UPSI Digital Repository (UDRep)
|
|
|
Abstract : Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris |
This study aimed to investigate the association of polymorphisms of Interleukin-4 (IL-
4) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) genes to the susceptibility and severity of type-2 diabetes
mellitus (T2DM) and to evaluate the serum levels of these interleukins in patients with
T2DM. A number of 90 individuals from Wasit province, Iraq inclusive of 64 patients
with T2DM and 26 healthy individuals with normal fasting blood sugar as a control
group. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure the levels
of IL-4 and IL-6 in sera from patients with T2DM. The allele-specific polymerase chain
reaction (PCR) technique was used to investigate the polymorphism of the interleukins:
IL4 -590C/T, (rs2243250) and IL6 -174G/C, (rs1800795) genes polymorphisms.
Results of this study showed that IL-4 concentrations had a non-significant difference
(p = >0.052) between patients with T2DM (154.48 pg/ml ± 7.00) with the control group
(151.49 pg/ml ± 6.21). Patients with T2DM revealed an elevated serum level of IL-6
(637.1 pg/ml ± 355.9) compared to control group (266.3 pg/ml ± 128.8). IL4 −590 C/T
displayed that C allele is a major allele in the studied group. The CC genotype has an
association with T2DM and this genotype increases the probability of contracting the
T2DM with an odds ratio (OR) = 1.2222. The genetic polymorphism of IL6 −174G/C
patients with T2DM showed a significant frequency (chi-square = 0.601, p = 0.001) of
IL-6 G/C genotype (31.25%) in comparison with controls (23%). IL6 −174G/C
displayed that G allele is a major allele in the studied group. As a conclusion, the levels
of IL-4 may not be associated with T2DM, whereas, the elevated levels of IL-6 may be
related with T2DM. The study implicates that functional gene polymorphisms of IL-4
and IL-6 will provide additional information related to the pathogenesis of diabetes
mellitus. |
References |
Ali, O. (2013). Genetics of type 2 diabetes. World Journal of Diabetes, 4(4), 114.
Al-Goblan, A. S., Al-Alfi, M. A., & Khan, M. Z. (2014). Mechanism linking diabetes mellitus and obesity. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy, 7, 587.
Abd-Elbaky, A. E., Abo-El Matty, D. M., Mesbah, N. M., Saleh, S. M., & Hamid, A. M. A. (2016). Adiponectin (+ 276 G/T), Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (-308 G/A) and Interleukin-6 (-174 C/G) Genes Polymorphisms in Egyptian Type 2 Diabetic Patients. Journal of Diabetes & Metabolism, 7(6).
Acharya, A. B., Thakur, S., Muddapur, M. V., & Kulkarni, R. D. (2016). Tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-4 and-6 in the serum of health, chronic periodontitis, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology, 20(5), 509.
Akdis, M., Aab, A., Altunbulakli, C., Azkur, K., Costa, R. A., Crameri, R., & Frei, R. (2016). Interleukins (from IL-1 to IL-38), interferons, transforming growth factor β, and TNF-α: Receptors, functions, and roles in diseases. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 138(4), 984-1010.
AL-Janaby, M. S., AL-Ani, M. Q., & Rasheed, M. N. (2018). Relationship between some immunological factors and type 2 diabetes mellitus in Iraqi patients. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 11(6), 489-492.
Ali, N. S. M., Allela, O. Q., Salih, H. M., & Ahmed, I. H. (2018). Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes Associated Complications in Kurd-istan Region Iraq. Journal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacy, 9(2), 263.
Albrechtsen, A., Grarup, N., Li, Y., Sparsø, T., Tian, G., Cao, H., & Nie, C. (2013). Exome sequencing-driven discovery of coding polymorphisms associated with common metabolic phenotypes. Diabetologia, 56(2), 298-310.
Alsaid, A., El-Missiry, M., Hatata, E. S., Tarabay, M., & Settin, A. (2013). Association of IL-4-590 C> T and IL-13-1112 C> T gene polymorphisms with the susceptibility to Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Disease Markers, 35(4), 243-247.
Arababadi, M. K. (2010). Interleukin-4 gene polymorphisms in type 2 diabetic patients with nephropathy. Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases, 4(4), 302.
Ashif, C. M., Balasubramanian, T., & Pawan Kumar and Fasalu Rahiman, O. M. (2017). Interleukin-6 (IL-6) gene polymorphisms associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Kerala population. International Journal of Medical Research and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4 (1).
Assmann, T. S., de Almeida Brondani, L., Bauer, A. C., Canani, L. H., & Crispim, D. (2014). Polymorphisms in the TLR3 gene are associated with risk for type 1 diabetes mellitus. European Journal of Endocrinology, 170(4), 519-527.
Animaw, W., & Seyoum, Y. (2017). Increasing prevalence of diabetes mellitus in a developing country and its related factors. Plos One, 12(11), e0187670.
Akash, M. S. H., Rehman, K., & Liaqat, A. (2018). Tumor necrosis factor-alpha: role in development of insulin resistance and pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, 119(1), 105-110.
Abbatecola, A. M., Ferrucci, L., Grella, R., Bandinelli, S., Bonafè, M., Barbieri, M., & Paolisso, G. (2004). Diverse effect of inflammatory markers on insulin resistance and insulin-resistance syndrome in the elderly. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 52(3), 399-404.
Ates, I. (2018). Type 2 diabetes mechanisms, role of cytokines and their variations in disease development. FABAD Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 43(1), 31-40.
Acharya, A. B., Thakur, S., Muddapur, M. V., & Kulkarni, R. D. (2016). Tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-4 and-6 in the serum of health, chronic periodontitis, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology, 20(5), 509.
Abrahamian, H., Endler, G., Exner, M., Mauler, H., Raith, M., Endler, L., & Irsigler, K. (2007). Association of low-grade inflammation with nephropathy in type 2 diabetic patients: role of elevated CRP-levels and 2 different gene-polymorphisms of proinflammatory cytokines. Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes, 115(01), 38-41.
Arora, P., Garcia-Bailo, B., Dastani, Z., Brenner, D., Villegas, A., Malik, S., & Badawi, A. (2011). Genetic polymorphisms of innate immunity-related inflammatory pathways and their association with factors related to type 2 diabetes. BMC Medical Genetics, 12(1), 95.
Banerjee, M., & Saxena, M. 2014. Genetic Polymorphisms of Cytokine Genes in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. World Journal of Diabetes, 5 5(4): 493.
Banerjee, M., & Saxena, M. (2012). Interleukin-1 (IL-1) family of cytokines: role in type 2 diabetes. Clinica Chimica Acta, 413(15-16), 1163-1170.
Barry, J. C., Shakibakho, S., Durrer, C., Simtchouk, S., Jawanda, K. K., Cheung, S. T., & Little, J. P. (2016). Hyporesponsiveness to the anti-inflammatory action of interleukin-10 in type 2 diabetes. Scientific Reports, 6, 21244.
Baynes, H. W. (2015). Classification, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of diabetes mellitus. Journal of Diabetes Metabolism, 6(5), 1-9.
Boutens, L., & Stienstra, R. (2016). Adipose tissue macrophages: going off track during obesity. Diabetologia, 59(5), 879-894.
Beltcheva, O., Boyadzhieva, M., Angelova, O., Mitev, V., Kaneva, R., & Atanasova, I. (2014). The rs266729 single-nucleotide polymorphism in the adiponectin gene shows association with gestational diabetes. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 289(4), 743-748.
Boucher, J., Kleinridders, A., & Kahn, C. R. (2014). Insulin receptor signaling in normal and insulin-resistant states. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, 6(1), a009191.
Bennet, L., Johansson, S. E., Agardh, C. D., Groop, L., Sundquist, J., Råstam, L., & Sundquist, K. (2011). High prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Iraqi and Swedish residents in a deprived Swedish neighbourhood-a population based study. BMC Public Health, 11(1), 303.
