UPSI Digital Repository (UDRep)
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Abstract : Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris |
Environmental disturbances caused by tourism are commonly ignored in the
measurement of financial performance. The focus of the study was to account for human activities
that have exceeded the environment’s ecological limits following Meadow’s limits to growth and
Pigou’s negative externalities theories within the context of tourism. Hence, the purpose of this
study was to develop environment-economic measurements to estimate net revenues for tourism
island destination. These measurements included estimating tourism revenue, quantifying and
monetising environmental degradations and measuring Environmentally Sustainable Tourism Revenue
(ESTR) for Perhentian Island. The study used a survey design where 923 Perhentian Island’s visitors
spending served as proxies to tourism revenue estimates. The spending data were analysed using
two-steps Chi-Square Automatic Interaction Detection (CHAID) technique. Meanwhile, the costs of the
environment based on loss of income were measured using ecological footprint, tourism carrying
capacity, and economic valuation method through secondary resources. The findings indicated that
other than country of origin, spending on accommodations and food and beverages, were mainly
influenced by the number of dependents; transportation and recreation were influenced by the length
of stay; and retail was influenced by the seasonal period. Estimation for cost of the environment
were found to be MYR 5,446,563.00 for environmental resources overshoot, MYR 506,576.00 for
environmental services overcapacity and, between MYR 1,612,160.94 and MYR 3,626,722 for
environmental asset overuse. Overall degradation was recorded at MYR 9,579,861.00 (upper limit)
with ESTR of MYR 124,724,324.00. The data showed that Perhentian Islands tourism externalities may
have exceeded 5.5% to 7.1% of its environmental limit. In conclusion, the environment-economic
measurements in this study indicated that the tourism activities currently conducted on the islands
were inclining towards unsustainability. In implication, environment-economic measurements model
developed in this study could be applied in the tourism industry in order to measure the
sustainability of island
tourism.
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