UPSI Digital Repository (UDRep)
Start | FAQ | About
Menu Icon

QR Code Link :

Type :thesis
Subject :LB Theory and practice of education
Main Author :M. Puspanathan Mayan
Title :Komuniti Pembelajaran Profesional sebagai mediator terhadap hubungan antara kepimpinan distributif dengan efikasi kendiri guru sekolah kebangsaan di Selangor
Place of Production :Tanjong Malim
Publisher :Fakulti Pengurusan dan Ekonomi
Year of Publication :2023
Corporate Name :Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
PDF Guest :Click to view PDF file

Abstract : Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
Tujuan utama kajian ini ialah untuk mengenal pasti pengaruh dan hubungan antara kepimpinan distributif (KD), Komuniti Pembelajaran Profesional (KPP) dan efikasi kendiri guru (EKG) di sekolah kebangsaan negeri Selangor. Kajian ini juga bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti KPP sebagai mediator terhadap hubungan antara KD dan EKG. Kajian berbentuk kuantitatif ini menggunakan 459 responden yang dipilih di sekolah kebangsaan negeri Selangor untuk menjawab soal selidik secara talian. Data kajian dianalisis menggunakan AMOS Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) versi 24.0. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan tahap bagi kepimpinan distributif, Komuniti Pembelajaran Profesional dan efikasi kendiri guru berada pada tahap tinggi. Model KD disahkan dengan tujuh faktor iaitu organisasi sekolah, visi sekolah, budaya sekolah, program instruksional, artifak, kepimpinan guru dan kepimpinan guru besar. Bagi Model KPP sebanyak lima faktor dapat dimuatkan iaitu perkongsian sokongan kepimpinan, perkongsian nilai dan visi, perkongsian amalan peribadi, perkongsian kolektif dan sokongan keadaan. Model EKG pula dibentuk melalui tiga faktor iaitu penglibatan murid, strategik pengajaran dan pengurusan bilik darjah. Seterusnya kajian mendapati bahawa kepimpinan distributif mempengaruhi KPP (β=0.691, p

References

Abdul, R. A. R., & Zahari, H. (2018). Pengaruh kepimpinan distributif terhadap efikasi kolektif guru. International Journal of Education, Psychology and Counseling. Volume, 3 Issues.  

Abdul, R. A. R., & Suzana, A. L. (2021). The Relationship Between Distributifve Leadership and Teachers’ Collective Efficacy. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 11(6), 1–12.  

Absha, A. B., & Mohd Isa, H. (2019). Profesional Learning Community Practices in Improving Self- Efficacy of Elementary School Islamic Education Teachers at Melaka Tengah, Melaka. International Journal of Education and Pedagogy, 1(1), 38-49.  

Abu Nayeem, M. S. (2011). Perceptions of Leadership in Bangladesh Secondary Schools: Moving Towards Distributed Leadership? Master Thesis, University of Canterbury: New Zealand.  

Admiraal, W., Schenke, W., Jong, L. D., Emmelot, Y., & Sligte, H. (2019). Schools as profesional learning communities: what can schools do to support profesional development of their teachers? Profesional Development in Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/19415257.2019.1665573. 

Al-Harthi, A. S. A., & Al-Mahdy, Y. F. H. (2017). Distributed leadership and school effectiveness in Egypt and Oman: An exploratory study. International Journal of Educational Management 31(6): 801–813.  

Ali, H., Akram, S., & Hafeez, M. (2021). Analysing the Link between Distributed Leadership and Teachers’ Self-Efficacy Beliefs at Secondary School Level. Annals of Social Sciences and Perspective, Volume 2, No.2, p. 287-298. 

Alkrdem, M. (2020). Contemporary Educational Leadership and its Role in Converting Traditional Schools into Profesional Learning Communities. International Journal of Educational Leadership and Management. https://doi.org/10.17583/ijelm.2020.4298.  

Amels, J., Kruger, M. L., Suhre, J. M., & Veen, K. (2020). The relationship between primary school leaders’ utilization of distributed leadership and teachers, capacity to change. Eduacational Management Administration & Leadership, 1-18.   

Angelle, P. S. (2010). An Organization Perspective of Distributed Leadership: A Portrait of Middle School. RMLE Online, 33:5, 1-16.  

Antinluoma, M., Ilomäki, L., Lahti-Nuuttila, P., & Toom, A. (2018). Schools as profesional learning communities. Journal of education and learning 7 (5). https://doi.org/10.5539/jel.v7n5p76. 

Armor, D., Conry-Oseguera, P., Cox, M., King, N., McDonnell, L., Pascal, A., et al…, (1976). Analysis of the School Preferred Reading Program in Selected Los Angeles Minority Schools. Santa Monica: Rand Corporation.  

Ary, D., Jacobs, L. C., Irvine, C.K.S., & Walker, D. A. (2019). Introduction to Research in Education. Cengage: USA.  

Ashton, P. T., Olejnik, S., Crocker, L., & McAuliffe, M. (1982). Measurement problems in the study of teachers’ sense of efficacy. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New-York.  

Aswaniza, S., & Rosadah, A. M. (2018). Efikasi Kendiri Guru Sekolah Dalam Hospital di Malaysia. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vol. 13, No. 3, 020-028. 

Awanis, M., Ainunmadiah, M. N., & Siti, N. I. (2016). Tahap Efikasi Guru dan Hubungannya dengan Pencapaian Sekolah di sekolah-sekolah Menengah Dalam Daerah Bachok. International seminar on Generating Knowledge Reseach, UUM-UMSIDA, 25-27 Oktober, UUM.  

Azhar, H., Ramli, B., Zaidatol, A. L. P., & Saoib, A. (2016). Hubungan antara kepimpinan distributif pengetua dan kepimpinan guru di sekolah menengah. International Journal of Education and Training, 2(2), 1-13. 

Aziah, I., Loh, H. Y., & Abdul Ghani, K. A (2015). Komuniti Pembelajaran Profesional dan efikasi kendiri guru sekolah menengah di Pulau Pinang, Jurnal Kepimpinan Pendidikan, Bil 2, Isu 2, Universiti Malaya.  

Azura, P., & Mahaliza, M. (2022). Komuniti Pembelajaran Profesional di Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan di Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, Volume 7, Issue 2. https://doi.org/10.47405/mjssh.v7i2.1287.  

Babbie, E. R. (2007). The practice of social research. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth.  

Babbie, E. R. (2010). “The Practice of Social Research” Cengage Learning, p.52.  

Bagwell, J. L. (2019). Exploring the Leadership Practices of Elementary School Principals through a Distributed Leadership Framework: A Case Study. Educational Leadership and Administration: Teaching and Development, v30, p.83-103. 

Baharuzaini, B., Muhammad Hisham, A., Mohd Hanif, M. Z., Mohd Norhisyam, K., & Azlin, N. M. (2016). Gaya kepimpinan guru besar dan tahap efikasi guru. Journal of Profesionalized Learning, 2 (1), 9-17.  

Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191-215. 

Bandura, A. (1977). Social Learning Theory. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice-Hall.  

Bandura, A. (1986). Human agency in social cognitive theory. American Psychologist, 44(9), 1175-1184.  

Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York; W.H. Freeman. 

Bandura, A. (2006). Guide for Constructing Self-Efficacy Scales. In F. Pajares, & T. Urban (Eds.), Self-Efficacy Beliefs of Adolescents (Vol. 5, pp. 307-337). Greenwich, CT: Information Age Publishing.  

Bangs, J., & Frost, D. (2015). ‘Non-positional Teacher Leadership: Distributed leadership and self-efficacy’ in Kneyber, R. & Evers, J. (Eds.) Flip the System: Changing Education from the Ground Up, London: Routledge.  

Bangs, J., & Frost, D. (2012) Teacher self-efficacy, voice and leadership: towards a policy framework for Education International. (A report on an international survey of the views of teachers and teacher union officials). Brussels: Education International.  

Bannister, N. A. (2015). Reframing Practice: Teacher Learning Through Interactions in a Collaborative Group. The Journal of the Learning Sciences, 24(3), 347–372. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508406.2014.999196. 

Barker, I. (2016). Implementation and Perceived Effectiveness of Distributed Leadership in RESA 1 Schools in Southern West Virginia. Thesis and Disertation: Marshall University. 

Barni, D., Danioni, F., & Benevene, P. (2019). Teachers’ Self-Efficacy: The Role of Personal Values and Motivations for Teaching. Brief Research Report. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01645. 

Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategikc, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173–1182.  

Barr, M. C. (2017). Profesional Learning Communities and Teacher Decision-Making. Dissertation, Georgia State University.  

Barrett, P. (2007). Structural equation modelling: Adjudging model fit. Personality and Individual differences, 42(5), 815-824.  

Bartlett, J. E. I., Kotrlik, J. W., & Higgins, C. C. (2001). Organizational Research: Determining Appropriate Sample Size in Survey Research Information Technology, Learning, and Performance Journal. 19 (1): 43-50. 

Bay, D. N. (2020). Investigation of the relationship between self-efficacy belief and classroom management skills of preschool teachers with others variable. International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education. Valume 12, Issue 4, 335-348.  

Bektas, F., Kilinc, A. C., & Gumus, S. (2020). The effect of distributed leadership on teacher profesional learning: mediating roles of teacher trust in principal and teacher motivation. Educational studies. https://doi.org/10.1080/03055698.2020.1793301. 

Bennet, C. S. (2017). Profesional Learning Communities Impact on Students Achievement. Theses and Dissertation: Carosn-Newman University.  

Bennet, N., Wise, C., Woods, P., & Harvey, J. (2003). Distributed leadership (Full report). Oxford, UK: National College for School Leadership.  

Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 588–606.  

Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238–246. 

Berman, P., & McLaughlin, M. W. (1977). Federal programs supporting educational change. Factors affecting implementation and continuation. Santa Monica, CA. 

Bolden, R. (2011). Distributed leadership in organizations: A review of theory and research. International Journal of Management Review, 13, 251-269.  

Bolden, R., Hawkins, B., Gosling, J., & Taylor, S. (2011). Exploring Leadership: Individual, Organizational, and Societal Perspectives. Oxford University Press. 

Bonneville, D. (2017). Demystifying Distributed Leadership: How Understanding Principles of Practice and Perceptions Regarding Ambiguity Can Enhance the Leadership Capacity of Department Chairs. Thesis and Dissertation, University of Massachusetts.  

Brodie, K. (2021). Teacher agency in Profesional Learning Communities, Profesional Development in Education, https://doi.org/10.1080/19415257.2019.1689523. 

