UPSI Digital Repository (UDRep)
|
|
|
Abstract : Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris |
This study aimed to investigate the implementation of project-based learning to enhance
students' skills in the 21st -century. The constructivist perspective was adopted, in which
the study participants immersed themselves in the activity and built new skills in the
MOOC Module. The scope of the study encompassed 196 students was selected from
the Semester One students in Kolej Poly- tech MARA Kuantan. The research
methodologies used to conduct the study were qualitative (questionnaire) and
quantitative (interview and observation). The data were collected, codified, and
analyzed based on the instrument adapted from the work of multiple researchers.
According to the interview and observation findings, PjBL had a beneficial effect on
students. Results from a paired sample t-test analysis indicate that a growing number of
skills in communication skills (t = 60.86), creativity skills (t = 43.00), problem-solving
skills (t = 30.87), and critical thinking skills (t = 67.76), and collaborative skills (t =
2.06) have been developed as a result of the implementation of PjBL via MOOC. The
study results indicated an increase in skills developed following the implementation of
PjBL through MOOC and broadening opportunities for discussion. Results from the
questionnaire distribution, observation, and interviews revealed that the respondents
accepted the project-based learning through MOOC. Using PjBL, through MOOC,
allows students to apply their knowledge to in-depth investigation and documentation
of education, resulting in students taking control of their learning responsibilities. In
this work, significant recommendations were included for educational leaders,
educators, parents, and students to focus on academic achievement especially in
collaborative skills. |
References |
Abdullah, M., & Osman, K. (2010). 21st-century inventive thinking skills among primary students in Malaysia and Brunei. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 9, 1646-1651. DOI:10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.12.380 Abdulaal, M. A. A.-D. (2021). Egyptian Instructors and Massive Open Online Courses: An Attitudinal Intentional Study. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, 16(7), 191–202. https://doi-org.ezpustaka2.upsi.edu.my/10.3991/ijet.v16i07.17747 Abeer, W., & Miri, B. (2014). Students’ preferences and views about learning in a MOOC. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 152, 318–323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.09.203 Aceto, S., J. Borotis, J. Devine, and T. Fischer. 2014. “Mapping and Analysing Prospective Technologies for Fearning.” Joint Research Centre, Institute for Prospective Technological Studies 1: 68–80. Adams. R. (2015). Normality testing – skewness and Kurtosis. Retrieved from http://help.gooddata.com/plugins/servlet/mobile?contentld=18514345#content/view/18514345 Adams, A., Liyanagunawardena, T., Rassool, N. & Williams, S. (2013), Use of open educational resources in higher education. British J. of Educ. Tech., 44(5), 149-50 Adanali, R. (2018). The Effect of Digital Documentary Production through Field Work on Geography Students’ Problem-Solving Skills. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 6(1), 113–123. Adery, L. H., Ichinose, M., Torregrossa, L. J., Wade, J., Nichols, H., Bekele, E., Bian, D., Gizdic, A., Granholm, E., Sarkar, N., & Park, S. (2018). The acceptability and feasibility of a novel virtual reality based social skills training game for schizophrenia: Preliminary findings. Psychiatry Research, 270(1), 496–502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.10.014 Ait, K., Rannikmäe, M., Soobard, R., Reiska, P., & Holbrook, J. (2015). Students’ Self-Efficacy and Values-Based on A 21st Century Vision of Scientific Literacy – A Pilot Study. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 177, 491-495. DOI:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.02.403 Akbas, Y., & Çakmak, S. (2019). The Effect of Place-Based Education Integrated Project Studies on Students’ Problem-Solving and Social Skills. Asian Journal of Education and Training, 5(1), 183–192. Akgül, M. S. (2020). Examining the Effects of a Self-Improvement Instruction on Empathetic Thinking and Communication Skills. African Educational Research Journal, 8(4), 906–911. Al-Atabi, M., & Deboer, J. (2014). Teaching entrepreneurship using Massive Open Online Course (MOOC). Technovation, Vol. 34, pp. 261–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2014.01.006 Alario-Hoyos, C., Estévez-Ayres, I., Pérez-Sanagustín, M., Kloos, C. D., & Fernández-Panadero, C. (2017). Understanding learners’ motivation and learning strategies in MOOCs. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning. http://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v18i3.2996 Alawi, N. H., & Soh, T. M. T. (2019). The Effect of Project-Based Learning (PjBL) on Critical Thinking Skills Form Four Students on Dynamic Ecosystem Topic “Vector! Oh! Vector!” Creative Education, 10(12), 3107–3117. https://doi.org/10.4236/ce.2019.1012235 Aljaraideh, Y. (2019). Massive Open Online Learning (MOOC) Benefits and Challenges: A Case Study in Jordanian Context. International Journal of Instruction, 12(4), 65–78. https://doi-org.ezpustaka2.upsi.edu.my/10.29333/iji.2019.1245a Allison, P., S. Gray, J. Sproule, C. Nash, R. Martindale & J. Wang. (2015) . Exploring contributions of project-based learning to health and wellbeing in secondary education. Improving Schools. 18(3), 207–220. https://doi.org/10.1177/1365480215599298 Al Shayeb, A. (2013). Finance graduates' knowledge and skills development: graduate and employer perceptions in the United Arab Emirates. Journal of Education for Business, 88(6), 307-313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08832323.2012.715096 Altaftazani, D. H., Rahayu, G. D. S., & Kelana, J. B. (2020). An Analysis of Basic Interaction, Communication, Team Building, and Problem-Solving Skills of Primary School Students in Marching Band Activities. Elementary School Forum (Mimbar Sekolah Dasar), 7(2), 184–197. Amissah, P. A. K. (2019). Advantages and Challenges of Online Project Based Learning. Https://Scholarworks.Rit.Edu/Theses/10231/. https://scholarworks.rit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=11386&context=theses Anand, P., & Lui, B. (2019). Developing 21st Century Intercultural and Collaborative Competencies through Transformative Internationalisation Projects: A Post Neo-Colonialism Approach. International Association for Development of the Information Society. Ananiadou, K., & Claro, M. (2009). 