UPSI Digital Repository (UDRep)
Start | FAQ | About

QR Code Link :

Type :thesis
Subject :QK Botany
Main Author :Mastura Ibrahim
Title :Phytochemicals and biological activities of Aquilaria subintegra Ding Hou
Place of Production :Tanjong Malim
Publisher :Fakulti Sains dan Matematik
Year of Publication :2020
Notes :with cd
Corporate Name :Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
PDF Guest :Click to view PDF file
PDF Full Text :Login required to access this item.

Abstract : Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
This study aims to investigate the phytochemicals and biological activities from the bark and leaf of Aquilaria subintegra Ding Hou. The samples were air-dried, ground, and gradient  extracted by cold extraction using n-hexane, dichloromethane, and methanol successively.  The  bark   and  leaf  crude  extracts  were  purified  via chromatographic techniques to produce pure  compounds. The chemical structure of compounds were determined using spectroscopic methods such as  nuclear magnetic resonance, ultraviolet, infrared, mass spectrometry and comparison from the  literature review. The crude extracts and isolated compounds were tested for their anti-lipase,  antioxidant and anticancer activities through colorimetric test, DPPH free radical scavenging and  cytotoxicity assay, respectively. This study has successfully afforded 22 compounds, including  three new compounds, namely aquilene A, aquilene B, and subintegranol.  Other compounds were  5-hydroxy-7,4ʹ-dimethoxyflavone, luteolin- 7,3ʹ,4ʹ-trimethyl ether,  5,3ʹ-dihydroxy-7,4ʹ-dimethoxyflavone, 7,3ʹ-dimethoxyluteolin, 5,7-dihydroxy-4ʹ-methoxyflavone,  β-sitosterol, β-sitostenone, stigmasterol, friedelin, epifriedelanol, phytol, and hentriacontane.  Anti-lipase activity of n-hexane extracts of leaf and methanol extracts of bark showed the highest  inhibition, 46% and 52% compared with the control, respectively. Meanwhile, through computational  study of 5-hydroxy-7,4ʹ-dimethoxyflavone exhibited the highest inhibition and predicted as a  competitive lipase inhibitor. Besides, the leaf of methanolic extract showed the strongest DPPH  radical scavenger with IC50 value of 29.56 ± 6.37 µg/mL. However, the tested isolated compounds  showed less ability in antioxidant activity. In cytotoxic activity, the leaf and bark of methanolic  extracts exhibited highest anticancer activity with IC50 values of 24.30 ± 0.07 and 17.46 ± 0.08  µg/mL, respectively. Besides, 5- hydroxy-7,4ʹ-dimethoxyflavone showed the highest cytotoxicity  activity with IC50 value of 38.48 ± 0.06 µg/mL. In conclusion, this study  successfully revealed  the presence of various phytochemicals in A. subintegra and their potential as anti-lipase,  antioxidant and anticancer agents. In implication, this study enhances knowledge on the diversity of chemical compounds and their potential in modern medicine.  

References

Ahmaed, D. T., & Kulkarni, A. D. (2017). Sesquiterpenes and chromones of agarwood:

A review. Malaysian Journal of Chemistry, 19(1), 33–58.

 

Ahmed, B., Ashfaq, U. A., & Mirza, M. U. (2018). Medicinal plant phytochemicals and their 

inhibitory activities against pancreatic lipase: molecular docking combined with molecular dynamics 

simulation approach. Natural Product Research, 32(10), 1123–1129.

 

Aimi Zafirah Adam, Lee, S.Y., & Rozi Mohamed. (2017). Pharmacological properties of agarwood tea 

derived from Aquilaria (Thymelaeaceae) leaves: An emerging contemporary herbal drink. Journal of 

Herbal Medicine, 10, 37–44.

 

Alam, J., Mujahid, M., Badruddeen, Jahan, Y., Bagga, P., & Rahman, M. A. (2017). Hepatoprotective 

potential of ethanolic extract of Aquilaria agallocha leaves against paracetamol induced 

hepatotoxicity in SD rats. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, 7, 9–13.

 

Alfinda Novi Kristanti, Mulyadi Tanjung, & Nanik Siti Aminah (2018). Review: secondary metabolites 

of Aquilaria, a Thymelaeaceae genus. Mini-Review in Organic Chemistry, 15, 36–55.

 

Alfinda Novi Kristanti, Mulyadi Tanjung, Okky P. Rahayu, & Erika Herdiana (2017). Phenolic 

compounds from Aquilaria microcarpa stem bark. Journal of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 

52(6), 1111–1115.

 

Alsabil, K., Viault, G., Suor-Cherer, S., Helesbeux, J. J., Merza, J., Dumontet, V., et al (2017). 

Efficient ortho-formylation in vitamin E series, application to the semi- synthesis of natural 5- 

and 7-formyl-δ-tocotrienols revealing an unprecedented 5- bromo-7-formyl exchange. Tetrahedron, 73, 

6863–6870.

 

Ameer, K., Shahbaz, H. M., & Kwon, J. H. (2017). Green extraction methods for polyphenols from 

plant matrices and their byproducts: A review. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food 

Safety, 16, 295–315.

 

Andersen-ranberg, J., Kongstad, K. T., Nielsen, M. T., Jensen, N. B., Pateraki, I., Bach, S., et al 

(2016). Expanding the landscape of diterpene structural diversity through stereochemically 

controlled combinatorial biosynthesis. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 55, 2142–2146.

 

Anulika, N. P., Ignatius, E. O., Raymond, E. S., Osasere, O., & Abiola, A. H. (2016).

The chemistry of natural product : Plant secondary metabolites. International

 

Journal of Technology Enhancements and Emerging Engineering Research, 4(8), 1–8.

 

Babu, P. V. A., Liu, D., & Gilbert, E. R. (2013). Recent advances in understanding the 

anti-diabetic actions of dietary flavonoids. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 24(11), 1–28.

 

Bahrani, H., Mohamad, J., Paydar, M. & Rothan, H. A. (2014). Isolation and characterisation of 

acetylcholinesterase inhibitors from Aquilaria subintegra for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease 

(AD). Current Alzheimer Research, 11(2), 1–9.

 

Bao, L., Jaramillo, M., Zhang, Z., Zheng, Y., Yao, M., Zhang, D., et al (2014). Induction of 

autophagy contributes to cisplatin resistance in human ovarian cancer cells. Molecular Medicine 

Reports, 11(1), 91–98.

 

Barison, A., Da Silva, C. W. P., Campos, F. R., Simonelli, F., Lenz, C. A., & Ferreira,

A. G. (2010). A simple methodology for the determination of fatty acid composition in edible oils 

through ¹H NMR spectroscopy. Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry, 48, 642–650.