Brown, B. D., Horn, R. S., & King, G. (2018) The Effective of Profesional Learning Communities. Alabama Journal of Educational Leadership, v5, p53-59.  

Brown, C., MacGregor, S., & Flood, J. (2020). Can Model of distributed leadership be used to mobilise networked generated innovation in schools? A case study from England. Teacher and Teacher Education 94. .  

Brown, M. H., & Hosking, D. M. (1986). Distributed leadership and skilled performance as successful organization in social movements. Human Relations, 39, 65 – 79. 

Browne, R. H. (1995). On the use of a pilot sample for sample size determination. Statistic in Medicine 14(17). https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.4780141709.  

Brucker, E. L. (2013). Implementation and Perceived Effectiveness of Profesional Learning Communities in the Kanawha County School District in West Virginia. Theses and Dissertations, Marshall University.  

Bryman, A. (2016). Social Research Methods. 5th edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 

Bush, T., & Ng, A. Y. M. (2019). Distributed leadership and the Malaysia Education Blueprint: From prescription to partial school-based enactment in a highly centralized contest”. Journal of Education Administration, Vol. 57 Issue: 3, pp. 279-295.  

Bush, T. (2018). Prescribing distributed leadership: Is this a contradiction? Educational Management Administration & Leadership. Vol. 46(4)., 535 – 537.  

Byrne, B. M. (2001). Multivariate applications book series. Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. Taylor & Francis Group: New York.   

Cansiz, M., & Cansiz, N. (2019). How Do Sources of Self-Efficacy Predict Preservice Teacher’s Believe Related to Constructivist and Tradisional Approches to Teaching and Learning?”: SAGE Open,vol. 9(4).  

Cansoy, R., Polatcan, M., & Parlar, H. (2018). Research on Teacher Self efficacy in Turkey: 2000-2017). World Journal of Education, Vol. 8, No.4, 335-348. 

Canterino, F., Cirella, S., Piccoli, B. & Shani, A. R., (2020). Leadership and change mobilization: The mediating role of distributed leadership.  , Pages 42-51.  

Carbone, A., Evan, J., Ross, B., Drew, S., … Ye, J. (2017). Assessing Distributed for Learning and teaching quality: A multi-institutional Study. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, Vol. 39, No.2, 183-196.  

Carpenter, D. (2015). School culture and leadership of Profesional Learning communities. International Journal of Educational Management, 29(5), 682-694.  

Carswell, M. A. (2021). Developing the Leadership Capacity of Teachers: Theory to Practice. Journal of School Administration Research and Development. Volume 6, Issue 1, pp. 52-59. 

Chen, P., Lee, C., Lin, H., & Zhang, C. X. (2016). Factors that develop effective profesional learning communities in Taiwan. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 36:2, 248-265.  

Chen, S. (2018). Influence of functional and relational perspectives of distributed leadership on instructional change and school climate. The Elementary School Journal, Volume 119, Number 2. 

Chen, Y. (2007). Principal’s distribute leadership behaviours and their impact on students’ achievement in selected elementary schools in Texas. Thesis and Dissertation: Texas A&M University.  

Choi, A. F. T. (2015). The role of a profesional learning community in teacher change: A perspective from beliefs and practices. Teachers and Teaching: Theory and Practice, v21(1), p22-43. https://doi.org/10.1080/13540602.2014.928122. 

Chong, C. K., Muhammad Faizal, A. G., & Zuraidah, A. (2016). Amalan Komuniti Pembelajaran Profesional (KPP) di Sekolah Berprestasi Tinggi (SBT) Malaysia: Sebuah sekolah jenis kebangsaan Cina (SJKC) di Sarawak. Jurnal Kepimpinan Pendidikan, Bil. 3, Isu 1.  

Chong, C. K., Muhammad Faizal, A. G., & Zuraidah, A. (2018). Cabaran amalan komuniti pembelajaran dalam kalangan guru sekolah rendah berprestasi tinggi Malaysia: Jurnal Kurikulum & Pengajaran Asia Pacific, Bil. 6, Isu 3.  

Chua, W. C., Thien, L. M., Lim, S. Y., Tan, C. S., & Guan, T. E. (2020). Unveiling the practices and challenges of profesional learning community in a Malaysian Chinese secondary school. SAGE, Open, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244020925516.  

Chua, Y., P. (2012). Mastering Research Methods. Kuala Lumpur: McGraw Hill. 

Coakes, S.J., Steed, L., & Ong, C. (2010). SPSS: Analysis without Anguish using SPSS Version 20.0 for Windows. New York: John Wiley and Sons. 

Coban, O., & Atasoy, R. (2020). Relationship between distributed leadership, teacher collaboration and organizational innovativeness. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE). Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 903-911.  

Cochran, W. G. (1977). Sampling Techniques. 3rd Edition. New York, John Wiley.  

Coenen, L., Schelfhout, W., & Hondeghem, A. (2021). Networked Profesional Learning Communitiesas Means to Flemish Secondary School Leaders’ Profesional Learninand Well-Being. Educ. Sci.,11, 509.  

Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2018). Research Method in Eduction. 8th edition. New York: Routledge.  

Collins, H. (2010). “Creative Research: The Theory and Practice of Research for the Creative Industries” AVA Publications, p.38. 

Comrey, A. L., & Lee, H. B. (1992). A first course in factor analysis, Hillsdale, New Jersey: Erlbaum.  

Costa, A. C., & Anderson, N. R. (2011). Measuring trust in teams: Development and validation of a multifaceted measure of formative and reflective indicators of team trust. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 20:1, 119-154.  

Creswell, J. W., & Cresswell, J. D. (2018). Fifth Edition Research Design. Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Mode Methods Approaches.Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publication Inc.  

Dampson, D. G., Havor, F. M., & Laryea, P. (2018). Distributed Leadership an Instrument for School Improvement: The Study of Public Senior High Schools in Ghana. Journal of Education and e-Learning Research, 5(2): 79-85. 

Damson, D. G., Havor, F. M., & Laryea, P. (2018). Distributed Leadership an Instrument for school Improvement: The study of Public Senior High School in Ghana. Journal of Education and e- Learning Research, Vol. 5, No.9, 79-85.  

Daniel, B., K., & Harland, T. (2018). Higher Education Reseach Methodology. As step-by-step guide to the research process. New York: Routledge.  

Davis, M. W. (2009). Distributed Leadership and school performance. Theses and Dissertation. George Washington University: USA.  

Davis, M. D. (2014). The relationship between distributed leadership, school culture and teacher self-efficacy. Thesis and Dissertation. Grand Canyon University. 

Davis, T. H. (2018), "School Culture and Student Achievement: An Examination of Two High-Achieving, High-Poverty Arkansas Schools". Theses and Dissertations. Arkansas Tech University. 

Dawson, C. (2007). A Practical Guide to Research Methods. A user-friendly manual for mastering research techniques and projects. 3rd edition. United Kingdom: Oxford. 

Deal, T. E., & Peterson, K. D. (1994). The Leadership Paradox. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. 

Dehdary, N. (2017). A Look into a Profesional Learning Community. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 645-654.  

DeMarco, A. L. (2018). The Relationship between Distributed Leadership, School Culture and Teacher Self Efficacy at the middle school Level. Thesis and Dissertation, Setan Hall University.  

DeMatthews, M. (2014). Principal and teachers’ collaboration: An exploration of Distributed leadership in profesional learnin communities. International Journal of educational leadership and management Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 176-206. 

Denee, R. (2018). Profesional Learning and Distributed Leadership: A Symbolic Relationship. New Zealand Annual Review of Education, 23: 63-78.  

Diamond, J. B., & Spillane, J. P. (2016). School leadership and management from a distributed perspective: A 2016 retrospective and prospective. Management in Education, 30(4), 147-154. 

Dibapile, W., T., S. (2012). Teacher Efficacy and Classroom Management among Botswana Junior Secondary School Teachers. Thesis and Dissertation, University of Tennessee.  

Dima, M. A. B., & Abdul, R. J. (2016). Pelaksanaan Komuniti Pembelajaran Profesional (KPP) untuk peningkatan kemahiran guru Bahasa Melayu mengajar penulisan karangan. Jurnal Kurikulum & Pengajaran Asia Pasifik, Bil. 4, Isu 3.  

Dinham, S. (2009). The Relationship Between Distributed Leadership and Action Learning in Schools: A Case Study. In: Harris, A. (eds) Distributed Leadership. Studies in Educational Leadership, vol 7. 

Dinham, S., Elliott, K., Rennie, L., & Stokes, H. (2018). “I am the principal” Principal learning, action, influence and identity. Victoria: ACER Press.  

Dogan, S., & Adam, A. (2018). Effect of Profesional Learning Communities on Teachers and Students: Reporting Updated Results and Raising Questions about Research Design. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 29(4), 634-659.  

Donnie, A. (2018). Mastering Theories of Educational Leadership and Management. Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaya Press.  

Dudovskiy, J. (2016). The Ultimate Guide to Writing a Dissertation in Business Studies: A Step-by-Step Assistance. July 2016 ed. [eBook]. Available at: http://research-methodology.net/research-methodology/research.  

Dufour, R., & Eaker, R. E. (1998). Profesional Learning Communities at Work. Solution Tree. North Richland Hills, TX, United States. 

DuFour, R., & Reeves, D. (2016). The futility of Profesional Learning Communities lite. Phi Delta Kappan, 97(6), 69-71. Retrived from https://doi.org/10.1177/0031721716636878. 

DuFour, R. (2004). What is a Profesional Learning Community? Educational Leadership, 61(8), 6-11. 

DuFour, R., & Eaker, R. (2008). Revisting profesional learning communities at work: new insights for improving school. Bloomington, IN: Solution Tree Press. 

DuFour, R., & Fullan, M. (2013). Cultures built to last: Systemic PLCs at work. Bloomington: Solution Tree Press. 

DuFour, R., & Mattos, M. (2013). How do pincipals really improve school? Education Leadership, 70(7), 34-40.  

DuFour, R., DuFour, R., Eaker, R. & Many, T. (2006). Learning by doing: A handbook for profesional learning communities that work. Bloomington, IN: Solution Tree. 

Duignan, P. A. (2020). "References", Leading Educational Systems and Schools in Times of Disruption and Exponential Change: A Call for Courage, Commitment and Collaboration. Emerald Publishing Limited, Bingley, 159-166. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-83909-850-520201014. 

Eaker, R. E., & Keating, J. (2015.). Kid by kid, skill by skill: Teaching in a profesional learning community at work. Bloomington, IN: Solution Tree Press. 