Bonnycastle, L. L., Chines, P. S., Hara, T., Huyghe, J. R., Swift, A. J., Heikinheimo, P, & Narisu, N. (2013). Autosomal dominant diabetes arising from a Wolfram syndrome 1 mutation. Diabetes Journal, 62(11), 3943-3950. bt Khaza’ai, H. (2018). Review on Potential Vitamin D Mechanism with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Pathophysiology in Malaysia. Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science Journal, 6(1), 01-11.
Bid, H., Konwar, R., Agrawal, C., & Banerjee, M. (2008). Association of IL-4 and IL- 1RN (receptor antagonist) gene variants and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a study in the north Indian population. Indian Journal of Medical Sciences, 62(7), 259-266.
Bonnefond, A., & Froguel, P. (2015). Rare and common genetic events in type 2 diabetes: what should biologists know?. Cell Metabolism, 21(3), 357-368.
Bai, H., Jing, D., Guo, A., & Yin, S. (2014). Association between interleukin 10 gene polymorphisms and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in a Chinese population. Journal of International Medical Research, 42(3), 702-710.
Bouhaha, R., Baroudi, T., Ennafaa, H., Vaillant, E., Abid, H., Sassi, R., & Vaxillaire, M. (2010). Study of TNFα-308G/A and IL6-174G/C polymorphisms in type 2 diabetes and obesity risk in the Tunisian population. Clinical Biochemistry, 43(6), 549-552.
Carpov, S., & Tortech, T. (2018). Secure top most significant genome variants search: iDASH 2017 competition. BMC Medical Genomics, 11(4), 82.
Chang, H. W., Li, Y. H., Hsieh, C. H., Liu, P. Y., & Lin, G. M. (2016). Association of body mass index with all-cause mortality in patients with diabetes: a systemic review and meta-analysis. Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy, 6(2), 109.
Chukwuani, U., Digban, K. A., Yovwin, G. D., & Chukwuebuni, N. J. (2016). Prevalence of chronic complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus in a secondary health centre in Niger Delta, Nigeria. International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 4(4), 1080-1085.
Cieslak, Marek, Andrzej Wojtczak, and Michal Cieslak. 2015. Role of Pro- Inflammatory Cytokines of Pancreatic Islets and Prospects of Elaboration of New Methods for the Diabetes Treatment. Acta Biochimica Polonica 62(1): 15–21.
Chen, G., Bentley, A., Adeyemo, A., Shriner, D., Zhou, J., Doumatey, A., & Herbert, A. (2012). Genome-wide association study identifies novel loci association with fasting insulin and insulin resistance in African Americans. Human molecular genetics, 21(20), 4530-4536.
Cho, Y. S., Chen, C. H., Hu, C., Long, J., Ong, R. T. H., Sim, X., & Chang, Y. C. (2012). Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies identifies eight new loci for type 2 diabetes in east Asians. Nature Genetics, 44(1), 67.
Chang, Y. H., Huang, C. N., & Shiau, M. Y. (2004). The C-174G promoter polymorphism of the interleukin-6 (IL-6) gene that affects insulin sensitivity in Caucasians is not involved in the pathogenesis of Taiwanese type 2 diabetes mellitus. European Cytokine Network, 15(2), 117-119.
De Bruijn, K. M. J., Arends, L. R., Hansen, B. E., Leeflang, S., Ruiter, R., & Van Eijck, C. H. J. (2013). Systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between diabetes mellitus and incidence and mortality in breast and colorectal cancer. British Journal of Surgery, 100(11), 1421-1429.
Dorajoo, R., Liu, J., & Boehm, B. (2015). Genetics of type 2 diabetes and clinical utility. Genes, 6(2), 372-384.
Dupuis, J., Langenberg, C., Prokopenko, I., Saxena, R., Soranzo, N., Jackson, A. U., & Lindgren, C. M. (2010). New genetic loci implicated in fasting glucose homeostasis and their impact on type 2 diabetes risk. Nature Genetics, 42(2), 105- 116.
Dragsbæk, K., Neergaard, J. S., Laursen, J. M., Hansen, H. B., Christiansen, C., Beck- Nielsen, H., & Henriksen, K. 2016. Metabolic Syndrome and Subsequent Risk of Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease in Elderly Women. Medicine, 95 36.
Einarson, T. R., Acs, A., Ludwig, C., & Panton, U. H. (2018). Prevalence of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes: a systematic literature review of scientific evidence from across the world in 2007–2017. Cardiovascular Diabetology, 17(1), 83.
Elbe-BuÈrger, A., Olt, S., Stingl, G., Egyed, A., Klubal, R., Mann, U., & Rot, A. (2002). Overexpression of IL-4 alters the homeostasis in the skin. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 118(5), 767-778.
Erbagci, A. B., Tarakçioglu, M., Coskun, Y., Sivasli, E., & Namiduru, E. S. (2001). Mediators of inflammation in children with type I diabetes mellitus: cytokines type I diabetic children. Clinical Biochemistry, 34(8), 645-650.
Elek, Z., Németh, N., Nagy, G., Németh, H., Somogyi, A., Hosszufalusi, N., & Rónai, Z. (2015). Micro-RNA binding site polymorphisms in the WFS1 gene are risk factors of diabetes mellitus. Plos One, 10(10), e0139519.
Erem, C., Kuzu, U. B., Deger, O., & Can, G. (2015). Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus and associated risk factors in Turkish women: the Trabzon GDM Study. Archives of Medical Science: AMS, 11(4), 724.
Festa, A., D’Agostino, R., Tracy, R. P., & Haffner, S. M. (2002). Elevated levels of acute-phase proteins and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 predict the development of type 2 diabetes: the insulin resistance atherosclerosis study. Diabetes, 51(4), 1131-1137.
Flannick, J., & Florez, J. C. (2016). Type 2 diabetes: genetic data sharing to advance complex disease research. Nature Reviews Genetics, 17(9), 535.
Forbes, J. M., & Cooper, M. E. (2013). Mechanisms of diabetic complications. Physiological Reviews, 93(1), 137-188.
Fernández-Real, J. M., Broch, M., Vendrell, J., Gutiérrez, C., Casamitjana, R., Pugeat, M., ... & Ricart, W. (2000). Interleukin-6 gene polymorphism and insulin sensitivity. Diabetes, 49(3), 517-520.
Galavi, H. R., Saravani, R., Alamdari, A. R., Ranjbar, N., Damani, E., & Khodakhier, T. N. (2016). Evaluating the effect of the rs2229238 and the rs4845625 interleukin 6 receptor gene polymorphisms on body mass index and the risk of type 2 diabetes in an iranian study population. International Journal of High Risk Behaviors and Addiction, 5(4).
Gupta, D. L., Nagar, P. K., Kamal, V. K., Bhoi, S., & Rao, D. N. (2015). Clinical relevance of single nucleotide polymorphisms within the 13 cytokine genes in North Indian trauma hemorrhagic shock patients. Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine, 23(1), 96.
Gao, K., Ren, Y., Wang, J., Liu, Z., Li, J., Li, L., & Ohno, K. 2017. Interactions between Genetic Polymorphisms of Glucose Metabolizing Genes and Smoking and Alcohol Consumption in the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 42: 1–24.
Geerlings, S. E., Brouwer, E. C., Van Kessel, K. C., Gaastra, W., Stolk, R. P., & Hoepelman, A. I. (2000). Cytokine secretion is impaired in women with diabetes mellitus. European Journal of Clinical Investigation, 30(11), 995-1001.
Grarup, N., Sandholt, C. H., Hansen, T., & Pedersen, O. (2014). Genetic susceptibility to type 2 diabetes and obesity: from genome-wide association studies to rare variants and beyond. Diabetologia, 57(8), 1528-1541.
