UPSI Digital Repository (UDRep)
Start | FAQ | About

QR Code Link :

Type :thesis
Subject :HQ The family. Marriage. Woman
Main Author :Rakhees, Arafat Abdali
Title :Dysfunctional martial relationship in Edward Albee's plays: a psychoanalytic analysis
Place of Production :Tanjong Malim
Publisher :Fakulti Bahasa dan Komunikasi
Year of Publication :2020
Notes :with cd
Corporate Name :Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
PDF Guest :Click to view PDF file
PDF Full Text :Login required to access this item.

Abstract : Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
The aim of this study was to investigate dysfunctional marital relationships in Edward Albee's plays using psychoanalytic analysis. Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, The Ballad of The Sad  Café, A Delicate Balance and The Goat, or Who IS Sylvia? were Albee's plays that were selected for  this study. A Freudian psychoanalytic theory of personality was used to examine the psyches of the  couples' characters in order to reveal the psychological reasons behind their dysfunctional marital  relationships. The findings of the study exposed that each one of married couples has undergone  traumatic experiences in the past, a matter which affected their personalities. The spouses   suffered  from  turbulent  childhood,  intrapsychic  conflicts,  unresolved complexes, and sexual  deviations. Consequently, most of them were dominated by the id and have weak superegos. Besides,  the study uncovered the connection between Albee's personal life and the selected plays, and showed  his attitudes towards the lifestyle of the American society. The study revealed that the selected  plays were flashbacks that revisit Albee's own pains, wounds and traumas. The playwright sublimated  his distress into writing where he expressed his sad memories, repressed desires, wishes and  disclosed his psyche. Further, the study displayed that Albee was discontent with the American  civilized society where the very concept of love has been distorted and corrupted. In conclusion,  the Freudian psychoanalytic reading of husband/wife characters in Albee's selected plays can help  to understand the psychological dimensions of human personality and make the reader aware of the  unconscious psychological forces which control people's psyches, leading to their perverse  behaviours and unacceptable actions. The study implicates that introducing Albee’s plays as case  studies would assist therapists and psychoanalysts in diagnosing and treating married couples who  are emotionally disturbed or psychologically troubled.  

References

Abde Alhadi, A. S. (2015). A Critical Analysis of contemporary social issues in selected plays of 

Edward Albee (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from

http://hdl.handle.net/10603/51448

 

Abdelli, F. (2009). Harold Pinter, Edward Albee and Leroi Jones: Their ideas of the absurd      

(Master's      thesis).      Retrieved      from www.ummto.dz/IMG/pdf/ABDELLI_Fatima.pdf

 

Abdelsamie, A. M. (2013). Ageing and the sense of loss in Edward Albee's a delicate balance (1966). 

Bulletin of The Faculty of Arts, 35, 1-19.

 

Adams, M. (1985). Edward Albee’s who’s afraid of Virginia Woolf? New York, NY: Barron's Educational 

Series.

 

Adler, T. P. (2005). Albee‘s 31/2: The Pulitzer plays. In Bottoms, S. (Ed.), The Cambridge 

Companion to Edward Albee (pp. 75-90). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

 

Agafitei, A. (2014). Edward Albee and Arthur Kopit: Look who‘s wearing the pants!. Cultural   

Intertexts,   1,   (1-2),   12-19.   Retrieved   from 

https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=585426

 

Albee, E. (1962). Who's afraid of Virginia Woolf?. London: Vintage Books.

 

Albee, E. (1963a). "Preface" The American dream and the zoo story. New York, NY: The New American 

Library.

 

Albee, E. (1963b). The Ballad of the sad café. New York, NY: Dramatists Play Service.

 

Albee, E. (1966). A delicate balance. USA: Penguin Books.

 

Albee, E. (2005a). The goat, or who is Sylvia? (Notes toward a Definition of Tragedy). Woodstock: 

The Overlook Press, Peter Mayer Publishers.

 

Albee, E. (2005b). Stretching my mind. New York, NY: Carroll & Graf Publishers.

Retrieved from https://books. google.com/books

 

Albee, E. & Adler, T. P. (1973) Albee‘s who‘s afraid of Virginia Woolf?: A long night‘s journey 

into day. Educational Theatre Journal, 25(1), 66-70.

 

Anand, J. A. (2015). Humanitarian concerns in the select plays of Edward Albee

(Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10603/51448

 

Anderson, R. T. (2013). Marriage: what it is, why it matters, and the consequences of redefining  

it.  The  Heritage  Foundation,  1-12.  Retrieved  from http://report.heritage.org/bg2775

 

Aras, G. (2015). Personality and individual differences: Literature in psychology- psychology in 

literature. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 185, 250-

257. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com

 

Aronson, A. (2000). American theatre in context: 1945-present. In Wilmeth, D. & Bigsby, C. (Eds.). 

The Cambridge history of American theatre. Volume Three: Post-World War II to the 1990s (pp. 

87-162). USA: Cambridge University Press.

 

Bailin, D. (2006). Our kind: Albee‘s animals in seascape and the goat, or who is Sylvia?. Journal 

of American Drama and Theatre, 18(1), 5-23.

 

Balakrishnan, D. (1988). Home and the world in the plays of Edward Albee and Neil Simon (Doctoral 

dissertation). Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10603/51448

 

Baumeister, R. F., Dale, K. & Sommer, K. L. (1998). Freudian defense mechanisms and empirical 

findings in modern social psychology: Reaction formation, projection, displacement, undoing, 

isolation, sublimation, and denial. Journal

of Personality, 66(6), 1081-1124. doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.00043

 

Behrendt, R. (2016). Self-preservation at the center of personality: Superego and ego ideal in the 

regulation of safety. USA: Vernon Press.

 

Bierhaus, J. R. (1974). Strangers in a room: A delicate balance revisited. Modern Drama, 17(2), 

199–206. doi.org/10.3138/md.17.2.199

 

Bigsby, C. W. E.  (1967). Who's afraid of Virginia Woolf? Edward Albee's morality play.  Journal  

of  American  Studies,  1(2),  257-268.  doi:10.1017/ S002187580000788X

 

Bigsby, C. W. E. (1968). The strategy of madness: An analysis of Edward Albee's a delicate balance. 

Contemporary Literature, 9(2), 223-235. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/1207493

 

Bigsby, C. W. E. (1982). A critical introduction to twentieth-century American drama, Vol. 1, 

1900-1940. Cambridge University Press.

