Ahmaed, D. T., & Kulkarni, A. D. (2017). Sesquiterpenes and chromones of agarwood:
A review. Malaysian Journal of Chemistry, 19(1), 33–58.
Ahmed, B., Ashfaq, U. A., & Mirza, M. U. (2018). Medicinal plant phytochemicals and their
inhibitory activities against pancreatic lipase: molecular docking combined with molecular dynamics
simulation approach. Natural Product Research, 32(10), 1123–1129.
Aimi Zafirah Adam, Lee, S.Y., & Rozi Mohamed. (2017). Pharmacological properties of agarwood tea
derived from Aquilaria (Thymelaeaceae) leaves: An emerging contemporary herbal drink. Journal of
Herbal Medicine, 10, 37–44.
Alam, J., Mujahid, M., Badruddeen, Jahan, Y., Bagga, P., & Rahman, M. A. (2017). Hepatoprotective
potential of ethanolic extract of Aquilaria agallocha leaves against paracetamol induced
hepatotoxicity in SD rats. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, 7, 9–13.
Alfinda Novi Kristanti, Mulyadi Tanjung, & Nanik Siti Aminah (2018). Review: secondary metabolites
of Aquilaria, a Thymelaeaceae genus. Mini-Review in Organic Chemistry, 15, 36–55.
Alfinda Novi Kristanti, Mulyadi Tanjung, Okky P. Rahayu, & Erika Herdiana (2017). Phenolic
compounds from Aquilaria microcarpa stem bark. Journal of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy,
52(6), 1111–1115.
Alsabil, K., Viault, G., Suor-Cherer, S., Helesbeux, J. J., Merza, J., Dumontet, V., et al (2017).
Efficient ortho-formylation in vitamin E series, application to the semi- synthesis of natural 5-
and 7-formyl-δ-tocotrienols revealing an unprecedented 5- bromo-7-formyl exchange. Tetrahedron, 73,
6863–6870.
Ameer, K., Shahbaz, H. M., & Kwon, J. H. (2017). Green extraction methods for polyphenols from
plant matrices and their byproducts: A review. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food
Safety, 16, 295–315.
Andersen-ranberg, J., Kongstad, K. T., Nielsen, M. T., Jensen, N. B., Pateraki, I., Bach, S., et al
(2016). Expanding the landscape of diterpene structural diversity through stereochemically
controlled combinatorial biosynthesis. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 55, 2142–2146.
Anulika, N. P., Ignatius, E. O., Raymond, E. S., Osasere, O., & Abiola, A. H. (2016).
The chemistry of natural product : Plant secondary metabolites. International
Journal of Technology Enhancements and Emerging Engineering Research, 4(8), 1–8.
Babu, P. V. A., Liu, D., & Gilbert, E. R. (2013). Recent advances in understanding the
anti-diabetic actions of dietary flavonoids. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 24(11), 1–28.
Bahrani, H., Mohamad, J., Paydar, M. & Rothan, H. A. (2014). Isolation and characterisation of
acetylcholinesterase inhibitors from Aquilaria subintegra for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease
(AD). Current Alzheimer Research, 11(2), 1–9.
Bao, L., Jaramillo, M., Zhang, Z., Zheng, Y., Yao, M., Zhang, D., et al (2014). Induction of
autophagy contributes to cisplatin resistance in human ovarian cancer cells. Molecular Medicine
Reports, 11(1), 91–98.
Barison, A., Da Silva, C. W. P., Campos, F. R., Simonelli, F., Lenz, C. A., & Ferreira,
A. G. (2010). A simple methodology for the determination of fatty acid composition in edible oils
through ¹H NMR spectroscopy. Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry, 48, 642–650.
Birari, R. B., & Bhutani, K. K. (2007). Pancreatic lipase inhibitors from natural sources:
unexplored potential. Drug Discovery Today, 12(19/20), 879–889.
Birringer, M., Siems, K., Maxones, A., Frank, J., & Lorkowski, S. (2018). Natural 6-
hydroxy-chromanols and -chromenols: structural diversity, biosynthetic pathways and health
implications. Royal Society of Chemistry Advances, 8, 4803–4841.
Bobo-García, G., Davidov-Pardo, G., Arroqui, C., Vírseda, P., Marín-Arroyo, M. R., & Navarro, M.
(2015). Intra-laboratory validation of microplate methods for total phenolic content and
antioxidant activity on polyphenolic extracts, and comparison with conventional
spectrophotometric methods. Journal of the Science Food and Agriculture, 95(1), 204–209.
Buchholz, T., & Melzig, M. F. (2015). Polyphenolic compounds as pancreatic lipase inhibitors.
Planta Medica, 81, 771–783.
Butnariu, M. (2014). Detection of the polyphenolic components in Ribes nigrum L.
Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 21(1), 11–14.
Cai, Y., Luo, Q., Sun, M., & Corke, H. (2004). Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds of 112
traditional Chinese medicinal plants associated with anticancer. Life Sciences, 74, 2157–2184.
Carothers, S., Nyamwihura, R., Collins, J., Zhang, H., Park, H., Setzer, W. N., et al (2018).
Bauerenol acetate, the pentacyclic triterpenoid from Tabernaemontana longipes, is an
antitrypanosomal agent. Molecules, 23, 355–363.
Chen, H., Wei, J., Yang, J., Zhang, Z., Yang, Y., Gao, Z., et al (2012). Chemical constituents of
agarwood originating from the endemic genus Aquilaria plants. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 9, 236–250.
Chen, M., Cho, W. K. W., Toyomasu, T., Cane, D. E., & Christianson, D. W. (2017). Structure and
function of fusicoccadiene synthase, a hexameric bifunctional diterpene synthase. ACS Chemical
Biology, 11(4), 889–899.
Chen, S., Wang, Z., Huang, Y., O’Barr, S. A., Wong, R. A., Yeung, S., & Chow, M. S.
S. (2014). Ginseng and Anticancer Drug Combination to Improve Cancer Chemotherapy: A Critical
Review. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2014, 1–13.