Gulati, K., Guhathakurta, S., Joshi, J., Rai, N., & Ray, A. (2016). Cytokines and their role in health and disease: a brief overview. MedCrave Online Journal of Immunology, 4(2), 00121.
Go, M. J., Hwang, J. Y., Kim, Y. J., Oh, J. H., Kim, Y. J., Kwak, S. H., & Cho, M. C. (2013). New susceptibility loci in MYL2, C12orf51 and OAS1 associated with 1- h plasma glucose as predisposing risk factors for type 2 diabetes in the Korean population. Journal of Human Genetics, 58(6), 362-365.
Gudmundsson, J., Sulem, P., Steinthorsdottir, V., Bergthorsson, J. T., Thorleifsson, G., Manolescu, A., & Sigurdsson, A. (2007). Two variants on chromosome 17 confer prostate cancer risk, and the one in TCF2 protects against type 2 diabetes. Nature Genetics, 39(8), 977-983.
Grant, S. F., Thorleifsson, G., Reynisdottir, I., Benediktsson, R., Manolescu, A., Sainz, J., & Styrkarsdottir, U. (2006). Variant of transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) gene confers risk of type 2 diabetes. Nature Genetics, 38(3), 320-323.
Gupta, S., Maratha, A., Siednienko, J., Natarajan, A., Gajanayake, T., Hoashi, S., & Miggin, S. (2017). Analysis of inflammatory cytokine and TLR expression levels in Type 2 Diabetes with complications. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 7633.
Guzmán-Flores, J. M., Escalante, M., Sánchez-Corona, J., García-Zapién, A. G., Cruz- Quevedo, E. G., Munoz-Valle, J. F., & Flores-Martínez, S. E. (2013). Association analysis between–308G/A and–238G/A TNF-alpha gene promoter polymorphisms and insulin resistance in Mexican women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Journal of Investigative Medicine, 61(2), 265-269.
Groop, L. C., Saloranta, C., Shank, M., Bonadonna, R. C., Ferrannini, E., & Defronzo, R. A. (1991). The role of free fatty acid metabolism in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance in obesity and noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 72(1), 96-107.
Hartling, L., Dryden, D. M., Guthrie, A., Muise, M., Vandermeer, B., & Donovan, L. (2013). Benefits and harms of treating gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis for the US Preventive Services Task Force and the National Institutes of Health Office of Medical Applications of Research. Annals of Internal Medicine, 159(2), 123-129.
Hashizume, M., and Mihara, M. (2011). IL-6 and lipid metabolism. Inflammation and Regeneration, 31(3), 325-333.
Helaly, M. A. H., Hatata, E. S. Z., Abu-Elmagd, M., Ibrahem, E. F., Alsaid, A., El-Aal, A. & Settin, A. (2013). Association of IL-10 and IL-6 Gene Polymorphisms with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus among Egyptian Patients. European Journal of General Medicine, 10(3).
Ho, K. T., Shiau, M. Y., Chang, Y. H., Chen, C. M., Yang, S. C., & Huang, C. N. (2010). Association of interleukin-4 promoter polymorphisms in Taiwanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism, 59(12), 1717-1722.
Hu, C., & Jia, W. (2018). Diabetes in China: epidemiology and genetic risk factors and their clinical utility in personalized medication. Diabetes, 67(1), 3-11. Hu, Y., Bhupathiraju, S. N., Koning, L., & Hu, F. B. (2014). Duration of obesity and overweight and risk of type 2 diabetes among US women. Obesity, 22(10), 2267- 2273.
Huang, Z. Q., Liao, Y. Q., Huang, R. Z., Chen, J. P., & Sun, H. L. (2018). Possible role of TCF7L2 in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Biotechnology and Biotechnological Equipment, 32(4), 830-834.
Hussain, M. K., Deli, F. A., Algenabi, A. H. A., & Abdul-Rudha, K. H. (2018). Adiponectin gene polymorphisms as a predictor for development of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Iraqi population. Gene, 662, 118-122.
Huth, C., Illig, T., Herder, C., Gieger, C., Grallert, H., Vollmert, C., & Thorand, B. (2009). Joint analysis of individual participants’ data from 17 studies on the association of the IL6 variant-174G> C with circulating glucose levels, interleukin-6 levels, and body mass index. Annals of Medicine, 41(2), 128-138.
Himelfarb, S. T., Silva, F. A., Arazi, S. S., Farjado, C. M., Garofalo, A., Bertolami, M. C & Hirata, R. D. (2011). Tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 expression in leukocytes and their association with polymorphisms and bone markers in diabetic individuals treated with pioglitazone. Drug Metabolism and Drug Interactions, 26(1), 37-40.
Herbert, A., Liu, C., Karamohamed, S., Schiller, J., Liu, J., Yang, Q., & Meigs, J. B. (2005). The–174 IL-6 GG genotype is associated with a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in a family sample from the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute’s Framingham Heart Study. Diabetologia, 48(8), 1492-1495.
Huth, C., Heid, I. M., Vollmert, C., Gieger, C., Grallert, H., Wolford, J. K., & Pedersen, O. (2006). IL6 gene promoter polymorphisms and type 2 diabetes: joint analysis of individual participants’ data from 21 studies. Diabetes, 55(10), 2915-2921.
Hotamisligil, G. S., Arner, P., Caro, J. F., Atkinson, R. L., & Spiegelman, B. M. (1995). Increased adipose tissue expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in human obesity and insulin resistance. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 95(5), 2409- 2415.
Hotamisligil, G. S., Peraldi, P., Budavari, A., Ellis, R., White, M. F., & Spiegelman, B. M. (1996). IRS-1-mediated inhibition of insulin receptor tyrosine kinase activity in TNF-α-and obesity-induced insulin resistance. Science, 271(5249), 665-670.
Illig, T., Bongardt, F., Schöpfer-Wendels, A., Huth, C., Heid, I., Rathmann, W., & Wichmann, H. E. (2005). Genetics of type 2 diabetes: impact of interleukin-6 gene variants. Das Gesundheitswesen, 67(S 01), 122-126.
Illig, T., Bongardt, F., Schopfer, A., Muller-Scholze, S., Rathmann, W., Koenig, W., & Herder, C. (2004). Significant association of the interleukin-6 gene polymorphisms C-174G and A-598G with type 2 diabetes. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 89(10), 5053-5058.
Jain, S. K., Kannan, K., Lim, G., Matthews-Greer, J., McVie, R., & Bocchini, J. A. (2003). Elevated blood interleukin-6 levels in hyperketonemic type 1 diabetic patients and secretion by acetoacetate-treated cultured U937 monocytes. Diabetes Care, 26(7), 2139-2143.
Kwak, S. H., Choi, S. H., Kim, K., Jung, H. S., Cho, Y. M., Lim, S., & Jang, H. C. (2013). Prediction of type 2 diabetes in women with a history of gestational diabetes using a genetic risk score. Diabetologia, 56(12), 2556-2563.
Kahn, S. E., Cooper, M. E., & Del Prato, S. (2014). Pathophysiology and treatment of type 2 diabetes: perspectives on the past, present, and future. The Lancet, 383(9922), 1068-1083.
Kahn, S. E., Hull, R. L., & Utzschneider, K. M. (2006). Mechanisms linking obesity to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Nature, 444(7121), 840-846.
Kampan, N., Azman, H., Hafiz, I., Mohammad, H., Yee, C. S., & Abdul Ghani, N. A. (2013). Outcome of pregnancy among Malaysian women with diabetes mellitus-– a single centre experience. Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 13(2), 1-10.
Karamanou, Marianna. 2016. Milestones in the History of Diabetes Mellitus: The Main Contributors. World Journal of Diabetes 7(1): 1.
Kaul, N., & Ali, S. (2016). Genes, genetics, and environment in type 2 diabetes: implication in personalized medicine. DNA and Cell Biology, 35(1), 1-12.
