). Competency based education. The Clearing

House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas, 46(9), 545–548.

https://doi.org/10.1080/00098655.1972.11478097

 

Pallant, J. (2020). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using

IBM SPSS. Routledge.

 

Paparozzi, Andrew. (2016). State of the Industry Report. Alexandria, Va.: Idealliance,

27.

 

Parry, S. B. (1996). The quest for competencies. Training, 33(7), 48–54.

 

Pavlova, M. (2013). Teaching and Learning for Sustainable Development: ESD

Research in Technology Education. International Journal of Technology and

Design Education, 23(3), 733–748. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10798-012-9213-9

 

Perkins, S. (2011). Ethics and social responsibility? American Institute of Graphic Arts

(AIGA). https://www.aiga.org/ethics-and-social-responsibility

 

Ponto, J. A., Ellington, L., Mellon, S., & Beck, S. L. (2010). Predictors of adjustment

and growth in women with recurrent ovarian cancer. Oncology Nursing Forum,

37, 357–364. http://dx.doi.org/10.1188/10.ONF.357-364

 

Potgieter, T. E., & Van der Merwe, R. P. (2002). Assessment in the workplace: A

competency-based approach. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 28(1), 60–66.

https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v28i1.31

 

Powell, C. (2003). The Delphi Technique: Myths and realities. Methodological Issues

in Nursing Research, 41(4), 376–382.

 

Radhakrishna, R. B. (2007). Tips for developing and testing questionnaires /

instruments. Journal of Extension, 45(1), 9–11.

 

Rahman, Z. (2013). New direction of design in Malaysia: Designing for social change.

Cut Out Magazine, 30–31.

 

Ramírez, M. (2012). Employability for industrial design graduates. In I. C. T. L. Gómez

Chova, A. López Martínez (Ed.), 5th International Conference of Education,

Research and Innovation. International Association of Technology, Education

and Development (IATED).

 

Ramneek, K. M. (2017). What’s next in design education? Transforming role of a

designer and its implications in preparing youth for an ambiguous and volatile

future. The Design Journal, 20(sup1), S1521–S1529.

https://doi.org/10.1080/14606925.2017.1352676

 

Ravasi, D., & Lojacono, G. (2005). Managing design and designers for strategic

renewal. Long Range Planning, 38(1), 51–77.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2004.11.010

 

Remenyi, D., Williams, B., Money, A., and Swartz, E. (1998). Doing research in

business and management. An introduction to process and method. London: Sage.

 

Resnik, D. B. (2011). What is ethics in research & Why is it Important? National

Institute of Environmental Health Services, 1–10.

 

Reynolds, P. D. (1979). Ethical dilemmas and social science research. Michigan:

Jossey-Bass Publishers

 

Rittel, H. W. J., & Webber, M. M. (1973). Dilemmas in a general theory of planning.

Policy Sciences, 4(2), 155–169. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01405730

 

Rodriguez, D., Patel, R., Bright, A., Gregory, D., & Gowing, M. K. (2002). Developing

competency models to promote integrated human resource practices. Human

Resource Management, 41(3), 309–324. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.10043

 

Rogelberg, S. G., Fisher, G. G., Maynard, D. C., Hakel, M. D., & Horvath, M. (2001).

Attitudes toward surveys: Development of a measure and its relationship to

respondent behavior. Organizational Research Methods, 4(1), 3–25.

https://doi.org/10.1177/109442810141001

 

Rosenbaum, S. (2011). Curation Nation: How to Win in a World Where Consumers are

Creators. NY, USA: McGraw-Hill.

 

Rosner, T. L. (2014). An analysis of traditional graphic design and multicommunication

arts pedagogy. GSTF Journal on Media & Communications (JMC), 2(1), 1–7.

https://doi.org/10.7603/S40874-014-0010-9

 

Rowe, G., Wright, G., & Bolger, F. (1991). Delphi: A reevaluation of research and

theory. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 39(3), 235–251.

https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1625(91)90039-I

 

Salesforce. (2015). And the (Salesforce) survey says: Shoppers know more than

retailers. Salesforce Blog. https://www.salesforce.com/blog/2015/12/connectedshopper-

salesforce-retailers.html

 

Schmieder, A. A. (1973). Competency-Based Education: The State of the Scene.

 

Schwab, K. (2016). The Fourth Industrial Revolution: what it means and how to

respond.

 

Scott, D. G., Washer, B. A., & Wright, M. D. (2006). A Delphi Study to Identify

Recommended Biotechnology Competencies for First-Year / Initially Certified

Technology Education Teachers. Journal of Technology Education, 17(2), 43–55.

 

Segars, A. H., & Grover, V. (1993). Re-examining perceived ease of use and usefulness:

A confirmatory factor analysis. MIS Quarterly: Management Information Systems,

17(4), 517–525. https://doi.org/10.2307/249590

 

Shea, A. (2012). Designing for social change: Strategies for community-based graphic

design. New York, USA: Princeton Architectural Press.

