(2017). Abuse, Trauma, and Mental Health, Retrieved from www.scopus.com

Abela, J. R. Z., & Taylor, G. (2003). Specific vulnerability to depressive mood reactions in schoolchildren: The moderating role of self-esteem. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 32(3), 408-418. doi:10.1207/S15374424JCCP3203_09

Afifi, T. O., Ford, D., Gershoff, E. T., Merrick, M., Grogan-Kaylor, A., Ports, K. A., . . . Peters Bennett, R. (2017). Spanking and adult mental health impairment: The case for the designation of spanking as an adverse childhood experience. Child Abuse and Neglect, 71, 24-31. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.01.014

Baker, A. J. L. (2009). Adult recall of childhood psychological maltreatment: Definitional strategies and challenges. Children and Youth Services Review, 31(7), 703-714. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2009.03.001

Bale, T. L., & Epperson, C. N. (2015). Sex differences and stress across the lifespan. Nature Neuroscience, 18(10), 1413-1420. doi:10.1038/nn.4112

Banyard, V. L., Williams, L. M., & Siegel, J. A. (2001). The long-term mental health consequences of child sexual abuse: An exploratory study of the impact of multiple traumas in a sample of women. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 14(4), 697-715. doi:10.1023/A:1013085904337

Beck, A. T. (2008). The evolution of the cognitive model of depression and its neurobiological correlates. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165(8), 969-977. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08050721

Bender, H. L., Allen, J. P., McElhaney, K. B., Antonishak, J., Moore, C. M., Kelly, H. O., & Davis, S. M. (2007). Use of harsh physical discipline and developmental outcomes in adolescence. Development and Psychopathology, 19(1), 227-242. doi:10.1017/S0954579407070125

Bradley, R. G., Binder, E. B., Epstein, M. P., Tang, Y., Nair, H. P., Liu, W., . . . Ressler, K. J. (2008). Influence of child abuse on adult depression: Moderation by the corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor gene. Archives of General Psychiatry, 65(2), 190-200. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2007.26

Burns, E. E., Jackson, J. L., & Harding, H. G. (2010). Child maltreatment, emotion regulation, and posttraumatic stress: The impact of emotional abuse. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment and Trauma, 19(8), 801-819. doi:10.1080/10926771.2010.522947

Carlin, A. S., Kemper, K., Ward, N. G., Sowell, H., Gustafson, B., & Stevens, N. (1994). The effect of differences in objective and subjective definitions of childhood physical abuse on estimates of its incidence and relationship to psychop. Child Abuse and Neglect, 18(5), 393-399. doi:10.1016/0145-2134(94)90024-8

Christ, C., De Waal, M. M., Dekker, J. J. M., van Kuijk, I., Van Schaik, D. J. F., Kikkert, M. J., . . . Messman-Moore, T. L. (2019). Linking childhood emotional abuse and depressive symptoms: The role of emotion dysregulation and interpersonal problems. PLoS ONE, 14(2) doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0211882

Durrant, J., & Ensom, R. (2012). Physical punishment of children: Lessons from 20 years of research. CMAJ.Canadian Medical Association Journal, 184(12), 1373-1377. doi:10.1503/cmaj.101314

Finkelhor, D., Ormrod, R. K., & Turner, H. A. (2007). Polyvictimization and trauma in a national longitudinal cohort. Development and Psychopathology, 19(1), 149-166. doi:10.1017/S0954579407070083

Finkelhor, D., Turner, H., Wormuth, B. K., Vanderminden, J., & Hamby, S. (2019). Corporal punishment: Current rates from a national survey. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28(7), 1991-1997. doi:10.1007/s10826-019-01426-4

Fullerton, G. (2011). Creating advocates: The roles of satisfaction, trust and commitment. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 18(1), 92-100. doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2010.10.003

Gallo, A., Wertz, C., & Blavier, A. (2016). When the child reveals a sexual abuse: The real-life experience of the couple, its functions and the consequences. [Quand l'enfant révèle un abus sexuel : le vécu du couple, ses fonctions et conséquences] Neuropsychiatrie De l'Enfance Et De l'Adolescence, 64(8), 498-507. doi:10.1016/j.neurenf.2016.08.001

Gershoff, E. T. (2017). School corporal punishment in global perspective: Prevalence, outcomes, and efforts at intervention. Psychology, Health and Medicine, 22, 224-239. doi:10.1080/13548506.2016.1271955

Gibb, B. E., Wheeler, R., Alloy, L. B., & Abramson, L. Y. (2001). Emotional, physical, and sexual maltreatment in childhood versus adolescence and personality dysfunction in young adulthood. Journal of Personality Disorders, 15(6), 505-511. doi:10.1521/pedi.15.6.505.19194