Cheng, J. T., Han, Y. Q., He, J., Wu, X. D., Dong, L. B., Peng, L. Y., et al (2013). Two
new tirucallane triterpenoids from the leaves of Aquilaria sinensis. Archives of Pharmacal
Research, 36, 1084–1089.
Chidrawar, V. R., Patel, K. N., Sheth, N. R., Shiromwar, S. S., & Trivedi, P. (2011). Antiobesity
effect of Stellaria media against drug induced obesity in Swiss albino mice. Pharmacological
Research, 32(4), 576–584.
Cho, K. S., Lim, Y. R., Lee, K., Lee, J., Lee, J. H., & Lee, I. S. (2017). Terpenes from forests
and human health. Toxicological Research, 33(2), 97–106.
Chu, C. W., Li, W. J., Li, H. T., Huang, J. C., Chung, M. I., & Chen, C.Y. (2016).
Flavonoids from the flowers of Aquilaria sinensis. Chemistry of Natural Compounds, 52(3), 497–498.
Compton, J., & Ishihara, A. (2004). The use and trade of agarwood in Japan. A TRAFFIC report to
the CITES Secretariat, 6.
Crane, E. A., & Gademann, K. (2016). Capturing biological activity in natural product fragments by
chemical synthesis. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 55, 3882–3902.
Dahham, S. S., Tabana, Y. M., Iqbal, M. A., Ahamed, M. B. K., Ezzat, M. O., Majid,
A. S. A., et al (2015). The anticancer, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the
sesquiterpene β-caryophyllene from the essential oil of Aquilaria crassna. Molecules, 20,
11808–11829.
Dat, N. T., Dang, N. H., & Thanh, L. N. (2016). New flavonoid and pentacyclic triterpene from
Sesamum indicum leaves. Natural Product Research, 30(3), 311– 315.
Dhananjayan, K. (2015). Molecular docking study characterization of rare flavonoids at the
nac-binding site of the first bromodomain of BRD4 ( BRD4 BD1 ). Journal of Cancer Research, 1–15.
Djeradi, H., Rahmouni, A. & Cheriti, A. (2014). Antioxidant activity of flavonoids: a QSAR modeling
using Fukui indices descriptors. Journal of Molecular Modeling, 20, 2476–2485.
Dong, C., Dan, B. I., Yue-lin, S., & Peng-fei, T. U. (2012). Flavanoids from the stems of Aquilaria
sinensis. Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines, 10(4), 287–291.
Działo, M., Mierziak, J., Korzun, U., Preisner, M., Szopa, J. & Kulma, A. (2016). The potential of
plant phenolics in prevention and therapy of skin disorders. International Journal of Molecular
Sciences, 17, 160–201.
Farah Azman H., Lee, S. Y., Gao, Z., Yao, T. L., Maria Madon, & Rozi Mohamed (2018). Genome size,
molecular phylogeny, and evolutionary history of the tribe Aquilarieae (Thymelaeaceae), the natural
source of agarwood. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9, 1–12.
Faridah-Hanum, I., Mustapa, M. Z., Lepun, P., Marina, T. I. T., Nazre, M., Alan, R. & Mohamed, R.
(2009). Notes on the distribution and ecology of Aquilaria lam. (Thymelaeaceae ) in Malaysia. The
Malaysian Forester, 72(2), 247–259.
Farzaneh, V., & Carvalho, I. S. (2015). A review of the health benefit potentials of herbal plant
infusions and their mechanism of actions. Industrial Crops and Products, 65, 247–258.
Feng, J., Yang, X. W., & Wang, R .F. (2011). Bio-assay guided isolation and identification of
α-glucosidase inhibitors from the leaves of Aquilaria sinensis. Phytochemistry, 72, 242–247.
Feng, R., Guo Z. K., Yan, C. M., Li, E. G., Tan, R. X., & Ge, H. M. (2012). Anti-
inflammatory flavonoids from Cryptocarya chingii. Phytochemistry, 76, 98–105.
Ferreira, L. G., Santos, R. N. d., Oliva, G., & Andricopulo, A. D. (2015). Molecular docking and
structure-based drug design strategies. Molecules, 20, 13384–13421.
Ganesan, D., Al-Sayed, E., Albert, A., Paul, E., Singab, A. N. B., Govindan Sadasivam, S., & Saso,
L. (2018). Antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds from extracts of Eucalyptus globulus and
Melaleuca styphelioides and their protective role on D-glucose-induced hyperglycemic stress and
oxalate stress in NRK-49Fcells. Natural Product Research, 32(11), 1274–1280.
Garza, A.L.de la, Milagro, F.I., Boque, N., Campion, J., & Martinez, J.A. (2011). Natural
inhibitors of pancreatic lipase as new players in obesity treatment. Planta Medica, 77, 773–785.
Gentile, D., Fornai, M., Pellegrini, C., Colucci, R., Blandizzi, C., & Antonioli, L. (2018).
Dietary flavonoids as a potential intervention to improve redox balance in obesity and related
co-morbidities: a review. Nutrition Research Reviews, 1–9.
Gerard, A. P. (2007). Agarwood: the life of a wounded tree. IIAS Newsletter, 45, 24– 25.
Graidist, P., Martla, M., & Sukpondma, Y. (2015). Cytotoxic activity of Piper cubeba
extract in breast cancer cell lines. Nutrients, 7, 2707–2718.
Greenwell, M. & Rahman, P. K. S. M. (2015). Medicinal plants : Their use in anticancer treatment.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Research, 6(10), 4103–4112.
Hara, H., Ise, Y., Morimoto, N., Shimazawa, M., Ichihashi, K., Ohyama, M., & Iinuma,
M. (2008). Laxative effect of agarwood leaves and its mechanism. Bioscience, Biotechnology and
Biochemistry, 72(2), 335–345.
Hassan, M. S., Amna, T., Pandeya, D. R., Hamza, A. M., Bing, Y. Y., Kim, H. C., et al (2012).
