UPSI Digital Repository (UDRep)
|
|
|
Abstract : Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris |
Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengenalpasti orientasi matlamat dan kecenderungan keagresifan
instrumental di kalangan pemain bola baling MSSP Daerah Kinta Dua, Perak. Kajian ini melihat
orientasi matlamat, kecenderungan keagresifan instrumental, individu yang mempengaruhi keagresifan
instrumental dan situasi yang dijangkakan akan mempengaruhi kecenderungan atlet untuk melakukan
keagresifan instrumental. Instrumen soal selidik yang digunakan ialah ‘Task and Ego Orientation In
Sport Questionnaire’ (TEOSQ) oleh Duda & Nicholls (1991) dan ‘The Judgement About Moral Behavior
In Youth Sport Questionnaire’ (JAMBYSQ) oleh Stephens, Bredemeier & Sheilds (1993). Seramai
166 atlet (85 lelaki dan 81 perempuan), yang terdiri daripada pemain pasukan yang memasuki
peringkat suku akhir pertandingan bola baling peringkat daerah ini, telah bekerjasama untuk
menjadi sampel kajian. Analisis kajian mendapati penglibatan atlet-atlet ini adalah
berorientasikan tugasan. Terdapat perbezaan yang signifikan bagi orientasi tugasan pemain bola
baling lelaki dan perempuan manakala tiada perbezaan yang signifikan bagi orientasi ego. Atlet-
atlet ini juga cenderung untuk melakukan keagresifan instrumental. Keagresifan instrumental mereka
dipengaruhi oleh guru atau jurulatih. Situasi yang mempengaruhi atlet lelaki melakukan keagresifan
instrumental adalah ‘kedudukan seri’ manakala bagi situasi yang mempengaruhi atlet perempuan adalah
situasi yang ‘menaikkan
semangat’ mereka. |
References |
Ahmad Mahzan Ayob. (1992). Kaedah penyelidikan sosioekonomi. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Alderman, R.B. (1974). Psychological behavior in sport. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunder Company.
Atkinson, J.W. (1965). An introduction to motivation. Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand Company Inc.
Ary, D., Jacob, L.C., & Razavieh, A. (2002). Introduction to research education (6ᵗʰ ed.) Belmont: Wadsworth Thomson Learning.
Bach, G.R., & Wyden, P. (1968). The intimate enemy. New York: William and Morrow.
Bahrke, M.S., & Morgan. (1978). Anxiety Reduction Following Exercise and Meditation. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 2, 323-334.
Bandura, A. (1973). Aggression: A social learning analysis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Towards unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191-215. In Biddle, S. J.H. (1995), Motivation and
social psychology in sport and physical education. European Perspectives on Exercise and Sport Psychology, Champaign IL: Human Kinetics Publishers.
Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American Psychology, 37, 122-147.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundation of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Bandura, A. (1969). Principles of behavior modification. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Baron, R.A., & Richardson, D.R. (1994). Human aggression. (2ⁿᵈ ed). New York: Plenum Press.
Baumgartner, T.A., & Jackson, A.S. (2003). Measurement for evalution in physical education and exercise science (7ᵗʰ ed.). New York : McGraw-Hill.
Berger, B.G., Owen, D.R., & Frantisek, M. (1993). A brief review of literature and examination of acute mood benefits of exercise in Czechoslovakian and United States swimmers. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 24,130-150.
Bergin, D.A., & Habusta, S.F. (2004). Goal Orientations of Young Male Ice Hockey Players and Their Parents. The Journal of Genatic Psychology, 165(4) 383- 398.
Berkowitz, L. (1958).The expression and reduction of hostility. Dalam Psychological Bulletin, 55, 257-283.
Berkowitz, L. (1962). Aggression: A social learning analysis. New York: McGraw- Hill. In L.Lefebvre, L.Leith, & B. Bredemeier ( 1980 ), Modes for aggression assessment and control. International. Journal of Sport Psychology, 11, 11-21
Berkowitz, L. (1965). The concept aggressive drive: Some additional consideration. In L. Berkowitz (Ed). Advance in experimental social psychology,2, 301-329. New York: Academic Press.
