UPSI Digital Repository (UDRep)
Start | FAQ | About
Menu Icon

QR Code Link :

Type :thesis
Subject :GV Recreation Leisure
Main Author :Baharim Hashim
Title :Orientasi matlamat dan kecenderungan keagresifan instrumental di kalangan pemain bola baling remaja
Place of Production :Tanjong Malim
Publisher :Fakulti Sains Sukan dan Kejurulatihan
Year of Publication :2007
Notes :with cd
Corporate Name :Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
PDF Guest :Click to view PDF file

Abstract : Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengenalpasti orientasi matlamat dan kecenderungan keagresifan  instrumental di kalangan pemain bola baling MSSP Daerah Kinta Dua, Perak. Kajian ini melihat  orientasi matlamat, kecenderungan keagresifan instrumental, individu yang mempengaruhi keagresifan  instrumental dan situasi yang dijangkakan akan mempengaruhi kecenderungan atlet untuk melakukan  keagresifan instrumental. Instrumen soal selidik yang digunakan ialah ‘Task and Ego Orientation In  Sport Questionnaire’ (TEOSQ) oleh Duda & Nicholls (1991) dan ‘The Judgement About Moral  Behavior   In  Youth  Sport  Questionnaire’  (JAMBYSQ)  oleh  Stephens, Bredemeier & Sheilds (1993). Seramai  166 atlet (85 lelaki dan 81 perempuan), yang terdiri daripada pemain pasukan yang memasuki  peringkat suku akhir pertandingan bola baling peringkat daerah ini, telah bekerjasama untuk   menjadi sampel kajian. Analisis kajian mendapati penglibatan atlet-atlet ini adalah   berorientasikan tugasan. Terdapat perbezaan yang signifikan bagi orientasi tugasan pemain bola  baling lelaki dan perempuan manakala tiada perbezaan yang signifikan bagi orientasi ego. Atlet-  atlet ini juga cenderung untuk melakukan keagresifan instrumental. Keagresifan instrumental mereka  dipengaruhi oleh guru atau jurulatih. Situasi yang mempengaruhi atlet lelaki melakukan keagresifan  instrumental adalah ‘kedudukan seri’ manakala bagi situasi yang mempengaruhi atlet perempuan adalah  situasi yang ‘menaikkan semangat’ mereka.

References

Ahmad Mahzan Ayob. (1992). Kaedah penyelidikan sosioekonomi. Kuala Lumpur:

Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.

 

Alderman, R.B. (1974). Psychological behavior in sport. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunder Company.

 

Atkinson, J.W. (1965). An introduction to motivation. Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand Company Inc.

 

Ary, D., Jacob, L.C., & Razavieh, A. (2002). Introduction to research education (6ᵗʰ ed.) Belmont: 

Wadsworth Thomson Learning.

 

Bach, G.R., &  Wyden, P. (1968). The intimate enemy. New York: William and Morrow.

 

Bahrke, M.S., & Morgan. (1978). Anxiety Reduction Following Exercise and Meditation. Cognitive 

Therapy and Research, 2, 323-334.

 

Bandura, A. (1973). Aggression: A social learning analysis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

 

Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Towards unifying theory of behavioral change.

Psychological Review, 84, 191-215. In Biddle, S. J.H. (1995), Motivation and

 

social psychology in sport and physical education. European Perspectives on Exercise and Sport 

Psychology, Champaign IL: Human Kinetics Publishers.

 

Bandura,  A.  (1982).  Self-efficacy  mechanism  in  human  agency.  American Psychology, 37, 

122-147.

 

Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundation of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood 

Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

 

Bandura, A. (1969). Principles of behavior modification. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

 

Baron, R.A., & Richardson, D.R. (1994). Human aggression. (2ⁿᵈ ed). New York: Plenum Press.

 

Baumgartner, T.A., & Jackson, A.S. (2003). Measurement for evalution in physical education and 

exercise science (7ᵗʰ ed.). New York : McGraw-Hill.