Controlled synthesis of Mn2O3 nanowires by hydrothermal method and their bactericidal and cytotoxic
impact: A promising future material. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 95, 213–222.
Herber, B.E. (2002). Pollen morphology of the Thymelaeaceae in relation to its taxonomy. Plant
Systematics and Evolution, 232, 107–121.
Hill, R. A., & Connolly, J. D. (2018). Triterpenoids. Natural Product Reports, 35, 1294–1329.
Hirose, M., Ando, T., Shofiqur, R., Umeda, K., Kodama, Y., Nguyen, S. V., et al (2013).
Anti-obesity activity of hen egg anti-lipase immunoglobulin yolk, a novel pancreatic lipase
inhibitor. Nutrition & Metabolism, 10, 70–75.
Hossain, M. K., Dayem, A. A., Han, J., Yin, Y., Kim, K., Saha, S. K., et al (2016). Molecular
mechanisms of the anti-obesity and anti-diabetic properties of flavonoids. International Journal of
Molecular Sciences, 17, 569–601.
Huda, A. W. N., Munira, M. A. S., Fitrya, S. D., & Salmah, M. (2009). Antioxidant activity of
Aquilaria malaccensis (Thymelaeaceae) leaves. Pharmacognosy Research, 1(5), 270–273.
Huo, H. X., Zhu, Z. X., Song, Y. L., Shi, S. P., Sun, J., Sun, H., et al (2018). Anti-
inflammatory dimeric 2-(2-Phenylethyl)chromones from the resinous wood of
Aquilaria sinensis. Journal of Natural Products, 81, 543–553.
Ibrahim M. S. Eldeen, Abdul Hamid, Wong, K. C., Abdullah, M. A., Tengku S. Tengku-Muhammad,
Abdillahi, H.S., et al (2016). In vitro repression of cyclooxygenase, acetylcholinesterase
activities and bacterial growth by trans- phytol and a glycolipid from the leaves of Homalomena
sagittifolia. Research Journal of Medicinal Plant, 10(5), 320–329.
Ito, T., Kakino, M., Tazawa, S., Watarai, T., Oyama, M., Maruyama, H., et al (2012). Quantification
of polyphenols and pharmacological analysis of water and ethanol-
based extracts of cultivated agarwood leaves. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology, 58,
136–142.
Jok, V. A., Nurhaslina Che Radzi, & Ku Halim Ku Hamid (2015). A Review: Pharmacological properties
of Aquilaria spp. Advanced Materials Research, 1113, 193–197.
Kakino, M., Tazawa, S., Maruyama, H., Tsuruma, K., Araki, Y., Shimazawa, M., et al (2010). Laxative
effects of agarwood on low-fiber diet-induced constipation in rats. BMC Complementary and
Alternative Medicine, 10, 68–76.
Kamonwannasit, S., Nantapong, N., Kumkrai, P., Luecha, P., & Kupittayanant, S. (2013).
Antibacterial activity of Aquilaria crassna leaf extract against staphylococcus epidermidis
by disruption of cell wall. Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials, 12, 20–26.
Kang, Y. F., Chien, S. L., Wu, H. M., Li, W. J., Chen, C. T., Li, H. T., et al (2014).
Secondary metabolites from the leaves of Aquilaria sinensis. Chemistry of Natural Compounds, 50(6),
1110–1112.
Kanti, B. P., & Syed, I. R. (2009). Plant polyphenols as dietary antioxidants in human health and
disease. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2(5), 270–278.
Karan, S. K., Mishra, S. K., Pal, D., & Mondal, A. (2012). Isolation of β -sitosterol and
evaluation of antidiabetic activity of Aristolochia indica in alloxan-induced diabetic mice with a
reference to in-vitro antioxidant activity. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 6(7), 1219–1223.
Karou, D., Dicko, M. H., Simpore, J., & Traore, A. S. (2005). Antioxidant and antibacterial
activities of polyphenols from ethnomedicinal plants of Burkina Faso. African Journal of
Biotechnology, 4(8), 823–828.
Karimi, I., Becker, L.A., Chalechale, A. & Ghashghaii, A. (2012). Biochemical plasma profile of
male rats exposed to smoke of agarwood (Aquilaria spp.). Comparative Clinical Pathology, 21(5),
1053–1058.
Kashiwagi, T., Mikagi, E., Mekuria, D. B., Boru, A. D., Tebayashi, S., & Kim, C. S. (2005).
Ovipositional deterrent on mature stage of sweet Pepper, Capsicum annuum, against Liriomyza
trifolii (Burgess). Verlag Der Zeitschrift Für Naturforschung, 60c, 739–742.
Katz, L., & Baltz, R. H. (2016). Natural product discovery : past , present , and future.
Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology, 43, 155–176.
Kazmi, I., Afzal, M., Rahman, S., Iqbal, M., Imam, F., & Anwar, F. (2013). Antiobesity potential of
ursolic acid stearoyl glucoside by inhibiting pancreatic lipase. European Journal of Pharmacology,
709, 28–36.
Khalil, A. S., Rahim, A. A., Taha, K. K., & Abdallah, K. B. (2013). Characterization
of methanolic extracts of agarwood leaves. Journal of Applied and Industrial Sciences, 1(3), 78–88.
Kiem, P. V., Minh, C. V., Huong, H. T., Nam, N. H., Lee, J. J., & Kim Y. H. (2004).
Pentacyclic triterpenoids from Mallotus apelta. Archives of Pharmacal Research, 27(11), 1109–1113.
Köhler, J. & Wünsch, B. (2007). The allosteric modulation of lipases and its possible biological
relevance. Theoretical Biology and Medical Modelling, 4, 1–16.
Koleva, I. I., Van Beek, T. A., Linssen, J. P. H., De Groot, A., & Evstatieva, L. N. (2002).
Screening of plant extracts for antioxidant activity: a comparative study on three testing methods.
Phytochemical Analysis, 13, 8–17.
Korinek, M., Wagh, V. D., Lo, I. W., Hsu, Y. M., Hsu, H. Y., Hwang, T. L., et al (2016).