Berkowitz, L. (1993). Aggression: Its causes, consequences and control. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Boyd, M., & Callaghan, J. (1994). Task and ego perspectives in organized youth sport. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 22, 411-424.
Bramly, P. (1991). Evaluating training effectiveness translating theory into practice. London: Mc Graw-Hill Book Company.
Bredemeier, B. (1994). Children’s moral reasoning and their assertive, aggressive and submissive tendencies in sport and daily life. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 16, 1-4.
Bredemeier, B.J., & Shields, D. (1987). Moral growth through physical activity: A structural developmental approach. In Gould &M.R. Weiss (Eds), Advances in Pediatric Sport Sciences: Behavioral issues, 2, 143-154. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Bull, S.J. (1991). Personal and situational influences on adherence to mental skills training. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 13, 121-132.
Burn, R.B. (2000). Introduction to research method (4ᵗʰ ed). London : Sage Publications.
Buss, A. (1961). A psychology o f aggression. New York: Wiley.
Cicciarella, Charles, F. (1997). Research in physical, exercise science and sport: An introduction. Arizona: Scootdate Publisher.
Cochran, W.G. (1977). Wiley series in probability and mathematical statistics applied: Sampling techniques (3ᵗʰ ed)., USA: A Wiley Publication.
Cox, R.H. (1994). Sport psychology: Concept and application. Dubuque, IA Browm and Benchmark.
Cox, R.H. (1998). Sport psychology: Concept and application (4ᵗʰ ed.). Boston, MA:WCB Mc Graw Hill.
Cullen, J.B., & Cullen, F.T. (1975). The structure and contextual conditions of group norm violation: Some implication from the game of ice hockey. International Review of Sport Sociology, 10, 69-77.
Davies, D. (1989). Psychological factor in competitive sport. Philadelphia: The Falme Press.
Dollard, J., Doob, L., Miller, H., Mowrer, A., & Sears, R. (1939). Frustration and aggression. Yale: New Haven, C T: Yale University Press.
Duda, J. (1992). Motivation in sport setting: A goal perspective approach. In G. Robert (ed.). Motivational in Sport Exercise (hlm. 57-92) . Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Duda, J. (1998). Advances in sport and exercise psychology measurement. USA, Morgantown: Fitness Information Technology Inc
Duda, J., & Huston, I. (1995). The relationship of goal orientation and degree of competitive sport participation to the endorsement of aggressive acts in American Football. In R.Vanfraecham-Raway & Y. Vanden Audweele (Eds). IXth European Congress on Sport Psychology Proceedings (hlm 655-662). Brussells, Belgium.
Duda, J., Nicholls, J. (1989). The task and ego orientation in sport questionnaire: Psychometric properties. Manuscripts submitted for publication. In Shaharudin (1998), Aggressive tendencies in Malaysian youth soccer: An examination of individual and contextual factor. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Iowa, Iowa.
Duda, J.L. (1987). Toward a developmental theory of motivation in sport. Journal of Sport Psychology, 9, 130 – 145.
Duda, J.L. (1989). Relationship between task and ego orientation and perceived purposes of sport among high school athletes. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 11, 318-335.
Duda, J.L. (1992). Motivation in sport setting: A goal perspective approach. Dalam G.C. Roberts (Ed.), Motivation in sport and excercise (m.s. 57 – 91). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Duda, J.L. (1993). Goal: A social-cognitive approach to the study of achievement motivation in sport. Dalam R.N. Singer, M. Murphey & L.K. Tennant (Eds.), Handbook of research on sport psychology (m.s. 421 – 435). New York: Macmillan.
Dweck, C.S. (1986). Motivational processes affecting learning. American psychologist, 41, 1040 – 1048.
Felson, R.B., & Tedeschi, J.T. (1993). Aggression and violence. Washington D.C: American Psychological Association.