East, K. A. (2015). A Study of Profesional Learning Communities: Characteristics of Implementation and Perceived Effectiveness inImprovement Schools in West Virginia (Doctoral dissertation, Marshall University). Retrived from https://mds.marshall.edu/etd/937 

Ejimabo, N. O. (2015). The Influence of Decision Making in Organizational Leadership and Management Activities. Jurnal Entrepreneurship Organization & Management 4 (2), 1-13.  

Elliott, K., & Hollingsworth, H. (2020). A case for reimagining school leadership development to enhance collective efficacy. Australian Council for Educational Research. Retrived from https://doi.org/10.37517/XYQS1429 

Elmore, R. F. (2004). School reform from the inside out: Policy, practice, and performance. Cam-bridge, MA: Harvard Education Press. 

Elmore, R. F. (2005). Accountable leadership. The Educational Forum, 69, 134-142. 

Farhadiba, D., & Wulyani, A. N. (2020). Investigating Preservice Teachers’ Efficacy Level and Factors Influencing It. International Seminar on Language, Education, and Culture, KnE Social Sciences, 40–49.  

Fathil, B. A., Mohd Sofian, O., & Ishak, S. (2017). Komuniti pembelajaran profesioanaldan efikasi kendiri guru dalam kalangan guru di Iraq. International Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Health 4(4), 64-69.  

Fauzi, H., Jamal, A., & Mohd Saifoul, Z. N. (2014). Kaedah Penyelidikan & Analisis Data SPSS. Sintok: Penerbit Universiti Utara Malaysia.  

Feldstein, L. E. (2017). Teacher self-efficacy and implicit theories if intelligence: Implication for novice teacher retention (Doctoral dissertation, College of William and Mary, Virgina). Retrived from http://doi.org/10.21220/W42M2X 

Field, A. (2000). Discovering Statistics using SPSS for Windows. Advance techniques for the beginner. London: SAGE Publication.  

Fowler, F. J. (2014). Survey Reseach Method. 5TH Edition. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publication. 

Fraunfelter, E. R. (2019). Examining the Relationship Between Profesional Learning Communities and Teacher Self-Efficacy in Elementary and Middle Schools (Doctoral dissertation, Northcentral University). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global database. (UMI No. 22587635) 

Friedman, I. A., & Kass, E. (2002). A classroom-rganization conceptualization. Teaching and Teacher Education, 18 (6), 675-686.  

Friend, M., & Cook, L. (2017). Interactions: Collaboration Skills for School Profesionals, 8th edtion. Pearson: New York.  

Frost, D., Ball, S., Hill, V., & Lightfoot, S. (2018). Teachers as Agents of Change: A Master’s Programmed taught by teachers. Letchworth: HertsCam Publications. 

Fullan, M. (2018). The principal: Three Keys to Maximizing Impact. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.  

Garson, G. D. (2012). Testing Statistical Assumptions. Asheboro, NC USA: Statistical Associates Publishing.  

Gavora, P. (2011). Measuring Self-efficacy of in-services teacher in Slovajia. In: Orbis Scholae, In: Orbis Schole, roc.5, c.2, s.79-94. 

George, D., & Mallery, M. (2010). SPSS for Windows Step by Step: A Simple Guide and Reference, 17.0 update (10th ed.). Boston: Pearson. 

Gilliam, D. G. (2020). Correlation between teacher efficacy and effective profesional Learning Communities (Doctoral diissertation, Eastern Kentucky University). Retrived from https://encompass.eku.edu/etd/625?utm_source=encompass.eku.edu%2Fetd%2F625&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages  

Goddard, R. D., Hoy, W. K., & Woolfolk, A. (2000). Collective teacher efficacy: Its meaning, measure, and effect on student achievement. American Education Research Journal, 37(2), 479-507. 

Goksoy, S. (2015). Distributed Leadership in Eduacational Institutions. Journal of Educational and Training Studies, 3 (4). Retrived from http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/jets.v3i4.851 

Goksoy, S. (2016). Analysis of the relationship between shared leadership and distributed leadership. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 16(65), 295-312. 

Gomez-Hurtado, I., Gonzalez-Falcon, I., Coronel-Llamas, J. M., & Garcia-Rodriguez, M. (2020). Distributifng Leadership OR Distributifng Task? The Practice of Distributed Leadership by Management and Its Limitations in Two Spanish Secondary Schools, Education Sciences 10(5), 122. 

Goos, N., & Martin, B. N. (2019). What Role Does Distributed Leadership Play in Implementing Profesional Learning Communities? Journal of Education and Culture Studies, 3(2). Retrived from https://doi.org/10.22158/jecs.v3n2p177 

Gordon, Z. V. (2005). The effect of distributed leadership on student achievement. Central Connecticut State University: New Britain, CT.  

Gray, J., Kruse, S., & Tarter, C. J. (2017). Developing profesional learning communities through enabling school structures, collegial trust, academic emphasis, and collective efficacy. Educational Research Applications, 1, 1-8.  

Gronn, P. (2002a). Distributed leadership. In K. Leithwood, & P. Hallinger (Eds.), Second International Handbook of Educational Leadership and Administration, 53 – 696.  

Gronn, P. (2002b). Distributed Leadership as a Unit of Analysis, The Leadership Quarterly, 13, 423-451.  

Gronn, P. (2008). "The future of distributed leadership". Journal of Educational Administration,46(2),141-158.  

Guskey, T. R. (1981). Measurement of responsibility teachers assume for academic successes and failures in the classroom. Journal of Teacher Education, 32 (3), 44-51.  

Guskey, T. R. (1988). Teacher efficacy, self-concept, and attitudes towards the implementation of instructional innovation. Teaching & Teacher Education, 4 (1), 63-69.  

Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2019). Mulivariate Data Analysis. United Kingdom: Pearson Education Limited.  

Hairon, S., & Goh, J.W. (2015). Pursuing the elusive construct of distributed leadership: Is the search over? Educational Management Administration & Leadership,43 (5), 693–718.  

Hairon, S., & Tan, C. (2016): Profesional learning communities in Singapore and Shanghai: implications for teacher collaboration. A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 47 (1), 91-104.  

Hairon, S., Goh, J. W. P., Chua, C. S. K., & Wang, L. Y. (2017). A research agenda for profesional learning communities: Moving forward. Profesional Development in Education, 43(1), 72-86. https://doi.org/10.1080/19415257.2015.1055861. 

Hairul, A. M. H., Mohamed Yusoff, M. N., & Aida Hanim, A. H. (2020). The Influence of Distributed Leadership on Teacher’s Competency in Secondary School. International Journal  of Academic Research in Progressive Education & Development, 9(4), 53 – 66.  

Hallam, P. R., Smith, H. R., Hite, J. M., Hite, S. J., & Wilcox, B, R. (2015). Trust and Collaboration in PLC Teams: Teacher Relationships, Principal Support, and Collaborative Benefits. NASSP Bulletin, 99(3), 193–216. 

Hallinger, P., & Heck, R. H. (2009). Distributed leadership in schools: Does system policy make a difference? In A. Harris (Ed.), Distributed leadership. Different Perspectives (p. 101–117). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. 

Hallinger, P., & Heck, R. H. (2011). Conceptual and methodological issues in studying school leadership effects as a reciprocal process. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 22(2), 149–173. 

Hallinger, P., Liu, S., & Piyaman, P. (2017). Does principal leadership make a difference in teacher profesional learning? A comparative study China and Thailand. Compare: A journal of Comparative and International Education, (49),3. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057925.2017.1407237.  

Halverson, R. (2005). A Distributed Leadership Perspective on how Leader use Artifact to create Profesional Communities in school. Annual Conference of the University Council of Educational Administration, Nashville, TN. 

Halverson, R., Kelley, C., & Shaw, J. (2014). A CALL for improved school leadership. Phi Delta Kappan, 95(6), 57-60.  

Hamidah, Y., Jamal ,Y. & Khalip, M. (2014). Kaedah Penyelidikan, Pengurusan Pendidikan. Tanjong Malim: Penerbit Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris. 

Hamidah, Y., Muhamad Nursalam, A. O., & Mohd Asri, M. N. (2016). School culture and its relationship with teacher leadership. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 6(11), 272-286.  

Hao, L., & Yan, Y. (2021). The relationship between teachers, perceptions towords profesional learning communities and their collective efficacy at Deqin Middle School in Yunnan Province, China. Human Sciences, Vol.13, No.1.  

Hargreaves, A., & Fink, D. (2009). Distributed leadership: Democracy or delivery? In A. Harris (Ed.), Distributed leadership: Different perspectives (p. 181-196). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9737-9_10.  

Harris, A., & DeFlaminis, J. (2016). Distributed Leadership in Practice: Evidence, Misconceptions and Possibilities. Management in Education 30 (4), 141–146. 

Harris, A., & Jones, M. (2012). Connecting profesional learning. Notthingham, UK: National College for School Leadership.  

Harris, A., & Jones, M. (2018a). Leading schools as learning organizations. School Leadership & Management, 38(4), 351-354. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632434.2018.1483553. 

Harris, A., & Jones, M. (2018). The dark side of leadership and management. School Leadership & Management, 38:6, 476-477.  

Harris, A., & Spilanne, J. (2008). Distributed Leadership through the looking glass. Bristish Education Leadership, Management & Administration Society (BELMAS), 22(1), 31-34. 

Harris, A. (2012). Distributed Leadership: Implications for the role of the principal. Journal of Management Development, 31 (1), 7-17.  

Harris, A. (2014). Distributed Leadership Matter: Perspective, and Potential. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin.  

Harris, A., & Muijs, D. (2005). Improving Schools Through Teacher leadership, Maidenhead: Open University Press. 

Harris, A., Jones, M., & Huffman, J. B. (2018). Teachers Leading Educational Reform: The Power of Profesional Learning Communities. London, UK: Routledge. 

Harris, E., & Rosenman, A. (2017). Discussing science in Profesional Learning Communities. Science and Children, 55(1), 53-57.  

Harrison, C. (2018). Leadership Research and Theory. In: Leadership Theory and Research. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68672-12.  

Harrison, N. L. T. (2005). The impact of distributed leadership on teachers (Doctoral dissertation, School of Education, Indiana University). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global database. (UMI No. 3189149) 

Haswani, D., Zaharah, H., & Abdul, M. S. (2021). Kepercayaan dalam Komuniti Sebagai Faktor dalam Melestarikan Budaya KPP di Sekolah. ASEAN Comparative Education Research Journal on Islam and Civilization (ACER-J) Volume 4 (2), 70-82.  