Kautzky-Willer, A., Harreiter, J., & Pacini, G. (2016). Sex and gender differences in risk, pathophysiology and complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Endocrine Reviews, 37(3), 278-316.
Keith, R. J., Al Rifai, M., Carruba, C., De Jarnett, N., McEvoy, J. W., Bhatnagar, A., ... & Defilippis, A. P. (2016). Tobacco use, insulin resistance, and risk of type 2 diabetes: results from the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. PLoS One, 11(6), e0157592.
Kiani, A., Garcia-Cózar, F. J., Habermann, I., Laforsch, S., Aebischer, T., Ehninger, G., & Rao, A. (2001). Regulation of interferon-γ gene expression by nuclear factor of activated T cells. Blood, 98(5), 1480-1488.
Kim, A. Y., Park, Y. J., Pan, X., Shin, K. C., Kwak, S. H., Bassas, A. F., & Kim, J. B. (2015). Obesity-induced DNA hypermethylation of the adiponectin gene mediates insulin resistance. Nature Communications, 6, 7585.
Kolb, H., & Martin, S. (2017). Environmental/lifestyle factors in the pathogenesis and prevention of type 2 diabetes. BioMed Central Medicine, 15(1), 131.
Kommoju, U. J., Samy, S. K., Maruda, J., Irgam, K., Kotla, J. P., Velaga, L., & Reddy, B. M. (2016). Association of CDKAL1, CDKN2A/B & HHEX gene polymorphisms with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the population of Hyderabad, India. The Indian Journal of Medical Research, 143(4), 455.
Kong, Y., Sharma, R. B., Nwosu, B. U., & Alonso, L. C. (2016). Islet biology, the CDKN2A/B locus and type 2 diabetes risk. Diabetologia, 59(8), 1579-1593.
Kristiansen, O. P., & Mandrup-Poulsen, T. (2005). Interleukin-6 and diabetes: the good, the bad, or the indifferent?. Diabetes, 54(suppl 2), S114-S124.
Kleiner, S., Gomez, D., Megra, B., Na, E., Bhavsar, R., Cavino, K., & Carrat, G. (2018). Mice harboring the human SLC30A8 R138X loss-of-function mutation have increased insulin secretory capacity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(32), E7642-E7649.
Kubaszek, A., Pihlajamäki, J., Punnonen, K., Karhapää, P., Vauhkonen, I., & Laakso, M. (2003). The C-174G promoter polymorphism of the IL-6 gene affects energy expenditure and insulin sensitivity. Diabetes, 52(2), 558-561.
Kabesch, M., Tzotcheva, I., Carr, D., Höfler, C., Weiland, S. K., Fritzsch, C., & Martinez, F. D. (2003). A complete screening of the IL4 gene: novel polymorphisms and their association with asthma and IgE in childhood. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 112(5), 893-898.
Kwak, S. H., & Park, K. S. (2016). Recent progress in genetic and epigenetic research on type 2 diabetes. Experimental and Molecular Medicine, 48(3), e220.
Kooner, J. S., Saleheen, D., Sim, X., Sehmi, J., Zhang, W., Frossard, P., & Jafar, T. (2011). Genome-wide association study in individuals of South Asian ancestry identifies six new type 2 diabetes susceptibility loci. Nature Genetics, 43(10), 984- 989.
Kong, A., Steinthorsdottir, V., Masson, G., Thorleifsson, G., Sulem, P., Besenbacher, S., & Frigge, M. L. (2009). Parental origin of sequence variants associated with complex diseases. Nature, 462(7275), 868-874.
Kilpeläinen, T. O., Laaksonen, D. E., Lakka, T. A., Herder, C., Koenig, W., Lindström, J., & Tuomilehto, J. (2010). The rs1800629 polymorphism in the TNF gene interacts with physical activity on the changes in C-reactive protein levels in the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology and Diabetes, 118(10), 757-759.
Kulseng, B., Skjåk-Braek, G., Følling, I., & Espevik, T. (1996). TNF production from peripheral blood mononuclear cells in diabetic patients after stimulation with alginate and lipopolysaccharide. Scandinavian Journal of Immunology, 43(3), 335-340.
Kubaszek, A., Pihlajamäki, J., Punnonen, K., Karhapää, P., Vauhkonen, I., & Laakso, M. (2003). The C-174G promoter polymorphism of the IL-6 gene affects energy expenditure and insulin sensitivity. Diabetes, 52(2), 558-561.
Kieffer, T. J., Heller, R. S., Leech, C. A., Holz, G. G., & Habener, J. F. (1997). Leptin suppression of insulin secretion by the activation of ATP-sensitive K+ channels in pancreatic β-cells. Diabetes, 46(6), 1087-1093.
Lakhtakia, R. 2013. The History of Diabetes Mellitus. Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal, 13 15(4): 336–42.
Lazic, M., Inzaugarat, M. E., Povero, D., Zhao, I. C., Chen, M., Nalbandian, M., & Sears, D. D. (2014). Reduced dietary omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acid ratio and 12/15-lipoxygenase deficiency are protective against chronic high fat diet-induced steatohepatitis. PloS One, 9(9), e107658.
Le, T. N., Elsea, S. H., Romero, R., Chaiworapongsa, T., & Francis, G. L. (2013). Prolactin receptor gene polymorphisms are associated with gestational diabetes. Genetic Testing and Molecular Biomarkers, 17(7), 567-571.
Liao, W. L., & Tsai, F. J. (2014). Personalized Medicine in Type 2 Diabetes. Bio Medicine, 4 4(2): 1–8.
Lumeng, C. N., Bodzin, J. L., & Saltiel, A. R. (2007). Obesity induces a phenotypic switch in adipose tissue macrophage polarization. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 117(1), 175-184.
Liese, Angela D., Xiaoguang Ma, David M. Maahs, and Jennifer L. Trilk. 2013. Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviors, Physical Fitness, and Their Relation to Health Outcomes in Youth with Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes: A Review of the Epidemiologic Literature. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 2(1): 21–38.
Lim, S., Kim, M. J., Lim, S., Kim, M. J., Choi, S. H., Shin, C. S., & Choi, S. H. (2013). Association of vitamin D deficiency with incidence of type 2 diabetes in high-risk Asian subjects. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 97(3), 524-530.
Lips, P., Eekhoff, M., van Schoor, N., Oosterwerff, M., de Jongh, R., Krul-Poel, Y., & Simsek, S. (2017). Vitamin D and type 2 diabetes. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 173, 280-285.
Li, H., Gan, W., Lu, L., Dong, X., Han, X., Hu, C., & He, M. (2013). A genome-wide association study identifies GRK5 and RASGRP1 as type 2 diabetes loci in Chinese Hans. Diabetes, 62(1), 291-298.
Lumeng, C. N., Bodzin, J. L., & Saltiel, A. R. (2007). Obesity induces a phenotypic switch in adipose tissue macrophage polarization. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 117(1), 175-184.
Little, S. (1995). Amplification-refractory mutation system (ARMS) analysis of point mutations. Current Protocols in Human Genetics, 7(1), 9-8.
Logakodie, S., Azahadi, O., Fuziah, P., Norizzati, B. I. B., Tan, S. F., Zienna, Z. Z. R., & Sazidah, M. K. (2017). Gestational diabetes mellitus: The prevalence, associated factors and foeto-maternal outcome of women attending antenatal care. Malaysian family Physician: the Official journal of the Academy of Family Physicians of Malaysia, 12(2), 9.
Luo, W., Guo, Z., Wu, M., Hao, C., Zhou, Z., & Yao, X. (2015). Interaction of smoking and obesity on type 2 diabetes risk in a Chinese cohort. Physiology and Behavior, 139, 240-243.
Lyssenko, V., & Laakso, M. (2013). Genetic screening for the risk of type 2 diabetes: worthless or valuable?. Diabetes Care, 36(Supplement 2), S120-S126.