 

Birari, R. B., & Bhutani, K. K. (2007). Pancreatic lipase inhibitors from natural sources: 

unexplored potential. Drug Discovery Today, 12(19/20), 879–889.

 

Birringer, M., Siems, K., Maxones, A., Frank, J., & Lorkowski, S. (2018). Natural 6- 

hydroxy-chromanols and -chromenols: structural diversity, biosynthetic pathways and health 

implications. Royal Society of Chemistry Advances, 8, 4803–4841.

 

Bobo-García, G., Davidov-Pardo, G., Arroqui, C., Vírseda, P., Marín-Arroyo, M. R., & Navarro, M. 

(2015). Intra-laboratory validation of microplate methods for total phenolic  content  and  

antioxidant  activity on  polyphenolic  extracts,  and comparison with conventional 

spectrophotometric methods. Journal of the Science Food and Agriculture, 95(1), 204–209.

 

Buchholz, T., & Melzig, M. F. (2015). Polyphenolic compounds as pancreatic lipase inhibitors. 

Planta Medica, 81, 771–783.

 

Butnariu, M. (2014). Detection of the polyphenolic components in Ribes nigrum L.

Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 21(1), 11–14.

 

Cai, Y., Luo, Q., Sun, M., & Corke, H. (2004). Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds of 112 

traditional Chinese medicinal plants associated with anticancer. Life Sciences, 74, 2157–2184.

 

Carothers, S., Nyamwihura, R., Collins, J., Zhang, H., Park, H., Setzer, W. N., et al (2018). 

Bauerenol acetate, the pentacyclic triterpenoid from Tabernaemontana longipes, is an 

antitrypanosomal agent. Molecules, 23, 355–363.

 

Chen, H., Wei, J., Yang, J., Zhang, Z., Yang, Y., Gao, Z., et al (2012). Chemical constituents of 

agarwood originating from the endemic genus Aquilaria plants. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 9, 236–250.

 

Chen, M., Cho, W. K. W., Toyomasu, T., Cane, D. E., & Christianson, D. W. (2017). Structure and 

function of fusicoccadiene synthase, a hexameric bifunctional diterpene synthase. ACS Chemical 

Biology, 11(4), 889–899.

 

Chen, S., Wang, Z., Huang, Y., O’Barr, S. A., Wong, R. A., Yeung, S., & Chow, M. S.

S. (2014). Ginseng and Anticancer Drug Combination to Improve Cancer Chemotherapy:  A  Critical  

Review.  Evidence-Based  Complementary  and Alternative Medicine, 2014, 1–13.

 

Cheng, J. T., Han, Y. Q., He, J., Wu, X. D., Dong, L. B., Peng, L. Y., et al (2013). Two

new tirucallane triterpenoids from the leaves of Aquilaria sinensis. Archives of Pharmacal 

Research, 36, 1084–1089.

 

Chidrawar, V. R., Patel, K. N., Sheth, N. R., Shiromwar, S. S., & Trivedi, P. (2011). Antiobesity 

effect of Stellaria media against drug induced obesity in Swiss albino mice. Pharmacological 

Research, 32(4), 576–584.

 

Cho, K. S., Lim, Y. R., Lee, K., Lee, J., Lee, J. H., & Lee, I. S. (2017). Terpenes from forests 

and human health. Toxicological Research, 33(2), 97–106.

 

Chu, C. W., Li, W. J., Li, H. T., Huang, J. C., Chung, M. I., & Chen, C.Y. (2016).

Flavonoids from the flowers of Aquilaria sinensis. Chemistry of Natural Compounds, 52(3), 497–498.

 

Compton, J., & Ishihara, A. (2004). The use and trade of agarwood in Japan.  A TRAFFIC report to 

the CITES Secretariat, 6.

 

Crane, E. A., & Gademann, K. (2016). Capturing biological activity in natural product fragments by 

chemical synthesis. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 55, 3882–3902.

 

Dahham, S. S., Tabana, Y. M., Iqbal, M. A., Ahamed, M. B. K., Ezzat, M. O., Majid,

A. S. A., et al (2015). The anticancer, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the 

sesquiterpene β-caryophyllene from the essential oil of Aquilaria crassna. Molecules, 20, 

11808–11829.

 

Dat, N. T., Dang, N. H., & Thanh, L. N. (2016). New flavonoid and pentacyclic triterpene from 

Sesamum indicum leaves. Natural Product Research, 30(3), 311– 315.

 

Dhananjayan, K. (2015). Molecular docking study characterization of rare flavonoids at the 

nac-binding site of the first bromodomain of BRD4 ( BRD4 BD1 ). Journal of Cancer Research, 1–15.

 

Djeradi, H., Rahmouni, A. & Cheriti, A. (2014). Antioxidant activity of flavonoids: a QSAR modeling 

using Fukui indices descriptors. Journal of Molecular Modeling, 20, 2476–2485.

 

Dong, C., Dan, B. I., Yue-lin, S., & Peng-fei, T. U. (2012). Flavanoids from the stems of Aquilaria 

sinensis. Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines, 10(4), 287–291.

 

Działo, M., Mierziak, J., Korzun, U., Preisner, M., Szopa, J. & Kulma, A. (2016). The potential of 

plant phenolics in prevention and therapy of skin disorders. International Journal of Molecular 

Sciences, 17, 160–201.

 

Farah Azman H., Lee, S. Y., Gao, Z., Yao, T. L., Maria Madon, & Rozi Mohamed (2018). Genome size, 

molecular phylogeny, and evolutionary history of the tribe Aquilarieae (Thymelaeaceae), the natural 

source of agarwood. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9, 1–12.

 

Faridah-Hanum, I., Mustapa, M. Z., Lepun, P., Marina, T. I. T., Nazre, M., Alan, R. & Mohamed, R. 

(2009). Notes on the distribution and ecology of Aquilaria lam. (Thymelaeaceae ) in Malaysia. The 

Malaysian Forester, 72(2), 247–259.

 

Farzaneh, V., & Carvalho, I. S. (2015). A review of the health benefit potentials of herbal plant 

infusions and their mechanism of actions. Industrial Crops and Products, 65, 247–258.

 

Feng, J., Yang, X. W., & Wang, R .F. (2011). Bio-assay guided isolation and identification of 

α-glucosidase inhibitors from the leaves of Aquilaria sinensis. Phytochemistry, 72, 242–247.

 

Feng, R., Guo Z. K., Yan, C. M., Li, E. G., Tan, R. X., & Ge, H. M. (2012). Anti-

inflammatory flavonoids from Cryptocarya chingii. Phytochemistry, 76, 98–105.