Gilboa, E., Roberts, J. E., & Gotlib, I. H. (1997). The effects of induced and naturally occurring dysphoric mood on biases in self-evaluation and memory. Cognition and Emotion, 11(1), 65-82. doi:10.1080/026999397380032

Gunnar, M. R., Fisher, P. A., Dozier, M., Fox, N., Levine, S., Neal, C., . . . Vazquez, D. (2006). Bringing basic research on early experience and stress neurobiology to bear on preventive interventions for neglected and maltreated children. Development and Psychopathology, 18(3), 651-677. doi:10.1017/S0954579406060330

Hailes, H. P., Yu, R., Danese, A., & Fazel, S. (2019). Long-term outcomes of childhood sexual abuse: An umbrella review. The Lancet Psychiatry, 6(10), 830-839. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30286-X

Hayes, L. (2018). Understanding Child Abuse, Retrieved from www.scopus.com

Heim, C., Newport, D. J., Heit, S., Graham, Y. P., Wilcox, M., Bonsall, R., . . . Nemeroff, C. B. (2000). Pituitary-adrenal and automatic responses to stress in women after sexual and physical abuse in childhood. JAMA, 284(5), 592-597. doi:10.1001/jama.284.5.592

Hill, J. (2009). Developmental perspectives on adult depression. Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy, 23(3), 200-212. doi:10.1080/02668730903227263

Hill, J., Davis, R., Byatt, M., Burnside, E., Rollinson, L., & Fear, S. (2000). Childhood sexual abuse and affective symptoms in women: A general population study. Psychological Medicine, 30(6), 1283-1291. doi:10.1017/S0033291799003037

Hopfinger, L., Berking, M., Bockting, C. L. H., & Ebert, D. D. (2016). Emotion regulation mediates the effect of childhood trauma on depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 198, 189-197. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.03.050

Hughes, K., Bellis, M. A., Hardcastle, K. A., Sethi, D., Butchart, A., Mikton, C., . . . Dunne, M. P. (2017). The effect of multiple adverse childhood experiences on health: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Public Health, 2(8), e356-e366. doi:10.1016/S2468-2667(17)30118-4

Infurna, M. R., Reichl, C., Parzer, P., Schimmenti, A., Bifulco, A., & Kaess, M. (2016). Associations between depression and specific childhood experiences of abuse and neglect: A meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 190, 47-55. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.09.006

Irish, L., Kobayashi, I., & Delahanty, D. L. (2010). Long-term physical health consequences of childhood sexual abuse: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 35(5), 450-461. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsp118

Jaffee, S. R., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., Polp-Tomas, M., Price, T. S., & Taylor, A. (2004). The limits of child effects: Evidence for genetically mediated child effects on corporal punishment but not on physical maltreatment. Developmental Psychology, 40(6), 1047-1058. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.40.6.1047

Jakubowski, K. P., Cundiff, J. M., & Matthews, K. A. (2018). Cumulative childhood adversity and adult cardiometabolic disease: A meta-analysis. Health Psychology, 37(8), 701-715. doi:10.1037/hea0000637

Johnstone, J. M., Luty, S. E., Carter, J. D., Mulder, R. T., Frampton, C. M. A., & Joyce, P. R. (2009). Childhood neglect and abuse as predictors of antidepressant response in adult depression. Depression and Anxiety, 26(8), 711-717. doi:10.1002/da.20590

Jumper, S. A. (1995). A meta-analysis of the relationship of child sexual abuse to adult psychological adjustment. Child Abuse and Neglect, 19(6), 715-728. doi:10.1016/0145-2134(95)00029-8

Kendler, K. S., & Aggen, S. H. (2014). Clarifying the causal relationship in women between childhood sexual abuse and lifetime major depression. Psychological Medicine, 44(6), 1213-1221. doi:10.1017/S0033291713001797

Kirchberger, I., Maleckar, B., Meisinger, C., Linseisen, J., Schmauss, M., & Baumgärtner, J. (2019). Long-term outcomes in patients with severe depression after in-hospital treatment - study protocol of the depression long-term augsburg (DELTA) study. BMJ Open, 9(12) doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032507

Klein, D. N., Glenn, C. R., Kosty, D. B., Seeley, J. R., Rohde, P., & Lewinsohn, P. M. (2013). Predictors of first lifetime onset of major depressive disorder in young adulthood. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122(1), 1-6. doi:10.1037/a0029567

Knox, M. (2010). On hitting children: A review of corporal punishment in the united states. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 24(2), 103-107. doi:10.1016/j.pedhc.2009.03.001

Korkeila, J., Vahtera, J., Nabi, H., Kivimäki, M., Korkeila, K., Sumanen, M., . . . Koskenvuo, M. (2010). Childhood adversities, adulthood life events and depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 127(1-3), 130-138. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.04.031

Krug, E. G., Dahlberg, L. L., Mercy, J. A., Zwi, A. B., & Lozano, R. (2002). World Report on Violence and Health, Retrieved from www.scopus.com

