This paper focuses on children’s experience and learning opportunities in ethnically diverse preschool settings. The study involved 60 children and three teachers from three PERPADUAN (Unity) Pre-school settings. A qualitative methodology was applied to explore children’s experience and learning opportunities. Direct observation of children’s free play and in-depth interviews were conducted with the children and teachers within 16 weeks. Observation based on instruments from the ECCE Research Project which included two main standards, an element of children’s learning and meaningful learning. An indicator of standards started with working towards, meeting the standard and exceeding the standard. The primary findings of this case study emergent from the exceeding standard that children’s learning experience and opportunities are divided into three: Children need the challenge to be competent, Active learning and learning comes from social interactions. Given an opportunity, th.....

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This study aimed to identify the effectiveness of learning aid for the Electric Circuit topics. The learning aid was developed using ADDIE model because it was designed to create lesson plans and learning materials so that the delivery of the lesson will be more effective and efficient. This model was included the phases of analysis, design, development, implementation and evaluation. A set of questionnaire was used in this research. Students were divided into two groups, conventional groups and learning aid group (intervention). The study involves a set of questionnaire was distributed to 48 of form 1 students in Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Agama Falahiah, Pasir Pekan, Kelantan. The findings showed that Learning Aid for Serial and Parallel Circuit topics (Electrical Circuit) can effect of the student performance. It is suggested this learning aid can be used as a kit to replace a conventional method to improve the student performance..

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Nowadays, the mining of sand resources from rivers areas especially in Perak state is a common practice and may lead to destruction of public assets as well as impacts or increase stress on commercial and noncommercial living resources that utilize these areas. This study was carried out to determine possible river sand removal capacity and their consequences towards Sungai Perak. Van Veen Grabber and Helley Smith sediment sampler are used to collect bed soil samples and determine sediment transport at the time of sampling. These two methods could estimate the suitability of available sand material and the flux of sediment transport locally. By conducting the surveys and analysing all the collected data, it showed positive results. Almost 90% of the grab samples were good quality of sand. The minimum total  quantity of minable sand in Sungai Perak at Bota Kanan is 713,073.1 tonnes (269,084.2 m3) with the maximum replenishment period of 100 days. The recharge sediment transport yield o.....

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 Balance significant for keeping up postural harmony and along these lines for the shirking of falls. Ageing may influence the central nervous system and neuromuscular system properties prompting deficiencies in equalization and step execution. The motivation behind this investigation was to assess the test-retest reliability of the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) used to look at equalization in elderly adult. Twenty healthy volunteer elderly adult (age 62–91) were incorporated three males and 17 females into the examination. The Berg Balance Scale (BBS) was assessed twice by a similar assessor. Each volunteer played out the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) succession in random request around the same time and after two days. The test-retest reliability assessments were made at roughly a similar time of day. The mean age in years of the participants was 71.9. The test-retest reliability for the BBS was excellent Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC = 0.994). The BBS is a reliable and valid sca.....

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The split delivery vehicle routing problem (SDVRP) is a relaxed  version of the classical VRP where customers can be visited more  than once. The SDVRP is also applicable for problems where one or  more of the customers require a demand larger than the vehicle  capacity. Constructive heuristics adapted from the parallel savings  and the sweep methods are first proposed to generate a set of  solutions which is then used in the new and more efficient set  covering-based formulation which we put forward. An effective repair  mechanism to remedy any infeasibility due to the set covering  problem is presented. A reduced set of promising routes is used in our model, instead of the original set of routes, proposing and using well defined reduction schemes. This set covering-based approach is  tested on large datasets from the literature with encouraging results. In brief, seven best solutions including ties are found among the 137 SDVRP instances...

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Penang Island, or Pulau Pinang, is one of the most urbanized and densely populated regions in Malaysia. It is undergoing rapid environmental degradation. Simultaneously, a significant culprit for soaring rates of deforestation and severe climate change is inefficient and unsustainable food waste management. Literature reviews have analysed the efficacy of various composting systems that divert food waste to be repurposed and transformed into a value-added soil enhancement. They reveal the superiority of an in-vessel Economic Smart Food Waste Composter. The ESFWC employs a plastic drum to turn compost materials, an automated programming system, and microbial solutions to accelerate the aerobic digestion of organic waste. The ESFWC requires minimal time, cost, labour and GHGs emissions. For this study interviews and questionnaires were conducted with stakeholders on Penang Hill, or Bukit Bendera. It displays a need for an ESFWC, to reduce the detrimental environmental effects of food was.....