 

Berger, B.G., Owen, D.R., & Frantisek, M. (1993). A brief review of literature and examination of 

acute mood benefits of exercise in Czechoslovakian and United States swimmers. International 

Journal of Sport Psychology, 24,130-150.

 

Bergin, D.A., & Habusta, S.F. (2004). Goal Orientations of Young Male Ice Hockey Players and Their 

Parents. The Journal of Genatic Psychology, 165(4) 383- 398.

 

Berkowitz, L. (1958).The expression and reduction of hostility. Dalam Psychological Bulletin, 55, 

257-283.

 

Berkowitz, L. (1962). Aggression: A social learning analysis. New York: McGraw- Hill. In 

L.Lefebvre, L.Leith, & B. Bredemeier ( 1980 ), Modes for aggression assessment and control. 

International. Journal of Sport Psychology, 11, 11-21

 

Berkowitz, L. (1965). The concept aggressive drive: Some additional consideration. In

L. Berkowitz (Ed). Advance in experimental social psychology,2, 301-329. New York: Academic Press.

 

Berkowitz, L. (1993). Aggression: Its causes, consequences and control. New York: McGraw-Hill.

 

Boyd, M., & Callaghan, J. (1994). Task and ego perspectives in organized youth sport.

International Journal of Sport Psychology, 22, 411-424.

 

Bramly, P. (1991). Evaluating training effectiveness translating theory into practice.

London: Mc Graw-Hill Book Company.

 

Bredemeier, B. (1994). Children’s moral reasoning and their assertive, aggressive and submissive 

tendencies in sport and daily life. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 16, 1-4.

 

Bredemeier, B.J., & Shields, D. (1987). Moral growth through physical activity: A structural 

developmental approach. In Gould &M.R. Weiss (Eds), Advances in Pediatric Sport Sciences: 

Behavioral issues, 2, 143-154. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

 

Bull, S.J. (1991). Personal and situational influences on adherence to mental skills training. 

Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 13, 121-132.

 

Burn, R.B. (2000). Introduction to research method (4ᵗʰ ed). London : Sage Publications.

 

Buss, A. (1961). A psychology o f aggression. New York: Wiley.

 

Cicciarella, Charles, F. (1997). Research in physical, exercise science and sport: An introduction. 

Arizona: Scootdate Publisher.

 

Cochran, W.G. (1977). Wiley series in probability and mathematical statistics applied: Sampling 

techniques (3ᵗʰ ed)., USA: A Wiley Publication.

 

Cox, R.H. (1994). Sport psychology: Concept and application. Dubuque, IA Browm and Benchmark.

 

Cox, R.H. (1998). Sport psychology: Concept and application (4ᵗʰ ed.). Boston, MA:WCB Mc Graw Hill.

 

Cullen, J.B., & Cullen, F.T. (1975). The structure and contextual conditions of group norm 

violation: Some implication from the game of ice hockey. International Review of Sport Sociology, 

10, 69-77.

 

Davies, D. (1989). Psychological factor in competitive sport. Philadelphia: The Falme Press.

 

Dollard, J., Doob, L., Miller, H., Mowrer, A., & Sears, R. (1939). Frustration and aggression. 

Yale: New Haven, C T: Yale University Press.

 

Duda, J. (1992). Motivation in sport setting: A goal perspective approach. In G. Robert (ed.). 

Motivational in Sport Exercise (hlm. 57-92) . Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

 

Duda, J. (1998). Advances in sport and exercise psychology measurement. USA, Morgantown: Fitness 

Information Technology Inc

 

Duda, J., & Huston, I. (1995). The relationship of goal orientation and degree of competitive sport 

participation to the endorsement of aggressive acts in American Football. In R.Vanfraecham-Raway & 

Y. Vanden Audweele (Eds). IXth European Congress on Sport Psychology Proceedings (hlm 655-662). 

Brussells, Belgium.

