This study addressed four main purposes, which are: (1) to examine the effects of outdoor adventure program towards participants’ mental toughness; (2) to investigate the influence  of socio demographic variables on the improvement of mental toughness; (3) to identify which of the  psychological factors of Model of Mental Toughness (Loehr, 1986) that are mostly affected by  outdoor adventure program; and (4) to determine the primary outdoor activity that affects participant mental toughness. This study  utilized pre and post quasi experimental with control group design. The 42 items of Psychological  Performance Inventory (PPI; Loehr, 1986) was administered among 265 (n = 165, experimental group; n  = 100, control group) diploma level intervarsity athletes and age in a range of 17-30 years old.  The primary finding of this study supported that outdoor adventure camp is effective in improving  participants’ mental toughness. This study found that only the socio demo.....

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Since the turn of the 21st century, recent research has demonstrated that adventurebased programs are linked to positive psychological outcomes, including mental toughness. However, there are very limited studies conducted on how to design a specific instrument and model of the adventure-based mental toughness program. There are three primary objectives of study as follows: 1) determine whether there is a significant need to develop an Adventure-based Mental Toughness Inventory (AbMTI); 2) to validate the consensus on the development of AbMTI; and 3) to validate the AbMTI and Adventure-based Mental Toughness Model (AbMTM). The study is based on the modified Development and Design Research (DDR). There were total of 507 participants in the study who participated in an adventure-based programs. The statistical tools IBM Statistics (SPSS) and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) were used as the primary statistical tools in this study. The findings of the study significantly va.....

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Over decades, there are numerous training programs with the intervention of adventure-based programs have been implemented. The nature of adventure-based programs is also often associated with the development of psychological aspects including mental toughness. However, the fact is the term of mental toughness is more focused in the perspective of sports. Since it was first introduced in the 80's, various models and measuring instruments have been developed and are clearly more focused on the sports perspective. The issues arises when the sport-based mental toughness model is applied in adventure-based programs. Work on this matter, Adventure-based Mental Toughness Model (AbMTM) was developed with the application of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). SEM was well known in development studies because of the effectiveness of its statistical analysis to determine the value or validity of the measured focus. It turned out to be very influential and applied in various fields of study. A to.....

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