 

Shippmann, J. S., Ash, R. A., Batjtsta, M., Carr, L., Eyde, L. D., Hesketh, B., ... &

Sanchez, J. I. (2000). The practice of competency modeling. Personnel

Psychology, 53(3), 703–740.

 

Short, D. J. R. (2011). The consummate curriculum for the undergraduate graphic

design student in the United States. Savannah College of Art and Design.

 

Siddique, C. M. (2004). Job analysis: A strategic human resource management practice.

International Journal of Human Resource Management, 15(1), 219–244.

https://doi.org/10.1080/0958519032000157438

 

Sills, S. J., & Song, C. (2002). Innovations in survey research: An application of webbased

surveys. Social Science Computer Review, 20(1), 22–30.

 

Simpson, B. (2002). The Knowledge Needs of Innovating Organisations. Singapore

Management Review, 24(3), 51–60.

 

Skulmoski, G. J., Hartman, F. T., & Krahn, J. (2007). The Delphi method for graduate

research. Journal of Information Technology Education: Research, 6(1), 1–21.

 

Smith, S. B. (2014). Graphic communications industry trends and their impact on the

required competencies of personnel. University of Northern Iowa.

 

Society of Graphic Designers of Canada (GDC). (2012). Code of ethics and

professional conduct for graphic designers. Society of Graphic Designers of

Canada (GDC) National Secretariat.

 

Spady, W. G. (1994). Outcome-based education: Critical issues and answers. In Spring.

American Association of School Administrators, 1801 North Moore Street,

Arlington, VA 22209.

 

Spencer, L. M. & Spencer, S. M. (1993). Competence at work: Models for superior

performance. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

 

Stahl, N. N., & Stahl, R. J. (1991). We can agree after all! achieving consensus for a

critical thinking component of a gifted program using the delphi technique.

Roeper Review, 14(2), 79–88. https://doi.org/10.1080/02783199109553392

 

Stephen, P. (2015). Modernisation of graphic design: The possibilities and challenges

of digitalisation. Journal of Graphic Engineering and Design, 6(1), 5–9.

 

Stickdorn, M. & Schneider, J. (2012). This is service design thinking: Basics, tools,

cases. John Wiley & Sons Inc.

 

Stitt-Gohdes, W. L., & Crews, T. B. (2004). The Delphi technique: A research strategy

for career and technical education. Journal of Career and Technical Education,

20(2), 55–67.

 

Strebler, M., Robinson, D., & Heron, P. (1997). Getting the best out of your

competencies. Grantham Book Services, Isaac Newton Way, Alma Park

Industrial Estate, Grantham NG31 9SD, England, United Kingdom.

 

Suhairom, N., Musta’amal, A. H., Amin, N. F. M., & Johari, N. K. A. (2014). The

development of competency model and instrument for competency measurement:

The research methods. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 152, 1300–

1308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.09.367

 

Sumison, T. (1998). The Delphi technique: An adaptive research tool. British Journal

of Occupational Therapy, 61(4), 153–156.

 

Swanson, G. (2004). Graphic design education as a liberal art: Design and knowledge

in the university and the “Real World.” Design Issues, 10(1), 53–63.

 

Tabachnick, B. G. & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (Vol. 5, pp. 481-

498). Boston, MA: Pearson.

 

Taffe, S. (2017). Who’s in-charge? End-users challenge graphic designers’ intuition

through visual verbal co-design. The Design Journal, 20(sup 1), S390-S400.

https://doi.org/10.1080/14606925.2017.1352916

 

Tan, S., Melles, G., & Lee, N. (2009). Graphic designers’ activities during the

conceptual design phase of client-initiated projects. Art, Design &

Communication in Higher Education, 8(1), 85–92.

https://doi.org/10.1386/adch.8.1.85_1

 

Tas, R. F., LaBrecque, S. V., & Clayton, H. R. (1996). Property-management

competencies for management trainees. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant

Administration Quarterly, 37(4), 90–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-

8804(96)82544-4

 

Temkin, B. (2008). The 6 Laws of Customer Experience: The Fundamental Truths that

Define How Organizations Treat Customers. wordpress.com/2008/07/22/freebook-

the-6-laws-of-customer-experience/

 

Thangaratinam, S., & Redman, C. W. (2005). The delphi technique. The Obstetrician

& Gynaecologist, 7(2), 120–125.

 

The Economist. (2017). The world’s most valuable resource is no longer oil, but data.

https://www.economist.com/leaders/2017/05/06/the-worlds-most-valuableresource-

is-no-longer-oil-but-data

 

Thomas, R. C. (2013). Study of students’ knowledge of the profession of graphic design.

The University of Southern Mississippi.

 

Thorpe, A. (2006). The designer’s atlas of sustainability. Washington, D.C.: Island

Press.

 

Tracy, P. E., & Fox, J. A. (1981). The validity of randomized response for sensitive

measurements. American Sociological Review, 46(2), 187.

https://doi.org/10.2307/2094978

 

Tovey, M. (2015). Design education as the passport to practice. In Design Pedagogy

Developments in Art and Design Education, 37– 49. Farnham: Gower Publishing.