Hayes, A. F. (2018). Partial, conditional, and moderated, mediation: Quantification, inference, and interpretation, Communication Monographs, 85:1, 4-40, https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2017.1352100  

Heaton M. (2013). An examinaton of the relationship between profesional learning community variables and teacher self-efficacy. (Doctoral dissertations, University of Windsor, Canada). Retrieved  from https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd/5038  

Heck, R. H., & Hallinger, P. (2010). Testing a longitudinal model of distributed leadership effects on school improvement. The leadership Quarterly 21, 867-885.  

Hermann, K. R. (2016). The Principal Role: Distributed Leadership. (Doctoral dissertation, Educational Foundations & Leadership, Old Dominion University). Retrived from https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/efl_etds/8  

Hertzog, M. (2008) Considerations in Determining Sample Size for Pilot Studies. Research in Nursing & Health, 31, 180-191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nur.20247.  

Hickey, N., Flaherty, A., & McNamara, P. M. (2022). Distributed Leadership: A Scoping Review Mapping Current Empirical Research. Societies, 12, 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc12010015  

Hipp, K. A., & Huffman, J. B. (2003). Profesional learning communities: Assessment-development--effects. Paper presented at the International Congress for School Effectiveness and Improvement, Sydney, Australia.  

Hipp, K., & Huffman, J. (2010). Demystifying Profesional Learning Communities: School leadership at its best. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Education. 

Ho, J. P. Y., & Chen, D. V. & Ng, D. (2015). Distributed leadership through the lens of Activity Theory. Educational Management Administration & Leadership,1-23. 

Ho, J., Ong, M., & Tan, L. S. (2019). Leadership of profesional learning communities in Singapore schools: The tight-loose balance. Educational Management, Administration and Leadership. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143219833698  

Hopkins, D. and Jackson, D. (2002). ‘Building the Capacity for Leading and Learning’, in A. Harris, C. Day, M. Hadfield, D. Hopkins, A. Hargreaves and C. Chapman (eds) Effective Leadership for School Improvement. London: Routledge, pp. 84–105. 

Hord, S. (1997). Profesional learning communities: Communities of continues inquiry and improvement. Austin, Texas: Southest educational development laborstory (SEDL).  

Hord, S. M., Stiegelbauer, S. M., Hall, G. E., & George, A. A. (2013). Measuring implementation in schools. Innovation configurations: SEDL.  

Hox, J., & McNeish, D. (2020). Small samples in multilevel modeling. In R. v. d. Schoot & M. Mioc.evic (Eds.), Small Sample Size Solutions: A Guide for Applied Researchers andPractitioners. New York: Routledge.  

Hoy, W. K., & Miskel, G. C. (2012). Educational Administration, Theory, Research and Practice (7th ed.). (Translation Editor: Selahattin Turan). Ankara: Nobel Publications.  

Hudson, Q. (2015). The effectiveness of profesional learning communities as perceived by elementary school teachers. (Doctoral dissertation, Walden University). Retrived from https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/1346 

Huffman, J. B., & Jacobson, A. (2003). Perceptions of Profesional Learning Communities. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 6:3, 239-250,  

Huffman, J. B., & Hipp, U. K. (2003). Profesional Learning Communities: Initiation to Implementation. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press.  

Hughes, T. A., & Kritsonis, W. A. (2006). A National Perspective: An Exploration of Professional Learning Communities and the Impact on School Improvement Efforts. Doctoral Forum National Journal for Publishing and Mentoring Doctoral Students Research Volume 1(1). 

Hulpia, H. Devos, G., & Rosseel, Y. (2012). Dimensions of distributed leadership and the impact on teachers’ organizational commitment: A study in secondary education. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 42(7), 1745–1784.  

Hulpia, H., Devos, G., & Keer, H. V. (2009). The influence of distributed leadership on organizational commitment: A multilevel approach. Journal of Educational Research 103 (1), 40-52. 

Hulpia, H., Devos, G., & Rosseel, Y. (2009). Development and validation of scores on the distributed leadership inventory. Educational and Psychological Measurement, Vol. 69 (6), p. 1013-1034.   

Humprhreys, E. (2010). Distributed Leadership and its Implication Teaching and Learning (Doctorol dissertation, Faculty of Social Science, NUI Maynooth). Retrieved from https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/297011764.pdf 

Irvine, J. (2020). Distributed Leadership in Practice: A Modified Delphi Method Study. Journal of Instructional Pedagogies, Vol. 25.  

Israel, G. D. (1992). Determining Sample Size. Program Evaluation and Organizational Development (Fact Sheet PEOD-6). IFAS, University of Florida.  

Jackson, D. L. (2003), "Revisiting sample size and number of parameter estimates: Some supportfor the N:q hypothesis", Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, Vol. 10 (1), pp. 128-141. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM1001_6 

Jacques, M. D. (2017). Distributifve Leadership’s Relationship to teacher self-efficacy: An Ecological Model. (Doctoral Dissertations, University of New England). Retrived from https://dune.une.edu/theses/142 

Jakebsen, M., & Jensen, R. (2015). Common Method Bias iPublic Management Studies. International Public Management Journal, 18(1), p.3-30, https://doi.org/10.1080/10967494.2014.997906 

Jamallulail, A. W., Aida, H. A. H., Surayati, Z., & Md Fuad, M. R. (2013). The Relationship between Headteachers’ Distributed Leadership Practices and Teachers’ Motivation in National Primary Schools. Asian Social Science, 9(16), p. 161-167. 

Jeon, A. (2019). Effects of career barriers on career self-efficacy and career preparation behavior among undergraduates majoring in aviation tourism. Service Business, Springer; Pan-Pacific Business Association, vol. 13(4), p.715-735. 

Jones, S., Hadgraft, R., Harvey, M., Lefoe, G., & Ryland, K. (2014). Evidence-based benchmarking framework for a distributed leadership approach to capacity building in learning and teaching (Final report). Melbourne, Australia: Australian Government Office for Learning and Teaching. 

Jong, W. A., Brouwer, J., Lockhorst, D., Kleijn, R. A. M., Tartwijk, J. W. F., & Noordegraaf, M. (2022). Describing and measuring leadership within school teams by apllying a social network perspective. International Journal of Educational Research Open 3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedro.2021.100116 

Julious, S. A. (2005). Sample size of 12 per group rule of thumb for a pilot study. Pharmaceut. Statist. 4. p.287–291. https://doi.org/10.1002/pst.185  

Kalsom, J. (2015). Distributed Leadership: A case study of excellent Primary Schools in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. (Unpublished master thesis, University Malaya).  

Kamarudin, I., Rosnah, I., & Kho, F. C. Y. (2020). A Proposed Profesional Learning Communities Model for Malaysian Schools: Using a Design Development Research Method.  International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, Volume 13, Issue 1.  

Kamarudin, I., Rosnah, I., & Siti, H. K. (2022). Validating profesional learning communities practice model in a Malaysian context. European Journal of Educational Research, 11(1), 393-402.  

Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia (2012). Pelan Pembangunan Pendidikan Malaysia 2013 - 2025. Putrajaya: Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia. 

Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia. (2014). Perangkaan Pendidikan Malaysia. Bahagian Perancangan dan Penyelidikan Dasar Pendidikan, Putrajaya. 

Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia. (2019). Naratif Baharu Amalan Pendidikan: Putrajaya, Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia.  

Ken, H. T., Yin, H., Wing, W. Y. T., & Pui, C. C. K. (2021). Principal leadership practices profesional learning communities, and teacher commitment in Hong Kong kindergartens: A multilevel SEM analysis. Educational Management Administration & Leadership 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1177/17411432211015227 

Keri, G. (2006). Learning efficacy: Celebrations and persuasions. Greenwich, Conn.: Information Age Pub. 

Keung, C.P.C., Yin, H., Wing, W. Y. T. Ching, S. C., & Ka, C. K. N. (2019). Kindergarten teacher’ perceptions of whole-child development: The roles of leadership practices and profesional learning communities. Educational Management Administration & Leadership ,1(18).  

Khairul, A. S., Walsh, B., Mallburn A. & Brundrett, M. (2017). Exploring the implementation of a profesional learning communities in Malaysian’s schools. International Journal of Education, Psychology and Counselling. Volume 2 (5), pp.1-18.  

Khalid, J. (2009). Pola efikasi guru-guru novis sekolah menengah. Malaysian Jurnal of Learning and Instrction, Vol 6, 141–151. Retrieved from https://e-journal.uum.edu.my/index.php/mjli/article/view/7616 

Khalid, J. (2012). Perkembangan efikasi guru sekolah menengah di Sabah. Jurnal Kemanusiaan, Bil. 20, ISSN: 1675-1930. 

Khalid, Johari, Zurida, I., Shuki, O., & Ahmad, T. O. (2009). Pengaruh jenis latihan guru dan pengalaman mengajar terhadap fikasi guru. Jurnal Pendidikan Malaysia, 34(2), pp. 3-14.  

Kieser, M., & Wassmer, G. (1996). On the use of the upper confidence limit for the variance from a pilot sample for sample size determination. Biometrical Journal, 8, 941-949.  

Kilcoglu, D. (2018). Understanding democratic and distributed leadership: How democrapic leadership of school principal related to distributed leadership in schools? Educational Policy Analysis and Strategikc Research,13 (3).  

Kline, R. B. (2011). Methodology in the Social Sciences.Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). Guilford Press. 

Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling (4th ed.). London: The Guilford Press. 

Klink, M. (2019). The Sustainability of Distributed Leadership. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Pittsburgh). Retrived from http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/id/eprint/36694  

Koffeman, A., & Snoek, M. (2019). Identifying context factors as a source for teacher professional learning. Professional Development in Education, 45:3, 456-471. 

Kothari, C. R. (2004). Research Methodology. Method & Techniques. India: New Age International (P) Limited, Publisher.  

Kotschevar, L. H., & Withrow, D. (1997). Management by menu. London: Wiley and Son Inc. 

Krejcie, R. V.,& Morgan, D.W. (1970). Detemining sample saiz for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30, p.607-610. 

Krishnaswamy, K.N., Appa, I., & Mathirajan, M. (2009). Management Research Methodology: Integration of Principal, Method and Techniques. Pearson Education: India. 

Kruse, S., Louis, K., & Bryk, A. (1994). Building profesional community in schools. Madison, WI: Center on Organization and Restructuring Schools 

Kurt, T. (2016). A model to explain teacher leadership: The effects of distributed leadership model, organizational learning and teachers’ sense of self-efficacy on teacher leadership. Educational Science, 41(183), 1-28. https://dx.doi.org/10.15390/EB.2016.5081 

Lai, N. P., Tai, M. K., & Omar, A. K. (2019). Amalan kepimpinan teragih di sekolah jenis kebangsaan Cina di Semananjung Malaysia. Jurnal Dunia Penididkan, Vol.1(3), p.1-12.  