Libra, M., Signorelli, S. S., Bevelacqua, Y., Navolanic, P. M., Bevelacqua, V., Polesel, J., & Malaponte, G. (2006). Analysis of G (-174) C IL-6 polymorphism and plasma concentrations of inflammatory markers in patients with type 2 diabetes and peripheral arterial disease. Journal of Clinical Pathology, 59(2), 211-215.
Maier, L. M., Chapman, J., Howson, J. M., Clayton, D. G., Pask, R., Strachan, D. P., & Todd, J. A. (2005). No evidence of association or interaction between the IL4RA, IL4, and IL13 genes in type 1 diabetes. The American Journal of Human Genetics, 76(3), 517-521.
Malenica, M., Šilar, M., Dujic, T., Bego, T., Semiz, S., Škrbo, S., & Cauševic, A. (2017). Importance of inflammatory markers and IL-6 for diagnosis and follow up of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Medicinski Glasnik, 14(2).
Mansour, A., & Al Douri, F. (2015). Diabetes in Iraq: facing the epidemic. A systematic review. Wulfenia Journal, 22(3), 258-73.
Martinez, F. O., Sica, A., Mantovani, A., & Locati, M. (2008). Macrophage activation and polarization. Front Bioscience, 13(1), 453-461.
Mohlke, K. L., & Boehnke, M. (2015). Recent advances in understanding the genetic architecture of type 2 diabetes. Human Molecular Genetics, 24(R1), R85-R92.
Meybodi, H. R. A., Hasanzad, M., & Larijani, B. (2017). Path to personalized medicine for type 2 diabetes mellitus: reality and hope. Acta Medica Iranica, 166-174.
Mendoza-Carrera, F., Ramírez-López, G., Ayala-Martínez, N. A., García-Zapién, A. G., Flores-Martínez, S. E., & Sánchez-Corona, J. (2010). Influence of CRP, IL6, and TNFA gene polymorphisms on circulating levels of C-reactive protein in Mexican adolescents. Archives of Medical Research, 41(6), 472-477.
Manning, A. K., Hivert, M. F., Scott, R. A., Grimsby, J. L., Bouatia-Naji, N., Chen, H., ... & Amin, N. (2012). A genome-wide approach accounting for body mass index identifies genetic variants influencing fasting glycemic traits and insulin resistance. Nature Genetics, 44(6), 659-669.
Martín-Timón, I., Sevillano-Collantes, C., Segura-Galindo, A., & del Cañizo-Gómez, F. J. (2014). Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease: have all risk factors the same strength?. World Journal of Diabetes, 5(4), 444.
Morris, A. P., Voight, B. F., Teslovich, T. M., Ferreira, T., Segre, A. V., Steinthorsdottir, V., & Prokopenko, I. (2012). Large-scale association analysis provides insights into the genetic architecture and pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes. Nature Genetics, 44(9), 981.
Mukhopadhyaya, P. N., Acharya, A., Chavan, Y., Purohit, S. S., & Mutha, A. (2010). Metagenomic study of single-nucleotide polymorphism within candidate genes associated with type 2 diabetes in an Indian population. Genetics and Molecular Research, 9(4), 2060-8.
Mostafazadeh, A., Herder, C., Haastert, B., Hanifi-Moghaddam, P., Schloot, N., Koenig, W., & Kolb, H. (2005). Association of humoral immunity to human Hsp60 with the IL-6 gene polymorphism C-174G in patients with type 2 diabetes and controls. Hormone and Metabolic Research, 37(04), 257-263.
Mohlig, M., Boeing, H., Spranger, J., Osterhoff, M., Kroke, A., Fisher, E. V. A., & Pfeiffer, A. F. (2004). Body mass index and C-174G interleukin-6 promoter polymorphism interact in predicting type 2 diabetes. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 89(4), 1885-1890.
McNeely, M. J., Boyko, E. J., Weigle, D. S., Shofer, J. B., Chessler, S. D., Leonnetti, D. L., & Fujimoto, W. Y. (1999). Association between baseline plasma leptin levels and subsequent development of diabetes in Japanese Americans. Diabetes Care, 22(1), 65-70.
Mahajan, A., Go, M. J., Zhang, W., Below, J. E., Gaulton, K. J., Ferreira, T., & Saleheen, D. (2014). Genome-wide trans-ancestry meta-analysis provides insight into the genetic architecture of type 2 diabetes susceptibility. Nature genetics, 46(3), 234-244.
Nakatochi, M., Ichihara, S., Yamamoto, K., Ohnaka, K., Kato, Y., Yokota, S., & Matsubara, T. (2015). Epigenome-wide association study suggests that SNPs in the promoter region of RETN influence plasma resistin level via effects on DNA methylation at neighbouring sites. Diabetologia, 58(12), 2781-2790.
Nazamuddin, M., Wadud, A., Ansari, A. H., Alam, T., Perveen, A., & Iqbal, N. (2014). Concept of diabetes in Unani system of medicine: an overview. Medical Journal of Islamic World Academy of Sciences, 109(1567), 1-6.
Navarro-González, J. F., Muros, M., Mora-Fernández, C., Herrera, H., Meneses, B., & García, J. (2011). Pentoxifylline for renoprotection in diabetic nephropathy: the PREDIAN study. Rationale and basal results. Journal of Diabetes and Its Complications, 25(5), 314-319.
Ng, D. P., Nurbaya, S., Sandra, H. J., & Krolewski, A. S. (2008). An IL-6 haplotype on human chromosome 7p21 confers risk for impaired renal function in type 2 diabetic patients. Kidney International, 74(4), 521-527.
Ng, M. C., Shriner, D., Chen, B. H., Li, J., Chen, W. M., Guo, X., & Comeau, M. E. (2014). Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies in African Americans provides insights into the genetic architecture of type 2 diabetes. PLoS Genetics, 10(8), e1004517.
Newton, C. R., Graham, A., Heptinstall, L. E., Powell, S. J., Summers, C., Kalsheker, N., ... & Markham, A. F. (1989). Analysis of any point mutation in DNA. The amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS). Nucleic Acids Research, 17(7), 2503-2516.
Nuhiar, R. S., Salman, A. N., & AL-Rekaby, H. R. (2018). The some cytokines Levels (TGFβ1, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-17) in sera Patients with Diabetes Mellitus Type1, Type 2 in Nassiriya city. Journal of Thi-qar Science, 6(4), 42-48.
Ogurtsova, K., da Rocha Fernandes, J. D., Huang, Y., Linnenkamp, U., Guariguata, L., Cho, N. H., ... & Makaroff, L. E. (2017). IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global estimates for the prevalence of diabetes for 2015 and 2040. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 128, 40-50.
Olokoba, A. B., Obateru, O. A., & Olokoba, L. B. (2012). Type 2 diabetes mellitus: a review of current trends. Oman Medical Journal, 27(4), 269.
Ozougwu, J. C., Obimba, K. C., Belonwu, C. D., & Unakalamba, C. B. (2013). The pathogenesis and pathophysiology of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal of Physiology and Pathophysiology, 4(4), 46-57.
Okayama, H., Curiel, D. T., Brantly, M. L., Holmes, M. D., & Crystal, R. G. (1989). Rapid, nonradioactive detection of mutations in the human genome by allelespecific amplification. The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine, 114(2), 105-113.
Oberbach, A., Lehmann, S., Kirsch, K., Krist, J., Sonnabend, M., Linke, A., & Kovacs, P. (2008). Long-term exercise training decreases interleukin-6 (IL-6) serum levels in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance: effect of the− 174G/C variant in IL-6 gene. European Journal of Endocrinology, 159(2), 129-136.
Oguntibeju, O. O. (2019). Type 2 diabetes mellitus, oxidative stress and inflammation: examining the links. International Journal of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Pharmacology, 11(3), 45.