Antiallergic phorbol ester from the seeds of Aquilaria malaccensis. International Journal of
Molecular Sciences, 17, 398–411.
Krieger, E., Koraimann, G., & Vriend, G. (2002). Increasing the precision of comparative models
with YASARA NOVA - A self-parameterizing force field. Proteins: Structure, Function and Genetics,
47, 393–402.
Kumalo, H. M., Bhakat, S., & Soliman, M. E. S. (2015). Theory and applications of covalent docking
in drug discovery: merits and pitfalls. Molecules, 20, 1984–2000.
Kumar, S., & Pandey, A. K. (2013). Chemistry and biological activities of flavonoids: An overview.
The Scientific World Journal, 1–16.
Kwon, D. Y., & Rhee, J. S. (1986). A simple and rapid colorimetric method for determination of free
fatty acids for lipase assay. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 63(1), 89–92.
Laskowski, R. A., & Swindells, M. B. (2011). LigPlot+: multiple ligand -protein interaction
diagrams for drug discovery. Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling, 51, 2778–2786.
Lee, E. M., Lee, S. S., Chung, B. Y., Cho, J. Y., Lee, I. C., Ahn, S. R., et al (2010).
Pancreatic lipase inhibition by C-glycosidic flavones isolated from Eremochloa ophiuroides.
Molecules, 15, 8251–8259.
Lee, S. Y., & Rozi Mohamed (2016). The Origin and Domestication of Aquilaria, an Important
Agarwood-Producing Genus. In Mohamed, R., (Eds.), Agarwood (pp.1-20). Singapore: Springer.
Leow, T. C., Raja Noor Zaliha Raja Abdul Rahman, Mahiran Basri, & Abu Bakar Salleh (2004). High
level expression of thermostable lipase from Geobacillus sp. strain T1. Bioscience, Biotechnology
and Biochemistry, 68(1), 96–103.
Li, W., Lee, S. H., Jang, H. D., Ma, J. Y., & Kim, Y. H. (2017). Antioxidant and anti-
osteoporotic activities of aromatic compounds and sterols from Hericium erinaceum. Molecules, 22,
108–118.
Lim, S. M., Goh, Y. M., Kuan, W. B., & Loh, S. P. (2014). Effect of germinated brown rice extracts
on pancreatic lipase, adipogenesis and lipolysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Lipids in Health and
Disease, 13(169), 1–9.
Lim T. W., & Noorainie Awang Anak (2010). Wood for trees: a review of the agarwood (gaharu) trade
in Malaysia. TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia. Retrieved from
https://www.traffic.org/site/assets/files/3179/wood-for-the-trees- agarwood-malaysia.pdf.
Liu, C. M., Perng, M. H., & Chen, C. Y. (2018). The antioxidation and antiproliferation activity of
flavonoids from Aquilaria agallocha and Aquilaria sinensis. Biomedical Research, 29(10), 2191–2196.
Liu, Y., Chen, H., Yang, Y., Zhang, Z., Wei, J., Meng, H., et al (2013). Whole-tree
agarwood-inducing technique: an efficient novel technique for producing high- quality agarwood in
cultivated Aquilaria sinensis trees. Molecules, 18, 3086– 3106.
Lok, E. H. (2016). Growth and management of Aquilaria malaccensis for agarwood.
International Journal of Agriculture, Forestry and Plantation, 3, 55–60.
Lu, Y., Ma, W., Mao, J., Yu, X., Hou, Z., Fan, S., et al (2015). Salinomycin exerts anticancer
effects on human breast carcinoma MCF-7 cancer stem cells via modulation of Hedgehog signaling.
Chemico-Biological Interactions, 228, 100– 107.
Ma, C. T., Eom, T., Cho, E., Wu, B., Kim, T. R., Oh, K. B., et al (2017). Aquilanols A and B,
macrocyclic humulene-type sesquiterpenoids from the agarwood of Aquilaria malaccensis. Journal of
Natural Products, 80, 3043–3048.
Madaleno, I. M. (2015). Traditional medicinal knowledge in India and Malaysia.
Pharmacognosy Communications, 5(2), 116–129.
Mahmod, N. H., Amella, J. Johar, Mohd Haziq Abdul Hamid, Zalilawati Mat Rashid, & Abdul Manaf Ali
(2017). Comparative assessment of antioxidant activities in Aquilaria malaccensis leaf extracts.
Journal Of Agrobiotechnology, 8(2), 77–85.
Manach, C., Scalbert, A., Morand, C., Rémésy, C., & Jime´nez, L. (2004). Polyphenols: food sources
and bioavailability¹,². The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 79, 727–747.
Mangoyi, R., Midiwo, J. & Mukanganyama, S. (2015). Isolation and characterization of an antifungal
compound 5-hydroxy-7,4’- dimethoxyflavone from Combretum zeyheri. BMC Complementary and Alternative
Medicine, 15, 405–416.
Marín, L., Miguélez, E. M., Villar, C. J., & Lombó, F. (2015). Bioavailability of dietary
polyphenols and gut microbiota metabolism: antimicrobial properties. BioMed Research International,
1–8.
Martinez-Gonzalez, A. I., Alvarez-Parrilla, E., Díaz-Sánchez, Á. G., de la Rosa, L. A.,
Núñez-Gastélum, J. A., Vazquez-Flores, A. A., et al (2017). In vitro inhibition of pancreatic
lipase by polyphenols: a kinetic, fluorescence spectroscopy and molecular docking study. Food
Technology and Biotechnology, 55(4), 519–530.
Maryam Farooqui, Mohamed Azmi Hassali, Aishah Knight Abdul Shatar, Muhammad Aslam Farooqui, Fahad
Saleem, Noman ul Haq, et al (2016). Use of complementary and alternative medicines among Malaysian
cancer patients : A descriptive study. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medical Sciences, 6, 321–326.
