The objective of this study was to determine the effects of elbow flexion angles on handgrip force production. 200 women involved voluntarily as participants in this study. Participants were required to perform handgrip dynamometer strength test in three elbow flexion angle conditions; i) 0˚ (full extension), ii) 90˚ and iii) full degrees. Participants were given three trials for each side (dominant and non-dominant) in all three elbow flexion angles. Results showed that in all elbow flexion angles, dominant handgrip force were higher compared to the non-dominant side. Besides that, performing handgrip with 0˚ elbow flexion produced greatest force followed by 90˚ and full elbow flexion. To conclude, testers need to standardize the handgrip strength test procedures as different in elbow flexion angles and the use of dominant/non-dominant sides were shown to significantly affect the force production...

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The aim of this study was to determine and compare the muscle activation during unilateral and bilateral biceps curl exercises. Thirty recreationally active, resistance-trained men (age: 20-23 years old) were recruited as research participants. Participants were asked to perform biceps curl exercise using 85% of their 1RM value unilaterally and bilaterally in a randomized order. Muscle activation of biceps brachii and triceps brachii were obtained during the movement using electromyography method. Repeated measure analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to compare the muscle activations between both unilateral and bilateral biceps curl. Results showed that no siginificant differences were found on both biceps brachii and triceps brachii muscle activation between both biceps curl methods. Despite our prediction that unilateral exercise create more instability to movement that will cause more muscle activation, it was not found in this study. The simple movement during this bicep curl.....

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The increasing demands for accountability and excellence continuously challenge the roles of head teachers in the process of school change. To best lead change in school, effective change leadership is crucial as it is the key to any change initiatives. The study was to identify the level of competency in managing change (CIMC) of the head teachers in National-type Chinese Primary Schools (NCPS) in Perak, Malaysia, that included the change leadership technical competency (CLTC) and the change leadership emotional intelligence (CLEI). The analysis of the survey was performed based on the data of 875 respondents i.e. 50 head teachers, 144 senior assistants and 681 teachers. The findings revealed that, a) the head teachers of NCPS were rated as Quite Good in CIMC, CLTC and CLEI; b) the head teachers of NCPS achieved a higher mean score in CLEI than in CLTC and the difference was significant; c) in terms of sub-dimensions, the head teachers of NCPS were rated as Quite Good across all the f.....

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The main aim of the study was to examine and compare the implementation of professional learning communities (PLCs) in Day Secondary School (DSS) and National Religious Secondary School (NRSS) in Peninsular Malaysia. A total of 350 teachers from DSS and 371 from NRSS completed the survey with usable data. The results revealed that, i) both DSS and NRSS achieved the level of Quite Good in PLCs, its dimensions as well as its sub-dimensions; ii) NRSS achieved a higher mean score than DSS in PLCs, Organizational Factor as well as Non-organizational Factor and the differences were significant; iii) both DSS and NRSS achieved a higher mean score in Organization Factor than Non-Organizational Factor; iv) among all the sub-dimensions of PLCs, both DSS and NRSS achieved the highest mean score in Shared Norms and Vision; v) among all the sub-dimensions of PLCs, DSS achieved the lowest mean score in External Support System whereas NRSS achieved the lowest mean score in Structural Support. This st.....

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The Fourth Industrial Revolution (FIR) has already moved past our doorstep and has influenced unprecedented changes in every industry. The educational ecosystem is no exception and Education 4.0 has been developed to respond to these new demands. As the quality of school leadership is one of the important determinants of student outcomes, and effective school management is heavily  dependent on school leaders’ professional competencies, there is an urgent need to re-skill or upskill school leaders’ competency to prepare the country to compete in FIR. While the need of effective school leadership for the era of Education 4.0 is widely acknowledged, there is much less certainty about which leadership behaviors are most likely to produce favorable outcomes. The conceptual framework derived in this paper provides a basis for identifying the critical educational leadership competencies that include a) Leading for Learning; b) Integrity and Accountability; c) Communication; d) Collabora.....