Frank, G. (1994). On the prediction of aggressive behavior from the Rorschach. Psychological Reports 75, 183-191.
Frieschlag, J., & Schmidke, C. (1979). Violence in sport: Its cause and some solution. The Physical Educator, 36, 182-183.
Gill, D.L. (1986). Psychology Dynamics of Sport. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Gill, D.L.(1998). Gender differences in competitive orientation and sport participation. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 19, 145-159.
Guilford, J.P. (1956). Fundamental statistics in psychology and education. New York: Mc Graw-Hill
Hardy, L. Jones, G. & Gould, D. (1996). Understanding psychology preparation for sport: Theory and practice of elite performers. England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Harter, S. (1978). Effectance motivation reconsidered : Towards a developmental model. Human Development, 21, 34-64.
Husman, B., & Silva, J.M. (1984). Aggression in sport: Definitional and theoretical consideration. In J.M. Silva & R.S. Weinberg (Eds), Psychological Foundation in Sport (hlm 246-260). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Howe, B.L. (1988). Motivation for success in sport. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 17, 1 – 9.
Iheoma, E.O. (1986). The role of religion in moral education. Journal of Moral Education, 15, 12-23. Dalam Isu-isu Pendidikan di Malaysia. Diperolehi Disember 12, 2004 daripada http://www.geocities.com/pendislam.
Isoahola, S.E. & Hatfield, B. (1986). Psychology of Sport: A social psychological approach. Dubuque, IA: William C. Brown.
Johnson,B.L., & Nelson, J.K. (1986). Practical measurement for evalution in physical education (4ᵗʰ ed.). Lousiana State University: Burgess.
Kamus Dewan (1989). Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (1989). Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Kim, B.J., & Gill, D.L. (1995). Psychological correlates of achievement goal orientation in Korean youth sport. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 7, 22-27.
Koo Kay Kim (Februari, 2002). Jurulatih perlu kajian mendalam: Mengharap era baru. Arena Bola Sepak, 56-57.
Krejcie, R.V., & Morgan, D.W. (1970).Determining Sample Size for Research Activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30, 607-610.
La Porte, R.E., & Nath, R. (1976). Role of performance goals in prose learning. Journal of Educational Psychology, 68, 260-264.
Liacre, J.M., (2000). New approaches to determining realibity and validity. Reaserch Quaterly for exercise and sport, 71 (2), 129-136.
Lefebvre, C.S. L., & Passer, M. (1975). The effects of games location and importance on aggression in team sport. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 5, 102-110. In L., Lefebvre, L. Leith, & B. Bredemeir (1980), Modes for aggression assessment and control. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 11, 11-21.
Lefebvre, L. Leith, L., & B. Bredemeir (1980), Modes for aggression assessment and control. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 11, 11-21.
Lefebvre, L., & Passer, M. (1975). The effects of games location and importance on aggression in team sport. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 5, 102- 110.
Leith, L. (1977). The psychological assessment of aggression in sport. A critique of existing measurement technique. Paper Present at the International Symposium on Psychological Assessment in Sport, Wingate, Israel. In Shaharudin Abd. Aziz. (1998). Aggressive tendencies in Malaysian youth soccer: An examination of individual and contextual factor. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Iowa, Iowa.
Leith, L. (1989). The effects of various physical activities, outcomes, and emotional arousal on subject aggression scores. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 26, 57-66.
Locke, E.A., & Latham, G.P. (1990). A theory of goal setting and task performance. Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice Hill.
Lorenz, C. (1966). On aggression. New York: Harcourt Brace, Jovanovich. Lovenz, I.D. (1985). Group Process and Productivity. New York: Academic Press. Maehr, M.L., & Nicholls, J.G. (1980). Culture and achievement motivation: A second look. Dalam N. Warren (Ed.), Studies in Cross-cultural psychology, 3, 221 – 267. New York: Academic.
Maehr, M.L., & Braskamp, L.A. (1986). The motivation factor: A theory of personal investment. Lexington, MA Books.