 

Ferreira, L. G., Santos, R. N. d., Oliva, G., & Andricopulo, A. D. (2015). Molecular docking and 

structure-based drug design strategies. Molecules, 20, 13384–13421.

 

Ganesan, D., Al-Sayed, E., Albert, A., Paul, E., Singab, A. N. B., Govindan Sadasivam, S., & Saso, 

L. (2018). Antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds from extracts of Eucalyptus globulus and 

Melaleuca styphelioides and their protective role on D-glucose-induced hyperglycemic stress and 

oxalate stress in NRK-49Fcells. Natural Product Research, 32(11), 1274–1280.

 

Garza, A.L.de la, Milagro, F.I., Boque, N., Campion, J., & Martinez, J.A. (2011). Natural 

inhibitors of pancreatic lipase as new players in obesity treatment. Planta Medica, 77, 773–785.

 

Gentile, D., Fornai, M., Pellegrini, C., Colucci, R., Blandizzi, C., & Antonioli, L. (2018). 

Dietary flavonoids as a potential intervention to improve redox balance in obesity and related 

co-morbidities: a review. Nutrition Research Reviews, 1–9.

 

Gerard, A. P. (2007). Agarwood: the life of a wounded tree. IIAS Newsletter, 45, 24– 25.

 

Graidist, P., Martla, M., & Sukpondma, Y. (2015). Cytotoxic activity of Piper cubeba

extract in breast cancer cell lines. Nutrients, 7, 2707–2718.

 

Greenwell, M. & Rahman, P. K. S. M. (2015). Medicinal plants : Their use in anticancer treatment. 

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Research, 6(10), 4103–4112.

 

Hara, H., Ise, Y., Morimoto, N., Shimazawa, M., Ichihashi, K., Ohyama, M., & Iinuma,

M. (2008). Laxative effect of agarwood leaves and its mechanism. Bioscience, Biotechnology and 

Biochemistry, 72(2), 335–345.

 

Hassan, M. S., Amna, T., Pandeya, D. R., Hamza, A. M., Bing, Y. Y., Kim, H. C., et al (2012). 

Controlled synthesis of Mn2O3 nanowires by hydrothermal method and their bactericidal and cytotoxic 

impact: A promising future material. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 95, 213–222.

 

Herber, B.E. (2002). Pollen morphology of the Thymelaeaceae in relation to its taxonomy. Plant 

Systematics and Evolution, 232, 107–121.

 

Hill, R. A., & Connolly, J. D. (2018). Triterpenoids. Natural Product Reports, 35, 1294–1329.

 

Hirose, M., Ando, T., Shofiqur, R., Umeda, K., Kodama, Y., Nguyen, S. V., et al (2013). 

Anti-obesity activity of hen egg anti-lipase immunoglobulin yolk, a novel pancreatic lipase 

inhibitor. Nutrition & Metabolism, 10, 70–75.

 

Hossain, M. K., Dayem, A. A., Han, J., Yin, Y., Kim, K., Saha, S. K., et al (2016). Molecular 

mechanisms of the anti-obesity and anti-diabetic properties of flavonoids. International Journal of 

Molecular Sciences, 17, 569–601.

 

Huda, A. W. N., Munira, M. A. S., Fitrya, S. D., & Salmah, M. (2009). Antioxidant activity of 

Aquilaria malaccensis (Thymelaeaceae) leaves. Pharmacognosy Research, 1(5), 270–273.

 

Huo, H. X., Zhu, Z. X., Song, Y. L., Shi, S. P., Sun, J., Sun, H., et al (2018). Anti-

inflammatory dimeric 2-(2-Phenylethyl)chromones from the resinous wood of

Aquilaria sinensis. Journal of Natural Products, 81, 543–553.

 

Ibrahim M. S. Eldeen, Abdul Hamid, Wong, K. C., Abdullah, M. A., Tengku S. Tengku-Muhammad, 

Abdillahi, H.S., et al (2016). In vitro repression of cyclooxygenase, acetylcholinesterase 

activities and bacterial growth by trans- phytol and a glycolipid from the leaves of Homalomena 

sagittifolia. Research Journal of Medicinal Plant, 10(5), 320–329.

 

Ito, T., Kakino, M., Tazawa, S., Watarai, T., Oyama, M., Maruyama, H., et al (2012). Quantification 

of polyphenols and pharmacological analysis of water and ethanol-

based extracts of cultivated agarwood leaves. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology, 58, 

136–142.

 

Jok, V. A., Nurhaslina Che Radzi, & Ku Halim Ku Hamid (2015). A Review: Pharmacological properties 

of Aquilaria spp. Advanced Materials Research, 1113, 193–197.

 

Kakino, M., Tazawa, S., Maruyama, H., Tsuruma, K., Araki, Y., Shimazawa, M., et al (2010). Laxative 

effects of agarwood on low-fiber diet-induced constipation in rats. BMC Complementary and 

Alternative Medicine, 10, 68–76.

 

Kamonwannasit, S., Nantapong, N., Kumkrai, P., Luecha, P., & Kupittayanant, S. (2013).  

Antibacterial  activity  of  Aquilaria  crassna  leaf  extract  against staphylococcus epidermidis 

by disruption of cell wall. Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials, 12, 20–26.

 

Kang, Y. F., Chien, S. L., Wu, H. M., Li, W. J., Chen, C. T., Li, H. T., et al (2014).

Secondary metabolites from the leaves of Aquilaria sinensis. Chemistry of Natural Compounds, 50(6), 

1110–1112.

 

Kanti, B. P., & Syed, I. R. (2009). Plant polyphenols as dietary antioxidants in human health and 

disease. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2(5), 270–278.

 

Karan, S. K., Mishra, S. K., Pal, D., & Mondal, A. (2012). Isolation of β -sitosterol and 

evaluation of antidiabetic activity of Aristolochia indica in alloxan-induced diabetic mice with a 

reference to in-vitro antioxidant activity. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 6(7), 1219–1223.

 

Karou, D., Dicko, M. H., Simpore, J., & Traore, A. S. (2005). Antioxidant and antibacterial 

activities of polyphenols from ethnomedicinal plants of Burkina Faso. African Journal of 

Biotechnology, 4(8), 823–828.

 

Karimi, I., Becker, L.A., Chalechale, A. & Ghashghaii, A. (2012). Biochemical plasma profile of 

male rats exposed to smoke of agarwood (Aquilaria spp.). Comparative Clinical Pathology, 21(5), 

1053–1058.

 

Kashiwagi, T., Mikagi, E., Mekuria, D. B., Boru, A. D., Tebayashi, S., & Kim, C. S. (2005). 