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Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti tanda, menganalisis kesan penggunaannya yang mempunyai hubungan korelasi objek-objek kepada pembaca dan menginterpretasikan kaitannya dengan budaya masyarakat Tamil dalam 40 buah cerpen terpilih M. Ramaiah. Kajian ini ialah kajian kepustakaan yang menggunakan kaedah analisis kandungan dan analisis deskriptif. Analisis dan perbincangan dibuat berpandukan teori semiotik Charles Sanders Peirce. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa sebanyak 66 jenis tanda yang dikenal pasti mempunyai hubungan dengan 38 jenis objek dalam 40 buah cerpen terpilih M.Ramaiah. Antara tanda ini, 59 jenis yang didapati mempunyai kaitan dengan budaya masyarakat Tamil dapat diinterpretasikan, manakala tujuh pula tidak dapat diinterpretasikan. Kesimpulannya, hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahawa kesemua tanda ini mendukung mesej dan amanat yang unik, istimewa dan mendalam yang dapat membuka minda pembaca. Implikasinya, kajian semiotik ini bukan sahaja memaparkan kepent.....

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Kajian ini dijalankan bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti hubungan antara motivasi dan sikap murid terhadap pencapaian subjek Reka Bentuk dan Teknologi (RBT) dalam kalangan murid sekolah rendah. Teori Penentuan Kendiri, Teori Penentuan Matlamat dan Teori Keperluan Maslow dan Model Sikap ABC merupakan teori dan model yang dapat menyokong komponen-komponen dalam pemboleh ubah kajian ini. Seramai 200 orang murid tahun lima sekolah rendah dalam daerah Hulu Perak terlibat dalam kajian ini. Reka bentuk kajian adalah berbentuk kuantitatif menggunakan kaedah tinjauan dan instrumen soal selidik digunakan bagi mengumpulkan data. Tiga orang pakar telah dilantik bagi mengesahkan instrumen kajian. Kebolehpercayaan instrumen adalah tinggi dan setiap item boleh diterima dengan nilai Alpha Cronbach adalah sebanyak 0.87. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis menggunakan statistik deskriptif dan Model Persamaan Berstruktur (SEM). Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa murid sekolah rendah mempunyai tahap mot.....

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This study proposes an evaluation and benchmarking decision matrix (DM) on the basis of multicriteria decision making (MCDM) for young learners‘ English mobile applications (E-apps) in terms of listening, speaking, reading and writing (LSRW) skills. Benchmarking E-apps for young learners is challenging due to (a) multiple criteria, (b) criteria importance and (c) data variation. The DM was constructed on the basis of the intersection amongst evaluation criteria in terms of LSRW and E-apps for young learners. The criteria were adopted from a preschool education curriculum standard. The DM data included six E-apps as alternatives and 17 skills as criteria. Thereafter, the six E-apps were evaluated by distributing a checklist form amongst six English learning experts. These apps were subsequently benchmarked by utilising MCDM methods, namely, best–worst method (BWM) and technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS). BWM was used for criterion weighting, wh.....

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Steganography is a form of technology utilised to safeguard secret data during communication in addition to data repository. Numerous researchers have endeavoured to enhance the performance of steganography techniques through the development of an effective algorithm for the selection of the optimal pixel location within the host image for the concealment of secret bits, for the enhancement of the embedding capacity of the secret data, and for maintaining the visual quality of the host image (stego image) in an accepted rate after the concealment of the secret data. Therefore, steganography is perceived as a challenging task. Thus, the current study proposes a new technique for image steganography based on particle swarm optimisation (PSO) algorithm by using pixel selection for the concealment of a secret image in spatial domain, for the purpose of high embedment capacity. The stego possesses a high level of resistance against a steganalytic attack due to the security provided via imag.....

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