Mastura Ibrahim, Saripah Salbiah Syed Abdul Azziz, Wong, C. F., Wan Nor Izzati Wan Mohamad Din, Wan
Rusmawati Wan Mahamod, Yuhanis Mhd Bakri, et al (2018). Evaluation of anti-lipase activity of leaf
and bark extracts from Aquilaria subintegra and A. malaccensis. Marmara Pharmaceutical Journal,
22(1), 91–95.
Medema, M. H., & Fischbach, M. A. (2015). Computational approaches to natural product discovery.
Nature Chemical Biology, 11(9), 639–648.
Mendoza-Poudereux, I., Kutzner, E., Huber, C., Segura, J., Arrillaga, I., & Eisenreich,
W. (2017). Dynamics of monoterpene formation in spike lavender plants.
Metabolites, 7, 65–87.
Meng, X. Y., Zhang, H. X., Mezei, M., & Cui, M. (2011). Molecular docking: a powerful approach for
structure-based drug discovery. Current Computer-Aided Drug Design, 7(2), 146–157.
Meng, Y., Krzysiak, A. J., Durako, M. J., Kunzelman, J. I, & Wright, J. L. C. (2008). Flavones and
flavone glycosides from Halophila johnsonii. Phytochemistry, 69, 2603–2608.
Merza, J., Mallet, S., Litaudon, M., Dumontet, V., Séraphin, D., & Richomme, P. (2004). Prenylated
xanthones and tocotrienols from Garcinia virgata. Phytochemistry, 65, 2915–2920.
Mi, L. M., Hui, C. K., Zakaria, N. S., & Yusof, H. M. (2017). Use of Chinese Herbal Medicine and
Health-Related Quality of Life among Cancer Patients in Johor, Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of
Nutrition, 23(2), 227–238.
Mohammed, A., Al-numair, K. S., & Balakrishnan, A. (2015). Docking studies on the interaction of
flavonoids with fat mass and obesity associated protein. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, 28(5), 1647–1653.
Mohd Fauzi Elias, Husni Ibrahim, & Wan Rusmawati Wan Mahamod (2017). A Review on the Malaysian
Aquilaria species in karas plantation and agarwood production. International Journal of Academic
Research in Business and Social Sciences, 7(4), 1021–1029.
Muhammad Abubakar Ado, Faridah Abas, Abdulkarim Sabo Mohammed, & Hasanah
M. Ghazali (2013). Anti- and pro-lipase activity of selected medicinal, herbal and aquatic plants,
and structure elucidation of an anti-lipase compound. Molecules, 18(12), 14651–14669.
Monggoot, S., Popluechai, S., Gentekaki, E. & Pripdeevech, P. (2017). Fungal endophytes: an
alternative source for production of volatile compounds from agarwood oil of Aquilaria subintegra.
Microbial Ecology, 74, 54–61.
Morales, G., & Paredes, A. (2014). Antioxidant activities of Lampaya medicinalis extracts and their
main chemical constituents. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 14, 259–271.
Naidu, J. R., Ismail, R. B., Yeng, C., Sasidharan, S., & Kumar, P. (2012). Chemical composition and
antioxidant activity of the crude methanolic extracts of Mentha spicata. Journal of Phytology,
4(1), 13–18.
Naik, M. M. (2018). Synthetic studies in oxygen heterocycles. India: Goa University.
Nakagawa, S., Serada, S., Matsuzaki, S., Ueda, Y., Yoshino, K., Fujimoto, M., et al (2016).
Abstract 4911: SOCS-1 inhibits tumor growth by enhancing T cell mediated antitumor immunity related
to PD-L1. Cancer Research. 76(14 Supplement), 4911–4911.
Ncube, N. S., Afolayan, A. J., & Okoh, A. I. (2008). Assessment techniques of antimicrobial
properties of natural compounds of plant origin: current methods and future trends. African Journal
of Biotechnology, 7(12), 1797–1806.
Nik Noor Asma Nik Wil, Nor Adila Mhd Omar, Noorhuda Awang@Ibrahim & Saiful Nizam Tajuddin (2014).
In vitro antioxidant activity and phytochemical screening of Aquilaria malaccensis leaf extracts.
Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 6(12), 688–693.
Nur Farhana Jamahseri, Miradatul Najwa Mohd Rodhi, Nur Hidayah Zulkarnain, Nursyuhada Che Husain, &
Ahmad Fakhri Syahmi Masruddin (2014). Ftir analysis of phenolic compound as pancreatic lipase
inhibitor from inoculated Aquilaria Malaccensis. The Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences,
18(3), 683– 689.
Nurhanan, M., Azah, M. N., Zunoliza, A., Humeriah, A. S., Syarifah, M. S., & Hayati,
A. N. (2017). In vitro anticancer and high-performance liquid chromatography profiles of Aquilaria
subintegra fruit and seed extracts. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 29(2), 208–214.
Ogawa, Y., Oku, H., Iwaoka, E., Iinuma, M., & Ishiguro, K. (2007). Allergy-preventive flavonoids
from Xanthorrhoea hastilis. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 55(4), 675–678.
Okudera, Y., & Ito, M. (2009). Production of agarwood fragrant constituents in
Aquilaria calli and cell suspension cultures. Plant Biotechnology. 26, 307–315.
Ong, S. L., Mah, S. H., & Lai, H. Y. (2016). Porcine pancreatic lipase inhibitory agent isolated
from medicinal herb and inhibition kinetics of extracts from Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertner. Journal
of Pharmaceutics, 1–9.
Orhan, I. E. (2016). Potential of natural products of herbal origin as monoamine oxidase
inhibitors. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 22, 268–276.
Osawa, T., Kumazawa, S., & Kawakishi, S. (1991). Prunusols A and B, novel antioxidative tocopherol
derivatives isolated from the leaf wax of Prunus grayana Maxim. Agricultural and Biological
Chemistry, 55(7), 1727–1731.
Othman, C. N., & Farooqui, M. (2015). Traditional and Complementary Medicine.
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 170, 262–271.