Ovipositional deterrent on mature stage of sweet Pepper, Capsicum annuum, against Liriomyza 

trifolii (Burgess). Verlag Der Zeitschrift Für Naturforschung, 60c, 739–742.

 

Katz, L., & Baltz, R. H. (2016). Natural product discovery : past , present , and future.

Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology, 43, 155–176.

 

Kazmi, I., Afzal, M., Rahman, S., Iqbal, M., Imam, F., & Anwar, F. (2013). Antiobesity potential of 

ursolic acid stearoyl glucoside by inhibiting pancreatic lipase. European Journal of Pharmacology, 

709, 28–36.

 

Khalil, A. S., Rahim, A. A., Taha, K. K., & Abdallah, K. B. (2013). Characterization

of methanolic extracts of agarwood leaves. Journal of Applied and Industrial Sciences, 1(3), 78–88.

 

Kiem, P. V., Minh, C. V., Huong, H. T., Nam, N. H., Lee, J. J., & Kim Y. H. (2004).

Pentacyclic triterpenoids from Mallotus apelta. Archives of Pharmacal Research, 27(11), 1109–1113.

 

Köhler, J. & Wünsch, B. (2007). The allosteric modulation of lipases and its possible biological 

relevance. Theoretical Biology and Medical Modelling, 4, 1–16.

 

Koleva, I. I., Van Beek, T. A., Linssen, J. P. H., De Groot, A., & Evstatieva, L. N. (2002). 

Screening of plant extracts for antioxidant activity: a comparative study on three testing methods. 

Phytochemical Analysis, 13, 8–17.

 

Korinek, M., Wagh, V. D., Lo, I. W., Hsu, Y. M., Hsu, H. Y., Hwang, T. L., et al (2016). 

Antiallergic phorbol ester from the seeds of Aquilaria malaccensis. International Journal of 

Molecular Sciences, 17, 398–411.

 

Krieger, E., Koraimann, G., & Vriend, G. (2002). Increasing the precision of comparative models 

with YASARA NOVA - A self-parameterizing force field. Proteins: Structure, Function and Genetics, 

47, 393–402.

 

Kumalo, H. M., Bhakat, S., & Soliman, M. E. S. (2015). Theory and applications of covalent docking 

in drug discovery: merits and pitfalls. Molecules, 20, 1984–2000.

 

Kumar, S., & Pandey, A. K. (2013). Chemistry and biological activities of flavonoids: An overview. 

The Scientific World Journal, 1–16.

 

Kwon, D. Y., & Rhee, J. S. (1986). A simple and rapid colorimetric method for determination of free 

fatty acids for lipase assay. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 63(1), 89–92.

 

Laskowski, R. A., & Swindells, M. B. (2011). LigPlot+: multiple ligand -protein interaction 

diagrams for drug discovery. Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling, 51, 2778–2786.

 

Lee, E. M., Lee, S. S., Chung, B. Y., Cho, J. Y., Lee, I. C., Ahn, S. R., et al (2010).

Pancreatic lipase inhibition by C-glycosidic flavones isolated from Eremochloa ophiuroides. 

Molecules, 15, 8251–8259.

 

Lee, S. Y., & Rozi Mohamed (2016). The Origin and Domestication of Aquilaria, an Important 

Agarwood-Producing Genus. In Mohamed, R., (Eds.), Agarwood (pp.1-20). Singapore: Springer.

 

Leow, T. C., Raja Noor Zaliha Raja Abdul Rahman, Mahiran Basri, & Abu Bakar Salleh (2004). High 

level expression of thermostable lipase from Geobacillus sp. strain T1. Bioscience, Biotechnology 

and Biochemistry, 68(1), 96–103.

 

Li, W., Lee, S. H., Jang, H. D., Ma, J. Y., & Kim, Y. H. (2017). Antioxidant and anti-

osteoporotic activities of aromatic compounds and sterols from Hericium erinaceum. Molecules, 22, 

108–118.

 

Lim, S. M., Goh, Y. M., Kuan, W. B., & Loh, S. P. (2014). Effect of germinated brown rice extracts 

on pancreatic lipase, adipogenesis and lipolysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Lipids in Health and 

Disease, 13(169), 1–9.

 

Lim T. W., & Noorainie Awang Anak (2010). Wood for trees: a review of the agarwood (gaharu) trade 

in Malaysia. TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia. Retrieved from 

https://www.traffic.org/site/assets/files/3179/wood-for-the-trees- agarwood-malaysia.pdf.

 

Liu, C. M., Perng, M. H., & Chen, C. Y. (2018). The antioxidation and antiproliferation activity of 

flavonoids from Aquilaria agallocha and Aquilaria sinensis. Biomedical Research, 29(10), 2191–2196.

 

Liu, Y., Chen, H., Yang, Y., Zhang, Z., Wei, J., Meng, H., et al (2013). Whole-tree 

agarwood-inducing technique: an efficient novel technique for producing high- quality agarwood in 

cultivated Aquilaria sinensis trees. Molecules, 18, 3086– 3106.

 

Lok, E. H. (2016). Growth and management of Aquilaria malaccensis for agarwood.

International Journal of Agriculture, Forestry and Plantation, 3, 55–60.

 

Lu, Y., Ma, W., Mao, J., Yu, X., Hou, Z., Fan, S., et al (2015). Salinomycin exerts anticancer 

effects on human breast carcinoma MCF-7 cancer stem cells via modulation of Hedgehog signaling. 

Chemico-Biological Interactions, 228, 100– 107.

 

Ma, C. T., Eom, T., Cho, E., Wu, B., Kim, T. R., Oh, K. B., et al (2017). Aquilanols A and B, 

macrocyclic humulene-type sesquiterpenoids from the agarwood of Aquilaria malaccensis. Journal of 

Natural Products, 80, 3043–3048.

 

Madaleno, I. M. (2015). Traditional medicinal knowledge in India and Malaysia.

Pharmacognosy Communications, 5(2), 116–129.

 

Mahmod, N. H., Amella, J. Johar, Mohd Haziq Abdul Hamid, Zalilawati Mat Rashid, & Abdul Manaf Ali 

(2017). Comparative assessment of antioxidant activities in Aquilaria malaccensis leaf extracts. 

Journal Of Agrobiotechnology, 8(2), 77–85.

 

Manach, C., Scalbert, A., Morand, C., Rémésy, C., & Jime´nez, L. (2004). Polyphenols: food sources 

and bioavailability¹,². The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 79, 727–747.