 

Bigsby, C. W. E. (1984). A Critical introduction to twentieth- century American drama   2.   

Cambridge   University   Press.   Retrieved   from https://books.google.com/books

 

Bigsby, C. W. E. (1985). A Critical introduction to twentieth century American drama, Vol Ill. New 

York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

 

Bigsby, C. W. E. (2004). Modern American drama 1945-2000. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

 

Block, A. D. & Adriaens, P. R. (2013). Pathologizing sexual deviance: A history.

Journal of Sex Research, 50(3-4), 276-298. doi:10.1080/00224499.2012.738259

 

Bloom, H. (Ed.). (2005). Modern Critical Interpretations: Carson McCullers' the ballad of the sad 

café. USA: Chelsea House.

 

Blos, J. (1991). Sadomasochism and the defense against recall of painful affect. Journal of the 

American Psychoanalytic Association, 39(2), 417-429. doi: 10.1177/000306519103900206

 

Blum, H. P. (1969). A psychoanalytic view of who's afraid of Virginia Woolf? Journal  of  American  

Psychoanalytic  Association  17(3),  888-903. doi:10.1177/00030651691700311#

 

Boeree, C. G. (2006). Personality theories: Sigmund Freud. Retrieved from 

http://www.ship.edu/%7Ecgboeree/perscontents.html

 

Bottoms, S. (2000). Albee: who’s afraid of Virginia Woolf?: Plays in production.

Cambridge: Cambridge university Press.

 

Bottoms, S. (2005). Albee's monster children: Adaptations and confrontations. In Bottoms, S. (Ed.), 

The Cambridge companion to Edward Albee (pp. 127- 147). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

 

Breuer, J. & Freud, S. (1957). Studies on Hysteria. New York, NY: Basic Books.

 

Brooks, E. B. (1966). The theatre of the absurd (Master's thesis). Retrieved from 

http://scholarship.richmond.edu/masters-theses

 

Broughton, P. R. (2005). Rejection of the feminine in Carson McCullers' the ballad of the sad café. 

Carson McCu lers‘ literary ba lad. In Bloom, H.(Ed.), Modern critical interpretations: Carson 

McCullers' the ballad of the sad café (pp. 21- 30). USA: Chelsea House.

 

Bucci, W. (1997). Psychoanalysis and cognitive science: A multiple code theory. New York, NY: The 

Guilford Press.

 

Bumpass, L. L. (1990). What‘s happening to the family? interactions between demographic and 

institutional change. Demography, 27, 483-498.

 

Cardu lo, B. (1984). Pinter‘s the homecoming and Albee‘s a delicate balance. The Explicator, 42(4), 

54-56. doi: 10.1080/00144940.1984.11483811

 

Cervone, D. & Pervin, P. L. (2013). Personality: Theory and research (12th ed.).

USA: Wiley.

 

Chaudhuri, U. (2003). Animal geographies: Zooesis and the space of modern drama.

Modern Drama, 46(4), 646-662. doi: 10.1353/mdr.2003.0022

 

Cherlin, A. J. (2004). The deinstitutionalization of American marriage. Journal of Marriage and 

Family, 66, 848-861.

 

Chiu, C. (2012). Freud on Shakespeare: An approach to psychopathetic characters.

Chang Gung Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 5(1), 33-56.

 

Clifton, L. (2013). Love is not enough. In De Waal, A. (Ed.), The meaning of matrimony: debating 

same-sex marriage (pp. 91-101). London: Civitas.

 

Cloninger, S. C. (2004). Theories of personality: Understanding persons (4th ed.).

USA: Pearson Prentice Hall.

 

Clum, J. M. (2005). Withered age and stale custom: Marriage, diminution, and sex in tiny Alice, a 

delicate balance, and finding the sun. In Bottoms, S. (Ed.), The Cambridge companion to Edward 

Albee (pp. 59-74). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Cohn, R. (1971). Dialogue in American drama. Bloomington: India University Press. Cohn, R. (2006). 

The verbal murders of Edward Albee. In Murphy, B. & Cella, L. J.

C. (Eds.), Twentieth century American drama (pp. 82-97). New York, NY:

Routledge.

Coontz, S. (2007). The origins of modern divorce. Family Process, 46(1), 7-16. Corey, G. (2013). 

Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy (9th ed.).

Australia: Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning.

 

Correa, J. M. (1995). Laying the queen of spades: The authorial games in who's afraid  of  Virginia 

 Woolf?  (Master's  thesis).  Retrieved  from 

https://acervodigital.ufpr.br/bitstream/handle/1884/24392/D%20-

%20CORREA%2C%20JOSE%20MARCIO.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

 

Cott, N. F. (2000). Public vows: A history of marriage and the nation. Cambridge, Massachusetts: 

Harvard University Press.

 

Cramer, P. (2006). Protecting the self: Defense mechanisms in action. New York, NY: The Guilford 

Press.

 

Cristian, R. M. (2006a). Identity at thresholds and American dramatic frames: Paula Vogel‘s how I 

learned to drive and Edward Albee‘s the goat or who is Sylvia? In Vöö, G. (Ed.), Papers in English 

literary and cultural studies special issue on American studies: Fromleis, borderlines, and frames 

(pp. 166-177). University of Pécs.

 

Cristian, R. M. (2006b). From delicate absence to presence: The child in Edward Albee's alternating 

families. Americana E-journal of American Studies in Hungary, II(2). Retrieved from 

http://americanaejournal.hu/vol2no2/cristian- essay

 

Crockatt, P. (2006). Freud‘s on narcissism: An introduction. Journal Of Child Psychotherapy, 32(1), 

4-20. doi: 10.1080/00754170600563638

 

Curry, C. B. (1972). A Rhetorical analysis of Edward Albee's Tiny Alice (Master's thesis). 

Retrieved from http://scholarlycommons.obu.edu/grad_theses

 

Daugherty, J. & Copen, C. (2016). Trends in attitudes about marriage, childbearing, and sexual 

behavior: United States, 2002, 2006–2010, and 2011–2013. Retrieved   from   National   health   

statistics   reports;   no   92: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/govdelivery.htm

 

Davis, W. A. (1994). Get the guests: Psychoanalysis, modern American drama and the audience. 

Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.

 

Debusscher, G. (1967). Edward Albee: Tradition and renewal. Brussels: Center for American Studies.