21st century skills and competences for new millennium learners in OECD countries. OECD Education Working Papers, No. 41, OECD Publishing. Ananga. P. & Biney. I. K. (2017). Comparing Face-to-Face and Online Teaching and Learning in Higher Education. MIER Journal of Educational Studies. Trends & Practices 7. (2) pp. 165 – 179 Anuratha, K. (2009). Collaborative skills and learning processes in a virtual context. Unpublished Master's Thesis, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Arsad, N. M., Osman, K., & Soh, T. M. T. (2011). Instrument development for 21st century skills in Biology. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15, 1470–1474. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.03.312 Atmojo, I. R. W., & Sajidan. (2020). Effectiveness of CEL-badis learning model on students’ creative-thinking skills: Case on the topic of simple food biotechnology. International Journal of Instruction, 13(3), 329–342. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2020.13323a Awofala, A. O. A., Ojo, O. T., Okunuga, R. O., Babajide, V. F. T., Olabiyi, O. S., & Adenle, S. O. (2019). Investigating Perception of the 21st Century Skills among Nigerian Preservice Science, Technology and Mathematics Teachers. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 11(5), 59–72. https://doi-org.ezpustaka2.upsi.edu.my/10.15345/iojes.2019.05.0 Baker. L. M. (2006). Observation: A Complex Research Method. Retrieved from https://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/CSS506/Technique%20Readings/Baker%202006%20Observation%20a%20complex%20research%20method.pdf Baker, D. B., Mehlberg, S. M., & Hickey, T. (2018). The creative advantage year 4 evaluation report. The Berc Group. Basbay, M., & Ates, A. (2009). The reflections of student teachers on project-based learning and investigating self-evaluation versus teacher evaluation. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 1(1), 242-247. DOI:10.1016/j.sbspro.2009.01.044 Barak, M., Watted, A., & Haick, H. (2016a). Motivation to learn in massive open online courses: Examining aspects of language and social engagement. Computers and Education. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2015.11.010 Barak, M., Watted, A., & Haick, H. (2016b). Motivation to learn in massive open online courses: Examining aspects of language and social engagement. Computers and Education. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2015.11.010 Belal H. Sababha, Yazan A. Alqudah, Abdelraheem Abualbasal & Esam A. AlQaralleh. (2016). Project-Based Learning to Enhance Teaching Embedded Systems. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science & Technology Education, Vol 12(9), 2311-2321 Bedard. D., Lison. C., Dalle. D., Cote. D. & Boutin. (2014). Problem-based and project-based – learning in engineering and medicine: Determinants of student’s engagement and persistence. Interdisciplinary Journal of the problem - based learning. Vol 9 (2), p7-33 Bender, W. N. (2012). Project-based learning: Differentiating instruction for the 21st century. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Bereiter, C.; Scardamalia, M (2006). Education for the Knowledge Age: Design-Centered Models of Teaching and Instruction; Handbook of Educational Psychology; Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: Mahwah, NJ, USA; pp. 695-713 Bertling, J. G. (2015). The art of empathy: A mixed methods case study of a critical placebased art education program. International Journal of Education & the Arts, 16(3), 1-26. Branch, R. (2009). Instructional design: The ADDIE approach. Athens, GA: Springer Brassler, M., & Dettmers, J. (2017). How to enhance interdisciplinary competence—Interdisciplinary problem-based learning versus interdisciplinary project-based learning. Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem-Based Learning, 11(2), 12. https://doi.org/10.7771/1541-5015.1686 Braun, C., Ebner, M., Fickert, L., & Schön, S. (2021). The Online Course as Initial Stage of a Course in Higher Education: Implementation and Evaluation of the PreMOOC Concept in a Technical Degree Course. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, 16(6), 245–258. https://doi-org.ezpustaka2.upsi.edu.my/10.3991/ijet.v16i06.16617 Bremer.,T, H., Stoff, A., & Boesdorfer, S. B. (2020). Collaborative Assessments: Learning science and collaborative skills during summative testing. Science Teacher, 87(9), 32–37. Brouillette, L. (2010). How the arts help children to create healthy social scripts: Exploring the perceptions of elementary teachers. Arts Education Policy Review, 111(1), 16-24. Boohar, R., & Seiler, W. (1982). Speech Communication Anxiety: An Impediment To Academic Achievement In The University Classroom. The Journal of Classroom Interaction, 18(1), 23-27. Retrieved February 28, 2021, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/23884749 Boss, S. & Krauss, J. (2007). Reinventing Project-Based Learning: Your Field guide to real-world projects in the digital age. International Society for Technology in Education (ISTE). Washington, D.C. Buck Institute for Education. (2013). 6-12 creativity & innovation (CCSS Aligned). Retrieved on 28th December 2016 from http://www.bie.org/object/document/6_12_creativity_innovation_rubrics_CCSS-aligned# Buck Institute for Education. (2016). Why Project Based Learning (PBL)?. Retrieved on 16th June 2016 from http://bie.org/about/why_pbl Bradley-Levine, J. et al. (2010). What teachers and administrators “need to know” about project-based learning implementation, Branch, R. M. (2010). Instructional design: The ADDIE approach. In Instructional Design: The ADDIE Approach. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09506-6 Brender. J. (2006). Framework of meta analysis of Assessment studies.: Handbook of Evaluation methods for Health informatics. p253- 320. Brito, R., Dias, P., & Oliveira, G. (2018). Young children, digital media and smart toys: How perceptions shape adoption and domestication. British Journal of Educational Technology, 49(5), 807-820. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12655 Bruff, D. O., Fisher, D. H., McEwen, K. E., & Smith, B. E. (2013). Wrapping a MOOC : Student Perceptions of an Experiment in Blended Learning. MERLOT Journal of Online Learning and Teaching. Bryan, A. & Volchenkova, K.N. (2016). Blended learning: Definition, Models, Implications for higher education. Bulletin of the South Ural State University. Ser. Education. Educational Sciences. 