Palaniveloo, K., Ramachandram, R. T., & Vairappan, C. S. (2014). Cembrane diterpenes as
chemotaxonomical markers for Sinularia flexibilis. Journal of Tropical Biology and Conservation,
11, 103–116.
Pan, X., Domin, N., Schieferdecker, S., Kage, H., Roth, M., & Nett, M. (2017). Herpetopanone, a
diterpene from Herpetosiphon aurantiacus discovered by isotope labeling. Beilstein Journal of
Organic Chemistry, 13, 2458–2465.
Paniagua-P´erez, R., Madrigal-Bujaidar, E., Reyes-Cadena, S., Molina-Jasso, D., Gallaga, J.P.,
Silva-Miranda, A., et al (2005). Genotoxic and cytotoxic studies of beta-sitosterol and
pteropodine in mouse. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, 3, 242–247.
Parle, M., & Bansal, N. (2011). Antiamnesic activity of an ayurvedic formulation Chyawanprash in
mice. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 1-10.
Park, Y., Lee, Y. U., Kim, H., Lee, Y., Yoon, Y. A., Moon, B., et al (2006). NMR data of flavone
derivatives and their anti-oxidative activities. Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society, 27(10),
1537–1541.
Pern, Y. C., Lee, S. Y., Ludin, R., & Mohamed, R. (2018). Fruit morphological characteristics of
cultivated Aquilaria Lam. (Thymelaeaceae) in peninsular Malaysia. The Malaysian Forester, 81(2),
123–128.
Phirdaus Abbas, Yumi Zuhanis Has-Yun Hashim, & Azura Amid (2017). Cytokinetic study of uninfected
agarwood branch ethanolic extract on breast cancer cells.
Asia-Pacific Journal of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, 25(1), 1–7.
Pourmorad, F., Hosseinimehr, S. J., & Shahabimajd, N. (2006). Antioxidant activity, phenol and
flavonoid contents of some selected Iranian medicinal plants. African Journal of Biotechnology,
5(11), 1142–1145.
Prachayasittikul, S., Suphapong, S., Worachartcheewan, A., Lawung, R., Ruchirawat, S., &
Prachayasittikul, V. (2009). Bioactive metabolites from Spilanthes acmella Murr. Molecules, 14,
850–867.
Prakash, O., Kumar, A., Kumar, P., & Ajeet. (2013). Anticancer Potential of Plants and Natural
Products: A Review. American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences, 1(6), 104–115.
Pranakhon, R., Aromdee, C., & Pannangpetch, P. (2015). Effects of iriflophenone 3-C- β-glucoside on
fasting blood glucose level and glucose uptake. Pharmacognosy Magazine, 11(41), 82–89.
Qi, J., Lu, J. J., Liu, J. H., & Yu, B. Y. (2009). Flavonoid and a rare benzophenone glycoside from
the leaves of Aquilaria sinensis. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 57(2), 134–137.
Quintanilla-Licea, R., Morado-Castillo, R., Gomez-Flores, R., Laatsch, H., Verde-Star,
M. J., Hernández-Martínez, H., et al (2012). Bioassay-guided isolation and identification of
cytotoxic compounds from Gymnosperma glutinosum leaves. Molecules, 17, 11229–11241.
Rai, M., Jogee, P. S., Agarkar, G., & Santos, C. A. D. (2016). Anticancer activities of Withania
somnifera: current research, formulations, and future perspectives. Pharmaceutical Biology, 54(2),
189–197.
Rains, T. M., Agarwal, S., & Maki, K. C. (2011). Antiobesity effects of green tea catechins : a
mechanistic review. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 22, 1–7.
Rana, M. P., Sohel, M. S. I., Akhter, S., & Islam, M. J. (2010). Ethno-medicinal plants use by the
Manipuri tribal community in Bangladesh. Journal of Forestry Research, 21(1), 85–92.
Ray, G., Leelamanit, W., Sithisarn, P., & Jiratchariyakul, W. (2014). Antioxidative compounds from
Aquilaria crassna leaf. Mahidol University Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 41(4), 54–58.
Rehman, S. U., Choe, K., & Yoo, H. H. (2016). Review on a traditional herbal medicine, Eurycoma
longifolia jack (tongkat ali): its traditional uses, chemistry, evidence-based pharmacology and
toxicology. Molecules, 21, 331–362.
Roh, C., & Jung, U. (2012). Screening of crude plant extracts with anti-obesity activity.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 13, 1710–1719.
Saad, R., Asmani, F., Saad, M., Hussain, M., Khan, J., Kaleemullah, M., et al (2015). A new
approach for predicting antioxidant property of herbal extracts. International Journal of
Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research, 7(1), 166– 174.
Sai, V., Chaturvedula, P., & Prakash, I. (2012). Isolation of stigmasterol and β-sitosterol
from the dichloromethane extract of Rubus suavissimus. International Current Pharmaceutical
Journal, 1(9), 239–242.
Saiful Nizam Tajuddin & Mashitah M Yusoff (2010). Chemical composition of volatile oils of
Aquilaria malaccensis (Thymelaeaceae) from Malaysia. Natural Product Communications. 5(12):
1965-1968.
Sak, K., Jürisoo, K., & Raal, A. (2014). Estonian folk traditional experiences on natural
anticancer remedies: from past to the future. Pharmaceutical Biology, 52(7), 855– 866.
Sandjo, L. P., & Kuete, V. (2013). Triterpenes and steroids from the medicinal plants of Africa.
Medicinal Plant Research in Africa (pp 136-202). Elsevier Inc.
Sattayasai, J., Bantadkit, J., Aromdee, C., Lattmann, E., & Airarat, W. (2012). Antipyretic,
analgesic and anti-oxidative activities of Aquilaria crassna leaves extract in rodents. Journal of
Ayurveda & Integrative Medicine, 3(4), 175–179.
Selegato, D. M., Monteiro, A. F., Vieira, N. C., Cardoso, P., Pavani, V. D., Bolzani, V. S., et al
(2017). Update: biological and chemical aspects of Senna spectabilis. Journal of the Brazilian
Chemical Society, 28(3), 415–426.