Leary, C. E., Kelley, M. L., Morrow, J., & Mikulka, P. J. (2008). Parental use of physical punishment as related to family environment, psychological well-being, and personality in undergraduates. Journal of Family Violence, 23(1), 1-7. doi:10.1007/s10896-007-9124-9

Leeb, R. T., Lewis, T., & Zolotor, A. J. (2011). A review of physical and mental health consequences of child abuse and neglect and implications for practice. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 5(5), 454-468. doi:10.1177/1559827611410266

Lewinsohn, P. M., & Rosenbaum, M. (1987). Recall of parental behavior by acute depressives, remitted depressives, and nondepressives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(3), 611-619. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.52.3.611

Lewis, P. A., & Critchley, H. D. (2003). Mood-dependent memory. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7(10), 431-433. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2003.08.005

Lopizzo, N., Chiavetto, L. B., Cattane, N., Plazzotta, G., Tarazi, F. I., Pariante, C. M., . . . Cattaneo, A. (2015). Gene-environment interaction in major depression: Focus on experience-dependent biological systems. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 6(MAY) doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00068

Lu, W., Mueser, K. T., Rosenberg, S. D., & Jankowski, M. K. (2008). Correlates of adverse childhood experiences among adults with severe mood disorders. Psychiatric Services, 59(9), 1018-1026. doi:10.1176/ps.2008.59.9.1018

Maestripieri, D., & Carroll, K. A. (1998). Child abuse and neglect: Usefulness of the animal data. Psychological Bulletin, 123(3), 211-223. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.123.3.211

Maniglio, R. (2010). Child sexual abuse in the etiology of depression: A systematic review of reviews. Depression and Anxiety, 27(7), 631-642. doi:10.1002/da.20687

Maniglio, R. (2009). The impact of child sexual abuse on health: A systematic review of reviews. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(7), 647-657. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.08.003

Martins, C. M. S., Von Werne Baes, C., De Carvalho Tofoli, S. M., & Juruena, M. F. (2014). Emotional abuse in childhood is a differential factor for the development of depression in adults. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 202(11), 774-782. doi:10.1097/NMD.0000000000000202

Mathews, B., Pacella, R., Dunne, M. P., Simunovic, M., & Marston, C. (2020). Improving measurement of child abuse and neglect: A systematic review and analysis of national prevalence studies. PLoS ONE, 15(1) doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0227884

Mcfarlane, A., Clark, C. R., Bryant, R. A., Williams, L. M., Niaura, R., Paul, R. H., . . . Gordon, E. (2005). The impact of early life stress on psychophysiological, personality and behavioral measures in 740 non-clinical subjects. Journal of Integrative Neuroscience, 4(1), 27-40. doi:10.1142/S0219635205000689

Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Taylor, A., Kokaua, J., Milne, B. J., Polanczyk, G., & Poulton, R. (2010). How common are common mental disorders? evidence that lifetime prevalence rates are doubled by prospective versus retrospective ascertainment. Psychological Medicine, 40(6), 899-909. doi:10.1017/S0033291709991036

Muscatell, K. A., Slavich, G. M., Monroe, S. M., & Gotlib, I. H. (2009). Stressful life events, chronic difficulties, and the symptoms of clinical depression. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 197(3), 154-160. doi:10.1097/NMD.0b013e318199f77b

Nanni, V., Uher, R., & Danese, A. (2012). Childhood maltreatment predicts unfavorable course of illness and treatment outcome in depression: A meta-analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 169(2), 141-151. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11020335

Naughton, A. M., Maguire, S. A., Mann, M. K., Lumb, R. C., Tempest, V., Gracias, S., & Kemp, A. M. (2013). Emotional, behavioral, and developmental features indicative of neglect or emotional abuse in preschool children a systematic review. JAMA Pediatrics, 167(8), 769-775. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.192

Opris, Loan, Casanova, & Manuel, F. (2017). The Physics of the Mind and Brain Disorders: Integrated Neural Circuits Supporting the Emergence of Mind, 11 Retrieved from www.scopus.com

Penza, K. M., Heim, C., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2003). Neurobiological effects of childhood abuse: Implications for the pathophysiology of depression and anxiety. Archives of Women's Mental Health, 6(1), 15-22. doi:10.1007/s00737-002-0159-x

Petersen, A. C., Joseph, J., & Feit, M. (2014). New directions in child abuse and neglect research. consequences of child abuse and neglect. committee on child maltreatment research, policy, and practice for the next decade: Phase II; board on children, youth, and families; committee on law and justice; institute of medicine; national research council. Consequences of Child Abuse and Neglect Committee on Child Maltreatment Research, Policy, and Practice for the Next Decade: Phase II; Board on Children, Youth, and Families; Committee on Law and Justice, Retrieved from www.scopus.com