Pan, A., Wang, Y., Talaei, M., Hu, F. B., & Wu, T. (2015). Relation of active, passive, and quitting smoking with incident type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and metaanalysis. The Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology, 3(12), 958-967.
Papaetis, Georgios S, Panagiotis Papakyriakou, and Themistoklis N Panagiotou. (2015). Central obesity , type 2 diabetes and insulin : exploring a pathway full of thorns. Archives of Medical Science: AMS, 11(3), 463.
Patel, T. P., Rawal, K., Bagchi, A. K., Akolkar, G., Bernardes, N., da Silva Dias, D., & Singal, P. K. (2016). Insulin resistance: an additional risk factor in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes. Heart Failure Reviews, 21(1), 11-23.
Pesu, M., Takaluoma, K., Aittomäki, S., Lagerstedt, A., Saksela, K., Kovanen, P. E., & Silvennoinen, O. (2000). Interleukin-4-induced transcriptional activation by stat6 involves multiple serine/threonine kinase pathways and serine phosphorylation of stat6. Blood, 95(2), 494-502.
Peters, S. A., Huxley, R. R., & Woodward, M. (2016). Sex differences in body anthropometry and composition in individuals with and without diabetes in the UK Biobank. British Medical Journal BMJ Open, 6(1), e010007.
Prasad, R., & Groop, L. (2015). Genetics of type 2 diabetes—pitfalls and possibilities. Genes, 6(1), 87-123.
Popko, K., Gorska, E., & Demkow, U. (2010). Influence of interleukin-6 and G174C polymorphism in IL-6 gene on obesity and energy balance. European Journal of Medical Research, 15(2), 123.
Punthakee, Z., Goldenberg, R., & Katz, P. (2018). Definition, classification and diagnosis of diabetes, prediabetes and metabolic syndrome. Canadian Journal of Diabetes, 42, S10-S15.
Panagi, L., Poole, L., Hackett, R. A., & Steptoe, A. (2019). Sex differences in interleukin-6 stress responses in people with Type 2 diabetes. Psychophysiology, 56(6), e13334.
Pradhan, A. D., Manson, J. E., Rifai, N., Buring, J. E., & Ridker, P. M. (2001). Creactive protein, interleukin 6, and risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. Jama, 286(3), 327-334.
Perry, J. R., Voight, B. F., Yengo, L., Amin, N., Dupuis, J., Ganser, M., & Steinthorsdottir, V. (2012). Stratifying type 2 diabetes cases by BMI identifies genetic risk variants in LAMA1 and enrichment for risk variants in lean compared to obese cases. PLoS Genetics, 8(5), e1002741.
Palmer, N. D., McDonough, C. W., Hicks, P. J., Roh, B. H., Wing, M. R., An, S. S., & Talbert, M. E. (2012). A genome-wide association search for type 2 diabetes genes in African Americans. PloS one, 7(1), e29202.
Prokopenko, I., Langenberg, C., Florez, J. C., Saxena, R., Soranzo, N., Thorleifsson, G., & Potter, S. C. (2009). Variants in MTNR1B influence fasting glucose levels. Nature Genetics, 41(1), 77-81.
Qi, L., van Dam, R. M., Meigs, J. B., Manson, J. E., Hunter, D., & Hu, F. B. (2006). Genetic variation in IL6 gene and type 2 diabetes: tagging-SNP haplotype analysis in large-scale case–control study and meta-analysis. Human Molecular Genetics, 15(11), 1914-1920.
Qu, D., Liu, J., Lau, C. W., & Huang, Y. (2014). IL-6 in Diabetes and Cardiovascular Complications. British Journal of Pharmacology, 171: 3595–3603.
Qi, L., Cornelis, M. C., Kraft, P., Stanya, K. J., Linda Kao, W. H., Pankow, J. S., & Sun, Q. (2010). Genetic variants at 2q24 are associated with susceptibility to type 2 diabetes. Human Molecular Genetics, 19(13), 2706-2715.
Radha, Venkatesan, Sekar Kanthimathi, Ranjit Mohan Anjana, and Viswanathan Mohan. (2016). Genetics of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 66(9): S11–14.
Raghavan, S., Pachucki, M. C., Chang, Y., Porneala, B., Fox, C. S., Dupuis, J., & Meigs, J. B. (2016). Incident type 2 diabetes risk is influenced by obesity and diabetes in social contacts: a social network analysis. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 31(10), 1127-1133.
Russell, J. W., & Zilliox, L. A. (2014). Diabetic neuropathies. Continuum: Lifelong Learning in Neurology, 20(5 Peripheral Nervous System Disorders), 1226.
Román-Pintos, L. M., Villegas-Rivera, G., Rodríguez-Carrizalez, A. D., Miranda-Díaz, A. G., & Cardona-Muñoz, E. G. (2016). Diabetic polyneuropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus: inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial function. Journal of Diabetes Research, 2016.
Ranasinghe, P., Cooray, D. N., Jayawardena, R., & Katulanda, P. (2015). The influence of family history of hypertension on disease prevalence and associated metabolic risk factors among Sri Lankan adults. BMC Public Health, 15(1), 576.
Rao, P., Wang, H., Fang, H., Gao, Q., Zhang, J., Song, M., & Wang, W. (2016). Association between IGF2BP2 polymorphisms and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a case–control study and meta-analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(6), 574.
Rehman, K., & Akash, M. S. H. (2016). Mechanisms of inflammatory responses and development of insulin resistance: how are they interlinked? Journal of Biomedical Science, 23(1), 87.
Riddy, D. M., Delerive, P., Summers, R. J., Sexton, P. M., & Langmead, C. J. (2018). G protein–coupled receptors targeting insulin resistance, obesity, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Pharmacological Reviews, 70(1), 39-67.
Rodrigues, K. F., Pietrani, N. T., Bosco, A. A., Campos, F. M. F., Sandrim, V. C., & Gomes, K. B. (2017). IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10 levels/polymorphisms and their association with type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity in Brazilian individuals. Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 61(5), 438-446.
Rudofsky Jr, G., Schlotterer, A., Reismann, P., Engel, J., Grafe, I. A., Tafel, J., & Hamann, A. (2009). The− 174G> C IL-6 gene promoter polymorphism and diabetic microvascular complications. Hormone and Metabolic Research, 41(04), 308-313.
Rosengren, A. H., Jokubka, R., Tojjar, D., Granhall, C., Hansson, O., Li, D. Q., & Groop, L. (2010). Overexpression of alpha2A-adrenergic receptors contributes to type 2 diabetes. Science, 327(5962), 217-220.
Rung, J., Cauchi, S., Albrechtsen, A., Shen, L., Rocheleau, G., Cavalcanti-Proença, C., & Charpentier, G. (2009). Genetic variant near IRS1 is associated with type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. Nature Genetics, 41(10), 1110.
Sulaiman, M. K. (2019). Diabetic nephropathy: recent advances in pathophysiology and challenges in dietary management. Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome, 11(1), 7.
Salman, Ali Naeem. 2018. The Some Cytokines Levels (TGFβ1, IL-4 , IL-6, and IL- 17) in Sera Patients with Diabetes Mellitus Type1,Type 2 in Nassiriya City 1Rasha. Rasha Salih Nuhiar 6(4).
Sarvas, J. L., Khaper, N., & Lees, S. J. (2013). The IL-6 paradox: context dependent interplay of SOCS3 and AMPK. Journal of Diabetes and Metabolism, 13(15).
Saxena, M., Srivastava, N., & Banerjee, M. (2013). Association of IL-6, TNF-α and IL- 10 gene polymorphisms with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Molecular Biology Reports, 40(11), 6271-6279.
Saxena, M., & Modi, D. R. (2014). Inflammation and diabetes. Interdisciplinary Journal of Microinflammation, 1(110), 2.