Sergent, T., Vanderstraeten, J., Winand, J., Beguin, P., & Schneider, Y. (2012). Phenolic compounds
and plant extracts as potential natural anti-obesity substances. Food Chemistry, 135, 68–73.
Seyoum, A., Asres, K., & El-fiky, F. K. (2006). Structure – radical scavenging activity
relationships of flavonoids. Phytochemistry, 67, 2058–2070.
Sharmin, T., Islam, F., Kaisar, M. A., Al-Mansur, M. A., Sikder, M. A. A. & Rashid,
M. A. (2014). Chemical and biological investigations of Albizia chinensis
(Osbeck.) Merr. Journal of Physical Science, 25(2), 29–38.
Shi, H. M., Williams, D. I., Sung, H. H. Y., Zhu, H. X., Ip, N. Y., & Min, Z. D. (2005).
Cytotoxic diterpenoids from the roots of Euphorbia ebracteolata. Planta Medica, 71, 349–354.
Silva, M. D. L. e, David, J. P., Silva, L. C. R. C., Santos, R. A. F., David, J. M., Lima,
L. S., et al (2012). Bioactive oleanane, lupane and ursane triterpene acid derivatives. Molecules,
17, 12197–12205.
Silva, R. O., Francisca Beatriz M. Sousa, Samara R. B. Damasceno, Nathalia S. Carvalho, Silva, V.
G., Oliveira, F.R.M.A., et al (2014). Phytol, a diterpene alcohol, inhibits the inflammatory
response by reducing cytokine production and oxidative stress. Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology,
28, 455–464.
Siti Khairun Nissa Afiffudden, Habsah Alwi & Ku Halim Ku Hamid (2015). Determination of
4’-hydroxyacetanilide in leaves extract of Aquilaria malaccencis by high pressure liquid
chromatograph. Procedia - Social and Behavioral
Sciences, 195, 2726–2733.
Skrt, M., Benedik, E., Podlipnik, C., & Ulrih, N. P. (2012). Interactions of different polyphenols
with bovine serum albumin using fluorescence quenching and molecular docking. Food Chemistry, 135,
2418–2424.
Sousa, G. F., Duarte, L. P., Alcântara, A. F. C., Silva, G. D. F., Vieira-filho, S. A., Silva,
R. R., et al (2012). New triterpenes from Maytenus robusta: structural elucidation based on NMR
experimental data and theoretical calculations. Molecules, 17, 13439–13456.
Stoytcheva, M., Montero, G., Zlatev, R., León, J. Á., & Gochev, V. (2012). Analytical methods for
lipases activity determination : a review. Current Analytical Chemistry, 8, 400–407.
Suksamrarn, A., Chotipong, A., Suavansri, T., Boongird, S., Tirnsuksai, P., Vimuttipong, S., et al
(2004). Antimycobacterial activity and cytotoxicity of flavonoids from the flowers of Chromolaena
odorata. Archives of Pharmacal Research, 27(5), 507–511.
Sun, J., Wang, S., Xia, F., Wang, K. Y., Chen, J. M., & Tu, P. F. (2014). Five new benzophenone
glycosides from the leaves of Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Gilg. Chinese Chemical Letters, 25,
1573–1576.
Sun, J., Xia, F., Wang, S., Wang, K. Y., Chen, J. M., & Tu, P. F. (2015). Structural elucidation of
two new megastigmane glycosides from the leaves of Aquilaria sinensis. Chinese Journal of Natural
Medicines, 13(4), 290–294.
Suzuki, A., Miyake, K., Saito, Y., Rasyid, F. A., Tokuda, H., Takeuchi, M., et al (2017).
Phenylethylchromones with in vitro antitumor promoting activity from Aquilaria filaria. Planta
Medica, 83, 300–305.
Sxureha Yunus, Nurul Asyikin Md Zaki, & Ku Halim Ku Hamid (2015). Microwave drying characteristics
and antidiabetic properties of Aquilaria subintegra and Aquilaria malaccensis leaves. Advanced
Materials Research, 1113, 352–357.
Takahashi, A., Kimura, F., Yamanaka, A., Takebayashi, A., Kita, N., Takahashi, K., et al (2014).
Metformin impairs growth of endometrial cancer cells via cell cycle arrest and concomitant
autophagy and apoptosis. Cancer Cell International. 14(1), 53.
Tang, M. C., Zou, Y., Watanabe, K., Walsh, C. T., & Tang, Y. (2017). Oxidative cyclization in
natural product biosynthesis. Chemical Reviews, 117(8), 5226– 5333.
Tariq, M., Ali, S., Ahmad, F., Ahmad, M., & Zafar, M. (2011). Identification, FT-IR, NMR (¹H and
¹³C) and GC/MS studies of fatty acid methyl esters in biodiesel from rocket seed oil. Fuel
Processing Technology, 92, 336–341.
Teffo, L. S., Aderogba, M. A., & Eloff, J. N. (2010). Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of
four kaempferol methyl ethers isolated from Dodonaea viscosa Jacq. var. angustifolia leaf extracts.
South African Journal of Botany, 76, 25–29.
Teles, Y. C. F., Gomes, R. A., Oliveira, M. da S., Lucena, K. L. de, Nascimento, J. S. do, De, M.
F. A., et al (2014). Phytochemical investigation of Wissadula periplocifolia (L.) C. Presl and
evaluation of its antibacterial activity. Quimica Nova, 37(9), 1491–1495.
The Plant List (2013). Retrieved from http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/search? q=aquilaria
Thimmappa, R., Geisler, K., Louveau, T., O’Maille, P., & Osbourn, A. (2014). Triterpene
biosynthesis in plants. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 65, 225–257.
Thitikornpong, W., Palanuvej, C., & Ruangrungsi, N. (2019). In vitro antidiabetic, antioxidation
and cytotoxicity activities of ethanolic extract of Aquilaria crassna leaves and its active
compound; mangiferin. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 18(1), 144–150.