Law, Q. P. S., Chung, J. W. Y., Leung, L. C. C., & Wong, T. K. S. (2017). Perceptions of Collaborative Learning in Enhancing Undergraduate Education Students’ Engagement in Teaching and Learning English. US-China Education Review, Vol. 7 (2), p.89-100.  

Leithwood, K., & Jantzi, D. (2000). The Effects of Transformational Leadership on Organizational Condition and Student Engagement with School. Journal of Educational Administration, 38 (2), p.112 – 129.  

Leithwood, K., Day, C., Sammons, P., Harris, A., & Hopkins, D. (2006). Successful school leadership: What it is and how it influences pupil learning. National College for School Leadership: University of Notthingham.  

Leithwood, K., Harris, A., & Hopkins, D. (2019). Seven strong claims about successful school leadership revisited. School Leadership & Management, 40 (1). Retrived from https://doi.org/10.1080/13632434.2019.1596077 

Leithwood, K., Louis, K., Anderson, S., & Wahlstrom, K. (2017). Review of Research: How Leadership Influences Student Learning. New York: Wallace Foundation. 

Leithwood, K., Marcall, B. Strauss, T. Sacks, R. Memon, N., & Yashkina, A. (2007). Distributing Leadership to make Schools Smarter: Taking the Ego Out of the System. Leadership and policy in Schools, 6, p.37-67. https://doi.org/10.1080/15700760601091267 

Liang, F. S. & Tai, M. K. (2021). Efikasi Kendiri Guru di Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan di Semenanjung Malaysia. International Journal of Education, Psychology and Counseling (IJEPC) 6 (40), p.160-167.  

Lieberman, A. (1995). Practices that support teacher development: Transforming conceptions of profesional learning. Phi Delta Kappan, 76, 591-596. 

Liljenberg, M. (2014). Distributing leadership to establish developing and learning school organizations in the Swedish context. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 43(1), 152-17.  

Liu, Y., & Werblow, J. (2019). The operation of distributed leadership and the relationship with organizational commitment and job satisfaction of principals and teachers: A multi-level model and meta-analysis using the 2013 TALIS data. International Journal of Educational Research 96, 41–55.  

Liu, Y., Bellibas, M. S., & Gumus, S. (2020). The Effect of Instructional Leadership and Distributed Leadership on Teacher Self-efficacy and Job Satisfaction: Mediating Roles of Supportive School Culture and Teacher Collaboration. Educational management administration & Leadership, 1-24.  

Lorsbach, A., & Jinks, J. (1999). Self-efficacy theory and learning environment. Learning Environments Research, 2 (2), 157-167.  

Lumby, J. (2013). Distributed Leadership: The Uses and Abuses of Power. Educational Management Administrition & Leadership 41(5), 581-597.  

Lynn, M. R. (1986). Determination and quantification of content validity. Nursing Research, 35, 382–385. 

MacBeath, J. (1998). Effective School Leadership: Responding to change. London: Paul Chapman Publishing.  

MacBeath, J. (2005). Leadership as distributed: A matter of practice. School Leadership & Management, 25(4), 349–366.  

MacBeath, J. (2009). Distributed Leadership: Paradigms, Policy and Paradox. In Leithwood, K., Mascall, B., and Strauss, T. (Eds.), Distributed Leadership According to the Evidence. New York: Routledge.  

Mahimuang, S. (2018). Profesional Learning Community of Teacher: A Hypothesis Model Development. The 2018 International Academic Multidisciplinary Research Conference, ICBTS, Vienna.  

Malhotra, N. K. (2006). Questionnaire design and scale development. The handbook of marketing research: Uses, misuses, and future advances, 83-94.  

Malloy, J. & Leithwood, K. (2017). Effect of Distributed Leadership on School Academic Press and Students Achievement. How School Leader Contribute to Student Success: The Four Paths Framework. 

Malloy, J. P. (2012). Effects of Distributed Leadership on Teachers, Academic Optimism and Student Achievement. (Doctoral dissertations, University of Toronto, Canada). Retrived from https://hdl.handle.net/1807/34799 

Maloney, C., & Konza, K. (2011). A case study of teachers’ profesional learning: Becoming acommunity of profesional learning or not? Issues in Educational Research, 21(1), 75-87.  

Marlia, J., & Yahya, D. (2016). Praktis kepimpinan distributif dan komitmen terhadap organisasi berdasarkan kohort generasi guru. International Seminar on Generating Knowledge Through Research UUM-UMSIDA, 25-27 October, UUM, Malaysia.  

Marlia, J., Yahya, D., & Farah, Z. (2019). Distributed Leadership and Conflict Management Style of Generation Y Teachers: Malaysian Context. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 9(7), 1298–1320. 

Marsh, H. W., & Hocevar, D. (1985). Application of confirmatory factor analysis to the study of self-concept: First- and higher-order factor models and their invariance across groups. Psychological Bulletin, 97, 562–582. 

Mascall, B., Leithwood, K., Straus, T., & Sacks, R. (2009). The relationship between distributed leadership and teachers' academic optimism". Journal of Educational Administration, Vol.46(2), pp.214-228, https://doi.org/10.1108/09578230810863271 

Mehmood, Nasir (2019). Factors Impacting EFL Teacher’ self-efficacy: A Theoritical Perspective. English Language Teaching, Vol. 12(4).  

Mezirow, J. (1997, Summer). Transformative Learning: Theory to practice. New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education, 74. P.5-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ace.7401 

Miller-Bailey, C. (2016). Reciprocal accountability and capacity building: The influence of distributed leadership on collective teacher efficacy and Profesional Learning Community. Thesis & Dissertations, The Sage Colleges.  

Min, S., Modeste, M., Salisbury, J., & Goff, P. (2016). Heeding the CALL (Comprehensive Assessment of Leadership for Learning): An inquiry into instructional collaboration among school profesionals. Journal of Educational Administration, 54(2), 135-151.  

Mitchell, C., & Sackney, L. (2000). Profound Improvement: Building Capacity for a Learning Community. Lisse: Swets & Zeitlinger.  

Mohd Faiz, M. Y., & Jamal, Y. (2016). Model pengukuran Komuniti Pembelajaran Profesional. International Conference on Accounting, Management and Economics (ICAME2016) 8 Oktober 2016, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Perak. 

Mohd Faiz, M. Y. (2017). Pembinaan model struktur budaya sekolah, Komuniti Pembelajaran Profesional dan kompetensi kerja guru sekolah kebangsaan Malaysia (Doctoral Dissertation, Univerisiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjong Malim). Retrived from https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=3464  

Mohd Faiz, M. Y., Mohd Ruzaimi, R., & Jamal, Y. (2016). Konsep kolaborasi dalam Komuniti Pembelajaran Profesional: Satu tinjauan dalam perspektif Islam. Malaysian Journal of Society and Space, 12(10), p. (1 - 9).  

Mohd Tahir, L, Sui, L. L., Mohammed Borhandden, M., Hadijah, J., Mohd Nihra, H. M. S., & Mohd Hanafi, M. Y. (2016). Challenges in distributed leadership: evidence from the perspective of headteachers. International Journal of Educational Management, Vol. 30 (6), p. 848-863.  

Mohd Yusaini, Y., & Mohd Izham, M. H. (2020). Kepimpinan Distributif Pemimpin Sekolah: Isu dan Cabaran. Jurnal Pengurusan dan Kepimpinan Pendidikan, 33(1).  

Mohiuddin, Z. A. (2017). Influence of leadership style on performance: Evidence from literatures. Journal of Marketing and Managemnent, 8(1), 18-30.  

Muchena, K. C., & Moalisi, W. T. S. (2018). Teacher efficacy and classroom management in Africa: A Metanalysis. The Independent Journal of Teaching and Learning, Volume 13 (2).  

Muhammad Faizal, A. G., & Crow. G. M. (2013). Amalan Komuniti Pembelajaran profesional: Perspektif pemimpin sekolah cemerlang negara maju. Jurnal Kurikulum & Pengajaran Asia Pasifik, Bil. 1, Isu 3.  

Muhammad Faizal, A. G., Saedah, S., Zuraidah, A., Norfariza, M. R., Husaina, B. K., Mohd Helmee, F. S., …Faisol Elham (2011). Pemimpin dan Komuniti Pembelajaran Profesional. Jurnal Pendidikan, 31.  

Murphy, C., & Lick, D. (2004). Whole-faculty study groups: Creating profesional learning communities that target student learning, 3rd edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.  

Musliza, J., & Siti, N. I. (2021). Hubungan antara efikasi kendiri dengan komitmen kerja guru di sekolah berprestasi sederhana di negeri Kelantan. International Journal of Education, Psychology and Counselling, Volume6, Issue 40.  

Nardi, P. M. (2014). Doing Survey Research. A Guide a Quantitative Method. Paradigm Publisher: New York, USA.  

Nelson, E. (2018). The principal’s influence on teacher efficacy to student engagaement: A case study of teo elementary schools (Doctoral dissertation, Georgia State University). Retrived from https://doi.org/10.57709/12049448 

Neuman, W., L. (2014). Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. 7th edition. Pearson Education Limited: USA. 

Nevitt, J., & Hancock, G. R. (2001). Performance of Bootstrapping Approaches to Model Test Statistics and Parameter Standard Error Estimation in Structural Equation Modeling, Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 8(3), p. 353-377.  

Ng, L. C., Hazura, A. H., & Zubaidah, S. (2020). Tahap amalan pembelajaran abad ke-21 (PAK21). Satu Kajian Kes. Jurnal Pengurusan dan Kepimpinan Pendidikan, 33(1).  

Nicholas, D. (2019). Distributed Leadership in Successful Schools (Doctoral Dissertation, Graduate School of Education, University of Melbourne). Retrived from http://hdl.handle.net/11343/233327  

Nolan, D. (2009). A study of relationship of teachers’ self efficacy and the impact of profesional learning community as an organizational structure. (Doctoral dissertation, Louisiana State Univesity and Agricultural College). https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/2854  

Noornajihan, J., & Abdul, H. T. (2013). Hubungan antara efikasi kendiri dengan kualaiti guru Pendidikan Islam sekolah menengah kebangsaan Malaysia. Journal of Islamic and Arabic Education 5(1), 41-60.  