Philpot, T. (2009). Understanding Child Abuse: The Partners of Child Sex Offenders Tell their Stories, Retrieved from www.scopus.com

Powers, A., Ressler, K. J., & Bradley, R. G. (2009). The protective role of friendship on the effects of childhood abuse and depression. Depression and Anxiety, 26(1), 46-53. doi:10.1002/da.20534

Radell, M. L., Hamza, E. A., & Moustafa, A. A. (2020). Depression in post-traumatic stress disorder. Reviews in the Neurosciences, 31(7), 703-722. doi:10.1515/revneuro-2020-0006

Read, J., Fosse, R., Moskowitz, A., & Perry, B. (2014). The traumagenic neurodevelopmental model of psychosis revisited. Neuropsychiatry, 4(1), 65-79. doi:10.2217/npy.13.89

Rich, D. J., Gingerich, K. J., & Rosen, L. A. (1997). Childhood emotional abuse and associated psychopathology in college students. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 11(3), 13-28. doi:10.1300/J035v11n03_04

Sachs-Ericsson, N., Cromer, K., Hernandez, A., & Kendall-Tackett, K. (2009). A review of childhood abuse, health, and pain-related problems: The role of psychiatric disorders and current life stress. Journal of Trauma and Dissociation, 10(2), 170-188. doi:10.1080/15299730802624585

Schulz, P., Beblo, T., Ribbert, H., Kater, L., Spannhorst, S., Driessen, M., & Hennig-Fast, K. (2017). How is childhood emotional abuse related to major depression in adulthood? the role of personality and emotion acceptance. Child Abuse and Neglect, 72, 98-109. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.07.022

Shapero, B. G., Black, S. K., Liu, R. T., Klugman, J., Bender, R. E., Abramson, L. Y., & Alloy, L. B. (2014). Stressful life events and depression symptoms: The effect of childhood emotional abuse on stress reactivity. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 70(3), 209-223. doi:10.1002/jclp.22011

Shelton, J. (0000). Depression Definition and DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria, Retrieved from www.scopus.com

Shokair, Z., & Abo Hamza, E. (2020). Family violence and its impact on children's mental health during COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Instructional Technology and Educational Studies (IJITES), 1(3), 2682-3926. Retrieved from www.scopus.com

Shonkoff, J. P., Garner, A. S., Siegel, B. S., Dobbins, M. I., Earls, M. F., McGuinn, L., . . . Wegner, L. M. (2012). The lifelong effects of early childhood adversity and toxic stress. Pediatrics, 129(1), e232-e246. doi:10.1542/peds.2011-2663

Shumba, A. (2001). Epidemiology and etiology of reported cases of child physical abuse in zimbabwean primary schools. Child Abuse and Neglect, 25(2), 265-277. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134(00)00244-1

Soriano, K. (2020). Depression Central: Tell Me all i Need to Know about Depression, Retrieved from www.scopus.com

Spertus, I. L., Yehuda, R., Wong, C. M., Halligan, S., & Seremetis, S. V. (2003). Childhood emotional abuse and neglect as predictors of psychological and physical symptoms in women presenting to a primary care practice. Child Abuse and Neglect, 27(11), 1247-1258. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2003.05.001

Stoltenborgh, M., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Alink, L. R. A. (2013). Cultural-geographical differences in the occurrence of child physical abuse? A meta-analysis of global prevalence. International Journal of Psychology, 48(2), 81-94. doi:10.1080/00207594.2012.697165

Taillieu, T. L., & Brownridge, D. A. (2013). Aggressive parental discipline experienced in childhood and internalizing problems in early adulthood. Journal of Family Violence, 28(5), 445-458. doi:10.1007/s10896-013-9513-1

Teicher, M. H., Tomoda, A., & Andersen, S. E. (2006). Neurobiological consequences of early stress and childhood maltreatment: Are results from human and animal studies comparable? doi:10.1196/annals.1364.024 Retrieved from www.scopus.com

Turner, H. A., & Muller, P. A. (2004). Long-term effects of child corporal punishment on depressive symptoms in young adults: Potential moderators and mediators. Journal of Family Issues, 25(6), 761-782. doi:10.1177/0192513X03258313

Widom, C. S., Czaja, S. J., Kozakowski, S. S., & Chauhan, P. (2018). Does adult attachment style mediate the relationship between childhood maltreatment and mental and physical health outcomes? Child Abuse and Neglect, 76, 533-545. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.05.002

Xiang, Y., Wang, W., & Guan, F. (2018). The relationship between child maltreatment and dispositional envy and the mediating effect of self-esteem and social support in young adults. Frontiers in Psychology, 9(JUL) doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01054

Zetsche, U., Bürkner, P. -., & Renneberg, B. (2019). Future expectations in clinical depression: Biased or realistic? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, doi:10.1037/abn0000452