 

Duda, J., Nicholls, J. (1989). The task and ego orientation in sport questionnaire: Psychometric  

properties.  Manuscripts  submitted  for  publication.  In Shaharudin (1998), Aggressive tendencies 

in Malaysian youth soccer: An examination  of  individual  and  contextual  factor.  Unpublished  

doctoral dissertation, University of Iowa, Iowa.

 

Duda, J.L. (1987). Toward a developmental theory of motivation in sport. Journal of Sport 

Psychology, 9, 130 – 145.

 

Duda, J.L. (1989). Relationship between task and ego orientation and perceived purposes of sport 

among high school athletes. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 11, 318-335.

 

Duda, J.L. (1992). Motivation in sport setting: A goal perspective approach. Dalam G.C. Roberts 

(Ed.), Motivation in sport and excercise (m.s. 57 – 91). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

 

Duda, J.L. (1993). Goal: A social-cognitive approach to the study of achievement motivation in 

sport. Dalam R.N. Singer, M. Murphey & L.K. Tennant (Eds.), Handbook of research on sport 

psychology (m.s. 421 – 435). New York: Macmillan.

 

Dweck, C.S. (1986). Motivational processes affecting learning. American psychologist, 41, 1040 – 

1048.

 

Felson, R.B., & Tedeschi, J.T. (1993). Aggression and violence. Washington D.C: American 

Psychological Association.

 

Frank, G. (1994). On the prediction of aggressive behavior from the Rorschach.

Psychological Reports 75, 183-191.

 

Frieschlag, J., & Schmidke, C. (1979). Violence in sport: Its cause and some solution.

The Physical Educator, 36, 182-183.

 

Gill, D.L. (1986). Psychology Dynamics of Sport. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

 

Gill,   D.L.(1998).  Gender  differences  in  competitive  orientation  and  sport participation. 

International Journal of Sport Psychology, 19, 145-159.

 

Guilford, J.P. (1956). Fundamental statistics in psychology and education. New York: Mc Graw-Hill

 

Hardy, L. Jones, G. & Gould, D. (1996). Understanding psychology preparation for sport: Theory and 

practice of elite performers. England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

 

Harter, S. (1978). Effectance motivation reconsidered : Towards a developmental model. Human 

Development, 21, 34-64.

 

Husman, B., & Silva, J.M. (1984). Aggression in sport: Definitional and theoretical consideration.  

In  J.M.  Silva  &  R.S.  Weinberg  (Eds),  Psychological Foundation in Sport (hlm 246-260). 

Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

 

Howe, B.L. (1988). Motivation for success in sport. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 17, 

1 – 9.

 

Iheoma, E.O. (1986). The role of religion in moral education. Journal of Moral Education,  15, 

12-23. Dalam Isu-isu Pendidikan di Malaysia. Diperolehi Disember 12, 2004 daripada 

http://www.geocities.com/pendislam.

 

Isoahola, S.E. & Hatfield, B. (1986). Psychology of Sport: A social psychological approach. 

Dubuque, IA: William C. Brown.

 

Johnson,B.L., & Nelson, J.K. (1986). Practical measurement for evalution in physical education (4ᵗʰ 

ed.). Lousiana State University: Burgess.

 

Kamus Dewan (1989). Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (1989). Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.

 

Kim, B.J., & Gill, D.L. (1995). Psychological correlates of achievement goal orientation in Korean 

youth sport. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 7, 22-27.

 

Koo Kay Kim (Februari, 2002). Jurulatih perlu kajian mendalam: Mengharap era baru.

Arena Bola Sepak, 56-57.

 

Krejcie, R.V., &  Morgan, D.W. (1970).Determining  Sample Size for Research Activities. Educational 

and Psychological Measurement, 30, 607-610.

 

La Porte, R.E., & Nath, R. (1976). Role of performance goals in prose learning.