8. 2. pp. 24–30. DOI: 10.14529/ped160204 Byhee, B. (2010). Advancing STEM Education: A 2020 Vision. Technology and engineering teacher, 70(1), 30-35 Care, E., Scoular, C., & Awwal, N. (2016). Assessing Collaborative Skills Through Games. Proceedings of the European Conference on Games Based Learning, 1, 118–122. Caturangga, F. K. and Si, M. (2014) Integrated Science Learning Through Project-Based Learning In Sekolah Indonesia Singapura. Conference on Science Education and Teacher Professional Development SEAMEO QITEP in Science 25-28 September 2014 Chai, Y., & Yang, L. (2014). A Literature Review of MOOC. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Science and Social Research, (Icssr), 98–101. https://doi.org/10.2991/icssr-14.2014.24 Chai, C. S., Deng, F., Tsai, P. S., & Koh, J. H. (2015). Assessing multidimensional students’ perceptions of twenty-fistcentury learning practices. Asia Pacific Education Review, 16(3), 389–398. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12564-015-9379-4 Center for Evaluation and Research (2011). Pilot Testing Data Collection Instruments. Retrieved from http://tobaccoeval.ucdavis.edu/documents/PilotTesting2.pdf Ceyhan, A. A. (2006). An investigation of adjustment levels of Turkish university students with respect to perceived communication skill levels. Social Behaviour and Personality, 34(4), 367-379 Chang, R. I., Hung, Y. H. & Lin, C. F. (2015). Survey of learning experiences and influence of learning style preferences on user intentions regarding MOOCs. British Journal of Educational Technology, 46(3). https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12275 Chiang, C. L. and Lee, H. (2016) The effect of project-based learning on learning motivation and problem-solving ability of vocational high school students, International Journal of Information and Education Technology. Doi: 10.7763/IJIET.2016.V6.779. Cheng, S. Y. S. (2013) ‘An empirical investigation of the effectiveness of project-based course learning within hospitality programs: The mediating role of cognitive engagement,’ Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport, and Tourism Education. Elsevier, 13, pp. 213–225. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhlste.2013.10.002. Chong Seng, Law. (2018). Malaysia Public Universities' Graduate Employability Policies: An Analysis of First Degree Graduates Unemployment and Underemployment Issues. 6. 480-489. 10.5281/Zenodo.2589702. Chu, S. K. W., Tse, S. K. and Chow, K. (2011) ‘Using collaborative teaching and inquiry project-based learning to help primary school students develop information literacy and information skills,’ Library and Information Science Research. Elsevier Inc., 33(2), pp. 132–143. DOI: 10.1016/j.lisr.2010.07.017. Ciftci, S. (2015) ‘The Effects of Using Project-Based Learning in Social Studies Education to Students’ Attitudes towards Social Studies Courses,’ Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. Elsevier B.V., 186, pp. 1019–1024. DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.04.205. Cohen, A., Shimony, U., Nachmias, R., & Soffer, T. (2019). Active learners’ characterization in MOOC forums and their generated knowledge. British Journal of Educational Technology, 50(1), 177– 198. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12670 Corbisiero-Drakos, L., Reeder, L. K., Ricciardi, L., Zacharia, J., & Harnett, S. (2021). Arts Integration and 21st Century Skills: A Study of Learners and Teachers. International Journal of Education & the Arts, 22(2). Cotantino, T., Kellam, N., Cramond, B., & Crowder, I. (2010). An interdisciplinary design studio: How can art and engineering collaborate to increase students’ creativity? Art Education, 63(2), 49–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/0004312 5.2010.11519062 Coyne, J., T. Hollas & J. P. Potter. (2016) . Jumping In: Redefining Teaching and Learning in Physical Education Through Project-Based Learning: Column Editor: Anthony Parish. Strategies. 29(1), 43–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/08924562.2016.1113910 Crawford, K. (1996). Vygotskian approaches in human development in the information era. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 31(1-2), 43-62 Creswell, R. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. USA: SAGE Publications. Cunha, M. N., Chuchu, T., & Maziriri, E. T. (2020). Threats, Challenges, and Opportunities for Open Universities and Massive Online Open Courses in the Digital Revolution. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, 15(12), 191–204. https://doi-org.ezpustaka2.upsi.edu.my/10.3991/ijet.v15i12.13435 Daradoumis, T., Bassi, R., Xhafa, F., & Caballé, S. (2013, October). A review of massive e-learning (MOOC) design, delivery, and assessment. In Eighth Annual Conference on P2P, Parallel, Grid, Cloud, and Internet Computing (pp. 208–213). IEEE. DOI:10.1109/3PGCIC.2013.37 Dede, C. (2010). Comparing frameworks for 21st century skills. In J. Bellance & R. Brandt (Eds.), 21st cen-tury skills: Rethinking how students learn (pp. 51–76). Bloomington, IN: Solution Tree Press. DeFilippi, J. R. (2001). Introduction: Project-Based Learning, Reflective Practices, and Learning. Management Learning, 32 (1), 5-10. Department of statistic. (2020). Department of Statistics Malaysia Official Portal. Https://Www.Dosm.Gov.My/v1/Index.Php?R=column/CthemeByCat&cat=124&bul_id=SkFRMTJ0d1RIR3BrdG1aUTBsUmw2Zz09&menu_id=Tm8zcnRjdVRNWWlpWjRlbmtlaDk1UT09 Dewar, E., Uhomoibhi, J., Ross, M. & Hutty, D. (2014). MOOCs Development and Implementation: The Challenges and Prospects for Higher Education in Emerging Countries. Manuscript submitted for publication Dewey, J. (1934). Art as experience. New York, NY: Penguin Group. Didin, W., & Wiji, L. Z. (2020). The implementation of project-based learning approach in students’ creativity programs in indonesia. Humanities and Social Sciences Reviews, 8(3), 702–708. https://doi.org/10.18510/HSSR.2020.8375 Doppelt, Y. (2005). Assessing Creative Thinking in Design-based learning. Springer Science Business Media B. V. Retrieved from http://www.springerlink.com Dube. S. P., Ghadlinge. M.S., Mungal. S. U., Tamboli. S. B. & Kulkarni. M. B. (2014). Student's Perception Of Problem Based Learning. Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences, 13(5), pp.49-53 Duke, N.K., Halvorsen, A.