 

Dobie, A. B. (2011). Theory into practice: An introduction to literary criticism. USA: Wadsworth, 

Cengage Learning.

 

Dodes, L. (2002). The heart of addiction: A new approach to understanding and managing alcoholism 

and other addictive behaviors. New York, NY: HarperCollins publishers.

 

Dogra, O. P. (1987). Theme of illusion and reality in Edward Albee's plays. (Doctoral 

dissertation). Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10603/51448

 

Dollimore, J. (1991). Sexual dissidence: Augustine to Wilde, Freud to Foucault.

Oxford: OUP.

 

Dozier, R. J. (1968). Adultery and disappointment in who's afraid of Virginia Woolf?.

Modern Drama, 11(4), 432-436. doi: 10.1353/mdr.1968.0032

 

Dukore, B. F. (1965). A warp in Albee's Woolf. The Southern Speech Journal, 30(3), 261-268. doi: 

10.1080/10417946509371784

 

Dysfunctional. (2009). In The Longman dictionary of Contemporary English (5th ed.).               

Retrieved               from http://www.ldoceonline.com/Psychology,%20psychiatry.../dysfunctional

 

Dysfunctional. (2011). In American heritage® dictionary of the English language (5th ed.). 

Retrieved from http://www.thefreedictionary.com/dysfunctional

 

Eby, C. V. (2007). Fun and games with George and Nick: Competitive masculinity in who‘s afraid of 

Virginia Woolf?. Modern Drama, 50(4), 601-619. doi: 10.1353/mdr.0.0005

 

Edmundson, M. L. (2005). Marriage myths and dysfunctional relationship beliefs among   

undergraduates   (Master's   thesis).   Retrieved   from 

http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/1866

 

Ehrmann, E. (2005). Sadomasochism according to Freud's psychosexual stages of development theory. 

Culture, Society and Praxis Journal, 4(1), 95-103.

 

Elliott, A. (2015). Psychoanalysis in sociology. In International encyclopedia of the social & 

behavioral sciences (2nd ed., Vol.19, pp. 330-335). Adelaide: University of South Australia.

 

Engler, B. (2014). Personality theories: An introduction (9th ed.). USA: Wadsworth, Cengage 

Learning.

 

Esslin, M. (1965). Absurd drama-introduction to absurd drama. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.

 

Esslin, M. (1983). The theatre of absurd middle sex. England: Penguin Books.

 

Ewen, R. B. (2003). An introduction to theories of personality (6th ed.). London: Lawrence Erlbaum 

Associates.

 

Falsafi, P., Khorashadb, S. & Abedin, A. (2011). Psychological analysis of the movie "who's afraid 

of Virginia Woolf?" by using Jungian archetypes. Procedia- Social  and  Behavioral  Sciences,  30,  

999-1002.  Retrieved  from http://www.sciencedirect.com

 

Faulkner, R. (2002). Gender-related influences on marital satisfaction and marital conflict over 

time for husbands and wives (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from 

http://purl.galileo.usg.edu/uga_etd/faulkner_rhonda_a_200212_phd

 

Feist, J. & Feist, G. J. (2009). Theories of personality (7th ed.). USA: The McGraw−Hill Companies.

 

Ferguson, H. (2005). The lure of dreams: Sigmund Freud and the construction of modernity. London: 

Taylor & Francis e-Library.

 

Florescu, C. F. (2011). Who is not Sylvia? A character analysis of Stevie from Edward Albee's the 

goat, or who is Sylvia? The Anachronist, 16, 135-151.

 

Fowler, D. (2005). Carson McCu lers‘s primal scenes: The ballad of the sad café. In Bloom, H. 

(Ed.), Modern critical interpretations: Carson McCullers' the ballad of the sad café (pp. 105-117). 

USA: Chelsea House.

 

Fraher, K. (2006). Self-sacrifice to self-interest. Just how did we get to be this selfish?

Marriage And Family, 27-29.

 

Freud, A. (1946). The ego and the mechanisms of defense. In You're getting defensive again! (pp. 

237-241). New York, NY: International Universities Press.

 

Freud, A. (1993). The ego and the mechanisms of defense ( Rev. ed.). London: Karnac Books.

 

Freud, S. (1905). Jokes and their Relation to the Unconscious. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company.

 

Freud, S. (1908). Civilized sexual morality and modern nervous illness. In Strachey, J. (Ed.), The 

standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol.9, pp. 179-204). London: 

The Hogarth Press.

 

Freud, S. (1919a). The uncanny. In Strachey, J. (Ed.), The standard edition of the complete 

psychological works of Sigmund Freud. London: The Hogarth Press.

 

Freud, S. (1919b). Totem and taboo: Resemblances between the psychic lives of savages and 

neurotics. London: George Routledge & Sons.

 

Freud, S. (1924). The dissolution of the Oedipus complex. In Strachey, J. (Ed.), The standard 

edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 19, pp. 171-180). London: The 

Hogarth Press.

 

Freud, S. (1925). Some psychological consequences of the anatomical distinction between the sexes. 

In Philip R. (Ed.), Sexuality and the psychology of love (pp. 183-193). New York, NY: Macmillan.

 

Freud, S. (1936). A disturbance of memory on the Acropolis. London: The Hogarth Press.

 

Freud, S. (1953). Three essays on the theory of sexuality. In Strachey, J. (Ed. & Trans.), The 

standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 7, pp. 130-243). 

London: The Hogarth Press.

 

Freud, S. (1959). Libidinal types. In Strachey, J. (Ed.), Collected papers (Vol. 5, Chapter XXIII). 

London: The Hogarth Press.

 

Freud, S. (1960). The ego and the id. In Strachey, J. (Ed.), The standard edition of the complete 

psychological works of Sigmund Freud (pp. 3-48). New York, NY:

W.W. Norton & Company.

 

Freud, S. (1961a). Civilization and its discontents. In Strachey, J. (Ed.), The standard edition of 

the complete works of Sigmund Freud. London: The Hogarth Press.

 

Freud, S. (1961b). Beyond the pleasure principle. In Strachey, J. (Ed.), The standard edition of 

the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 24, pp. 1-59). New York, NY: W.W. Norton & 

Company.

 

Freud, S. (1961c). Female sexuality. In Strachey, J. (Ed.), The standard edition of the complete 

psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 21, pp. 225-243). London: The Hogarth Press.