Journal of Educational Psychology, 68, 260-264.

 

Liacre, J.M., (2000). New approaches to determining realibity and validity. Reaserch Quaterly for 

exercise and sport, 71 (2), 129-136.

 

Lefebvre, C.S. L., & Passer, M. (1975). The effects of games location and importance on aggression 

in team sport. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 5, 102-110. In L., Lefebvre, L. Leith, & 

B. Bredemeir (1980), Modes for aggression assessment and control. International Journal of Sport 

Psychology, 11, 11-21.

 

Lefebvre, L. Leith, L., & B. Bredemeir (1980), Modes for aggression assessment and control. 

International Journal of Sport Psychology, 11, 11-21.

 

Lefebvre, L., & Passer, M. (1975). The effects of games location and importance on aggression in 

team sport. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 5, 102- 110.

 

Leith, L. (1977). The psychological assessment of aggression in sport. A critique of existing 

measurement technique. Paper Present at the International Symposium on Psychological Assessment in 

Sport, Wingate, Israel. In Shaharudin Abd. Aziz.  (1998).  Aggressive  tendencies  in  Malaysian  

youth  soccer:  An examination  of  individual  and contextual factor. Unpublished doctoral 

dissertation, University of Iowa, Iowa.

 

Leith, L. (1989). The effects of various physical activities, outcomes, and emotional arousal  on  

subject  aggression  scores.  International  Journal  of  Sport Psychology,  26, 57-66.

 

Locke, E.A., & Latham, G.P. (1990). A theory of goal setting and task performance.

Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice Hill.

 

Lorenz, C. (1966). On aggression. New York: Harcourt Brace, Jovanovich. Lovenz, I.D. (1985). Group 

Process and Productivity. New York: Academic Press.

Maehr, M.L., & Nicholls, J.G. (1980). Culture and achievement motivation: A second look. Dalam N. 

Warren (Ed.), Studies in Cross-cultural psychology, 3, 221 – 267. New York: Academic.

 

Maehr, M.L., & Braskamp, L.A. (1986). The motivation factor: A theory of personal investment. 

Lexington, MA Books.

 

Martens, R. (1987). Coaches guide to sport psychology. Champaign, IL : Human

 

Martens, R. (1979). Social Psychology and Physical Activity. London, New York: Harper and Row, 

Publisher.

 

Mc Guire, E.J. (1990). The antecedents of aggressive behavior in professional ice hockey. 

Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Waterloo, Warterloo, Ontario, Canada. In

 

Mc Guire, E.J., Courneya, K.S., Widmeyer, W.N., & Carron,A.V. (1992). Agression as a potential 

mediator of the home advantage in professional ice hockey. Journal of Sport and Exercise 

Psychology, 14, 148-158.

 

Miller, N.E. (1941). The frustration aggression hypothesis. Psychological Review, 48, 337-342. In 

Tenenbaum. G., Singer. R., Steward. E. & Duda. J. (1997). Aggression and Violence in sport: An ISSP 

position stand. The Sport Psychology, 11, 1-7.

 

Mintah, J.K., Huddleston, S., & Doody,S.G. (1999). Justification of aggressive behavior in contact 

and semi contact sport. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29, 597-605.

 

Mohd Sofian Omar Fauzee. (2003). Penyelesaian masalah atlet melalui pendekatan psikologi. Kuala 

Lumpur: Utusan Publications.

 

Mohd. Majid Konting. (1990). Kaedah penyelidikan pendidikan. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan 

Pustaka.

 

Mohd. Majid Konting. (2000). Kaedah penyelidikan pendidikan (Edisi Kelima). Kuala Lumpur: Dewan 

Bahasa dan Pustaka.

 

Morgan, W.P. (1987). Reduction of states anxiety following acute physical activity. In

W.P. Morgan & S.E. Goldston (Eds), Exercise and mental health, (hlm 105- 109). Washington ,DC: 

Hemisphere.