-L., Strachan, S.L., Kim, J., & Konstantopoulos, S. (2019). Putting PBL to the test: The impact of project-based learning on second-graders’ social studies and literacy learning and motivation in low-SES school settings. Manuscript submitted for publication. Dwyer, C. P., M. J. Hogan, and I. Stewart. (2014). " An Integrated Critical Thinking Framework for the 21st Century." Thinking Skills and Creativity 12 : 43 – 52. doi: 10.1016/j.tsc.2013.12.004 Ebner, M., Schön, S. & Braun, C. (2019). Mehr als nur ein MOOC – Sieben Lehr- und Lernszenarien zur Nutzung von MOOCs in der Hochschullehre und anderen Bildungsbereichen. In: Jörg Hafer, Edu advisor (2016). What You Did not Know About Fresh Graduate Unemployment in Malaysia (Infographic). Retrieved on 8th June 2016 from https://eduadvisor.my/articles/what-didnt-know-fresh-graduate-unemployment-malaysia-infographic/ Educational technology Division. (2006). Project-based learning handbook. Educating the Millennial Learner. 1st ed. Communications and Training Sector. Efstratia, D. (2014) ‘Experiential Education through Project-Based Learning,’ Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. Elsevier B.V., 152, pp. 1256–1260. DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.09.362. Elliot. A. C. (2007). Statistical analysis quick reference guidebook with SPSS examples (1st ed). London: Sage Publications. Ergül, N. R. and Kargin, E. K. (2014) ‘The Effect of Project-based Learning on Students’ Science Success,’ Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. Elsevier B.V., 136, pp. 537–541. DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.05.371. Fadly, W. (2017). Fostering Students’ Scientific Communication through PjBL- based Communication Activities. IOSR Journal of Research & Method in Education, 3(3), 21–26. Retrieved from https://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jrme/papers/Vol-7 Issue-3/Version-2/D0703022126.pdf Fan Ouyang, Xu Li, Dan Sun, Pengcheng Jiao, & Jiajia Yao. (2020). Learners’ Discussion Patterns, Perceptions, and Preferences in a Chinese Massive Open Online Course (MOOC). International Review of Research in Open & Distance Learning, 21(3), 264–284. Farindhani, D. A., & Wangid, M. N. (2019). Scientific-based pictorial storybook with project-based learning method for improving the critical thinking skills of elementary school students. Jurnal Prima Edukasia, 7(1), 94–105. https://doi.org/10.21831/jpe.v7i1.8807 Fede, J. H., Gorman, K. S., & Cimini, M. E. (2018). Student employment as a model for experiential learning. Journal of Experiential Education, 41(1), 107–124. doi:10.1177/1053825917747902 Fernandes, S. R. G. (2014). Preparing Graduates for Professional Practice: Findings from a Case Study of Project-based Learning (PBL). Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 139, 219–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.08.064 Filippatou, D., & Kaldi, S. (2010). The Effectiveness of Project-Based Learning on Pupils with Learning Difficulties Regarding Academic Performance, Group Work and Motivation. International Journal of Special Education, 25(1), 17–26. Fisher, A. (2001). Critical thinking. An introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Forest Ed. (2014). The ADDIE Model: Instructional Design. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004 Froldova, V. (2016). Why do Higher Secondary Students Like Cooperation but Reject Collaboration in an Online Environment? Proceedings of the European Conference on E-Learning, 216–223. Fry, S., & Seely, S. (2011). Enhancing preservice elementary teachers' 21st-century information and media literacy skills. Action in Teacher Education, 33(2), 206-218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01626620.2011.569468. Gaebel, M., 2013. MOOCs - Massive Open Online Courses, European University Association, Retrieved from: http://www.eua.be/Libraries/Publication/EUA_Occasional_papers_MOOCs.sflb.ashx Gamage, D., Perera, I., & Fernando, S. (2018). Increasing interactivity and collaborativeness in MOOCs using facilitated groups: A pedagogical solution to meet 21st century goals. In IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference, EDUCON (Vol. 2018-April, pp. 885–892). IEEE Computer Society. https://doi.org/10.1109/EDUCON.2018.8363324 Gamage, D., Perera, I., & Fernando, S. (2020). MOOCs lack interactivity and collaborativeness: Evaluating MOOC platforms. International Journal of Engineering Pedagogy, 10(2), 94–111. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijep.v10i2.11886 Gasiorek, J. (2016). Theoretical perspectives on interpersonal adjustments in language and communication. In Howard Giles (Ed.), Communication accommodation theory: Negotiating personal relationships and social identities across contexts (pp. 13-35). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Geisinger, K. F. (2016). 21st Century Skills: What Are They and How Do We Assess Them? Applied Measurement in Education, 29(4), 245–249. https://doi-org.ezpustaka2.upsi.edu.my/10.1080/08957347.2016.120920 Gelen, I. (2018). Academicians’ Predictions of 21st Century Education and Education in the 21st Century. Online Submission, 4(5), 165–20 Gené, O. B., Núñez, M. M., & Blanco, Á. F. (2014). Gamification in MOOC. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Technological Ecosystems for Enhancing Multiculturality - TEEM ’14, 215–220. https://doi.org/10.1145/2669711.2669902 Giannikas, C. N. (2019). Enhancing Literacy and Collaborative Skills through Blogging: The Teenage Language Learner. In Research-publishing.net. Research-publishing.net. Gillani, N., & Eynon, R. (2014). Communication patterns in massively open online courses. The Internet and Higher Education, 23, 18–26. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2014.05.004 Gilbert. N. (2001). The importance of pilot studies. Social Research Update. Department of the Sociology University of Surrey Guildford. The United Kingdom. Giles, H. (2016). The social origins of CAT. In Howard Giles (Ed.), Communication accommodation theory: Negotiating personal relationships and social identities across contexts (pp. 1-12). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Gorman, G. E., & Clayton, P. (2005). Qualitative research for the information professional (2nd ed.). London: Facet. Gurbüz, H., Evlioglu, B., Erol, C. S., Gulsecen, H., & Gulsecen, S. (2017). “What’s the Weather Like Today?”: A computer game to develop algorithmic thinking and problem solving skills of primary school pupils. Education and Information Technologies, 22(3), 1133–1147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-016- 9478-9 Hadiyanto. (2010). The Development of Core Competencies at Higher Education: A Suggestion Model for Universities in Indonesia. Educare. 