 

Mangoyi, R., Midiwo, J. & Mukanganyama, S. (2015). Isolation and characterization of an antifungal 

compound 5-hydroxy-7,4’- dimethoxyflavone from Combretum zeyheri. BMC Complementary and Alternative 

Medicine, 15, 405–416.

 

Marín, L., Miguélez, E. M., Villar, C. J., & Lombó, F. (2015). Bioavailability of dietary

polyphenols and gut microbiota metabolism: antimicrobial properties. BioMed Research International, 

1–8.

 

Martinez-Gonzalez, A. I., Alvarez-Parrilla, E., Díaz-Sánchez, Á. G., de la Rosa, L. A., 

Núñez-Gastélum, J. A., Vazquez-Flores, A. A., et al (2017). In vitro inhibition of pancreatic 

lipase by polyphenols: a kinetic, fluorescence spectroscopy and molecular docking study. Food 

Technology and Biotechnology, 55(4), 519–530.

 

Maryam Farooqui, Mohamed Azmi Hassali, Aishah Knight Abdul Shatar, Muhammad Aslam Farooqui, Fahad 

Saleem, Noman ul Haq, et al (2016). Use of complementary and alternative medicines among Malaysian 

cancer patients : A descriptive study. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medical Sciences, 6, 321–326.

 

Mastura Ibrahim, Saripah Salbiah Syed Abdul Azziz, Wong, C. F., Wan Nor Izzati Wan Mohamad Din, Wan 

Rusmawati Wan Mahamod, Yuhanis Mhd Bakri, et al (2018). Evaluation of anti-lipase activity of leaf 

and bark extracts from Aquilaria subintegra and A. malaccensis. Marmara Pharmaceutical Journal, 

22(1), 91–95.

 

Medema, M. H., & Fischbach, M. A. (2015). Computational approaches to natural product discovery. 

Nature Chemical Biology, 11(9), 639–648.

 

Mendoza-Poudereux, I., Kutzner, E., Huber, C., Segura, J., Arrillaga, I., & Eisenreich,

W. (2017). Dynamics of monoterpene formation in spike lavender plants.

Metabolites, 7, 65–87.

 

Meng, X. Y., Zhang, H. X., Mezei, M., & Cui, M. (2011). Molecular docking: a powerful approach for 

structure-based drug discovery. Current Computer-Aided Drug Design, 7(2), 146–157.

 

Meng, Y., Krzysiak, A. J., Durako, M. J., Kunzelman, J. I, & Wright, J. L. C. (2008). Flavones and 

flavone glycosides from Halophila johnsonii. Phytochemistry, 69, 2603–2608.

 

Merza, J., Mallet, S., Litaudon, M., Dumontet, V., Séraphin, D., & Richomme, P. (2004).  Prenylated 

 xanthones  and  tocotrienols  from  Garcinia  virgata. Phytochemistry, 65, 2915–2920.

 

Mi, L. M., Hui, C. K., Zakaria, N. S., & Yusof, H. M. (2017). Use of Chinese Herbal Medicine and 

Health-Related Quality of Life among Cancer Patients in Johor, Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of 

Nutrition, 23(2), 227–238.

 

Mohammed, A., Al-numair, K. S., & Balakrishnan, A. (2015). Docking studies on the interaction of 

flavonoids with fat mass and obesity associated protein. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical 

Sciences, 28(5), 1647–1653.

 

Mohd Fauzi Elias, Husni Ibrahim, & Wan Rusmawati Wan Mahamod (2017). A Review on the Malaysian 

Aquilaria species in karas plantation and agarwood production. International Journal of Academic 

Research in Business and Social Sciences, 7(4), 1021–1029.

 

Muhammad Abubakar Ado, Faridah Abas, Abdulkarim Sabo Mohammed, & Hasanah

M. Ghazali (2013). Anti- and pro-lipase activity of selected medicinal, herbal and aquatic plants, 

and structure elucidation of an anti-lipase compound. Molecules, 18(12), 14651–14669.

 

Monggoot, S., Popluechai, S., Gentekaki, E. & Pripdeevech, P. (2017). Fungal endophytes: an 

alternative source for production of volatile compounds from agarwood oil of Aquilaria subintegra. 

Microbial Ecology, 74, 54–61.

 

Morales, G., & Paredes, A. (2014). Antioxidant activities of Lampaya medicinalis extracts and their 

main chemical constituents. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 14, 259–271.

 

Naidu, J. R., Ismail, R. B., Yeng, C., Sasidharan, S., & Kumar, P. (2012). Chemical composition and 

antioxidant activity of the crude methanolic extracts of Mentha spicata. Journal of Phytology, 

4(1), 13–18.

 

Naik, M. M. (2018). Synthetic studies in oxygen heterocycles. India: Goa University.

 

Nakagawa, S., Serada, S., Matsuzaki, S., Ueda, Y., Yoshino, K., Fujimoto, M., et al (2016). 

Abstract 4911: SOCS-1 inhibits tumor growth by enhancing T cell mediated antitumor immunity related 

to PD-L1. Cancer Research. 76(14 Supplement), 4911–4911.

 

Ncube, N. S., Afolayan, A. J., & Okoh, A. I. (2008). Assessment techniques of antimicrobial 

properties of natural compounds of plant origin: current methods and future trends. African Journal 

of Biotechnology, 7(12), 1797–1806.

 

Nik Noor Asma Nik Wil, Nor Adila Mhd Omar, Noorhuda Awang@Ibrahim & Saiful Nizam Tajuddin (2014). 

In vitro antioxidant activity and phytochemical screening of Aquilaria malaccensis leaf extracts. 

Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 6(12), 688–693.

 

Nur Farhana Jamahseri, Miradatul Najwa Mohd Rodhi, Nur Hidayah Zulkarnain, Nursyuhada Che Husain, & 

Ahmad Fakhri Syahmi Masruddin (2014). Ftir analysis of phenolic compound as pancreatic lipase 

inhibitor from inoculated Aquilaria Malaccensis. The Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences, 

18(3), 683– 689.

 

Nurhanan, M., Azah, M. N., Zunoliza, A., Humeriah, A. S., Syarifah, M. S., & Hayati,

A. N. (2017). In vitro anticancer and high-performance liquid chromatography profiles of Aquilaria 

subintegra fruit and seed extracts. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 29(2), 208–214.

 

Ogawa, Y., Oku, H., Iwaoka, E., Iinuma, M., & Ishiguro, K. (2007). Allergy-preventive flavonoids 

from Xanthorrhoea hastilis. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 55(4), 675–678.

 

Okudera, Y., & Ito, M. (2009). Production of agarwood fragrant constituents in

Aquilaria calli and cell suspension cultures. Plant Biotechnology. 26, 307–315.