 

Murphy, S. (1990). Models of imagery in sport psychology: Journal of Mental Imagery, 14, 153-172.

 

Murphy, S.M. & Jowdy, D.P. (1992). Imagery and mantel practice. Advances in Sport Psychology, 

Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Publishers.

 

Murphy, S.M. (1988). The on-site provision of sport psychology services at the 1987

U.S Olympic Festival. The Sport Psychologist, 2, 337-351.

 

Newton, M., & Duda, J.L. (1999). The Interaction of Motivational Climate, Dispositional Goal 

Orientation, and Percsived Ability in Predicting Indices of Motivation. International Journal Of 

Sport Psychology. 23, 63-82.

 

Nicholls, J.G. (1984). Achievement motivation: conceptions of ability, subjective experience, task 

choice and performance. Psychologycal Riview, 91(3), 328 – 346.

 

Nicholls, J.G. (1989). The competitive ethos and democratic education. Cambridge, MA: Harvard 

University Press..

 

Panagiotis, N. Zahariadis & Stuart J.H. Biddle (2002). Goal orientations and participation motives 

in physical education and sport; Their relationship in english school children. Athletic Insight; 

The Online Journal of Sport Psychology.    Diperolehi    Februari    2,    2005    daripada 

http://www.athleticinsight.com/Vol21ss1/English-Children.htm.

 

Patton, M. (1990). Qualitative evaluation and research methods (2ⁿᵈ Ed.) Newbury Park, Sage.

 

Rascale, O., Coulomb, G., & Pfister, R. (1998). Aggression and goal orientation in handball: 

Influence of institutional sport context. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 86, 1347-1360.

 

Reifman, A.S., Larrick, R.P., & Fein, S. (1991). Temper and temperature on the diamond;  The  heat  

aggression  relationship  in  major  league  baseball. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 

17, 580-84.

 

Roberts, G.C. (1992). Motivation in sport and exercise. Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics Books.

 

Robert, G.C., Spink, K.S. and Pemberton, L.C. (1999). Learning experiences in sport psychology: A 

practical guide to help students understand the major concepts in sport psychology (2ⁿᵈ Ed.). 

United States: Human Kinetics.

 

Robert, G.C., & Treasure, D.C., & Balsgue, G. (In press). Achievement goals in sport: The 

development and validation of the perception of success Quuestionnaire. Journal of Sport Sciences. 

In Shaharudin (1998). Aggressive tendencies in Malaysian youth soccer: An examination of individual 

and contextual factor. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Iowa, Iowa.

 

Robert, G.C., Treasure, D.C., & Kavussanu, M. (1996). Orthogonally of achievement goals and its 

relationship to beliefs about success and satisfaction in sport. The Sport Psychologist, 10, 

398-408.

 

Rothkopf, E.Z., & Billington, M.J. (1979). Goal-guided learning from text: Inferring a descriptive 

processing model from inspection times and eye movements. Journal of Education Psychology, 71, 

310-327.

 

Russell, G. W. (1981a). Spectator moods at an aggression sports event. Journal of Sport Psychology, 

3, 217-227.

 

Ryan, R. M., Freserick, C. M. Lepes, D. &., Sheldon, K.L. (1997). Intrinsic motivation and exercise 

adherence. International Juornal of psychology, 28, 335-354

 

Safrit, M.J., & Wood, T.T. (1995). Introduction to measurement in physical education and exercise 

science (3th ed.). Missouri : Mosby.

 

Sage, G. (1977). Introduction to motor behavior: A neuropsychological approach (2nd. ed.). Reading, 

MA: Addison Wesley.

 

Sekaran, Uma, (1992). Reasearch method for business: a skill building approach.

New York: John Wiley and Son.

 

Shaharudin Abd. Aziz. (1998). Aggressive tendencies in Malaysian youth soccer: An examination of 

individual and contextual factor. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Iowa, Iowa.