Saxena, M., Agrawal, C. G., Srivastava, N., & Banerjee, M. (2014). Interleukin-6 (IL- 6)-597 A/G (rs1800797) &-174 G/C (rs1800795) gene polymorphisms in type 2 diabetes. The Indian Journal of Medical Research, 140(1), 60.
Sarkar, G., Cassady, J., Bottema, C. D., & Sommer, S. S. (1990). Characterization of polymerase chain reaction amplification of specific alleles. Analytical Biochemistry, 186(1), 64-68.
Shiau, M. Y., Lu, H. F., Chang, Y. H., Chiu, Y. C., & Shih, Y. L. (2015). Characterization of proteins regulated by interleukin-4 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. SpringerPlus, 4(1), 242.
Shih, Y. L., Ho, K. T., Tsao, C. H., Chang, Y. H., Shiau, M. Y., Huang, C. N., & Yang, S. C. (2013). Role of cyotkines in metabolism and type 2 diabetes mellitus. International Journal of Biomedical Laboratory Science, 2(1), 1-6.
Sindhughosa, D. A., & Pranamartha, A. G. M. K. (2017). The involvement of proinflammatory cytokines in diabetic nephropathy: Focus on interleukin 1 (IL- 1), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) signaling mechanism. Bali Medical Journal, 6, 299.
Sorkin, D. H., Mavandadi, S., Rook, K. S., Biegler, K. A., Kilgore, D., Dow, E., & Ngo- Metzger, Q. (2014). Dyadic collaboration in shared health behavior change: the effects of a randomized trial to test a lifestyle intervention for high-risk Latinas. Health Psychology, 33(6), 566.
Stancáková, A., & Laakso, M. (2016). Genetics of type 2 diabetes. In Novelties in Diabetes 31, 203-220.
Steffen, B. T., Steffen, L. M., Zhou, X., Ouyang, P., Weir, N. L., & Tsai, M. Y. (2015). n-3 Fatty acids attenuate the risk of diabetes associated with elevated serum nonesterified fatty acids: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Diabetes Care, 38(4), 575-580.
Stephens, J. W., Hurel, S. J., Cooper, J. A., Acharya, J., Miller, G. J., & Humphries, S. E. (2004). A common functional variant in the interleukin-6 gene is associated with increased body mass index in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Molecular Genetics and Metabolism, 82(2), 180-186.
Steppan, C. M., Bailey, S. T., Bhat, S., Brown, E. J., Banerjee, R. R., Wright, C. M., & Lazar, M. A. (2001). The hormone resistin links obesity to diabetes. Nature, 409(6818), 307.
Strawbridge, R. J., Dupuis, J., Prokopenko, I., Barker, A., Ahlqvist, E., Rybin, D., & Nica, A. (2011). Genome-wide association identifies nine common variants associated with fasting proinsulin levels and provides new insights into the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes, 60(10), 2624-2634.
Scott, R. A., Lagou, V., Welch, R. P., Wheeler, E., Montasser, M. E., Mägi, R., & Rasmussen-Torvik, L. J. (2012). Large-scale association analyses identify new loci influencing glycemic traits and provide insight into the underlying biological pathways. Nature genetics, 44(9), 991-1005.
Saxena, R., Hivert, M. F., Langenberg, C., Tanaka, T., Pankow, J. S., Vollenweider, P., & Kao, W. L. (2010). Genetic variation in GIPR influences the glucose and insulin responses to an oral glucose challenge. Nature Genetics, 42(2), 142-148.
Saxena, R., Elbers, C. C., Guo, Y., Peter, I., Gaunt, T. R., Mega, J. L., & Johnson, T. (2012). Large-scale gene-centric meta-analysis across 39 studies identifies type 2 diabetes loci. The American Journal of Human Genetics, 90(3), 410-425.
Saxena, R., Saleheen, D., Been, L. F., Garavito, M. L., Braun, T., Bjonnes, A., & Sim, X. (2013). Genome-wide association study identifies a novel locus contributing to type 2 diabetes susceptibility in Sikhs of Punjabi origin from India. Diabetes, 62(5), 1746-1755.
Saxena, R., Voight, B. F., Lyssenko, V., Burtt, N. P., de Bakker, P. I., Chen, H., & Hughes, T. E. (2007). Diabetes Genetics Initiative of Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Lund University, and Novartis Institutes of BioMedical Research. Genome-wide association analysis identifies loci for type 2 diabetes and triglyceride levels. Science, 316(5829), 1331-1336.
Sladek, R., Rocheleau, G., Rung, J., Dina, C., Shen, L., Serre, D., & Balkau, B. (2007). A genome-wide association study identifies novel risk loci for type 2 diabetes. Nature, 445(7130), 881-885.
Shu, X. O., Long, J., Cai, Q., Qi, L., Xiang, Y. B., Cho, Y. S., & Go, M. J. (2010). Identification of new genetic risk variants for type 2 diabetes. PLoS Genetics, 6(9), e1001127.
Sandhu, M. S., Weedon, M. N., Fawcett, K. A., Wasson, J., Debenham, S. L., Daly, A., & Blech, I. (2007). Common variants in WFS1 confer risk of type 2 diabetes. Nature Genetics, 39(8), 951-953.
Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E. F., and Maniatis, T. (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring, NY
Sim, X., Ong, R. T. H., Suo, C., Tay, W. T., Liu, J., Ng, D. P. K., & Teo, Y. Y. (2011). Transferability of type 2 diabetes implicated loci in multi-ethnic cohorts from Southeast Asia. PLoS Genetics, 7(4), e1001363.
Steinthorsdottir, V., Thorleifsson, G., Reynisdottir, I., Benediktsson, R., Jonsdottir, T., Walters, G. B., & Baker, A. (2007). A variant in CDKAL1 influences insulin response and risk of type 2 diabetes. Nature Genetics, 39(6), 770-775.
Talaei, A., Mohamadi, M., & Adgi, Z. (2013). The effect of vitamin D on insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetology and Metabolic Syndrome, 5(1), 8.
Tallapragada, D. S. P., Bhaskar, S., & CHANDAK, G. R. (2015). New insights from monogenic diabetes for “common” type 2 diabetes. Frontiers in Genetics, 6, 251.
Tariq, Rehan, Khalid Idrees Khan, Rizwan Ali Masood, and Zafeer Naeem Wain. 2016. Natural Remedies for Diabetes Mellitus. International Current Pharmaceutical Journal Review 5(11): 97–102.
Tolman, K. G., Fonseca, V., Dalpiaz, A., & Tan, M. H. (2007). Spectrum of liver disease in type 2 diabetes and management of patients with diabetes and liver disease. Diabetes Care, 30(3), 734-743.
Tsao, C. H., Shiau, M. Y., Chuang, P. H., Chang, Y. H., & Hwang, J. (2014). Interleukin-4 regulates lipid metabolism by inhibiting adipogenesis and promoting lipolysis. Journal of Lipid Research, 55(3), 385-397.
Turner, M. D., Nedjai, B., Hurst, T., & Pennington, D. J. (2014). Cytokines and chemokines: at the crossroads of cell signalling and inflammatory disease. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular Cell Research, 1843(11), 2563-2582.
Testa, R., Olivieri, F., Bonfigli, A. R., Sirolla, C., Boemi, M., Marchegiani, F., & Paolisso, G. (2006). Interleukin-6–174 G> C polymorphism affects the association between IL-6 plasma levels and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 71(3), 299-305.
Tsai, F. J., Yang, C. F., Chen, C. C., Chuang, L. M., Lu, C. H., Chang, C. T., & Chang, C. C. (2010). A genome-wide association study identifies susceptibility variants for type 2 diabetes in Han Chinese. PLoS Genet, 6(2), e1000847.
Thorleifsson, G., Walters, G. B., Gudbjartsson, D. F., Steinthorsdottir, V., Sulem, P., Helgadottir, A., & Jonsdottir, T. (2009). Genome-wide association yields new sequence variants at seven loci that associate with measures of obesity. Nature genetics, 41(1), 18-24.