 

Ong, S. L., Mah, S. H., & Lai, H. Y. (2016). Porcine pancreatic lipase inhibitory agent isolated 

from medicinal herb and inhibition kinetics of extracts from Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertner. Journal 

of Pharmaceutics, 1–9.

 

Orhan, I. E. (2016). Potential of natural products of herbal origin as monoamine oxidase 

inhibitors. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 22, 268–276.

 

Osawa, T., Kumazawa, S., & Kawakishi, S. (1991). Prunusols A and B, novel antioxidative tocopherol 

derivatives isolated from the leaf wax of Prunus grayana Maxim. Agricultural and Biological 

Chemistry, 55(7), 1727–1731.

 

Othman, C. N., & Farooqui, M. (2015). Traditional and Complementary Medicine.

Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 170, 262–271.

 

Palaniveloo, K., Ramachandram, R. T., & Vairappan, C. S. (2014). Cembrane diterpenes as 

chemotaxonomical markers for Sinularia flexibilis. Journal of Tropical Biology and Conservation, 

11, 103–116.

 

Pan, X., Domin, N., Schieferdecker, S., Kage, H., Roth, M., & Nett, M. (2017). Herpetopanone, a 

diterpene from Herpetosiphon aurantiacus discovered by isotope labeling. Beilstein Journal of 

Organic Chemistry, 13, 2458–2465.

 

Paniagua-P´erez, R., Madrigal-Bujaidar, E., Reyes-Cadena, S., Molina-Jasso, D., Gallaga, J.P., 

Silva-Miranda, A., et al (2005). Genotoxic and cytotoxic studies of beta-sitosterol  and  

pteropodine  in  mouse.  Journal  of  Biomedicine  and Biotechnology, 3, 242–247.

 

Parle, M., & Bansal, N. (2011). Antiamnesic activity of an ayurvedic formulation Chyawanprash  in  

mice.  Evidence-Based  Complementary  and  Alternative Medicine. 1-10.

 

Park, Y., Lee, Y. U., Kim, H., Lee, Y., Yoon, Y. A., Moon, B., et al (2006). NMR data of flavone 

derivatives and their anti-oxidative activities. Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society, 27(10), 

1537–1541.

 

Pern, Y. C., Lee, S. Y., Ludin, R., & Mohamed, R. (2018). Fruit morphological characteristics of 

cultivated Aquilaria Lam. (Thymelaeaceae) in peninsular Malaysia. The Malaysian Forester, 81(2), 

123–128.

 

Phirdaus Abbas, Yumi Zuhanis Has-Yun Hashim, & Azura Amid (2017). Cytokinetic study of uninfected 

agarwood branch ethanolic extract on breast cancer cells.

Asia-Pacific Journal of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, 25(1), 1–7.

 

Pourmorad, F., Hosseinimehr, S. J., & Shahabimajd, N. (2006). Antioxidant activity, phenol and 

flavonoid contents of some selected Iranian medicinal plants. African Journal of Biotechnology, 

5(11), 1142–1145.

 

Prachayasittikul, S., Suphapong, S., Worachartcheewan, A., Lawung, R., Ruchirawat, S., & 

Prachayasittikul, V. (2009). Bioactive metabolites from Spilanthes acmella Murr. Molecules, 14, 

850–867.

 

Prakash, O., Kumar, A., Kumar, P., & Ajeet. (2013). Anticancer Potential of Plants and Natural 

Products: A Review. American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences, 1(6), 104–115.

 

Pranakhon, R., Aromdee, C., & Pannangpetch, P. (2015). Effects of iriflophenone 3-C- β-glucoside on 

fasting blood glucose level and glucose uptake. Pharmacognosy Magazine, 11(41), 82–89.

 

Qi, J., Lu, J. J., Liu, J. H., & Yu, B. Y. (2009). Flavonoid and a rare benzophenone glycoside from 

the leaves of Aquilaria sinensis. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 57(2), 134–137.

 

Quintanilla-Licea, R., Morado-Castillo, R., Gomez-Flores, R., Laatsch, H., Verde-Star,

M. J., Hernández-Martínez, H., et al (2012). Bioassay-guided isolation and identification of 

cytotoxic compounds from Gymnosperma glutinosum leaves. Molecules, 17, 11229–11241.

 

Rai, M., Jogee, P. S., Agarkar, G., & Santos, C. A. D. (2016). Anticancer activities of Withania 

somnifera: current research, formulations, and future perspectives. Pharmaceutical Biology, 54(2), 

189–197.

 

Rains, T. M., Agarwal, S., & Maki, K. C. (2011). Antiobesity effects of green tea catechins : a 

mechanistic review. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 22, 1–7.

 

Rana, M. P., Sohel, M. S. I., Akhter, S., & Islam, M. J. (2010). Ethno-medicinal plants use by the 

Manipuri tribal community in Bangladesh. Journal of Forestry Research, 21(1), 85–92.

 

Ray, G., Leelamanit, W., Sithisarn, P., & Jiratchariyakul, W. (2014). Antioxidative compounds from 

Aquilaria crassna leaf. Mahidol University Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 41(4), 54–58.

 

Rehman, S. U., Choe, K., & Yoo, H. H. (2016). Review on a traditional herbal medicine, Eurycoma 

longifolia jack (tongkat ali): its traditional uses, chemistry, evidence-based pharmacology and 

toxicology. Molecules, 21, 331–362.

 

Roh, C., & Jung, U. (2012). Screening of crude plant extracts with anti-obesity activity.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 13, 1710–1719.

 

Saad, R., Asmani, F., Saad, M., Hussain, M., Khan, J., Kaleemullah, M., et al (2015). A new 

approach for predicting antioxidant property of herbal extracts. International Journal of 

Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research, 7(1), 166– 174.

 

Sai, V., Chaturvedula, P., & Prakash, I. (2012). Isolation of stigmasterol and β-sitosterol

from the dichloromethane extract of Rubus suavissimus. International Current Pharmaceutical 

Journal, 1(9), 239–242.

 

Saiful Nizam Tajuddin & Mashitah M Yusoff (2010). Chemical composition of volatile oils of 

Aquilaria malaccensis (Thymelaeaceae) from Malaysia. Natural Product Communications. 5(12): 

1965-1968.

 

Sak, K., Jürisoo, K., & Raal, A. (2014). Estonian folk traditional experiences on natural 

anticancer remedies: from past to the future. Pharmaceutical Biology, 52(7), 855– 866.

 

Sandjo, L. P., & Kuete, V. (2013). Triterpenes and steroids from the medicinal plants of Africa. 

Medicinal Plant Research in Africa (pp 136-202). Elsevier Inc.