 

Shaharudin Abd. Aziz. (2001). Mengaplikasi teori psikologi dalam sukan. Kuala Lumpur: Utusan 

Publications & Distributors.

 

Shahril Marzuki dan Habib Mat Som. (1999). Isu pendidikan di Malaysia: sorotan dan cabaran. Kuala 

Lumpur: Utusan Publications & Distributors.

 

Shields, D., Bredemeier, B., Gardner, D., & Bostrom, A. (1995). Leadership, cohesion and team norms 

regarding cheating and aggression. Sociology of Sport journal, 12, 324-336.

 

Silva, J. (1980). Assertive and aggressive behavior in sport: A definition clarification. In C. 

Nadeau Ed. Psychology of Motor Behavior in Sport  (hlm 199-208). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

 

Silva, J. (1981). Normative compliance rule-violating behavior in sport. Journal of Sport 

Psychology, 12, 10-18.

 

Silva, J.,  & Conroy, D. (1995). Understanding aggressive behavior and its effects upon athletics 

performance. In K. Henschen & W. Straub Ed. Sport psychology: An analysis of athletes behavior. 

(hlm 149-159). Ithaca, NY: Movement Publications.

 

Silva, J.M. III. (1984). Personality and sport performance: Controversy and challenge. Dalam J.M. 

Silva & R.S. Weinberg (Eds). Psychology foundations of sport, 59-69. Campaign,IL: Human Kinetics.

 

Singer, R.N. (1984). Motivation in sport. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 8, 40-62.

 

Singer, R.N. (1975). Myth and truth in sport psychology. New York: Harper Row Publisher.

 

Skinner, B. H. (1953). Science and human behavior. New York: Free Press. Dalam Backer, F.C., 

Whiting, H.T.A., & Van der Brug, H. (1997). Sport psychology: Concept and application. New York: 

John Wiley & Sons Inc.

 

Skinner, B.F. (1968). The Technology of Teaching. New York: Appleton-Century- Crofts.

 

Smith, R.E., & Smoll, F.L. (1997). Coach mediated team building in youth sport.

Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 9, 114-132.

 

Smith,  R.E.,  Zane,  N.W.S.,  Smoll,  F.L.,  &  Coppel,  D.B.  (1983).Behavioral assessment in 

youth sport: Coaching behaviors and children’s attitudes. Medicine and Science in Sport and 

Exercise, 15, 208-214.

 

Spence,  K.W.  (1964).  Anxiety  level  and  performance  cyclic  conditioning. Psychological 

Bulletin, 61, 129-280. In Lefebvre, L. Leith, L. & B. Bredemeir (1980), Modes for aggression 

assessment and control. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 11, 11-21.

 

Stephens, D.E., & Bredemeire, B. (1996). Moral atmosphere and judgments about aggression in girls 

soccer. Relationship among moral and motivational variables. Journal of Sport Exercise Psychology, 

18, 158-173.

 

Stephen, D.E., Bredemeir, & Shields, D. (1993). Contruction of measure designed to assess players 

description and prescriptions for moral behavior in youth sport soccer. International Journal of 

Sport Psychology. In Shaharudin (1998). Aggressive  tendencies  in  Malaysian  youth  soccer:  An  

examination  of individual and contextual factor. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of 

Iowa, Iowa.

 

Stephens, D.E. (1993). Goal orientation and moral atmosphere in youth sport: An examination of 

lying, hurting, and cheating behaviors in girls’ soccer. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, 

University of California, Berkeley.  In Shaharudin Abd. Aziz. (2001). Mengaplikasi teori psikologi 

dalam sukan. Kuala Lumpur: Utusan Publications & Distributors.

 

Stephens, T. (1988). Physical activity and mental health in the United States and Canada: Evidence 

from four population surveys. Preventive Medicine, 17, 35- 47.