Nor Asmawati, I., Najihah, A. W., & Nor Suhada, M. H. (2019). Meningkatkan Efikasi Kendiri Guru di Malaysia Terhadap Kecenderungan Pembelajaran Generasi Z dan Alpha. JoMOR, Vol 1, No 13.  

Norashikin, A. B., Ramli, B., & Fooi, F. S. (2015). Hubungan Kepimpinan Guru dengan Pencapaian Akademik Pelajar. International Journal of Education and Training (InjET) 1(2).  

Norasmah, O., & Rofilah, M. S. (2013). Tahap kesediaan guru sekolah menengah harian mengamalkan kepimpinan tersebar. Jurnal Teknologi 64:1. 93-100.  

Norazizah Che Mat (2018). Reka bentuk kepimpinan berkesan Institusi Pendidikan Tinggi Majlias Amanah Rakyat. Tesis dan Disertasi, Fakulti Pendidikan, Universiti Malaya. 

Normarina, A. R. (2016). Pembinaan dan validasi instrumen pengukuran efikasi kendiri terhadap pentaksiran alternatif dalam kalangan guru ( Doctoral dissertation, Fakulti Pendidikan dan Pembangunan Manusia, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris). Retrived from https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=3023 

Normazwin, Y., Halawiah, S. I., Nordiana, A. R., & Halimatun, S. U. (2020). Kesejahteraan Psikologi dan Keperluan Perkhidmatan Kaunseling Dalam Kalangan Guru di Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia. Jurnal Psikologi dan Kaunseling, 11(1), 1–32. 

Norsimah, D., & Mohd Mahadzir, N. (2020). Hubungan efikasi kendiri guru dengan prestasi kerja dalam kalangan guru MRSM. Journal of Social Science and Humanities, Vol. 17 (4), p. 173-187.  

Northouse, P., & Lee, M. (2019). Leadership case studies in education (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks: California. 

Northouse, P. (2019). Leadership Theory and Practice (8TH ed.). London, United Kingdom: Sage Publications. 

Nurul, A. M., & Faridah, M. K. (2021). Pengaruh efikasi kendiri terhadap burnout guru sekolah kebangsaan (SK) di Kuala Lumpur. International Journal of Education and Pedagogy (IJEAP), Vol. 3 (4), P. 80-91.  

Oliver, D. F., Hipp, K, K. & Huffman, J.B. (2010). Profesional Learning Communities Assessment-Revised. Demystifying Profesional Learning Communities: School leadership at Its Best. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Education. 

Ooi, C. H., & Aziah, I. (2015). Sokongan pihak pengurusan sekolah terhadap tekanan kerja guru di sekolah kebangsaan dan sekolah jenis kebangsaan Cina. Jurnal Kepimpinan Pendidikan, Bil. 2 (2).  

Pajares, F. (2002). Overview of social cognitive theory and self efficacy. Emory University. Retrived from http://www.emory.edu/EDUCATION/mfp/eff.html.  

Pallant, J. (2016). SPSS Survival Manual: A Step By Step Guide to Data Analysis Using SPSS Program (6th ed.). London, UK: McGraw-Hill Education.  

Palmer, D. (2011). Source of efficacy information in an in-service programme for elementary teachers. Science Education 95 (4), p. 577-600. Retrived from https://doi.org/10.1002/sce.20434  

Park, J., Lee, I. H., & Cooc, N. (2018). The role of school-level mechanisms: How principal support, profesional learning communities, collective responsibility, and group-level teacher expectation affect students’ achievement. Eduacational Administration Quarterly 55 (5). Retrived from https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X18821355  

Pearce, C. L., & Conger, J. A. (2003). Shared Leadership: Reframing the How’s and Whys of Leadership. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.  

Pederson, T. A. (2019). Profesional Learning Communities and Relational Trust: A Correlational Study (Doctoral dissertation, Liberty University). https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/doctoral/2016 

Phares, E. J. (1957). Expectancy changes in skill and chance situations. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 54 (3), 339-342. 

Phares, E. J. (1976). Locus of control in personality. Kansas State University, General Learning Press.  

Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2012). Sources of Method Bias in Social Science Research and Recommendations on How to Control It. Annual Review of Psychology, 63, 539-569. 

Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2006). The content validity index: are you sure you know what's being reported? Critique and recommendations. Research in nursing & health, 29(5), 489-497.  

Pont, B., Nusche, D., & Moorman, H. (2008). Improving School Leadership. 1: Policy and Practice. OECD Publishing.  

Porter, T. (2014). Profesional learning Communities and teacher self-efficacy (Doctoral dissertation, George Fox University, United State of America). Retrived from https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/edd/25 

Powell, B., & Gibbs, S. (2018). Behaviour and learning: The development of staff efficacy in one school. International Journal of Whole Schooling, 14(2), 63-82.  

Prachee, S., Ranjeet, N., & Sushanta, K. M. (2017). Teacher effectiveness through self-efficacy, collaboration and principal leadership. International Journal of Management,.31 (4), p. 505-517.  

Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and Resampling Strategikes for Assessing and Comparing Indirect Effects in Multiple Mediator Models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), p. 879–891.  

Prenger, R., Poortman, C. L., & Handelzalts, A. (2018). The effects of Networked Profesional Learning Communities. Journal of Teacher Education, 70 (5). Retrived from https://doi.org/10.1177/00224871177535 

Preston, C. C., & Colman, A. M. (2000). Optimal number of response categories in rating scales: Reliability, validity, discriminating power, and respondent preferences. Acta Psychologica, 104(1), 1–15. Retrived from https://doi.org/10.1016/s0001-6918(99)00050-5 

Prince, C. E. (2018). The effect of profesional learning communities on perceived teacher self-efficacy (Doctoral dissertations, University of North Texas). Retrived from https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1157537/ 

Pruzan, P. (2016). Reseach Methodology. The Aims, Practices and Ethics of Science. Switzerland: Springer. Retrived from https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27167-5 

Puchner, L. D., & Taylor, A. R. (2006). Lesson study, collaboration and teacher efficacy: Stories from two school-based math lesson study groups. Teaching and Teacher Education 22 (7), p. 922-934. Retrived from  

Qiao, X., Yu, S., & Zhang, L. (2018). A review of research on profesional learning communities inmainland China (2006-2015): Key findings emerging themes. Educational Management Administration and Leadership, 46(5), 713-728. doi: 10.1177/1741143217707523.  

Rahmah, M. (2005). Factors Associated with sense of efficacy among first year teachers in Sarawak (Doctoral dissertation, University Putra Malaysia). Retrived from http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/6453  

Rajoo, A. (2013). Pengaruh Kepimpinan distributif sebagai moderator terhadap hubungan antara penglibatan guru dalam membuat keputusan dan efikasi kendiri guru (Doctoral disertasi, Universiti Sains Malaysia). Retrived from http://eprints.usm.my/id/eprint/29941 

Ramalingam, S., & Rajan C. (2015). Statistics for Scientists and Engineers, First Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 

Rose, J.S., & Medway, F.J. (1981). Measurement of teachers’ beliefs in their control over student outcomes. Journal of Educational Research, 74, 185-190.  

Roselena, M., & Mohd Izham, M. H. (2015). Kepimpinan Berkualiti: Perspektif mengenai kompetensi yang diperlukan untuk memimoin dengan berkesan. Jurnal Pengurusan 45, 143-154. 

Rosenholtz, S. J. (1989). Teachers’ workplace: The social organization of school. Reprint. New York: Teacher College Press. 

Roslizam, H., Jamilah, A., & Yusof, B. (2018). Profesional Learning Community in Malaysia. International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 7(30), 433-443. 

Rosnah, I., & Siti, N. F. R. (2018). Prestasi kerja guru dan hubungan dengan factor beban tugas, persekitaran kerja dan personal: Kajian kes di sebuah sekolah di Sabah. Jurnal Kepimpinan Pendidikan 5(1).  

Rosnazirah, A. H., & Hussein, A. (2015). Kepimpinan distributif, faktor kontekstual dan efikasi kendiri guru di Malaysia. Jurnal Kepimpinan Pendidikan 2 (4). 

Rosnazirah, A. H. (2009). Kajian Eksplorasi Distributed Leadership di Malaysia. Seminar Nasional Pengurusan dan Kepimpinan Pendidikan ke-16, Institut Aminuddin Baki: Genting Highland.  

Rost, J. C. (1993). Leadership for the twenty-first century. Westport, CT: Praeger. 

Rotter, J. B. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs 80, 1-28. 

Rotter, J. B., Liverant, S., & Crowne, D. P. (1961). The growth and extinction of expectancies in chance, controlled and skilled tasks. Journal of Psychology, 52, 161-17.  

Rubin, H. J., & Rubin, I. S. (2012). Qualitative interview: The art of hearing data (3rd ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publications.  

Saadiah, S. (2021). Pengaruh Komuniti Pembelajaran Profesional (PLC) terhadap efikasi kendiri guru dan profesionalisme guru sekolah menengah di Negeri Selangor (Doctoral disertasi, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Perak Malaysia). Retrived from https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=7092  

Salwa, A. H., & Aziah, I. (2020). Komuniti Pembelajaran Profesional di Malaysia: Amalan dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap Kompetensi Guru Dalam Pendidikan Abad ke-21 di Sekolah Rendah. Journal of Educational Research and Indigenous Studies 2 (1).  

Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2009). Research Methods for Business Students Fifth Edition (5th ed.). London, UK: Pearson. 

Savelsbergh, C., Gevers, J. M. P., Heijden, B. I. J. M., & Poell, R. F. (2012). Team Role Stress: Relationship with Team Learning and Perfomance in Project Teams. Group & Organization Management 37 (1), p.67-101.  

Sayyed, R. S. (2014). Empowering EFL Teachers through Distributed Leadership: A Critical Perspective on Leadership Practices in an Educational Institution. International Journal of Business and Social Science 5 ,10(1). 

Schaap, H., & Bruijn, E. (2018). Elements affecting the development of profesional learning communities in schools. Learning Environ Res, 21, p. 109-134. Retrived from https://doi.org/10.1007/s10984-017-9244-y 

Schunk, D. H. (1995). Self-efficacy, motivation, and performance. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 7(2), 112-137. 

Schwarzer, R., & Hallum, S. (2008). Perceived Teacher Self-Efficacy as a Predictor of Job Stress and Burnout: Mediation Analysis. Applied Psychology, 57, 152-171.  

Sekaran, U. & Bougie, R. (2016). Research methods for business: a skill-building approach (7th edition). Haddington: John Wiley & Sons. 