 

Freud, S. (1963a). Introductory lectures on psychoanalysis. In Strachey, J. (Ed.), The standard 

edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vols. 15 & 16). London: The Hogarth 

Press.

 

Freud, S. (1963b). Some psychological consequences of the anatomical distinction between the sexes. 

In Philip, R. (Ed.), Sexuality and the psychology of love (pp. 183-193). New York, NY: Macmillan.

 

Freud, S. (1963c). The unconscious. In Philip, R. (Ed.), General psychological theory: Papers on 

metapsychology (pp. 116-150). New York, NY: Macmillan.

 

Freud, S. (1964). New introductory lectures on psychoanalysis. In Strachey, J. (Ed.), The standard 

edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 22, pp. 3–182). London: The 

Hogarth Press.

Freud, S. (1965). The psychopathology of everyday life. London: The Hogarth Press. Freud, S. 

(1995). The economic problems of masochism. In Hanly, M. A. (Ed.),

Essential papers on masochism (pp. 274-285). New York, NY: New York university Press.

 

Freud, S. (2004). Three contributions to the theory of sex. In Jelliffe, S. & White, W. (Eds.), 

Nervous and mental disease monograph series (2nd ed., pp. 4-75). New York, NY: Nervous and Mental 

Disease Publishing. Retrieved from http://www.blackmask.com.

 

Freud, S. (2009). Mourning and melancholia. In Fiorini, L. G., Bokanowski, T. & Lewkowicz, S. 

(Eds.), On Freud's mourning and melancholia (pp. 19-34). London: Karnac Books.

 

Freud, S. (2010). The interpretation of dreams. In Strachey, J. (Ed.), The complete and definitive 

text (pp. 35-619). New York, NY: Basic Books.

 

Freud, S. (2012). On narcissism: An introduction. In Sandler, J., Person, E. S. & Fonagy, P. 

(Eds.), Freud’s ''On narcissism: An introduction'' (pp. 3-32). London: Karnac Books.

 

Freud, S. (2013a). Creative writers and day-dreaming. In Person, E. S., Fonagy, P. & Figueira, S. 

A. (Eds.), On Freud's creative writers and daydreaming (pp. 1- 13). London: Karnac Books.

 

Freud, S. (2013b). Inhibitions, symptoms and anxiety. In Arbiser, S. & Schneider, J. (Eds.), On 

Freud's -inhibitions, symptoms and anxiety? (pp. 11-99). London: Karnac Books.

 

Freud, S. (2016). Three essays on the theory of sexuality (Rev. ed.). In Haute, P. & Westerink, H. 

(Eds.), Three essays on the theory of sexuality (pp. 54-113). London: Verso books.

 

Friedman, H. S. & Schustack, M. W. (2016). Personality: Classic theories and modern research (6th 

ed.). USA: Pearson Education.

 

Furnham, A. (2012).  Lay understandings of defense mechanisms: The role of personality traits and 

gender. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 17(6), 723– 734. doi:10.1080/13548506.2012.663922

 

Gabriner, P. (2007). 20th Century American drama: A background for Albee and others. A lecture 

presented for the Studium Generale at Leiden University. Retrieved                                 

from

media.leidenuniv.nl/.../lezing%2020th%20century%20american%20...

 

Gaffal, M. (2010). Psychosocial and legal perspectives of marital breakdown.

London: Springer.

 

Gagnier, T. & Robertiello, R. C. (1993). Sado-masochism as a defense against merging: Six case 

studies. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 23(3), 183-192.

 

Gainor, J. E. (2005). Albee‘s the goat: Rethinking tragedy for the 21st Century. In Bottoms, S. 

(Ed.), The Cambridge companion to Edward Albee (pp.199- 216). Cambridge: Cambridge University 

Press.

 

Gallagher, M. (2003). What marriage is for. Weekly Standard, 008(45), 377-382. Retrieved            

                      from

https://www.weeklystndard.com/content/public/articles/000/000/002/939pxid a.asp>

 

Gandouz, O. (2018). Who can keep learning [the linguistic] games we play? Linguistic games and the 

parody of contemporary American culture in Edward Albee‘s who‘s afraid of Virginia Woolf. Journal 

of literature, culture and literary translation, (1), 1-17. doi: 10.15291/sic/1.9.lc.2

 

Garber, M. (2000). Bisexuality and the eroticism of everyday life. New York, NY: Routledge.

 

Garssen, B. (2007). Repression: Finding our way in the maze of concepts. Journal of Behav Med, 

(30),471-481. doi: 10.1007/s10865-007-9122-7

 

George, T. (2016). Three by Edward Albee: A dramaturgical discussions (Honors Thesis). Retrieved 

from https://digital.library.txstate.edu/handle/10877/6085

 

Ghosh, S. (2013). Lack of communication in Pinter, Albee and Badal Sircar (Doctoral dissertation). 

Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10603/51448

 

Gilchrist, J. (2011). Right at the meat of things: Virginia Woolf in who's afraid of Virginia 

Woolf?. Women's Studies: An interdisciplinary journal, 40(7), 853- 872. doi: 

10.1080/00497878.2011.603609

 

Gillespie, T. (2010). Doing literary criticism: Helping students engage with challenging texts. 

Stenhouse publishers.

 

Gillies, V. (2003). Family and intimate relationships: A review of the sociological research. 

London: South Bank University.

 

Girard, R. (1965). Pathways to Madness. New York, NY: Random House.

 

Giugliano, J. R. (2003). A Psychoanalytic overview of excessive sexual behavior and addiction.  

Sexual  Addiction  &  Compulsivity,  10,  275–290.  doi: 10.1080/10720160390268979

 

Gleeson-White, S. (2005). Two bodies in one: The heart is a lonely hunter and the ballad of the sad 

café. In Bloom, H.(Ed.), Modern critical interpretations: Carson McCullers' the ballad of the sad 

café (pp. 119-139). USA: Chelsea House.

 

Gottman, J. M. (1998). Psychology and the study of marital processes. Annual Reviews, 49, 169-917. 

doi: 0066-4308/98/0201-0169$08.00

 

Gottman, J. M. & Levenson, R. W. (1999). Dysfunctional marital conflict: Women are being unfairly 

blamed. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 31(3/4),1-17. Retrieved from 

http://www.haworthpressinc.com>

 

Gottman, J. M. & Driver J., L. (2005). Dysfunctional marital conflict and everyday marital 

interaction. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 43(3/4),63-77. doi:10.1300/J087v43n03_04

 

Gross, R. F. (2005). Like father, like son: The ciphermale in a delicate balance and Malcolm. In 

Mann, B. J., Edward Albee: A casebook (pp. 65-79). New York, NY: Taylor and Francis Books.