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The purpose of the study was to examine and compare the patterns of professional learning communities (PLCs) in Malaysian day secondary school (DSS) and fully residential secondary school (FRSS). A total of 352 teachers from DSS and 357 from FRSS completed the survey with usable data. The result demonstrated that, i) both DSS and FRSS achieved the level of Quite Good in developing PLCs; ii) FRSS achieved higher level of practising PLCs than DSS and the difference was significant; iii) in terms of dimensions, both DSS and FRSS achieved higher mean score in Organizational Factor than in Non-organizational Factors and the difference was significant; iv) in terms of subdimensions, despite FRSS achieved the level of Good at Principal’s Commitment and Support, both DSS and FRSS achieved the level of Quite Good in all other sub-dimensions of PLCs; v) DSS achieved the highest mean score in Shared Norms and Vision whereas FRSS in Principal’s Commitment and Support; and vi) both DSS and FRSS.....

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Professional learning communities contribute greatly to teacher professionalization and school improvement. The purpose of the study was to examine the patterns of professional learning communities (PLCs) in the National-type Chinese Primary Schools (NCPSs) in Perak, Malaysia. A total of 630 head teachers, senior assistants and teachers completed the survey with usable data. The result revealed that, i) the NCPSs achieved the level of Quite Good in PLCs, in its two dimensions of Organization Factor and Non-Organizational Factor as well as its eight sub-dimensions; ii) the NCPSs achieved a higher mean score in Organization Factor than Non-Organizational Factor of PLCs and the difference was significant; iii) among all the sub-dimensions of PLCs, the NCPSs achieved the highest mean score in Head Teacher’s Commitment and Support; iv) among all the subdimensions of PLCs, the NCPSs achieved the lowest mean score in External Support System. The results indicated that the NCPSs in Perak nee.....

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The increasing demands for accountability and school reform continuously challenge the roles of school leaders. Today, school leadership is no longer task driven per se, but emotionally compelling as emotions and change are interlinked at the micro-level of organisational behaviours. The purposes of the study were to examine the levels of Principal Change Leadership Emotional Intelligence (PCLEI) in Malaysian secondary schools and the demographic determinants of PCLEI. Analysis of the survey was performed based on the data of 743 school principals, 2021 senior assistants and 2707 teachers. The findings revealed that, (a) school principals were rated as Excellent in PCLEI; (b) in terms of dimensions, school principals were reported Excellent in Emotional Regulation and Emotional Utilisation, and Good in Emotional Perceiving and Expressing and Emotional Understanding; and (c) PCLEI was reliably related to gender, race, age and seniority but not academic qualification...

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The aim of the study is to investigate the organizational justice and job satisfaction among Malaysian workers via hierarchical multiple regression as a method. The result indicated that organizational justice, job control and social support uniquely predict wellbeing (job satisfaction). Interestingly, the pattern of interaction showed that employees who perceived the interactive effect of high interactional justice and high job control reported lower levels of job satisfaction. In conclusion, it is important to promote a just and inclusive organizational working culture which can create a sense of belonging, satisfaction and commitment among employees. ..

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English language learners are often at risk for communication and language delays and sometimes it becomes crucial elements in the foundation of early literacy skills especially among non-native speakers. One of the preschool teacher’s role is examined according to the educational perspectives that are explored in preschool settings including the curriculum and motivational level of preschoolers. The main objectives of this study are to determine level of English proficiency, identify their problems (teachers) and motivation among preschool children in theEast Coast of Malaysia.Specific environmental adaptations and adult interventions that teachers can use in their preschool classrooms to facilitate English learning that encourages early literacy skills are described.This is a qualitative study which involves the method of interview and observation. Findings show that preschools in Terengganu and Kelantan do conform to the National Preschool Curriculum to a certain degree with added.....

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