Sekaran, U. (2003). Research methods for business: A skill building approach (4th ed.). United State of America: John Willey and Sons, Inc.  

Senge, P. (2000). Schools that Learn. A Fifth Discipline Fieldboook for Educators, Parents, and Everyone Who Cares about Education. Doubleday: New York. 

Senge, P. M., & Sterman, J. D. (1992). Systems thinking and organizational learning: Acting locally and thinking globally in the organization of the future. European Journal of Operational Research 59 (1), 137-150.  

Senge, P.M. (1990), The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization. Doubleday/Currency: New York, NY. 

Seymour, K. (2017). Shared Leadership. Profesional Learning Communities, and Teacher Self Efficacy: How one impacts the other (Doctoral dissertation, Middle Tennessee State University). Retrived from http://jewlscholar.mtsu.edu/xmlui/handle/mtsu/5269  

Shafinaz, A. M. (2017). Hubungan antara kecerdasan emosi dan kepimpinan instruksional pengetua dengan efikasi kendiri guru sekolah menengah kebangsaan di Negeri Sembilan (Doctoral disertasi, Universiti Malaya). Retrived from http://studentsrepo.um.edu.my/id/eprint/7228  

Shamsudin, O., Abdul, R. J., Azhar, M. S., Rozita R. S., & Rosmaria, O., (2020). Proffeional learning community (PLC): Approach to enhance students’ achievement in language learning at public university, Malaysia. Universal Journal of Education Research 8(1A), p. 8-15.  

Shava, G. N., & Tlou, F. N. (2018). Distributed leadership in education, contemporary issues in educational leadership. African Educational Research Journal, 6(4), p. 279-287. 

Shelton, H. L. (2015). The impact of distributed leadership on increasing collective efficacy and creating a culture of profesional learning and innovation in urban high schools (Doctoral dissertation, San Diego State University). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global database. (UMI No. 3742968). 

Shetzer, S. D. (2011). A Study of the relationship between teacher efficacy and profesional learning communities in an urban high school (Doctoral dissertation, University of Houston). Retrived from http://hdl.handle.net/10657/580 

Shi, H. (2018). Self-Efficacy beliefs and effective instructional strageies: U.S. University English Learners’ Perpective. International Journal of Teaching and Learning in higher Education 30 (3), p. 477-496. 

Sia, S. S. (2013). Distributed Leadership and Students Performance (Master Tesis, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia). Retrived from http://dms.library.utm.my:8080/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:75715?queryType=vitalDismax&query=Distributed+leadership+and+student+performance&public=true  

Sims, R. L., & Penny, G. R. (2014). Examination of a Failed Profesional Learning Community. Journal of Education and Training Studies 3 (1).  

Sinirah, A., & Aida, H. A. H. (2021). Kepimpinan distributif guru besar terhadap efikasi kendiri dalam kalangan guru prasekolah. Malaysia Journal of Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH) 6 (1).  

Sio, J. J. L. (2020). The Effect of Teacher Efficacy, Instructional Leadership and profesional Learning Communities on Student Achievement in Literacy and Numeracy in Primary School within Sibu Division. (Doctoral dissertation, University Pendidikan Sultan Idris). Retrived from https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=5239  

Siti, A. Z., Siti, S., M., Aminuddin, H., Arnida, A., & Ramli, B. (2021). Measuring  Organizational Commitment and Distributed Leadership: A Study in Malaysian Secondary Schools. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences 11(7), 78–88.   

Siti, N. I., Zuraidah, A., & Abdul, J. O. (2020). Komuniti Pembejalaran Profesional Guru Bahasa Melayu Malaysia, Jurnal Kepimpinan Pendidikan, 7 (1). 

Siva, R., & Khuan, W. B. (2012). Kerangka Teoritikal Pengaruh Kepimpinan Distributif Terhadap Komitmen Organisasi dan Tekanan kerja dalam organisasi Teknik dan Vokasional. 5TH UPSI-UPI Conference on Education, Shah Alam, Selangor.  

Siva, R., & Vimala, A. (2021). Kepimpinan Distributif dalam Perspektif Pengurusan Pendidikan. Jurnal Penyelidikan Sains Sosial (JOSSR), 4(12), 10-21.  

Siva, R., Khuan, W. B., & Khoo, Y. Y. (2014). Refleksi tenaga pengajar distributif tekanan kerja dalam pendidikan teknik dan vokasional. Akademika 84(1&2), 17-27. 

Siva, R., Khuan, W. B., & Khoo, Y. Y. (2018). Kepimpinan distributif terhadap komitmen organisasi dalam PendidikN Teknik dan Vokasional. International Journal of Education and Training (InjET) 4(2), p. 1 – 9.  

Smith, L. M. (2007). Study of Teacher Engagement in Four Dimensions of Distributed Leadership in One School District in Georgia (Doctoral dissertation, Georgia Southern University). Retrived from https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/etd/282?utm_source=digitalcommons.georgiasouthern  

Smylie, M. A., Mayrowetz, D., Murphy, J., & Seashore, L. K. (2007). Trust and the development of distributed leadership. Journal of School Leadership, 17(4), 469–503. 

Snieder, R., & Larner, K. (2009). “The Art of Being a Scientist: A Guide for Graduate Students and their Mentors”. Cambridge University Press, p.16.  

Sol, B. J. (2020). New Leader Distributed Leadership Toolkit. Technical report. Johns Hopkins University.  

Spillane, J. P., & Anderson, L. (2019). Negotiating Policy Meanings in School Administrative Practice: Practice, Profesionalism, and High-Stakes Accountability in a Shifting Policy Environment. In D. Hung, S. Lee, Y. Toh, A. Jamaludin & L. Wu (Eds.), Innovationsoin Educational Change. Education Innovation Series. Singapore: Springer. 

Spillane, J. P., & Healey, K. (2010). Conceptualizing School Leadership and management from a Distributed Perspective: An Exploration of Some Study Operations and Measures. The Elementary School Journal, Vol. 111 (2), p. 253-281. 

Spillane, J. P. (2005) Distributed Leadership, The Educational Forum, 69(2), 143-150. 

Spillane, J. P. (2006). Distributed leadership. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. 

Spillane, J. P., Halverson, R. & Diamond, J. B. (2004). Towards a theory of leadership practice: A distributed perspective. Journal of Curriculum Studies 36 (1), 3-34.   

Spillane, J. P., Halverson, R., & Diamond, J.B. (2001) Investigating school leadership practice: A distributed perspective. Educational Researcher 30(3), p. 23–28. 

Stamper, J. C. (2015). A Study of teacher and principal perception of profesional learning communities (Doctoral dissertation, University of Kentucky, USA). Retrived from https://uknowledge.uky.edu/edl_etds/11 

Stegall, D.A. (2011). Profesional Learning Communities and Teacher Efficacy: A Correlational Study (Unpublished dissertation, Appalachian State University, NC). Retrived from https://library.appstate.edu/ 

Stoll, L., Bolam, R., McMahon, A., Wallace, M., & Thomas, S. (2006). Profesional Learning Communities: A Review of the Literature. J Educ. Change 7, 221–258 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10833-006-0001-8 

Storey, A. (2004). The problem of distributed leadership in schools. School Leadership and Management, 24(3), 249-265.  

Stubblefield, J. B. (2019). Distributed Leadership and the Development of a Collaborative School Culture (Doktoral dissertation, College of Education, Walden University). Retrived from https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations?utm_source=scholarworks.waldenu.edu%2Fdissertations%2F7083&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages  

Sujirah, I., & Zuraidah, A. (2015). Sokongan Pengetua Dalam Amalan Komuniti Pembelajaran Profesional di Sebuah Sekolah di Johor. Malaysia Jurnal Peradaban 7, p. 1-39. 

Sukuna, V., Thornton, K., & Cherrington, S. (2019). Profesional learning communities: Enhancing collaborative leadership in Singapore early childhood settings. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood 2019, Vol. 20 (1), 79–92.  

Sun, A., & Xia, J. (2018). Teacher-distributed leadership, teacher self-efficacy and job satisfaction: A multilevel SEM approach using TALIS data. International Journal of Educational Reseach 92, p. 86-97. Retrived from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2018.09.006 

Sun, N. K., & Wang, T. (2016) Profesional  Learning Communities: Research and practices across six educational systems in the Asia-Pacific region. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 36(2), 193-201 https://doi.org/10.1080/02188791.2016.1148848 

Supovitz, J. A., D’Auria, J., & Spillane, J. P. (2019). Meaningful & Sustainable school Improvement with Distributed Leadership. CPRE Research Report.  

Supovitz, J. A., & Riggan, M. (2012). Building a Foundation for School Leadership: An Evaluation of the Annenberg Distributed Leadership Project, 2006-2010. CPRE Research Reports. 

Supovitz, J. A., & Tognatta, N. (2013). The impact of distributed leadership on collaborative team decision making. Leadership and Policy in Schools. 12(2), 101-121. 

Swaffield, S., & MacBeath, J. (2008) Leadership for Learning, in MacBeath, J. & Dempster, N. (Eds) Connecting Leadership and Learning: Principles for practice, London: Routledge. 

Syed, S. Z. S. A. (2020). Pengaruh Kepimpinan Distributif Terhadap Komuniti Pembelajaran Profesional Dalam Kalangan Pemimpin Sekolah Menengah di Negeri Johor. Sains Humanika 12(2-2), p. 15-25.  

Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics: International edition: Pearson.  

Tai, M. K., & Omar, A. K. (2021). An analysis on the implementation of profesional Learning Communities in Malaysia secondary schools. Asian Journal of University Education (AJUE), Vol. 17, Number 1. 

Tai, M. K., & Omar, A. K. (2019). The relationship between emotional intelligence of school principal in managing change and teacher attitudes towards change. International Journal of Leadership in Education Theory and Practice. doi:10.1080/13603124.2018.1481535. 

Tai, M. K., & Omar, A. K. (2019a). Profesional Learning Communities: A Comparison Study between Day Secondary School and Fully Residential Secondary School in Malaysia. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 8(2), 87–101. 

Taylor, P. L. (2021). The impact of PLC on teacher self-efficacy (Doctoral dissertation, University of South Carolina). Retrived from https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd/6343  

Teare, M. D., Dimairo, M., Shephard, N., Hayman, A., Whitehead, A., & Wlaters, S. J. (2014). Sample size requirements to estimate key design parameters from external pilot randomized controlled trials: a simulation study. Trials 15, 264.  