 

Stone, R. (1971). Stress, Arousal and Task Performance of Little League Baseball Players. 

Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation. University of Illinois, Urbana.

 

Thirer, J. (1993). Aggression in Singer M. Murphey, L.K. Tennant (Eds), Handbook of Research on 

Sport Psychology, 368-378. New York : Macmillan

 

Thomas, J.R., & Nelson, J.K. (2001). Reaserch methods in physical activity (4ᵗʰ ed.)

Illnois : Human Kinetics.

 

Vitiellio, B., & Stoff, D.M. (1997). Subtypes of aggression and relevance to child psychiatry. 

American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 307- 315.

 

Vealey, R.S., Hayashi, S.W., Garner-Holmen, M., & Giacobbi, P. (1998). Sources of Sport-comfidence  

Questionnaire  (SSCQ).  Journal  of  Sport  and  Exercise Psychology, 20, 54 – 80.

 

Volkamer, N. (1972). Investigation into the aggressiveness in competition social system. 

Sportwissenschaft, 1, 33-64. Dalam Lefebvre, L. Leith, L. & B. Bredemeir (1980), Modes for 

aggression assessment and control. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 11, 11-21.

 

Wall, B.L., & Gruber, J.J. ( 1986 ). Relevancy of athletic aggression inventory for use in women’s 

intercollegiate basketball: A pilot investigation. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 17, 

23-33.

 

Wann, D.L (1997). Sport psychology. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

 

Weinberg, R.S., & Gould, D. (1999). Foundation of Sport and Exercise Psychology. (2ⁿᵈ ed.). 

Champaign IL: Human Kinetics.

 

Weinberg, R.S., & Gould, D. (1995). Foundation of sport and exercise psychology, Champaign, IL: 

Human Kinetics.

 

White S.A., Joan L. Duda., & Michael R. Keller (1998). The relationship between goal orientation 

and perceived purposes of sport among youth participants. Journal of Sport Behavior, 21, 474.

 

White, S.A. (1998). Adolescent goal profiles, perception of the parent- initiated motivational 

climate and competitive trait anxiety. The Sport Psychology 12, 16-28

 

White, S.A. (1996). Goal orientation and perception of motivational climate inniated by parents. 

Pediatric Exercise Science, 8, 122-129.

 

White, S.A., & Duda, J.. (1994). The relationship of gander, level of sport and participation 

motivational to task and ego orientation. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 25, 4-18.

 

White, S.A., & Zellner, S.R. (1996). The relationship between goal orientation , belief about the 

cause of sport success, and trait anxiety among high school, intercollegiate, and recreation sport 

participant. The Sport Psychology, 10, 58- 72.

 

Widmeyer, W.N. (1984). Aggression performance relationships in sport. In J.M. Silva and R.S. 

Weinberg (Eds). Psychological Foundation of Sport, (hlm. 274-286). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

 

Widmeyer, W.N., & Birch, J.S. (1984). Aggression in profession ice hockey: A strategy for success 

or reaction to failure? Journal of Psychology, 117,77-84.

 

William, L. (1994). Goal orientation and athletes preferences for competence information of ice 

hockey players. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 16, 416-430

 

Worell, G.L., & Harris,D.V. (1986). The relationship of perceived and observed aggression of Ice 

Hockey players. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 17, 34-40.

 

Zajonce, R.B. (1968). Attitudinal effects of mere exposure. Journal of Personal Social Psychology, 

2, 1-27. In Lefebvre, L. Leith, L. & B. Bredemeir (1980), Modes for aggression assessment and 

control. International Journal of Sport

Psychology, 11, 11-21.

 


This material may be protected under Copyright Act which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials.
You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research.

Back to previous page

Installed and configured by Bahagian Automasi, Perpustakaan Tuanku Bainun, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
If you have enquiries, kindly contact us at pustakasys@upsi.edu.my or 016-3630263. Office hours only.