 

Tull, D. S. & Hawkins, D. I. (1987). Marketing research: Measurement and method: A

text with cases. Macmillan Publishing Company.

 

Tyler, R. W. (1949). Basic principles of curriculum and instruction. The University of

Chicago Press.

 

United States Bureau of Labour Statistics (2016).

Occupational Outlook Handbook. https://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/ooh.pdf

 

Vaismoradi, M., Turunen, H., & Bondas, T. (2013). Content analysis and thematic

analysis: Implications for conducting a qualitative descriptive study. Nursing and

Health Sciences, 15(3), 398–405. https://doi.org/10.1111/nhs.12048

 

Valencia, A., Person, O., & Snelders, D. (2013). An in-depth case study on the role of

industrial design in a business-to-business company. Journal of Engineering and

Technology Management, 30(4), 363–383.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jengtecman.2013.08.002

 

Valtonen, A. (2005). Six decades – and six different roles for the industrial designer.

https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d1d7/479861c9a83c223e35dd5b95c9c26cda5d

9c.pdf?_ga=2.215739095.1369317459.1566194522-431526288.1566194522

 

Van der Merwe, R. P. (2002). Psychometric testing and Human Resource Management.

SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 28(2), 77–86.

https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v28i2.52

 

Van der Waarder, K. (2009). On graphic design: Listening to the reader? Research

Group Visual Rhetoric.

 

van Teijlingen, E., & Hundley, V. (2002). The importance of pilot studies. Nursing

Standard, 16(40), 33–36.

 

Vathanophas, Vichita; Thai-ngam, J. (2007). Competency requirements for effective

job performance in the Thai public sector. Contemporary Management Research,

3(1), 45–70. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.7903/cmr.49

 

Villi, M. (2012). Social curation in audience communities: UDC (user-distributed

content) in the networked media ecosystem. Participations: Journal of Audience

and Reception …, 9(2), 614–632.

 

Volkova, T., & Jākobsone, I. (2016). Design thinking as a business tool to ensure

continuous value generation. Intellectual Economics, 10(1), 63–69.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intele.2016.06.003

 

von der Gracht, H. A. (2012). Consensus measurement in Delphi studies. Review and

implications for future quality assurance. Technological Forecasting and Social

Change, 79(8), 1525–1536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2012.04.013

 

Walker, S. (2017). Research in graphic design. The Design Journal, 20(5), 549–559.

https://doi.org/10.1080/14606925.2017.1347416

 

Wang, S.-Y. (2006). Identification of the significant competencies in graphic design.

University of Missouri-Columbia.

 

Whiteley, N. (1993). Design for society. Reaktion Books Ltd.

 

Wicklein, R. C. (1993). Identifying critical issues and problems in technology education

using a modified-Delphi technique. Journal of Technology Education, 5(1), 54–

71.

 

Wilcox, Y. (2012). An initial study to develop instruments and validate the essential

competencies for program evaluators (ECPE). The University of Minnesota.

 

Wilson, D. G. (2001). Needs assessment: Implications for graphic communications

education. Visual Communications Journal, 1–7.

 

Wilson, R. G. (2014). Curriculum & course design: Preparing graphic design & visual

communication students. Iowa State University.

 

Woodham, J. M. (2013). Local, Global: Historical Redrawing the Design Map. Journal

of Design History, 18(3), 257–267.

 

Xia, bo, & Chan, A. P. c. (2012). Measuring complexity for building projects: A Delphi

study. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 19(1), 7–24.

https://doi.org/10.1108/09699981211192544

 

Yeh, W. D. (2003). The demand and the evaluation of the industrial design profession

from the industries. The 6th Asian Design Conference 2013 (CD ROM), Tsukuba,

Japan.

 

Yeoh, J.L. & Piyadasa, R. (2007). Art education. In S. A. Jamal (Ed.), Crafts and the

visual arts. The Encyclopedia of Malaysia Vol. 14 (pp. 130–131). Archipelago

Press.

 

Yin, R. K. (2003). Applications of case study research. London: Sage.

 

Yip, C., Han, N.-L., & Sng, B. (2016). Legal and ethical issues in research. Indian

Journal of Anaesthesia, 60(9), 684. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5049.190627

 

Yunus, K. (2007). Graphic design. In S. A. Jamal (Ed.), Crafts and the visual arts. The

Encyclopedia of Malaysia Vol. 14 (pp. 124–125). Archipelago Press.

 

Zhong, C., Shah, S., Sundaravadivelan, K., & Sastry, N. (2013). Sharing the loves:

Understanding the how and why of online content curation. Seventh International

AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media, 659–667.

 

 


This material may be protected under Copyright Act which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials.
You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research.

Back to previous page

Installed and configured by Bahagian Automasi, Perpustakaan Tuanku Bainun, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
If you have enquiries with this repository, kindly contact us at pustakasys@upsi.edu.my or Whatsapp +60163630263 (Office hours only)