Teng, T. H., & Mohd Izham M. H. (2017). Kepimpinan Distributif dan Komuniti Pembelajaran Profesional (KPP) Di Sekolah Rendah. Social Sciences Postgraduate International Seminar (SSPIS). School of Social Sciences, USM, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. 

Terrell, H. P. (2010). The relationship of the dimensions of Distributed Leadership in Elementary schools of Urban Districts and students Achievement (Doctoral dissertation, George Washington University). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global database. (UMI No. 3397678). 

Thien, L. M., & Donnie, A. (2019): Distributed leadership and teachers’ affective commitment to change in Malaysian primary schools: the contextual influence of gender and teaching experience. Educational Studies 47 (3), p. 179-199. https://doi.org/10.1080/03055698.2019.1680349  

Thien, L. M., & Tan, M. Y. (2019). Kepimpinan Distributif, Keadaan dalam Sekolah, dalam Komitmen Guru untuk berubah: Satu Analisa Partial least Squares. Journal of Nusantara Studies (JONUS) 4(1), 159-185.  

Tian, M. (2011). Distributif Leadership and Teacher self-efficacy: The Case study of three Chinese school in Shanghai (Master’s thesis, University of Jyvaskyla). Retrived from http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:jyu-201201091015  

Tian, M., & Virtanen, T. (2020). Shanghai Teachers Perceptions of Distributed Leadership: Resources and Agency. ECNU Review of Education, 1-22.  

Tian, M., Risku, M. & Collin, K. (2016). A meta-analysis of distributed leadership from 2002-2013: Thory development, empirical evidence and future research focus. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, Vol. 44(1), 146-164.  

Timperley, H. S. (2005). Distributed leadership: Developing theory from practice. Journal Curriculum Studies, 37 (4), 395-420. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220270500038545  

Torrance, D. (2015). Profesional learning for distributed leadership: primary headteachers’ perspectives. Profesional Development in Education, 41 (3), 407-507.  

Trochim, W. M., & Donnelly, J. P. (2006). The research methods knowledge base (3rd ed.). Cincinnati, OH: Atomic Dog.  

Tschannen-Moran, M & Hoy, W. (2001). Teacher Efficacy: Capturing an elusive contruct. Teaching and Teacher Education, 17, 783-805. 

Tschannen-Moran, M., Hoy, A. W., & Hoy, W. K. (1998). Teacher efficacy: Its meaning and measure. Review of Educational Research, 68(2), 202-248.  

Tunku, B. T. A, Nordin, M. S., Nordin, A. R., Mohd Burhan, I., & Joharry O. (2017). Pertalian antara pengalaman masteri dengan efikasi kendiri guru: Regresi-meta kajian keratan lintang. Malaysian Journal of Learning and Instruction (MJLI), 14(2), 247-269.  

Turner, J. C., Christensen, A., Kacker-Cam, H. Z., Fulmer, S. M., & Trucano, M. (2017). The Development of Profesional Learning Communities and their Teacher Leaders: An Activity System Analysis. Journal of the Learning Science, 27 (1), 49-88. 

Ummi Kalsom, Z. (2014). Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi tekanan kerja dalam kalangan guru sekolah menengah daerah Hulu Terengganu (Tesis Sajrana, Universi Utara Malaysia). Retrived from https://etd.uum.edu.my/id/eprint/5102  

Unterrainer, C., Jeppesen H. J., & Jensson, T. F. (2017). Distributed Leadership Agency and Its Relationship to Individual Autonomy and Occupational Self-Efficacy: A Two Wave-Mediation Study in Denmark, Humanistic Management Journal 2 (1), 57-81. 

Vicneswary, M, Donnie, A., & Zuraidah, A. (2021). Teacher’s organizational commitment in international schools: Does distributed leadership make a difference? Malaysian Online Journl of Educational Management (MOJEM) Volume 9, Issue 2, 1-17.  

Vicneswary, M., Donnie, A. & Zuraidah, A. (2019). Distributed Leadership and Teacher’s Affective Commintment in International school. International Online Journal of Educational Leadership, 3 (2), 22-40.  

Victor, J. A., Zuraidah, A., & Husaina, B. K. (2021). Peranan Komuniti Pembelajaran Profesional dalam efikasi kendiri guru sekolah rendah Sarawak. Jurnal Kepimpinan Pendidikan, Bil. 8, Isu 1.  

Voelkel, R. H., & Chrispeels, J. H. (2017). Understanding the link between profesional learning communities and teacher collective efficacy. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 28 (4), 505-526. 

Wai-Yan, S. W., Hau-Fai, E. L., & Ki, K. C. (2017). Teachers’ perception of distributed leadership in Hong Kong primary schools. School Leadership & Management 38 (1), 102-141. 

Wan, N. A. M. S., & Suria, B. (2017). Amalan Kepimpinan Kolaboratif dalam Kalangan Pemimpin Instruksional Di Sekolah Rendah. Jurnal Kepimpinan Pendidikan, 4(3). 

Wenger, E., McDermott, R., & Snyder, W. M. (2002). Cultivating Communities of Practice: A Guide to Managing Knowledge. Bostan, MA: Harvard Business School Press.  

Werner, S., Gumpel, T. P, Koller, J., Wiesenthal, V., & Weintraub, N. (2021) Can self-efficacy mediate between knowledge of policy, school support and teacher attitudes towards inclusive education? PLoS ONE 16(9). Retrived from https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257657. 

Wier, T. R. (2020). Perception of How Leadership Interaction influence thr Development of Collective Efficacy in Profesional Learning Communities (Doctoral dissertation, The Georgia State University). Retrived from https://doi.org/10.57709/17624341  

Wilson, A. (2016). From PofessionL practice to practical leader: teacher leadership in profesional leaning commuties. International Journal of Teacher Leadership, 7(2). 

Wood, R., & Bandura, A. (1989). Social Cognitive Theory of Organizational Management. Academic of Management Review,14(3), 361-364.  

Woods, P. A., & Roberts, A. (2016). Distributed leadership and social justice: images and meanings from across the school landscape. International Journal of leadership in Education. Vol. 19(2):138-156.  

Woods, P. A. (2016). Authority, power and distributed leadership. Management in Education, 30(4), 155–160. 

Woods, P. A., Bennet, N., Harvey, J. A., & Wise, C. (2004). Variabilities and Dualities in Distributed Leadership. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 32(4), 439-457. 

Yukl, G. (2013). Leadership in organizations.8th ed. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.  

Yusof, B., & Yahzanon, T. (2013). Kepimpinan Tersebar dan Hubungannya dengan Tekanan danKomitmen Kerja. 2nd International Seminar on Qualityand Affordable Education (ISQAE2013).  

Zaefarian, G., Henneberg, S. C., & Naudé, P. (2013). Assessing the Strategikc Fit between Business Strategikes and Business Relationships in Knowledge-Intensive Business Services. Industrial Marketing Management, 42(2), 260-272. 

Zainab, A., & Khairunnisa, A. S. (2015). Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi prestasi kerja dalam kalangan staf sokongan Kolej Universiti Islam Antarabangsa Selangor. Proseeding of the 2nd International Conference on Management and Muamalah (2nd ICaMM).   

Zainudin, A. (2012). Research Methodoly and Data Analysis. 2ND Edition. Kuala Lumpur: UiTM Press.  

Zainudin, A., Lim, S. H., & Nur Fairuza, S. Z. (2018). Pendekatan Mudah SEM (Structural Equation Modelling). Selangor: MPWS Rich Resources. 

Zalina, Z., & Siti, N. I. (2021). Reanines for Organizational Change as a Mediator of Distributed Leadrship Relationships and the Implementation of Profesional Learning Community. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publication, 11 (5). 

Zhang, J., & Sun, Y. (2019). Investigating the effects of profesional learning communities on teacher commitment in China. Educational Studies. Advance online publication, 46(6), 773-777. Retrived from https://doi.org/10.1080/03055698.2019.1651695 

Zheng, X., Yin, H., Liu, Y., & Ke, Z. (2016). Effect of leadership pactices on profesional learning communities: The mediating role of trust in colleagues. Asia Pacific Education Review, 17(3), 521-532.  

Zheng, X., Yin, H., & Liu, Y. (2020). Are profesional learning communities beneficial for teachers? A multilevel analysis of teacher selfefficacy and commitment in China. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 32 (2), 197-217. https://doi.org/10.1080/09243453.2020.1808484 

Zheng, X., Yin, H., & Liu, Y. (2019). The Relationship Between Distributed Leadership and Teacher Efficacy in China: The Mediation of Satisfaction and Trust. Asia-Pacific Edu Res, 28, 509-518. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-019-00451-7   

Zoolaiha, A. R. (2015). Kepimpinan distributif dalam kalangan pengetua dan hubungannya dengan kepuasan kerja guu di Selangor (Doctoral disertasi, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris). Retrived from https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=1247&fr=sj  

Zulaine, A. T., Mohd Khairuddin, A., & Mohd Mahadzir, R. M. N. (2021). Hubungan Antara Efikasi Kendiri Guru dengan Prestasi Kerja dalam kalangan Guru-Guru Kawasan Pedalaman, Sabah. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 6 (8), 352-362.  

Zuraidah Abdullah. (2017). Komuniti Pembelajaran Profesional di Malaysia: Amalan Penambaikan Sekolah (2nd ed.). Penerbit Universiti Malaya. 

Zuraidah, A. (2009). Pembentukan komuniti pembelajaran profesional: Kajian terhadap sekolah menengah di Malaysia. Jurnal Management Pendidikan, 2, 79-96.  

Zuraidah, A. (2010). Profil Komuniti Pembelajaran Profesional Sekolah Menengah di Malaysia (Disertasi Doktor Falsafah yang tidak diterbitkan, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur).  

Zuraidah, J. M. Y., Yahya, D., & Siti Noor, I. (2016). Pengaruh kepimpinan distributif terhadap pengurusan konflik dalam kalangan pemimpin sekolah. Jurnal Pendidikan Malaysia, 41 (2), 165-171.  

Zuraidah, J., Siti Noor, I., & Yahya, D. (2015). Pengaruh Kepimpinan Distributif terhadap Persekitaran Sekolah. The Asean Journal of Knowledge Contribution, 4 (4), 9-19.  

Zuraidah, Z. (2018). Structural Equation Modeling Using AMOS: A Step-by-Step Approach.  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


This material may be protected under Copyright Act which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials.
You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research.

Back to previous page

Installed and configured by Bahagian Automasi, Perpustakaan Tuanku Bainun, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
If you have enquiries, kindly contact us at pustakasys@upsi.edu.my or 016-3630263. Office hours only.