Tabassum, R., Chauhan, G., Dwivedi, O. P., Mahajan, A., Jaiswal, A., Kaur, I., & Chidambaram, M. (2013). Genome-wide association study for type 2 diabetes in Indians identifies a new susceptibility locus at 2q21. Diabetes, 62(3), 977-986.
Underwood, P. C., Chamarthi, B., Williams, J. S., Sun, B., Vaidya, A., Raby, B. A., & Williams, G. H. (2012). Replication and meta-analysis of the gene-environment interaction between body mass index and the interleukin-6 promoter polymorphism with higher insulin resistance. Metabolism, 61(5), 667-671.
Unnikrishnan, R., Pradeepa, R., Joshi, S. R., & Mohan, V. (2017). Type 2 diabetes: demystifying the global epidemic. Diabetes, 66(6), 1432-1442.
Vana, D. R., Adapa, D., Prasad, V. S. S., Choudhury, A., & Ahuja, G. (2019). Diabetes mellitus types: key genetic determinants and risk assessment. Genetics and Molecular Research, 18(2).
Vornanen, M., Konttinen, H., Kääriäinen, H., Männistö, S., Salomaa, V., Perola, M., & Haukkala, A. (2016). Family history and perceived risk of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and depression. Preventive Medicine, 90, 177-183.
Votsi, C., Toufexis, C., Michailidou, K., Antoniades, A., Skordis, N., Karaolis, M., & Christodoulou, K. (2017). Type 2 diabetes susceptibility in the Greek-Cypriot population: replication of associations with TCF7L2, FTO, HHEX, SLC30A8 and IGF2BP2 polymorphisms. Genes, 8(1), 16.
Vozarova, B., Fernández-Real, J. M., Knowler, W. C., Gallart, L., Hanson, R. L., Gruber, J. D., & Wolford, J. K. (2003). The interleukin-6 (− 174) G/C promoter polymorphism is associated with type-2 diabetes mellitus in Native Americans and Caucasians. Human Genetics, 112(4), 409-413.
Vozarova, B., Weyer, C., Hanson, K., Tataranni, P. A., Bogardus, C., & Pratley, R. E. (2001). Circulating interleukin-6 in relation to adiposity, insulin action, and insulin secretion. Obesity Research, 9(7), 414-417.
Vidhate, D. A., Thomas, J., & Gupte, A. M. (2013). Association of IL-6 with diabetes mellitus in Indian population from Navi Mumbai. International Journal of Recent Trends in Science and Technology, 8(2), 100-102.
Vieira Ribeiro, F., de Mendonça, A. C., Santos, V. R., Bastos, M. F., Figueiredo, L. C., & Duarte, P. M. (2011). Cytokines and bone-related factors in systemically healthy patients with chronic periodontitis and patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic periodontitis. Journal of Periodontology, 82(8), 1187-1196.
Voight, B. F., Scott, L. J., Steinthorsdottir, V., Morris, A. P., Dina, C., Welch, R. P., & McCulloch, L. J. (2010). Twelve type 2 diabetes susceptibility loci identified through large-scale association analysis. Nature Genetics, 42(7), 579.
Weisberg, S. P., McCann, D., Desai, M., Rosenbaum, M., Leibel, R. L., & Ferrante, A. W. (2003). Obesity is associated with macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 112(12), 1796-1808.
Wang, G., Zhang, Q., Xu, N., Xu, K., Wang, J., He, W., & Yang, T. (2014). Associations between two polymorphisms (FokI and BsmI) of vitamin D receptor gene and type 1 diabetes mellitus in Asian population: a meta-analysis. PLoS One, 9(3), e89325.
Wedrychowicz, A., Dziatkowiak, H., & Sztefko, K. (2004). Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IGF-IGFBP system in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology and Diabetes, 112(08), 435- 439.
Wei, H., Feng, G., Pei, W., Gang, W., & Yuelin, Z. (2017). Association between interleukin-4 genetic polymorphisms and the risk of cerebral infarction in a population of China. Biomedical Research, 28(21), 9198-9203.
Wu, Y. L., Ding, Y. P., Gao, J., Tanaka, Y., & Zhang, W. (2013). Risk factors and primary prevention trials for type 1 diabetes. International Journal of Biological Sciences, 9(7), 666.
Wu, Y., Ding, Y., Tanaka, Y., & Zhang, W. (2014). Risk factors contributing to type 2 diabetes and recent advances in the treatment and prevention. International Journal of Medical Sciences, 11(11), 1185.
Wu, D. Y., Ugozzoli, L., Pal, B. K., & Wallace, R. B. (1989). Allele-specific enzymatic amplification of beta-globin genomic DNA for diagnosis of sickle cell anemia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 86(8), 2757-2760.
Wu, Y., Jing, R., Dong, Y., Kuang, Q., Li, Y., Huang, Z., & Li, M. (2017). Functional annotation of sixty-five type-2 diabetes risk SNPs and its application in risk prediction. Scientific Reports, 7, 43709.
Weedon, M. N., Schwarz, P. E., Horikawa, Y., Iwasaki, N., Illig, T., Holle, R., & Evans, J. (2003). Meta-analysis and a large association study confirm a role for calpain- 10 variation in type 2 diabetes susceptibility. The American Journal of Human Genetics, 73(5), 1208-1212.
Xia, C., Rao, X., & Zhong, J. (2017). Role of T lymphocytes in type 2 diabetes and diabetes-associated inflammation. Journal of diabetes research, 2017.
Xiao, L. M., Yan, Y. X., Xie, C. J., Fan, W. H., Xuan, D. Y., Wang, C. X., & Zhang, J. C. (2009). Association among interleukin-6 gene polymorphism, diabetes and periodontitis in a Chinese population. Oral Diseases, 15(8), 547-553.
Yang, Q. H., Zhang, Y., Zhang, X. M., & Li, X. R. (2019). Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy, proliferative diabetic retinopathy and non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy in Asian T2DM patients: a systematic review and Metaanalysis. International Journal of Ophthalmology, 12(2), 302.
Yao, L., Tak, Y. G., Berman, B. P., & Farnham, P. J. (2014). Functional annotation of colon cancer risk SNPs. Nature Communications, 5, 5114.
Yamauchi, T., Hara, K., Maeda, S., Yasuda, K., Takahashi, A., Horikoshi, M., & Ng, D. P. (2010). A genome-wide association study in the Japanese population identifies susceptibility loci for type 2 diabetes at UBE2E2 and C2CD4AC2CD4B. Nature Genetics, 42(10), 864-868.
Zaccardi, F., O'Donovan, G., Webb, D. R., Yates, T., Kurl, S., Khunti, K., & Laukkanen, J. A. (2015). Cardiorespiratory fitness and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: A 23-year cohort study and a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Atherosclerosis, 243(1), 131-137.
Zaharieva, E., Kamenov, Z., Velikova, T., Tsakova, A., El-Darawish, Y., & Okamura, H. (2018). Interleukin-18 serum level is elevated in type 2 diabetes and latent autoimmune diabetes. Endocrine Connections, 7(1), 179-185.
Zamorano, J., Rivas, M. D., & Perez, G. M. (2003). Interleukin-4: A multifunctional cytokine. Inmunologia, 22, 215-24.
Zhang, C., Bao, W., Rong, Y., Yang, H., Bowers, K., Yeung, E., & Kiely, M. (2013). Genetic variants and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Human Reproduction Update, 19(4), 376-390.
Zhang, X., Ma, L., Peng, F., Wu, Y., Chen, Y., Yu, L., & Zhang, C. (2011). The endothelial dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with IL-6 gene promoter polymorphism in Chinese population. Endocrine, 40(1), 124.
|
This material may be protected under Copyright Act which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. |