 

Sattayasai, J., Bantadkit, J., Aromdee, C., Lattmann, E., & Airarat, W. (2012). Antipyretic, 

analgesic and anti-oxidative activities of Aquilaria crassna leaves extract in rodents. Journal of 

Ayurveda & Integrative Medicine, 3(4), 175–179.

 

Selegato, D. M., Monteiro, A. F., Vieira, N. C., Cardoso, P., Pavani, V. D., Bolzani, V. S., et al 

(2017). Update: biological and chemical aspects of Senna spectabilis. Journal of the Brazilian 

Chemical Society, 28(3), 415–426.

 

Sergent, T., Vanderstraeten, J., Winand, J., Beguin, P., & Schneider, Y. (2012). Phenolic compounds 

and plant  extracts as potential natural anti-obesity substances. Food Chemistry, 135, 68–73.

 

Seyoum, A., Asres, K., & El-fiky, F. K. (2006). Structure – radical scavenging activity 

relationships of flavonoids. Phytochemistry, 67, 2058–2070.

 

Sharmin, T., Islam, F., Kaisar, M. A., Al-Mansur, M. A., Sikder, M. A. A. & Rashid,

M. A. (2014). Chemical and biological investigations of Albizia chinensis

(Osbeck.) Merr. Journal of Physical Science, 25(2), 29–38.

 

Shi, H. M., Williams, D. I., Sung, H. H. Y., Zhu, H. X., Ip, N. Y., & Min, Z. D. (2005).

Cytotoxic diterpenoids from the roots of Euphorbia ebracteolata. Planta Medica, 71, 349–354.

 

Silva, M. D. L. e, David, J. P., Silva, L. C. R. C., Santos, R. A. F., David, J. M., Lima,

L. S., et al (2012). Bioactive oleanane, lupane and ursane triterpene acid derivatives. Molecules, 

17, 12197–12205.

 

Silva, R. O., Francisca Beatriz M. Sousa, Samara R. B. Damasceno, Nathalia S. Carvalho, Silva, V. 

G., Oliveira, F.R.M.A., et al (2014). Phytol, a diterpene alcohol, inhibits the inflammatory 

response by reducing cytokine production and oxidative stress. Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology, 

28, 455–464.

 

Siti Khairun Nissa Afiffudden, Habsah Alwi & Ku Halim Ku Hamid (2015). Determination of 

4’-hydroxyacetanilide in leaves extract of Aquilaria malaccencis by high pressure liquid 

chromatograph. Procedia - Social and Behavioral

Sciences, 195, 2726–2733.

 

Skrt, M., Benedik, E., Podlipnik, C., & Ulrih, N. P. (2012). Interactions of different polyphenols 

with bovine serum albumin using fluorescence quenching and molecular docking. Food Chemistry, 135, 

2418–2424.

 

Sousa, G. F., Duarte, L. P., Alcântara, A. F. C., Silva, G. D. F., Vieira-filho, S. A., Silva,

R. R., et al (2012). New triterpenes from Maytenus robusta: structural elucidation based on NMR 

experimental data and theoretical calculations. Molecules, 17, 13439–13456.

 

Stoytcheva, M., Montero, G., Zlatev, R., León, J. Á., & Gochev, V. (2012). Analytical methods for 

lipases activity determination : a review. Current Analytical Chemistry, 8, 400–407.

 

Suksamrarn, A., Chotipong, A., Suavansri, T., Boongird, S., Tirnsuksai, P., Vimuttipong, S., et al 

(2004). Antimycobacterial activity and cytotoxicity of flavonoids from the flowers of Chromolaena 

odorata. Archives of Pharmacal Research, 27(5), 507–511.

 

Sun, J., Wang, S., Xia, F., Wang, K. Y., Chen, J. M., & Tu, P. F. (2014). Five new benzophenone 

glycosides from the leaves of Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Gilg. Chinese Chemical Letters, 25, 

1573–1576.

 

Sun, J., Xia, F., Wang, S., Wang, K. Y., Chen, J. M., & Tu, P. F. (2015). Structural elucidation of 

two new megastigmane glycosides from the leaves of Aquilaria sinensis. Chinese Journal of Natural 

Medicines, 13(4), 290–294.

 

Suzuki, A., Miyake, K., Saito, Y., Rasyid, F. A., Tokuda, H., Takeuchi, M., et al (2017). 

Phenylethylchromones with in vitro antitumor promoting activity from Aquilaria filaria. Planta 

Medica, 83, 300–305.

 

Sxureha Yunus, Nurul Asyikin Md Zaki, & Ku Halim Ku Hamid (2015). Microwave drying characteristics 

and antidiabetic properties of Aquilaria subintegra and Aquilaria malaccensis leaves. Advanced 

Materials Research, 1113, 352–357.

 

Takahashi, A., Kimura, F., Yamanaka, A., Takebayashi, A., Kita, N., Takahashi, K., et al (2014). 

Metformin impairs growth of endometrial cancer cells via cell cycle arrest and concomitant 

autophagy and apoptosis. Cancer Cell International. 14(1), 53.

 

Tang, M. C., Zou, Y., Watanabe, K., Walsh, C. T., & Tang, Y. (2017). Oxidative cyclization in 

natural product biosynthesis. Chemical Reviews, 117(8), 5226– 5333.

 

Tariq, M., Ali, S., Ahmad, F., Ahmad, M., & Zafar, M. (2011). Identification, FT-IR, NMR (¹H and 

¹³C) and GC/MS studies of fatty acid methyl esters in biodiesel from rocket seed oil. Fuel 

Processing Technology, 92, 336–341.

 

Teffo, L. S., Aderogba, M. A., & Eloff, J. N. (2010). Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of 

four kaempferol methyl ethers isolated from Dodonaea viscosa Jacq. var. angustifolia leaf extracts. 

South African Journal of Botany, 76, 25–29.

 

Teles, Y. C. F., Gomes, R. A., Oliveira, M. da S., Lucena, K. L. de, Nascimento, J. S. do, De, M. 

F. A., et al (2014). Phytochemical investigation of Wissadula periplocifolia (L.) C. Presl and 

evaluation of its antibacterial activity. Quimica Nova, 37(9), 1491–1495.

 

The Plant List (2013). Retrieved from http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/search? q=aquilaria

 

Thimmappa, R., Geisler, K., Louveau, T., O’Maille, P., & Osbourn, A. (2014). Triterpene 

biosynthesis in plants. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 65, 225–257.

 

Thitikornpong, W., Palanuvej, C., & Ruangrungsi, N. (2019). In vitro antidiabetic, antioxidation 

and cytotoxicity activities of ethanolic extract of Aquilaria crassna leaves and its active 

compound; mangiferin. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 18(1), 144–150.

