UPSI Digital Repository (UDRep)
|
UPSI Digital Repository (UDRep)
|
|
|
| ||||||||||||||||
| Full Text : |
| The phytochemical and biological activity of the leaves and stem barks of Garcinia griffithii have been investigated. Extraction and chromatographic purification of the leaves and stem barks extracts have successfully afforded five biflavonoids namely amento4’’-methylether (1), 3,8’’-binaringenin (2), morelloflavone (3), 3,8’’-binaringenin-7’’-O-glucoside (4) and morelloflavone-7’’-Oglucoside (5), together with squalene (6), canophyllol (7), friedelin (8) and β-amyrin (9) which were characterized spectroscopically. All extracts and phytochemicals were tested for antioxidant, antityrosinase and antibacterial activities. The antioxidant assay on DPPH radical scavenging showed that the n-hexane extract of the stem barks had the highest radical scavenging activity with IC50 value of 96.4 μg/mL, while compound (3) was found to be the strongest antioxidant compound with IC50 value of 57.6 μg/mL. The methanol extract of the leaves showed the highest total phenolic content with 444.1 mg/g of gallic acid equivalent (GAE/L) and 423.1 mg/g of cathechin equivalent (CE/L). The extracts and all compounds were found to have weak antityrosinase activity. The antimicrobial assays of all the extracts were carried out by minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The methanol extract of the leaves showed the most significant antimicrobial activity towards E. faecalis and K. pneumoniae with MIC and MBC value ranged between 225-450 μg/mL compared to the other extracts. |
| References |
1. Gautam B. Natural product: Chemistry, Biochemistry and
Pharmocology. Alpha Science International Ltd. (Oxford,
UK), 2009.
2. Bennett GJ, Lee HJ. Xanthones from Guttiferae.
Phytochemistry 1989; 28: 967-998.
3. Waterman PG, Hussain RA. Systematic significance of
xanthones, benzophenones and biflavonoids in Garcinia.
Biochem Syst Ecol 1983; 11: 21-28.
4. Whitemore TC. Malayan Forest Records No. 26: Tree of
Malaya: A Manual for Foresters. Longman (Kuala Lumpur),
1972.
5. Parveen M, Khan NU, Acchari B, Dutta PK. A triterpene from Garcinia mangostana. Phytochemistry 1991; 30: 361-2.
6. Corner EJH. Wayside Trees of Malaya, Government Printing Office, 1940.
7. Nilar LH, Nguyen D, Ganpathi V, Sim K-Y, Harrison LJ.
Xanthones and benzophenones from Garcinia griffthii and
Garcinia mangostana. Phytochemistry 2005; 66: 1718-23.
8. Xu YJ, Cao SG, Wu XH, Lai YH, Tan BHK, Pereira JT, Goh SH, Venkatraman G, Harrison LJ, Sim KY. Griffipavixanthone, a novel cytotoxic bixanthone from Garcinia griffithii and G.parvifolia. Tetrahedron Lett 1998; 39: 9103-6.
9. Elfita E, Muharni M, Madyawati L, Darwati D, Ari W, Supriyatna S, Husein HB, Dachriyanus D, Paul C, Louis M, Kenne F, Sandra A, Luc P. Antiplasmodial and other constituents from four Indonesian Garcinia spp. Phytochemistry 2009; 70: 907-12.
10. Anu Aravind AP, Asha KRT, Rameshkumar KB. Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant potential of the leaves of Garcinia travancorica Bedd. Nat Prod Res 2016; 30: 232-6.
11. Permanaa D, Abas F, Maulidiani, Shaari K, Stanslas J, Ali AM, Lajis N. Atrovirisidone B, a new prenylated depsidone with cytotoxic property from the roots of Garcinia atroviridis. Z Naturforsch 2005; 60: 523-6.
12. Panthong K, Hutadilok-Towatana N, Panthong A.
Cowaxanthone F, a new tetraoxygenated xanthone, and other
anti-inflammatory and antioxidant compounds from Garcinia
cowa. Canadian J Chem 2009; 87: 1636-40.
13. Jamila N, Khairuddean M, Khan SN, Khan N. Complete NMR assignments of bioactive rotameric (3→8) biflavonoids from the bark of Garcinia hombroniana. Magn Reson Chem 2014; 52: 345-52.
14. Al-Shaghdari A, Bello Alarcón A, Cuesta-Rubio O.
Determination of biflavonoids in different parts of Garcinia bakeriana (Urb) borhidi. Rev Cuba Farm 2014; 48: 307-15.
15. Ito T, Yokota R, Watarai T, Mori K, Oyama M, Nagasawa
H, Matsuda H, Iinuma M. Isolation of six isoprenylated
biflavonoids from the leaves of Garcinia subelliptica. Chem Pharm Bull 2013; 61: 551-8.