 

Gross, R. F. (2009). Melancholia-machine: Perversity and loss in "the play about the baby." 

Hungarian Journal of English and American Studies, 15(1), 121-133. Retrieved from 

http://www.jstor.org/stable/41274460

 

Gross, R. (2015). Psychology: The science of mind and behaviour (7th ed.). London: Hodder 

Education.

 

Gussow, M. (1999). Edward Albee. A singular journey: A biography. London: Oberon Books.

 

Harper, M. S. (2010) The relationship between individualistic attitudes and attitudes towards 

traditional marriage in contemporary American society (Bachelor's thesis).               Retrieved  

             from http://digitalcommons.providence.edu/socialwrk_students/51

 

Hayman, R. (1971). Contemporary playwrights: Edward Albee. London: Heinemann Educational Books.

 

Hayman, A. (2013). What do our terms mean?: Explorations using psychoanalytic theories and 

concepts. London: Karnac Books.

 

Hauge, K. (2009). Interpreted identities-exploring the development of (male) homosexual 

presentation in American drama (Master's thesis). Retrieved from 

https://www.duo.uio.no/handle/10852/25565

 

Heidarizadeh,  N.  (2015).  The  significant  role  of  trauma  in literature  and psychoanalysis. 

Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences 192, 788-795. Retrieved from www.sciencedirect.com

 

Hendin, J. G. (2004). Introducing American literature and culture in the postwar years. In Hendin, 

J. G. (Ed.). A concise companion to postwar American literature and culture (pp. 1-19). UK: Oxford, 

Blackwell Publishing.

 

Holeyannavar, N. (2013). The American absurd theatre with special reference to Edward   Albee   

(Doctoral   dissertation).   Retrieved   from http://hdl.handle.net/10603/51448

 

Holowchak, M. A. (Ed.) (2012). Radical claims in Freudian psychoanalysis point/counterpoint. New 

York, NY: Jason Aronson.

 

Hoorvash, M. (2012). Representations of women in Edward Albee's plays (Doctoral dissertation).      

        Retrieved              from ganj.irandoc.ac.ir/articles/download_sparse/554659

 

Houston, D. M. (2005) Personality. In Hewstone, M., Fincham, F. & Foster, J. (Eds.),

Psychology: BPS textbooks in psychology (pp. 292-313). Blackwell: Oxford.

 

Huang, S. (2010). The dialogism of self and other in contemporary American drama (Doctoral       

dissertation).       Retrieved       from 

https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1040&context=g radschool_dissertations

 

Hull, E. A. (1975). A transactional analysis of the plays of Edward Albee (Doctoral dissertation). 

Retrieved from http://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss/1531

 

Ivereigh, A. (2013). The destruction of conjugality. In De Waal, A. (Ed.), The meaning of 

matrimony: debating same-sex marriage (pp.1-23). London: Civitas.

 

Jacobs, M. D. (2016). A Freudian dream: Interpretations of a midsummer night’s dream  by 

psychoanalysts and psychoanalytically informed literary critics (Doctoral       dissertation).      

 Retrieved       from https://oro.open.ac.uk/48431/1/JacobsMNDthesis.pdf

Jahangiri, A. (2012). Sacrificial scapegoat archetype in Edward Albee‘s the goat or who is Sylvia? 

Elixir International Journal, 47, 9134-9137. Retrieved from

www.elixirpublishers.com

 

Jarvis, B. (2011). Psychoanalysis. In: Wolfreys, J. (Ed.), The English literature companion (pp. 

293-296). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

 

Jenckes, N. (2005). Structures of feeling in Tennessee Williams's "the night of the iguana" and 

Edward Albee's "a delicate balance." South Atlantic Review, 70(4), 4-22. Retrieved from 

http://www.jstor.org/stable/20064685

 

Kaibr, K. H., & Jingjing, G. (2018). Albee‘s plays in the light of psychological theories.   

English   Language   Teaching,   11(4),   70-73.   doi: 10.5539/elt.v11n4p70

 

Kamp-Dush, C. M., Taylor, M. G. & Kroeger, R. A. (2008). Marital happiness and psychological 

well-being across the life course. Family Relations, 57(2): 211-226. 

doi:10.1111/j.1741-3729.2008.00495.x

 

Kannan, R. (2008). Edward Albee’s vision of new moral and spiritual existentialism: An   assessment 

  (Doctoral   dissertation).   Retrieved   from http://hdl.handle.net/10603/51448

 

Kanzer, M. (1957). Acting out, sublimation and reality testing. Journal of the American     

Psychoanalytic     Association,     5(4),663-684. doi.org/10.1177/000306515700500404

 

Kaur, K. (2013). The changing vision of Edward Albee: A critical study of his selected plays     

(Doctoral     dissertation).     Retrieved     from http://hdl.handle.net/10603/51448

 

Kelly, K. E. (1990). Review of who's afraid of Virginia Woolf? by Edward Albee. Theatre   Journal,  

 42   (3),   372-373.   Retrieved   from http://www.jstor.org/stable/3208087

 

Kernberg, O. (1991) A contemporary reading of  ''On narcissism.''  In Sandler, J., Person, E. & 

Fonagy, P. (Eds.), Freud’s on narcissism: An introduction (pp. 131-148). New Haven: Yale University 

Press.

 

Kernberg, O. (2004). Contemporary controversies in  psychoanalytic theory, techniques and their 

applications. New haven: Yale university press.

 

Kingsley, L. (1973). Reality and illusion: Continuity of a theme in Albee. Educational Theatre   

Journal,   25(1),   pp.   71-79.   Retrieved   from http://www.jstor.org/stable/3205837

 

Kittredge, J. (2006). Chasing a dream: The formulation of American identity in the plays  of  

Edward  Albee  (Master's  thesis).  Retrieved  from http://hdl.handle.net/10150/193250

 

Knafo, D. (2012). Dancing with the unconscious: The art of psychoanalysis and the psychoanalysis of 

art. New York, NY: Routledge.