Martens, R. (1987). Coaches guide to sport psychology. Champaign, IL : Human
Martens, R. (1979). Social Psychology and Physical Activity. London, New York: Harper and Row, Publisher.
Mc Guire, E.J. (1990). The antecedents of aggressive behavior in professional ice hockey. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Waterloo, Warterloo, Ontario, Canada. In
Mc Guire, E.J., Courneya, K.S., Widmeyer, W.N., & Carron,A.V. (1992). Agression as a potential mediator of the home advantage in professional ice hockey. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 14, 148-158.
Miller, N.E. (1941). The frustration aggression hypothesis. Psychological Review, 48, 337-342. In Tenenbaum. G., Singer. R., Steward. E. & Duda. J. (1997). Aggression and Violence in sport: An ISSP position stand. The Sport Psychology, 11, 1-7.
Mintah, J.K., Huddleston, S., & Doody,S.G. (1999). Justification of aggressive behavior in contact and semi contact sport. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29, 597-605.
Mohd Sofian Omar Fauzee. (2003). Penyelesaian masalah atlet melalui pendekatan psikologi. Kuala Lumpur: Utusan Publications.
Mohd. Majid Konting. (1990). Kaedah penyelidikan pendidikan. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Mohd. Majid Konting. (2000). Kaedah penyelidikan pendidikan (Edisi Kelima). Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Morgan, W.P. (1987). Reduction of states anxiety following acute physical activity. In W.P. Morgan & S.E. Goldston (Eds), Exercise and mental health, (hlm 105- 109). Washington ,DC: Hemisphere.
Murphy, S. (1990). Models of imagery in sport psychology: Journal of Mental Imagery, 14, 153-172.
Murphy, S.M. & Jowdy, D.P. (1992). Imagery and mantel practice. Advances in Sport Psychology, Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Publishers.
Murphy, S.M. (1988). The on-site provision of sport psychology services at the 1987 U.S Olympic Festival. The Sport Psychologist, 2, 337-351.
Newton, M., & Duda, J.L. (1999). The Interaction of Motivational Climate, Dispositional Goal Orientation, and Percsived Ability in Predicting Indices of Motivation. International Journal Of Sport Psychology. 23, 63-82.
Nicholls, J.G. (1984). Achievement motivation: conceptions of ability, subjective experience, task choice and performance. Psychologycal Riview, 91(3), 328 – 346.
Nicholls, J.G. (1989). The competitive ethos and democratic education. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press..
Panagiotis, N. Zahariadis & Stuart J.H. Biddle (2002). Goal orientations and participation motives in physical education and sport; Their relationship in english school children. Athletic Insight; The Online Journal of Sport Psychology. Diperolehi Februari 2, 2005 daripada http://www.athleticinsight.com/Vol21ss1/English-Children.htm.
Patton, M. (1990). Qualitative evaluation and research methods (2ⁿᵈ Ed.) Newbury Park, Sage.
Rascale, O., Coulomb, G., & Pfister, R. (1998). Aggression and goal orientation in handball: Influence of institutional sport context. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 86, 1347-1360.
Reifman, A.S., Larrick, R.P., & Fein, S. (1991). Temper and temperature on the diamond; The heat aggression relationship in major league baseball. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17, 580-84.
Roberts, G.C. (1992). Motivation in sport and exercise. Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics Books.
Robert, G.C., Spink, K.S. and Pemberton, L.C. (1999). Learning experiences in sport psychology: A practical guide to help students understand the major concepts in sport psychology (2ⁿᵈ Ed.). United States: Human Kinetics.
Robert, G.C., & Treasure, D.C., & Balsgue, G. (In press). Achievement goals in sport: The development and validation of the perception of success Quuestionnaire. Journal of Sport Sciences. In Shaharudin (1998). Aggressive tendencies in Malaysian youth soccer: An examination of individual and contextual factor. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Iowa, Iowa.