16. Gontijo VS, Judice WAS, Codonho B, Pereira IO, Assis DM, Januário JP, Caroselli EE, Juliano MA, De Carvalho Dosatti A, Marques MJ, Junior CV, Santos MHD. Leishmanicidal, antiproteolytic and antioxidant evaluation of natural biflavonoids isolated from Garcinia brasiliensis and their semisynthetic derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 58: 613-23.
17. Kaikabo AA, Eloff JN. Antibacterial activity of two biflavonoids from Garcinia livingstonei leaves against Mycobacterium smegmatis.J Ethnopharmacol 2011;138: 253-5.
18. Castardo JC, Prudente AS, Ferreira J, Guimarães CL, Monache FD, Filho VC, Otuki MF, Cabrini DA. Anti-inflammatory effects of hydroalcoholic extract and two biflavonoids from Garcinia gardneriana leaves in mouse paw oedema. J Ethnopharmacol 2008; 118: 405-11.
19. Nworu CS, Akah PA, Esimone CO, Okoli CO, Okoye FBC.
Immunomodulatory activities of kolaviron, a mixture
of three related biflavonoids of Garcinia kola Heckel.
Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2008; 30: 317-32.
20. Lin YM, Anderson H, Flavin MT, Pai YHS, Mata-Greenwood E, Pengsuparp T, Pezzuto JM, Schinazi RF, Hughes SH, Chen FC. In vitro anti-HIV activity of biflavonoids isolated from Rhus succedanea and Garcinia multiflora. J Nat Prod 1997; 60: 884-8.
21. Gunatilaka AAL, Sriyani HTB, Sotheeswaran S, Waight ES. 2,5-dihydroxy-1,6-dimethoxyxanthone and biflavonoids of Garcinia thwaitesii. Phytochemistry 1983; 22: 233-5.
22. Waterman PG, Crichton EG. Xanthones and biflavonoids
from Garcinia densivenia stem bark. Phytochemistry 1980; 19: 2723-6.
23. Bandaranayake WM, Selliah SS, Sultanbawa MUS, Davii OW. Biflavonoids and xanthones of Garcinia terpnophylla and G. echinocarpa. Phytochemistry 1975; 14:, 1878-80.
24. Rice-Evans CA, Miller NJ, Paganga G. Antioxidant properties of phenolic compounds. Trends Pl Sci Rev 1997; 2: 152-9.
25. Te-Sheng C. Review: An updated review of tyrosinase
inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2009; 10: 2440-75.
26. Chen FC, Lin YM, Hung JC. Phenolic compounds from the
heartwood of Garcinia multiflora. Phytochemistry 1975; 14: 300-3.
27. Ryu YB, Jeong HJ, Kim JH, Kim YM, Park JH, Kim D,
Naguyen TTH, Park SJ, Chang JS, Park KH, Rho MC, Lee WS.
Biflavonoids from Torreya nucifera displaying SARS-CoV
3CLpro inhibition. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18: 7940-7.
28. Ragasa CY, Levida RM, Don MJ, Shen CC. Cytotoxic
isothiocyanates from Moringa oleifera Lam seeds. Philippine Sci Lett 2012; 5: 46-52.
29. Nozaki H, Suzuki H, Hirayama T, Kasai R, Wu RY, Lee
KH. Antitumor triterpenes of Maytenus diversifolia.
Phytochemistry 1986; 25: 479-85.
30. Hui WH, Ko PDS, Lee YK, Li MM, Arthur HR. Triterpenoids from the ten Lithocarpus species of Hong Kong. Phytochemistry 1975; 14: 1063-6.
31. Tahany MAAR, Hegazy AK, Sayed AM, Kabiel HF, El-Alfy
T, El-Komy SM. Study on combined antimicrobial activity
of some biologically active constituents from wild Moringa peregrine Forssk.J Yeast Fungal Res 2010;1:15-24.
32. Salleh WMNHW, Ahmad F. Antioxidant and antiinflammatory activities of essential oils of Actinodaphne macrophylla and A. pruinosa (Lauraceae). Nat Prod Commun.2016; 11: 853-5.
33. Salleh WMNHW, Ahmad F, Khong HY, Zulkifli RM. Chemical constituents and bioactivities from the leaves of Beilschmiedia glabra Kosterm (Lauraceae). Marmara Pharm J 2016: 20: 400-6.
34. Salleh WMNHW, Ahmad F, Khong HY, Zulkifli RM.
Comparative biological activities of extracts from three
Malaysian Beilschmiedia species. Marmara Pharm J 2016; 20:224-31.
35. Zavala MA, Perez GS, Perez GRM. Antimicrobial screening of some medicinal plants. Phytother Res 1997; 11: 368-71.
36. Petrus EM, Tinakumari S, Chai LC, Ubong A, Tunung R,
Elexson N, Chai LF, Son R. A study on the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of nano colloidal silver on food-borne pathogens. Int Food Res J 2011; 18: 55-66. |
| This material may be protected under Copyright Act which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. |