 

Kohut, H. (1977). The restoration of the self. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

 

Kolin, P. C. & Davis, J. M. (1986). Critical essays on Edward Albee. Boston: G. K. Hall & Co.

 

Kolin, P. C. (1988). Conversations with Edward Albee. Jackson: UP of Mississippi.

 

Konkle, L. (2003). Good, better, best, bested: The failure of American typology in who’s afraid of 

Virginia Woolf? In Mann, B. J. (Ed.), Edward Albee: A casebook (pp. 47-63). New York, NY: 

Routledge.

 

Knox, D. & Schacht, C. (Eds.). (1991). Choices in relationships: An introduction to marriage and 

the family (3rd ed.). St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Company.

 

Küçük, H. (2008). Edward Albee's drama under the influence of Samuel Beckett (Master's         

thesis).         Retrieved         from citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download;jsessionid...?doi..

 

Lewis, A. (1964). The fun and games of Edward Albee. Educational Theatre Journal, 16(1), 29-39. 

Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/3204375

 

Linda, H. B. (1987). Infertility as boundary ambiguity: One theoretical perspective.

Fam Proc, (26), 359-372.

 

Liu, R. & Chen, Z. (2006). The effects of marital conflict and marital disruption on depressive 

affect: A comparison between women in and out of poverty. Social Science Quarterly, 87(2), 250-271.

 

Loose, R. (1998). A review of Freud's early remarks on addiction: From an ideal to masturbation. 

DBS library, 65-86. Retrieved from https://esour ce.dbs.ie/bitst ream/handl e/10788/ 

1538/loose_1998.pdf?seque nce=1&isAll owed=y

 

LoPiccolo, J. & Heiman, J. (1978). The role of cultural values in the prevention and treatment of 

sexual problems. In Qualls, C. B., Wincze, G. B. & Barlow, D.

H. (Eds.), The prevention of sexual disorders: Issues and approaches (pp. 43-71). New York, NY: 

Plenum Press.

 

Lu, C. (2010). Predicting marital dissolution using data from both spouses (Doctoral dissertation). 

Retrieved from http://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd

 

Luere, J. (1990). Terror and violence in Edward Albee: From "who's afraid of Virginia Woolf?" to 

"marriage play."  South Central Review, 7(1),50-58. Retrieved from 

http://www.jstor.org/stable/3189213

 

Lumly, F. (1972). New trends in twentieth-century drama: A survey since Ibsen and Shaw. London: 

Barrie and Jenkins.

 

Luxton, M. (2011). Changing families, new understandings. Retrieved from The Vanier Institute of 

the Family website: http://website: www.vifamily.ca

 

Machalická, B. (2002). Philosophical and psychological Aspects in Edward Albee’s plays (Master's 

thesis). Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10195/16105

 

Magill, F. N. (Ed.). (1977). Survey of contemporary literature (Rev. ed.). USA: Salem Press.

 

Mannes, M. (1963). The half world of American drama. The Reporter, 28, 48-49.

Retrieved from http://www.unz.org/Pub/Reporter-1964jan02-00038 Mann, B. J. (Ed.). (2003). Edward 

Albee: A casebook. New York, NY: Routledge.

Matta, W. J. (2006). Relationship sabotage: Unconscious factors that destroy couples, marriages and 

family. London: Praeger Publishers.

 

McCarthy, G. (1987). Edward Albee. London: Macmillan.

 

McCullers, C. (1998). Collected short stories of Carson McCullers. Boston: Houghton Mifflin 

Company.

 

Mcdowell, M. B. (2005). The ballad of the sad café (1943). In Bloom, H. (Ed.), Modern critical 

interpretations: Carson McCullers' the ballad of the sad café (pp. 31-44). USA: Chelsea House.

 

Medoff, R. B. (2003). The goat or who is Sylvia?. Theater Journal, 55(1), 164-166. 

doi:10.1353/tj.2003.0031

 

Meyer, R. (1968). Language: Truth and illusion in who‘s afraid of Virginia Woolf?

Education Theatre Journal, 20 (1), 60-69. doi: 10.2307/3204876

 

Millichap, J. R. (2005). Carson McCullers' literary ballad. In Bloom, H. (Ed.), Modern critical 

interpretations: Carson McCullers' the ballad of the sad café (pp. 11-20). USA: Chelsea House.

 

Mishra, P. (2004). The art of Edward Albee. Nagpur: Dattsons.

 

Mitchell, S. A., & Black, M. J. (1995). Freud and beyond: A history of modern psychoanalytic 

thought. USA: Basic Books.

 

Montagne, R. (2011, June 6). Playwright Edward Albee defends 'gay writer' remarks. National  Public 

 Radio.  Retrieved  March  13,  2017  from 

http://www.npr.org/2011/06/06/136923478/playwright-edward-albee-

defends-remarks

 

Moore, T. J. & Asay, S. M. (2013). The study of family resource management. USA: Sage Publications.

 

Mulvey, L. (1989). Visual and other pleasures. USA: Palgrave.

 

Murfin, R. C. (1996). Psychoanalytic criticism and Jane Eyre. In Newman, B. (Ed.), A case study in 

contemporary criticism-psychoanalytic criticism and Jane Eyre (pp. 502-5017). Boston: Bedford/St. 

Martin's.

 

Nagtegaal, W. J. R. (2013). "Do you have it in you?": conventions in Edward Albee's plays (Master's 

thesis). Retrieved from http://arts.studenttheses.ub.rug.nl

 

Nakonezny, P. A. & Denton, W. H. (2008). Marital relationships: A social exchange theory 

perspective. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 36,402-412. doi: 10.1080/01926180701647264

 

Nye, R. D. (2000). Three psychologies: Perspectives from Freud, Skinner, and Rogers. Canada: 

Wadsworth.

 

Oberg, A. K. (1966). Edward Albee: His language and imagination. Prairie Schooner, 40(2),139-146. 

Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/40629152

 

Obiageli, O. G. (2009). Relationship between personal factors and marital conflict resolution  

strategies among married people in Enugu state, Nigeria (Doctoral        dissertation).        

Retrieved        from www.unn.edu.ng/publications/files/images/Okorie%20G.%20O..pdf

 

O'Neill, B. (2013). A liberal critique of gay marriage. In De Waal, A. (Ed.), The meaning of 

matrimony: Debating same-sex marriage (pp. 40-55). London: Civitas.