Robert, G.C., Treasure, D.C., & Kavussanu, M. (1996). Orthogonally of achievement goals and its relationship to beliefs about success and satisfaction in sport. The Sport Psychologist, 10, 398-408.
Rothkopf, E.Z., & Billington, M.J. (1979). Goal-guided learning from text: Inferring a descriptive processing model from inspection times and eye movements. Journal of Education Psychology, 71, 310-327.
Russell, G. W. (1981a). Spectator moods at an aggression sports event. Journal of Sport Psychology, 3, 217-227.
Ryan, R. M., Freserick, C. M. Lepes, D. &., Sheldon, K.L. (1997). Intrinsic motivation and exercise adherence. International Juornal of psychology, 28, 335-354
Safrit, M.J., & Wood, T.T. (1995). Introduction to measurement in physical education and exercise science (3th ed.). Missouri : Mosby.
Sage, G. (1977). Introduction to motor behavior: A neuropsychological approach (2nd. ed.). Reading, MA: Addison Wesley.
Sekaran, Uma, (1992). Reasearch method for business: a skill building approach. New York: John Wiley and Son.
Shaharudin Abd. Aziz. (1998). Aggressive tendencies in Malaysian youth soccer: An examination of individual and contextual factor. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Iowa, Iowa.
Shaharudin Abd. Aziz. (2001). Mengaplikasi teori psikologi dalam sukan. Kuala Lumpur: Utusan Publications & Distributors.
Shahril Marzuki dan Habib Mat Som. (1999). Isu pendidikan di Malaysia: sorotan dan cabaran. Kuala Lumpur: Utusan Publications & Distributors.
Shields, D., Bredemeier, B., Gardner, D., & Bostrom, A. (1995). Leadership, cohesion and team norms regarding cheating and aggression. Sociology of Sport journal, 12, 324-336.
Silva, J. (1980). Assertive and aggressive behavior in sport: A definition clarification. In C. Nadeau Ed. Psychology of Motor Behavior in Sport (hlm 199-208). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Silva, J. (1981). Normative compliance rule-violating behavior in sport. Journal of Sport Psychology, 12, 10-18.
Silva, J., & Conroy, D. (1995). Understanding aggressive behavior and its effects upon athletics performance. In K. Henschen & W. Straub Ed. Sport psychology: An analysis of athletes behavior. (hlm 149-159). Ithaca, NY: Movement Publications.
Silva, J.M. III. (1984). Personality and sport performance: Controversy and challenge. Dalam J.M. Silva & R.S. Weinberg (Eds). Psychology foundations of sport, 59-69. Campaign,IL: Human Kinetics.
Singer, R.N. (1984). Motivation in sport. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 8, 40-62.
Singer, R.N. (1975). Myth and truth in sport psychology. New York: Harper Row Publisher.
Skinner, B. H. (1953). Science and human behavior. New York: Free Press. Dalam Backer, F.C., Whiting, H.T.A., & Van der Brug, H. (1997). Sport psychology: Concept and application. New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Skinner, B.F. (1968). The Technology of Teaching. New York: Appleton-Century- Crofts.
Smith, R.E., & Smoll, F.L. (1997). Coach mediated team building in youth sport. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 9, 114-132.
Smith, R.E., Zane, N.W.S., Smoll, F.L., & Coppel, D.B. (1983).Behavioral assessment in youth sport: Coaching behaviors and children’s attitudes. Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise, 15, 208-214.
Spence, K.W. (1964). Anxiety level and performance cyclic conditioning. Psychological Bulletin, 61, 129-280. In Lefebvre, L. Leith, L. & B. Bredemeir (1980), Modes for aggression assessment and control. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 11, 11-21.
Stephens, D.E., & Bredemeire, B. (1996). Moral atmosphere and judgments about aggression in girls soccer. Relationship among moral and motivational variables. Journal of Sport Exercise Psychology, 18, 158-173.