 

Trisonthi, P., Sato, A., Nishiwaki, H., & Tamura, H. (2014). A new diterpene from Litsea cubeba 

fruits: structure elucidation and capability to induce apoptosis in HeLa cells. Molecules, 19, 

6838–6850.

 

Tsai, Y. C., Wang, S. L., Wu, M. Y., Liao, C. H., Lin, C. H., Chen, J. J., et al (2018).

Pilloin, a flavonoid isolated from Aquilaria sinensis, exhibits anti-inflammatory activity in vitro 

and in vivo. Molecules, 23, 3177–3190.

 

Veeramachaneni, G. K., Raj, K. K., Chalasani, L. M., Annamraju, S. K., Bondili, J., & Talluri, V. 

R. (2015). Shape based virtual screening and molecular docking towards designing novel pancreatic 

lipase inhibitors. Bioinformation, 11(12), 535– 542.

 

Waluyo, T. K., & Pasaribu, G. (2017). Screening of anticancer activities from agarwood’s methanol 

extract (gyrinops verstegii [gilg.] Domke). International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences, 8(3), 

67–72.

 

Wang, L., Yamasaki, M., Katsube, T., Sun, X., Yamasaki, Y., & Shiwaku, K. (2011). Antiobesity 

effect of polyphenolic compounds from molokheiya (Corchorus olitorius L.) leaves in LDL 

receptor-deficient mice. European Journal of Nutrition, 50, 127–133.

 

Wang, Q. H., Peng, K., Tan, L. H., & Dai, H. F. (2010). Aquilarin A, a new benzenoid derivative 

from the fresh stem of Aquilaria sinensis. Molecules, 15, 4011–4016.

 

Wang, S. C., Wang, F., & Yue, C. H. (2015). Chemical constituents from the petioles and leaves of 

Aquilaria sinensis. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 61, 458– 461.

 

Wang, S. L., Tsai, Y. C., Fu, S. L., Cheng, M. J., Chung, M. I., & Chen, J. J. (2018). 2-

(2-phenylethyl)-4H-chromen-4-one derivatives from the resinous wood of Aquilaria sinensis with 

anti-inflammatory effects in LPS-induced macrophages. Molecules, 23, 289–300.

 

Wang, S., Yu, Z., Wang, C., Wu, C., Guo, P., & Wei, J. (2018). Chemical constituents and 

pharmacological activity of agarwood and Aquilaria plants. Molecules, 23, 342–363.

 

Wojdyło, A., Oszmiański, J., & Czemerys, R. (2007). Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds in 

32 selected herbs. Food Chemistry, 105, 940–949.

 

World Health Organization, 2018. Obesity and overweight. Retrieved from http:// 

www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight.

 

World Health Organization, 2018. Cancer. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news- 

room/fact-sheets/detail/cancer.

 

Wu, S., & Tian, L. (2018). A new flavone glucoside together with known ellagitannins and flavones 

with anti-diabetic and anti-obesity activities from the flowers of pomegranate (Punica granatum). 

Natural Product Research, 6419, 1–6.

 

Wu, X., He, W., Zhang, H., Li, Y., Liu, Z., & He, Z. (2014). Acteoside : a lipase inhibitor from 

the chinese tea Ligustrum purpurascens kudingcha. Food Chemistry, 142, 306–310.

 

Wu, Y., Liu, C., Li, H. F., Sun, J. B., Li, Y. Y., & Gu, W., et al (2014). A novel

neolignan glycoside from Aquilaria sinensis. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 55, 41–45.

 

Yang, D. L., Wang, H., Guo, Z. K., Li, W., Mei, W. L., & Dai, H. F. (2014). Fragrant agarofuran and 

eremophilane sesquiterpenes in agarwood ‘Qi-Nan’ from Aquilaria sinensis. Phytochemistry Letters, 

8, 121–125.

 

Yang, X. B., Feng, J., Yang, X. W., Zhao, B., & Liu, J. X. (2012). Aquisiflavoside, a new nitric 

oxide production inhibitor from the leaves of Aquilaria sinensis. Journal of Asian Natural Products 

Research, 14(9), 867–872.

 

Yu, Q., Qi, J., Yu, H., Chen, L., Kou, J., Liu, S. J., et al (2013). Qualitative and quantitative 

analysis of phenolic compounds in the leaves of Aquilaria sinensis using liquid chromatography – 

mass spectrometry. Phytochemical Analysis, 1–8.

 

Yuan, H., Ma, Q., Ye, L., & Piao, G. (2016). The traditional medicine and modern medicine from 

natural products. Molecules, 21, 559–577.

 

Yumi Zuhanis Has-Yun Hashim, Kerr, P. G., Phirdaous Abbas, & Hamzah Mohd Salleh (2016). Aquilaria 

spp. (agarwood) as source of health beneficial compounds : A review of traditional use, 

phytochemistry and pharmacology. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 189, 331–360.

 

Yun, J. W. (2010). Possible anti-obesity therapeutics from nature – a review.

Phytochemistry, 71, 1625–1641.

 

Zainal, S., Musa, M., Idris, J. & Ku Hamid, K.H. (2018). Effect of substrate concentration and 

reaction time of Aquilaria subintegra leaves extract on inhibition of pancreatic lipase. IOP 

Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 358, 1–6.

 

Zhang, B., Deng, Z., Ramdath, D. D., Tang, Y., Chen, P. X., Liu, R., et al (2015). Phenolic 

profiles of 20 canadian lentil cultivars and their contribution to antioxidant activity and 

inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase. Food Chemistry, 172, 862–872.

 

Zhang, H., & Tsao, R. (2016). Dietary polyphenols, oxidative stress and antioxidant and 

anti-inflammatory effects. Current Opinion in Food Science, 8, 33–42.

 

Zhang, Q., Lu, Z., Ren, T., Ge, Y., Zheng, Y., Yao, D., et al (2014). Chemical composition of 

Achillea alpina. Chemistry of Natural Compounds, 50(3), 534– 536.

 

Zhang, X., Hung, T. M., Phuong, P. T., Ngoc, T. M., Min, B., Song, K., et al (2006). 

Anti-inflammatory activity of flavonoids from Populus davidiana. Archives of

Pharmacal Research, 29(12), 1102–1108.

 


This material may be protected under Copyright Act which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials.
You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research.

Back to previous page

Installed and configured by Bahagian Automasi, Perpustakaan Tuanku Bainun, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
If you have enquiries with this repository, kindly contact us at pustakasys@upsi.edu.my or Whatsapp +60163630263 (Office hours only)