 

Pal, R. (2013). The tragic vision in the select plays of Edward Albee (Doctoral dissertation). 

Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10603/51448

 

Paolucci, A. (1972). From tension to tonic: The plays of Edward Albee. Carbondale: Southern 

Illinois UP.

 

Parker, I. (1997). Psychoanalytic culture: Psychoanalytic discourse in western society. London: 

Sage Publications.

Parks, R. (2005, June 2). Edward Albee interview. The American academy of achievement   

[interview].   Retrieved   March  14,   2017   from 

http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/par0bio-1

 

Parray, A. H. (2014). Who's afraid of Virginia Woolf?: An exquisite messaging of the moral collapse 

of American society. Language in India, 14(4), 18-22.

 

Parsons, T. & Bales, R. F. (1955). Family, socialization and interaction process. New York, NY: The 

free press.

 

Pendse, U. (2009). Thematic convergence in some plays of Edward Albee, Tennessee Williams, Vijay 

Tendulkar And Mahesh Elkunchwar: A comparative study (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from 

http://hdl.handle.net/10603/51448.

 

Penney, J. (2006). The world of perversion: Psychoanalysis and the impossible absolute of desire. 

USA: State University of New York Press.

 

Pero, A. (2006). The crux of melancholy: Edward Albee's a delicate balance. Modern Drama,       

49(2),147-187.       Retrieved       from www.utpjournals.press/doi/pdf/10.3138/md

 

Person, E. S. (2013). Introduction. In Person, E. S., Fonagy, P. & Figueira, S. A. (Eds.), On 

Freud's Creative Writers and Daydreaming (pp. ix-xxi). London: Karnac Books.

 

Pew Research Center. (2010). The decline of marriage and rise of new families. A social   and   

demographic   trends   report.   Retrieved   from 

http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/11/pew-social-trends-2010- families.pdf

 

Porter, M. G. (1979). Toby‘s last stand: The evanescence of commitment in ''a delicate  balance.''  

Theatre  Journal,  31(3),  398-408.  Retrieved  from http://www.jstor.org/stable/3219343

 

Post, R. M. (1969). Cognitive dissonance in the plays of Edward Albee. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 

55(1), 54-60. doi: 10.1080/00335636909382928

 

Prakash, M. S. (2012). Futility of human endeavour: A study of the plays of Edward Albee   and   

Harold   Pinter  (Doctoral  dissertation).  Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10603/76640

 

Pressley, N. (2016, September 16). Edward Albee, Pulitzer-winning playwright of modern 

masterpieces, dies at 88. The Washington Post. Retrieved from 

https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/theater_dance/edward-albee- 

pulitzer-winning-playwright-of- modern- masterpieces-dies-at

 

Prono, L. (2008). Encyclopedia of gay and lesbian popular culture. USA: Greenwood Publishing Group.

 

Prugh, S. L. (2014). Hallucinatory figures in modern American drama (Master's thesis). Retrieved 

from http://scholar.colorado.edu/thtr_gradetds/29

 

Qualls, C. B., Wincze, G. B. & Barlow, D. H. (1978). The prevention of sexual disorders: Issues and 

approaches. New York, NY: Plenum Press.

 

Rád, B. P. (2009). Transgressing the limits of interpretation: Edward Albee's "the goat, or who is 

Sylvia? (notes toward a definition of tragedy)." Hungarian Journal of English and American Studies, 

15(1), 135–153. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/41274461

Raphael, B. (1983). Anatomy of bereavement. New York, NY: Basic Books.

 

Rashkin, E. (1992). Family secrets and the psychoanalysis of narrative. Princeton University Press.

 

Read, C. S. (1934). [Review of the book New introductory lectures on psycho- analysis, by Freud, 

S.]. The British Journal of Psychiatry, (24), 418-421. doi:10.1192/bjp.80.329.418

 

Rezaei & Seyyedrezaei (2013). The contribution of psychological theories in literary Criticism. 

Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 84, 1908-1911. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.07.056

 

Robles, T. F.,  Slatcher, R. B., Trombello, J. M. & McGinn, M. (2014). Marital quality and health: 

A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 140 (1), 140-187. doi: 10.1037/a0031859

 

Rodriquez, T. J. (2009). Understanding human behavior: A psychology work text.

Philippine: Rex bookstore.

 

Rose, C. (2008, May 28 ). Interview with Edward Albee [YouTube file]. Retrieved from 

http://www.youtube.com/user/CharlieRose

 

Rosegrant, J. (2012). Narcissism and sadomasochistic relationships. Journal of Clinical 

Psychology,1-8. doi: 10.1002/jclp.21897

 

Roudané, M. C. (1982). An interview with Edward Albee. Southern Humanities Review, 16: 29-44.

 

Roudané, M. C. (1987). Understanding Edward Albee. South Carolina: University of South Carolina 

Press.

 

Roudané, M. C. (2005). Who’s afraid of Virginia Woolf?: Toward the marrow. In Bottoms (Ed.), The 

Cambridge companion to Edward Albee (pp. 39-58). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

 

Sabouri, H. (2005). Disintegration of the family in post-war American drama

(Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ganj.irandoc.ac.ir/articles/383488

 

Schimek, J. G. (2011). Memory, myth and seduction: Unconscious fantasy and interpretive process. 

New York, NY: Taylor and Francis group.

 

Schneiderman, L. (2003). Virginia Woolf: twentieth century psychology and modern fiction. 

Imagination, cognition and personality, 22(2), 181-200.

Schultz, D. P. & Schultz, S. E. (2005). Theories of personality. USA: Wadsworth. Shams, P. & 

Pourgiv, F. (2013). Gender trouble in who‘s afraid of Virginia Woolf.

Journal of Research in Gender Studies, 3(2), 85-100. Retrieved from 

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268224494

Shepard, S. (1996) Alienation. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

 

Shulman, R. (2011, March 10). Who's Afraid of Edward Albee? Metro Weekly Magazine.  Retrieved  from 

 http://www.metroweekly.com/2011/03/whos- afraid-of-edward-albee/

 

Skynner, R. & Cleese, J. (1996). Life and how to survive it. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company.

 

Skynner, R. & Cleese, J. (1997). Families and how to survive. London: Methuen.

 

Sletvold, J. (2016). Freud‘s three theories of neurosis: Towards a contemporary theory of trauma 

and defense, Psychoanalytic Dialogues, 26(4), 460-475. doi: 10.1080/10481885.2016.1190611

 

Smith, D. L. (2003). Psychoanalysis in Focus. London: Sage Publications.