Trisonthi, P., Sato, A., Nishiwaki, H., & Tamura, H. (2014). A new diterpene from Litsea cubeba
fruits: structure elucidation and capability to induce apoptosis in HeLa cells. Molecules, 19,
6838–6850.
Tsai, Y. C., Wang, S. L., Wu, M. Y., Liao, C. H., Lin, C. H., Chen, J. J., et al (2018).
Pilloin, a flavonoid isolated from Aquilaria sinensis, exhibits anti-inflammatory activity in vitro
and in vivo. Molecules, 23, 3177–3190.
Veeramachaneni, G. K., Raj, K. K., Chalasani, L. M., Annamraju, S. K., Bondili, J., & Talluri, V.
R. (2015). Shape based virtual screening and molecular docking towards designing novel pancreatic
lipase inhibitors. Bioinformation, 11(12), 535– 542.
Waluyo, T. K., & Pasaribu, G. (2017). Screening of anticancer activities from agarwood’s methanol
extract (gyrinops verstegii [gilg.] Domke). International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences, 8(3),
67–72.
Wang, L., Yamasaki, M., Katsube, T., Sun, X., Yamasaki, Y., & Shiwaku, K. (2011). Antiobesity
effect of polyphenolic compounds from molokheiya (Corchorus olitorius L.) leaves in LDL
receptor-deficient mice. European Journal of Nutrition, 50, 127–133.
Wang, Q. H., Peng, K., Tan, L. H., & Dai, H. F. (2010). Aquilarin A, a new benzenoid derivative
from the fresh stem of Aquilaria sinensis. Molecules, 15, 4011–4016.
Wang, S. C., Wang, F., & Yue, C. H. (2015). Chemical constituents from the petioles and leaves of
Aquilaria sinensis. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 61, 458– 461.
Wang, S. L., Tsai, Y. C., Fu, S. L., Cheng, M. J., Chung, M. I., & Chen, J. J. (2018). 2-
(2-phenylethyl)-4H-chromen-4-one derivatives from the resinous wood of Aquilaria sinensis with
anti-inflammatory effects in LPS-induced macrophages. Molecules, 23, 289–300.
Wang, S., Yu, Z., Wang, C., Wu, C., Guo, P., & Wei, J. (2018). Chemical constituents and
pharmacological activity of agarwood and Aquilaria plants. Molecules, 23, 342–363.
Wojdyło, A., Oszmiański, J., & Czemerys, R. (2007). Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds in
32 selected herbs. Food Chemistry, 105, 940–949.
World Health Organization, 2018. Obesity and overweight. Retrieved from http://
www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight.
World Health Organization, 2018. Cancer. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-
room/fact-sheets/detail/cancer.
Wu, S., & Tian, L. (2018). A new flavone glucoside together with known ellagitannins and flavones
with anti-diabetic and anti-obesity activities from the flowers of pomegranate (Punica granatum).
Natural Product Research, 6419, 1–6.
Wu, X., He, W., Zhang, H., Li, Y., Liu, Z., & He, Z. (2014). Acteoside : a lipase inhibitor from
the chinese tea Ligustrum purpurascens kudingcha. Food Chemistry, 142, 306–310.
Wu, Y., Liu, C., Li, H. F., Sun, J. B., Li, Y. Y., & Gu, W., et al (2014). A novel
neolignan glycoside from Aquilaria sinensis. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 55, 41–45.
Yang, D. L., Wang, H., Guo, Z. K., Li, W., Mei, W. L., & Dai, H. F. (2014). Fragrant agarofuran and
eremophilane sesquiterpenes in agarwood ‘Qi-Nan’ from Aquilaria sinensis. Phytochemistry Letters,
8, 121–125.
Yang, X. B., Feng, J., Yang, X. W., Zhao, B., & Liu, J. X. (2012). Aquisiflavoside, a new nitric
oxide production inhibitor from the leaves of Aquilaria sinensis. Journal of Asian Natural Products
Research, 14(9), 867–872.
Yu, Q., Qi, J., Yu, H., Chen, L., Kou, J., Liu, S. J., et al (2013). Qualitative and quantitative
analysis of phenolic compounds in the leaves of Aquilaria sinensis using liquid chromatography –
mass spectrometry. Phytochemical Analysis, 1–8.
Yuan, H., Ma, Q., Ye, L., & Piao, G. (2016). The traditional medicine and modern medicine from
natural products. Molecules, 21, 559–577.
Yumi Zuhanis Has-Yun Hashim, Kerr, P. G., Phirdaous Abbas, & Hamzah Mohd Salleh (2016). Aquilaria
spp. (agarwood) as source of health beneficial compounds : A review of traditional use,
phytochemistry and pharmacology. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 189, 331–360.
Yun, J. W. (2010). Possible anti-obesity therapeutics from nature – a review.
Phytochemistry, 71, 1625–1641.
Zainal, S., Musa, M., Idris, J. & Ku Hamid, K.H. (2018). Effect of substrate concentration and
reaction time of Aquilaria subintegra leaves extract on inhibition of pancreatic lipase. IOP
Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 358, 1–6.
Zhang, B., Deng, Z., Ramdath, D. D., Tang, Y., Chen, P. X., Liu, R., et al (2015). Phenolic
profiles of 20 canadian lentil cultivars and their contribution to antioxidant activity and
inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase. Food Chemistry, 172, 862–872.
Zhang, H., & Tsao, R. (2016). Dietary polyphenols, oxidative stress and antioxidant and
anti-inflammatory effects. Current Opinion in Food Science, 8, 33–42.
Zhang, Q., Lu, Z., Ren, T., Ge, Y., Zheng, Y., Yao, D., et al (2014). Chemical composition of
Achillea alpina. Chemistry of Natural Compounds, 50(3), 534– 536.
Zhang, X., Hung, T. M., Phuong, P. T., Ngoc, T. M., Min, B., Song, K., et al (2006).
Anti-inflammatory activity of flavonoids from Populus davidiana. Archives of
Pharmacal Research, 29(12), 1102–1108.