Stephen, D.E., Bredemeir, & Shields, D. (1993). Contruction of measure designed to assess players description and prescriptions for moral behavior in youth sport soccer. International Journal of Sport Psychology. In Shaharudin (1998). Aggressive tendencies in Malaysian youth soccer: An examination of individual and contextual factor. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Iowa, Iowa.
Stephens, D.E. (1993). Goal orientation and moral atmosphere in youth sport: An examination of lying, hurting, and cheating behaviors in girls’ soccer. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley. In Shaharudin Abd. Aziz. (2001). Mengaplikasi teori psikologi dalam sukan. Kuala Lumpur: Utusan Publications & Distributors.
Stephens, T. (1988). Physical activity and mental health in the United States and Canada: Evidence from four population surveys. Preventive Medicine, 17, 35- 47.
Stone, R. (1971). Stress, Arousal and Task Performance of Little League Baseball Players. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation. University of Illinois, Urbana.
Thirer, J. (1993). Aggression in Singer M. Murphey, L.K. Tennant (Eds), Handbook of Research on Sport Psychology, 368-378. New York : Macmillan
Thomas, J.R., & Nelson, J.K. (2001). Reaserch methods in physical activity (4ᵗʰ ed.) Illnois : Human Kinetics.
Vitiellio, B., & Stoff, D.M. (1997). Subtypes of aggression and relevance to child psychiatry. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 307- 315.
Vealey, R.S., Hayashi, S.W., Garner-Holmen, M., & Giacobbi, P. (1998). Sources of Sport-comfidence Questionnaire (SSCQ). Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 20, 54 – 80.
Volkamer, N. (1972). Investigation into the aggressiveness in competition social system. Sportwissenschaft, 1, 33-64. Dalam Lefebvre, L. Leith, L. & B. Bredemeir (1980), Modes for aggression assessment and control. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 11, 11-21.
Wall, B.L., & Gruber, J.J. ( 1986 ). Relevancy of athletic aggression inventory for use in women’s intercollegiate basketball: A pilot investigation. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 17, 23-33.
Wann, D.L (1997). Sport psychology. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Weinberg, R.S., & Gould, D. (1999). Foundation of Sport and Exercise Psychology. (2ⁿᵈ ed.). Champaign IL: Human Kinetics.
Weinberg, R.S., & Gould, D. (1995). Foundation of sport and exercise psychology, Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
White S.A., Joan L. Duda., & Michael R. Keller (1998). The relationship between goal orientation and perceived purposes of sport among youth participants. Journal of Sport Behavior, 21, 474.
White, S.A. (1998). Adolescent goal profiles, perception of the parent- initiated motivational climate and competitive trait anxiety. The Sport Psychology 12, 16-28
White, S.A. (1996). Goal orientation and perception of motivational climate inniated by parents. Pediatric Exercise Science, 8, 122-129.
White, S.A., & Duda, J.. (1994). The relationship of gander, level of sport and participation motivational to task and ego orientation. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 25, 4-18.
White, S.A., & Zellner, S.R. (1996). The relationship between goal orientation , belief about the cause of sport success, and trait anxiety among high school, intercollegiate, and recreation sport participant. The Sport Psychology, 10, 58- 72.
Widmeyer, W.N. (1984). Aggression performance relationships in sport. In J.M. Silva and R.S. Weinberg (Eds). Psychological Foundation of Sport, (hlm. 274-286). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Widmeyer, W.N., & Birch, J.S. (1984). Aggression in profession ice hockey: A strategy for success or reaction to failure? Journal of Psychology, 117,77-84.
William, L. (1994). Goal orientation and athletes preferences for competence information of ice hockey players. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 16, 416-430
Worell, G.L., & Harris,D.V. (1986). The relationship of perceived and observed aggression of Ice Hockey players. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 17, 34-40.
Zajonce, R.B. (1968). Attitudinal effects of mere exposure. Journal of Personal Social Psychology, 2, 1-27. In Lefebvre, L. Leith, L. & B. Bredemeir (1980), Modes for aggression assessment and control. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 11, 11-21.
|
This material may be protected under Copyright Act which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. |