 

Sofer, A. (2017). Tragedy and the Common Goat: Deperformative poetics in Edward Albee‘s the goat, 

or who is Sylvia?. Modern Drama, 60(4), 501-525. doi: 10.3138/MD.0866

 

Stenz, A. M. (1978). Edward Albee: The Poet of Loss. New York, NY: Mouton Publishers.

 

Stevenson, B. & Wolfers, J. (2007). Marriage and divorce: changes and their driving forces.  

Journal  of   Economic  Perspectives,  21(2),  27-52. doi:10.1257/jep.21.2.2

 

Szeliski, J. J. (1970). Albee: A rare balance. Twentieth Century Literature, 16 (2),123-

130. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/440866

 

Sullivan, V. D. (2017, July). American literature. In Oxford Research Encyclopedias. doi: 

10.1093/acrefore/9780190201098.013.654

 

Suneetha, K. (2008). A study of the themes and techniques in the plays of Edward Albee     

(Doctoral     dissertation).     Retrieved     from http://hdl.handle.net/10603/51448

Taylor, E. (2009). The mystery of personality: A history of psychodynamic theories.

USA: Springer.

 

Teachman, J. D., Tedrow L. M. & Crowder, K. D. (2000). The changing demography of America's 

families. Journal of Marriage and Family, 62(4), 1234-1246.

 

The National Marriage Project and the Institute for American Values. (2012). The state  of  our  

unions:  Marriage  in  America.  Retrieved  from http://www.stateofourunions.org

 

The Witherspoon Institute. (2008). Marriage and the public good: Ten Principles.

Retrieved from http:// www.princetonprinciples.org Thurschwell, P. (2000). Sigmund Freud. London: 

Routledge.

Todd, T. & Milliken, J. (2006). Dysfunctional families. The Scrivener,15(2), 52-54. Toman, W. 

(1960). An introduction to psychoanalytic theory of motivation. London:

Pergamon Press.

 

Trilling, D.(1975). The riddle of Albee's who is afraid of Virginia Woolf? In Bigsby,

C.W.E. (Ed.), Edward Albee: A collection of critical essays (pp. 80-88). New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.

 

Tyson, L. (2006). Critical theory today: A user-friendly guide (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.

Vaillant, G. E. (1995). Adaptation to life. Cambridge: Harvard university press. Voncken, S. 

(2015). Freud in fiction. The representation of the Oedipus complex in

1960s  American  literature  (Master's  thesis).  Retrieved  from 

https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/319437

 

Warren, F. (2009). Treatment of personality disorders. In Corr, P. J. & Matthews, G. (Eds.). The 

Cambridge handbook of personality psychology (pp. 799-819). New York, NY: Cambridge University 

Press.

 

Wasserman, J. N. (Ed.). (1983). Edward Albee: An interview and essays. Houston: University of St. 

Thomas.

 

Way, B. (1974). Albee and the absurd: The American dream and the zoo story. In Bigsby, C. W. E. 

(Ed.), Edward Albee: A collection of critical essays (pp. 26- 44). New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.

 

Weales, G. (1975). Edward Albee: Don't make waves. In Bigsby, C. W. E. (Ed.), Edward Albee: A 

collection of critical essays (pp. 10-22). New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.

 

Weitz, E. (2009).  Moving target: Comic calculation and affective persuasion in Edward Albee's "The 

goat, or who is Sylvia?" Hungarian Journal of English and   American   Studies,   15(1),   155-168. 

  Retrieved   from http://www.jstor.org/stable/41274462

 

Werner, J. (2005). Situation tragedy: An interview with director Richard E. T. White.

In Brodersen, E. & Werner, J. (Eds.), Words on plays: Insight into the plays, the playwright, and 

the production (pp. 3-11). American Conservatory Theater.

 

Westling, L. (2005). Carson McCullers' amazon nightmare. In Bloom, H. (Ed.), Modern critical 

interpretations: Carson McCullers' the ballad of the sad café (pp. 45-53). USA: Chelsea House.

 

Whatling, C. (2005). Reading miss Amelia: Critical strategies in the construction of sex, gender, 

sexuality, the gothic and grotesque. In Bloom, H.(Ed.), Modern critical interpretations: Carson 

McCullers' the ballad of the sad café (pp. 91- 103). USA: Chelsea House.

 

Whitehead, B. (1992). The experts' story of marriage. Retrieved from Institute for American Values 

website: http:// americanvalues.org/catalog/pdfs/wp-14.pdf

 

Whitehead, S. (2013). The process of directing Edward Albee's the goat, or who is Sylvia? (Master's 

thesis). Retrieved from http://cornerstone.lib.mnsu.edu/etds

 

Wolfaardt, S. (2014). Submitting to the discipline of sexual intimacy? Online construction of  BDSM 

encounters (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from 

https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/handle/2263/39793/Wolfaardt_Submitti ng_2014.pdf,sequence=4

 

Wolfe, P. (1965). The social theater of Edward Albee. Prairie Schooner, 39 (3), 248-

262. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/40628342

 

Wright, S., Crewe, B. & Hulley, S. (2016). Suppression, denial, sublimation: Defending against the 

initial pains of very long life sentences. Theoretical Criminology, 1-22. doi: 

10.1177/1362480616643581

 

Yankelovich, D. (1994). How changes in the economy are reshaping American values. In Aaron, H. J., 

Mann, T. E. & Taylor, T. (Eds.), Values and Public Policy (pp. 1-27). Washington: The Brookings 

Institute.

 

Zee, F. & Hembrecht, M. (2009). The role of dysfunctional relationship beliefs in relationship 

satisfaction. A comparison of singles with satisfied and less satisfied coupled people in their 

endorsement of irrational and anxious relationship   beliefs   (Master's   thesis).   Retrieved   

from https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/34728/Zee%2C%20van% 

20der%200312096.pdf?sequence=1

 

Zinman, T. (2008). Edward Albee. United States: University of Michigan Press.

 


This material may be protected under Copyright Act which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials.
You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research.

Back to previous page

Installed and configured by Bahagian Automasi, Perpustakaan Tuanku Bainun, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
If you have enquiries with this repository, kindly contact us at pustakasys@upsi.edu.my or Whatsapp +60163630263 (Office hours only)