3(1) Bandung. http://journals.mindamas.com/index.php/educare/article/view/224/223 Hadiyanto. (2019a). Enhancing Students’ Core Competencies by Applying Blended Cooperative E-learning (BCeL) in Teaching and Learning Process. Advances in Social Science. Education and Humanities Research. Volume 253. Pp 169-173. Hair, J. F, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin., B. J., & Anderson. R. E. (2013). Multivariate Data Analysis: Pearson Education Limited. Hallam, S. (2010). The power of music: Its impact on the intellectual, social and personal development of children and young people. International Journal of Music Education, 28(3), 269-289. Hallinger, Philip & Bridges, Edwin. (1997). Problem-Based Leadership Development: Preparing Educational Leaders for Changing Times. Journal of School Leadership. 7. 592-608. 10.1177/105268469700700603. Handhika, J., Cari, C., Sunarno, W., Suparmi, A., & Kurniadi, E. (2018). The influence of project-based learning on the student conception about kinematics and critical thinking skills. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1013). Institute of Physics Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1013/1/012028 Hanapi & Nordin, Mohd. (2014). Unemployment among Malaysia Graduates: Graduates’Attributes, Lecturers’ Competency and Quality of Education. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. 112. 1056-1063. 10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.1269. Harmer, J. (2009) The Practice of English Language Teaching, 4th Edition, Pearson Longman, Harlow. Hattie, J. (2012). Visible learning for teachers. New York: Routledge Helle, L., Tynjälä, P., & Olkinuora, E. (2006). Project-based learning in post-secondary education—theory, practice and rubber sling shots. Higher Education, 51(2), 287–314 High Quality Project Based Learning. (2018). A framework for high quality project based learning. Retrieved from https://hqpbl.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/FrameworkforHQPBL.pdf Hilvonen, J. (2010) Student Motivation in Project-Based Learning, International Conference on Engaging Pedagogy 2010 (ICEP10). Hone, K. S., & El-Said, G. R. (2016a). Exploring the factors affecting MOOC retention: A survey study. Computers & Education, 98, 157–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2016.03.016 Hone, K. S., & El-Said, G. R. (2016b). Exploring the factors affecting MOOC retention: A survey study. Computers and Education, 98, 157–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2016.03.016 Hung, C.-M., Hwang, G.-J. and Huang, I. (2012) A Project-based Digital Storytelling Approach for Improving Students’ Learning Motivation, Problem-Solving Competence and Learning Achievement., Journal of Educational Technology and Society. Ichou, R. P. 2018. Can MOOCs reduce global inequality in education?. Australasian Marketing Journal. 26, 2 (May 2018), 116-120. DOI = https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ausmj.2018.05.007 In Gu Kang. (2020). Heterogeneity of Learners’ Behavioral Patterns of Watching Videos and Completing Assessments in Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs): A Latent Class Analysis. International Review of Research in Open & Distance Learning, 21(4), 222–237. https://doi-org.ezpustaka2.upsi.edu.my/10.19173/irrodl.v21i4.4645 Insani, N., Fadiawati, N., Rudibyani, R. B., & Fauzi Syamsuri, M. M. (2018). Using Project-Based Learning in Improving Students’ Critical Thinking Skills to Separate of Mixtures. International Journal of Chemistry Education Research, 2(2), 84–88. https://doi.org/10.20885/ijcer.vol2.iss2.art5 Jalinus, N., & Nabawi, R. A. (2018). Implementation of the PjBL model to enhance problem solving skill and skill competency of community college student. Jurnal Pendidikan Vokasi, 7(3), 304. https://doi.org/10.21831/jpv.v7i3.14286 Jalinus, N., Syahril, & Nabawi, R. A. (2019). A Comparison of the Problem-Solving Skills of Students in PjBL versus CPjBL Model: An Experimental Study. Online Submission, 11(1), 36–43. Jarnac de Freitas, M., & Mira da Silva, M. (2020). Systematic literature review about gamification in MOOCs. Open Learning. https://doi.org/10.1080/02680513.2020.1798221 Jewpanich, C., & Piriyasurawong, P. (2015). Project-Based Learning Using Discussion and Lesson-Learned Methods via Social Media Model for Enhancing Problem Solving Skills. International Education Studies, 8(6), 24–31. Johnson. B., Christensen. L., (2008). Educational Research: Qualitatitive, Quantitative and mixed approaches. 3rd ed. Sage Publication. p179-206 Kamii, C., Clark, F.B., & Dominick, A. (1994). The six national goals: A road to disappointment. Phi Delta Kappan,75(9), 672-677 Kelly, K., & Kneipp, L. (2009). You do what you are: The relationship between the Scale of Creative Attributes and Behavior and vocational interests. Journal of Instructional Psychology, 36(1), 79-83. Retrieved from http://www.projectinnovation.biz/index.html Kemp, S. (2020). Digital around the World in April 2020. Retrieved from https://wearesocial.com/blog/2020/04/digital-around-the-world-in-april-2020 Kereluik, K., Mishra, P., Fahnoe, C., & Terry, L. (2013). What Knowledge Is of Most Worth: Teacher Knowledge for 21 st Century Learning. Journal of Digital Learning in Teacher Education, 29(4), 127– 140. https://doi.org/10.1080/21532974.2013.10784716 Kettanun, C. (2015). Project-based Learning and Its Validity in a Thai EFL Classroom. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 192, 567–573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.06.094 Keyton. J. (2006). Communication Research. Mcgraw Hill Khalil, H., & Ebner, M. (2017). Using Electronic Communication Tools in Online Group Activities to Develop Collaborative Learning Skills. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 5(4), 529–536 King, M., Pegrum, M., & Forsey, M. (2018). MOOCs and OER in the Global South: Problems and Potential. International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 19(5), 1–20. Korkut, F. (2005). Communication skills training for adult. Journal of Haceteppe, Faculty of Education, 28, 143-149. Krajcik, J.S. & Blumenfeld, P. (2006). Project-based learning. In Sawyer, R. K. (Ed.), The Cambridge handbook of the learning sciences. New York: Cambridge Krasny, M. E., DuBois, B., Adameit, M., Atiogbe, R., Alfakihuddin, M. L. B., Bold-erdene, T., Golshani, Z., González-González, R., Kimirei, I., Leung, Y., Shian-Yun, L., & Yao, Y. (2018). Small Groups in a Social Learning MOOC (sIMOOC): Strategies for Fostering Learning and Knowledge Creation. Online Learning, 22(2), 119–139. Lai. E. R. & Viering. M. (2012). Assessing 21st Century Skills: Integrating Research Findings. A paper presented at National Council on Measurement in Education Vancouver, B.C Lackner, E., Kopp, M., Ebner, M. (2014). How to MOOC: A practical Guideline for the practitioner. Conference: Proceedings of the 10th International Scientific Conference "eLearning and Software for Education," At Bucharest Larson, L., T. Miller, and M. Ribble. (2010). 5 considerations for digital age leaders. Learning & Leading with Technology 37(4): 12–15 Lattimer. H & Riordan. R. (2011). Project-based learning engages students in meaningful work. Middle School Journal, vol 43(2), 18-23 Leahy, D., & Dolan, D. (2010). Digital Literacy: A vital competence for 2010?. In IFIP International Conference on Key Competencies in the Knowledge Society (pp. 210-221). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-15378-5_21 Lee, S., & Hung, D. (2012). Is there an instructional framework for 21st century learning? Creative Educa-tion, 3, 461–470. https ://doi.org/10.4236/ce.2012.34071 León-Urritia, M., Cobos, R., & Dickens, K. (2018). MOOCs and their Influence on Higher Education Institutions: Perspectives from the Insiders. J. of New Approaches in Educational Research, 7(1), 40-45. https://doi.org/10.7821/naer.2018.1.252 Lewallen, S., & Courtright, P. (1998). Epidemiology in practice: case-control studies. Community eye health, 11(28), 57–58. Lepp, M., Palts, T., Luik, P., Kaspar, P., Suviste, R., Säde, M., Hollo, K., Vaherpuu, V., & Tõnisson, E. (2018). Troubleshooters for Tasks of Introductory Programming MOOCs. International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 19(4), 56–75. Leu, D. J. Jr., C. K. Kinzer, J. Coiro, and D. W. Cammack. (2004). Toward a theory of new literacies emerging from the Internet and other information and communication technologies. In Theoretical models and processes of reading, 5th ed., ed. R. B. Ruddell and N. J. Unrau, 1570–613. Newark, DE: International Reading Association Levine. J. B & Mosier. G. (2014). Literature Review on Project Based Learning. Center of Excellent in Leadership of Learning. Li, Yuan, Xiu Wang, Xuan-Rui Zhu, Yan-Xin Zhu, and Jiao Sun (2019). “Effectiveness of Problem-Based Learning on the Professional Communication Competencies of Nursing Students and Nurses: A Systematic Review.” Nurse Education in Practice 37 (May): 45–55 Liu, O. L., L. Frankel, and K. C. Roohr. (2014). " Assessing Critical Thinking in Higher Education: Current State and Directions for Next-Generation Assessment." ETS Research Report Series 1 : 1 – 23. doi: 10.1002/ets2.12009 Lombardi, B. M. M., & Oblinger, D. G. (2007). Authentic Learning for the 21st Century : An Overview. Learning, 1, 1–7. Retrieved from http://alicechristie.org/classes/530/EduCause.pdf Lutsenko, G. (2018). Case Study of a Problem-Based Learning Course of Project Management for Senior Engineering Students. European Journal of Engineering Education, 43(6), 895–910. Magnus, D. de M., Carbonera, L. F. B., Pfitscher, L. L., Farret, F. A., Bernardon, D. P., & Tavares, A. A. (2020). An Educational Laboratory Approach for Hybrid Project-Based Learning of Synchronous Machine Stability and Control: A Case Study. IEEE Transactions on Education, 63(1), 48–55. Markham, T. (2012). Project-based learning design and coaching guide. San Rafael, CA: HeartIQ Press Markham, T. (2012, February 21). Project-based learning and common core standards. Retrieved from The Whole Child: Retrieved from http://www.wholechildeducation.org/blog/project- based-learning-and-common core-standards Martínez-Cerdá, J.-F., Torrent-Sellens, J., & González-González, I. (2018). Promoting collaborative skills in online university: comparing effects of games, mixed reality, social media, and other tools for ICT-supported pedagogical practices. Behaviour & Information Technology, 37(10/11), 1055–1071. https://doi-org.ezpustaka2.upsi.edu.my/10.1080/0144929X.2018.1476919 Martina Mauch & Marlen Schumann (ed.), Teilhabe in der digitalen Bildungswelt, GMW Proceedings 2019, Medien in der Wissenschaft, Band 75, 288. Münster: Waxmann, pp. 138-149. Marzano, R. J., & Heflebower, T. (2012). Teaching and assessing 21st-century skills. Bloomington, IN Marzano Research Laboratory. Mcleod. S. (2008). Qualitative vs. Quantitative. Retrieved on 19th November 2016 from http://www.simplypsychology.org/qualitative-quantitative.html Meintjes, H. (2010). Creative thinking in prospective teachers: the “status quo” and the impact of contextual factors | South African Journal of Education. Https://Www.Ajol.Info/Index.Php/Saje/Article/View/60030. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/saje/article/view/60030 Messmer, M. (2004), “Polishing your writing skills”, National Public Accountant, Vol. 3 No. 2, p. 24H. Mihic, M. & I. Zavrski. (2017). Professors’ and students’ perception of the advantages and disadvantages of project-based learning. International Journal of Engineering Education. 33(6), 1737–1750. Ministry of Education Malaysia (2006). Project-based Learning Handbook. Kuala Lumpur: Communications and Training Sector, Smart Educational Development, Educational Technology Division, Ministry of Education Malaysia Ministry of Education Malaysia (2013). Malaysia Education Blueprint 2013-2025. Putrajaya: Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia. Miri, Watted Abeer, and Barak. (2014). Students' preferences and views about learning in a MOOC. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 318 – 323. Morgan, A.R. (1987). Project work in open learning. In M. Thorpe & D. Grugeon (Eds.), Open learning for adults (pp.245-251). Harlow, London: Longman. Morrison, G. R. (2010). Designing Effective Instruction (6th Edition.). John Wiley & Sons. Morris, N., Hotchkiss, S., & Swinnerton, B. (2015). Can demographic information predict MOOC learner outcomes? Conference: EMOOCS 2015, At Mons, Belgium Moore, R., M. (1997). The positive effects of cohesion on the creativity of small groups. International Social Science Rev; 72(3/4): 84-93. McAuley, Stewart, B., Siemens, G., Cormier, D., & Commons, C. (2010). The MOOC model for digital practice. Massive Open Online Courses: Digital Ways of Knowing and Learning, 1–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2011.09.007 McCrae, R. R., & Ingraham, L. J. (1987). Creativity, divergent thinking, and openness to experience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(6), 1258–1265. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.52.6.1258 Mukaromah, S. H., & Wusqo, I. U. (2020). The influence of PjBL model with stem approach on global warming topic to students’ creative thinking and communication skills. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1521). Institute of Physics Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1521/4/042052 Murray, D. J.-A. (2014). Participants’ perceptions of a MOOC. Insights: The UKSG Journal, 27(2), 154–159. https://doi.org/10.1629/2048-7754.154 Musa, F., Mufti, N., Latiff, R. A., & Amin, M. M. (2012a). Project-based Learning (PjBL): Inculcating Soft Skills in the 21st Century Workplace. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 59(2006), 565–573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.315 Musa, F., Mufti, N., Latiff, R. A., & Amin, M. M. (2012b). Project-based Learning (PjBL): Inculcating Soft Skills in the 21st Century Workplace. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 59, 565–573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.315 Nadiyah, S., & Shahbodin, F. (2015). The development of online project based collaborative learning using ADDIE Model. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 195, 1803–1812. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.06.392 Najafi, H., Rolheiser, C., Harrison, L., & Håklev, S. (2015). University of Toronto instructors’ experiences with developing MOOCs. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 16(3). https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v16i3.2073 National Education Association. (2014). Preparing 21st Century Students for a Global Society: An Educator ’ s Guide to the “ Four Cs .” 1–38. National Academy Foundation and Pearson Foundation. (2011, June 9). Project-based learning: A resource for instructors and program coordinators. Retrieved from http://naf.org/resources/project-based-learning-guide Naviri, S., Sumaryanti, S., & Paryadi, P. (2021). Explanatory Learning Research: Problem-Based Learning or Project-Based Learning? Acta Facultatis Educationis Physicae Universitatis Comenianae, 61(1), 107–121 Nawrot, I., & Doucet, A. (2014). Building Engagement for MOOC Students. Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on World Wide Web, 1077–1082. https://doi.org/10.1145/2567948.2580054 Ng, K.K., Wang, F. L, Luk, L. & Kwan, R. (2016). Leveraging education of information technology in business: the application of a project-based, problem-based, and flexible learning model. Int. J. Innovation and Learning, 19 (4), 377–396. doi: 10.1504/IJIL.2016.076796 Noramdzan Mohd Yusof, M., Hatib Musta, A. and Salwa Ismail, N. (2015). Implementation of project-based learning (pjbl) at a Malaysian polytechnic -a preliminary study, Proceedings of INTCESS15- 2 nd International Conference on Education and Social Sciences . Neil. J. (2005). John Dewey, the Modern Father of Experiential Education. Wilderdom Outdoor Education. Retrieved from htpp://www.wilderdom.com/experiential Naila, I. (2020). The Effectiveness of Science Project Learning Based on Entrepreneurship Model to Improve Elementary Students’ Collaborative Skills. Elementary School Forum (Mimbar Sekolah Dasar), 7(3), 348–361. Oliver, L. E., L. Rodriguez & A. Pagan. (2020). Tales from PE: Using Project-Based Learning to Develop 21st-Century Skills in PETE Programs. Strategies. 33(4), 45–48. https://doi.org/10.1080/08924562.2020.1764305 Onah, D. F.; Sinclair, J.; and Boyatt, R. 2014. Dropout rates of massive open online courses: behavioral patterns. EDULEARN’14 5825–5834 Ozman, H. A. & Craver, S. M. (2008). Philosophical foundations of education, 8th ed (e-book). Prentice-Hall. Retrieved from https://books.google.com.my/books?id=Q4oAAAAACAAJ&dq=Philosophical+foundations+of+education&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y Panigrahi, R., & Srivastava, P. R. (2018). Understanding the motivation in massive open online courses: A Twitter mining perspective. International Journal of Web Based Communities, 14(3), 228–248. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJWBC.2018.094915 Park, H., & Lee, A. R. (2005). L2 learners’ anxiety, self-confidence and oral performance. In Proceedings of the 10th Conference of Pan-Pacific Association of Applied Linguistics (pp. 107-208).. Partnership for 21st Century Learning. (2009). P21 framework definitions. Retrieved from http://www.p21.org/storage/documents/P21_Framework_Definitions.pdf Partnership for 21st Century Skills. (2009). A. framework for 21st century learning. Tucson: AZ: P21. Available at: www.21stcenturyskills.org Paton, R. M., Fluck, A. E., & Scanlan, J. D. (2018). Engagement and retention in VET MOOCs and online courses: A systematic review of literature from 2013 to 2017. Computers and Education. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2018.06.013 Phan, T., McNeil, S. G., & Robin, B. R. (2016). Students’ patterns of engagement and course performance in a Massive Open Online Course. Computers and Education. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2015.11.015 Piehl, C.B. (2003), “Accounting – the future”, National Public Accountant, April/May, p. 34. Pisutova, K. (2012. Open Education. In Proceedings of the 10th IEEE International Conference on Emerging eLearning Technologies and Applications (Stará Lesná, The High Tatras, Slovakia, Nov 08 - 09, 2012). IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, 297-300. DOI = 10.1109/ICETA.2012.6418317 Puntambekar, S., & Hubscher, R. (2005). Tools for scafolding students in a complex learning environment: What have we gained and what have we missed? Educational Psychologist, 40(1), 1–12. Puspitasari., & Evi. (2020). Project-Based Learning Implementation to Cultivate Preservice English Teachers’ 21st Century Skills. Indonesian Journal of English Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics, 5(1), 191–203. Profetto-McGrath, J. (2003). The relationship of critical thinking skills and critical thinking dispositions of baccalaureate nursing students. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 43(6), 569–577. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.2003.02755.x Ragsdale. S. (2014). Project-based – Learning as a means for meeting the needs of 21st-century students in standard core states. Ph.D. dissertation. Education Faculty of Lindenwood University. Ramankulov, S. Z., Dosymov, E., Mintassova, A. S., & Pattayev, A. M. (2019). Assessment of student creativity in teaching physics in a foreign language. European Journal of Contemporary Education, 8(3), 587– 599. https://doi.org/10.13187/ejced.2019.3.587 Rees Lewis, D. G., Gerber, E. M., Carlson, S. E., & Easterday, M. W. (2019). Opportunities for educational innovations in authentic project-based learning: understanding instructor perceived challenges to design for adoption. Educational Technology Research & Development, 67(4), 953–982. https://doi-org.ezpustaka2.upsi.edu.my/10.1007/s11423-019-09673-4 Rhodes, M. (1961). An analysis of creativity. The Phi Delta Kappan, 42, 305–310 Robinson, J & Garton, Bryan. (2008). An Assessment of the Employability Skills Needed by College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources Graduates at the University of Missouri-Columbia. Proceedings of the AAAE Research Conference. 34. 10.5032/jae.2008.04096. Rochmawati, A., Wiyanto, & Ridlo, S. (2019). Analysis of 21th Century Skills of Student on Implementation Project Based Learning and Problem Posing Models in Science Learning. Journal of Primary Education, 9(1), 58–67. Retrieved from https://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/index.php/jpe/article/view/28753/12562 Rodríguez, J., Laverón-Simavilla, A., Del Cura, J. M., Ezquerro, J. M., Lapuerta, V. and Cordero-Gracia, M. (2015) ‘Project Based Learning experiences in the space engineering education at Technical University of Madrid,’ Advances in Space Research, 56(7), pp. 1319–1330. doi: 10.1016/j.asr.2015.07.003 Rohm, A. J., Stefl, M., & Ward, N. (2021). Future proof and real-world ready: The role of live project-based learning in students’ skill development. Journal of Marketing Education, doi:101177/02734753211001409 Romero, M. (2013). Game-Based Learning MOOC. Promoting Entrepreneurship Education. eLearning Papers, 33(May), 1–5. Rotherham, A. J., & Willingham, D. (2009). 21st century. Educational leadership, 67(1), 16 -21. Rowland, G. (2007). Towards a new biology curriculum. Journal of Biological Education, 41(3), 99-101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00219266.2007.9656076 Rubin, A. M. (1993). The effect of locus of control on communication motivation, anxiety, and satisfaction. Communication Quarterly, 41(2), 161–171. https://doi.org/10.1080/01463379309369876 Runco, M. A. (2007). Creativity – Theories and themes: Research, development, and practice. Burlinton, MA: Elsevier Academic Press Saenab, Sitti, Sitti Rahma Yunus, Andi Rahmat Saleh, Andi Nurul Virninda, L. Hamka, and Nurul Arifah Sofyan. 2018. “Project-Based Learning as the Atmoshphere for Promoting Students’ Communication Skills.” Journal of Physics. Conference Series 1028 (1): 012026. Sadrina, S., Lassim, M. Mohd., & Ichsan, M. (2016). Student Project Management With Project-Based Learning: A Preliminary Study in The Polytechnic Malaysia. CIRCUIT: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Teknik Elektro, 1(2). https://doi.org/10.22373/crc.v1i2.770 Sagala, Y. D. A., Simajuntak, M. P., Bukit, N., & Motlan. (2020). Implementation of Project-Based Learning (PjBL) in Collaboration Skills and Communication Skills of Students. Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/aisteel-19.2019.138 Salkind. N. J. (2010). Triangulation. Encyclopedia of Research Design. Retrieved on 16th July 2018 from https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412961288.n469 Salmon, G., Pechenkina, E., Chase, A. M., & Ross, B. (2017). Designing Massive Open Online Courses to take account of participant motivations and expectations. British Journal of Educational Technology. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.1249 Sari, D. P., Hidayati, A., Fitria, Y., & Mudjiran, M. (2019). Effect of Pjbl Model and Preliminary Knowledge on Critical Thinking Skills of Grade Iv Students of Kartika Elementary School 1-11 Kota Padang. International Journal of Educational Dynamics, 1(1), 205–210. https://doi.org/10.24036/ijeds.v1i1.56 Sari, I. K., Kenedi, A. K., Andika, R., Ningsih, Y., & Ariani, Y. (2019). Develop a student’s critical thinking skills. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1321). Institute of Physics Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1321/3/032093 Sayekti, A. M., & Suparman. (2020). Development of PJBL-based LKPD with STEM approach design to improve critical thinking skills. International Journal of Scientific and Technology Research, 9(3), 3390–3394. Sedere, M. U. (2016). Educational Reforms beyond Kannangara for the 21st Century: Dr. C. W. W. Kannangara Memorial Lecture. Online Submission. Sekaran. U. & Bougie. R. (2010). Research Method For Business: A Skill Building Approach. John Wiley & Sons Shah, D. (2015). By the numbers: MOOCs in 2015. Class Central. Retrieved from https://www.class-central.com/report/moocs-2015-stats/ Shah, D. (2016). By the numbers: MOOCs in 2016. Class Central. Retrieved from https://www.class-central.com/report/mooc-stats-2016/ Shah, D. (2019, January 6). Year of MOOC-based degrees: A review of MOOC stats and trends in 2018. Class Central. Retrieved from https://www.class-central.com/report/moocs-stats-and-trends-2018/ Shaheen, R. (2010). Creativity and Education. Creative Education, 1(3), 166-169. Sharov, S., Pavlenko, A., Sharova, T., & Chorna, O. (2021). Analysis of Developers of Online Courses on Ukrainian Platforms of MOOC. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, 15(5), 201–213. https://doi-org.ezpustaka2.upsi.edu.my/10.3991/ijet.v16i05.18581 Shultz, K. S. & Adams, G. A. 2007. Aging and work in the 21st century / edited by Kenneth S. Shultz, Gary A. Adams, Mahwah, N.J. : Lawrence Erlbaum, 2007. Shear. L., Novais. G., Means. B., Gallagher. L & Langworthy. M. ( 2010). ITL research Design. Retrieved on 16th June 2016 from https://www.sri.com/sites/default/files/publications/itl_research_design_15_nov_2010.pdf Shi, L. & Cristea, l. (August, 2018). Demographic indicators influencing learning activities in MOOCs: Learning analytics of future learn courses. Paper Presented at the 27th International Conference on Information Systems Development, Lund, Sweden Silva, E. (2009). Measuring skills for 21st-century learning. Phi Delta Kappan, 90(9), 630- 634. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F003172170909000905 Singh. K. V and Khan. F (2014). "Student perception and knowledge: Assessment of online Computational Experimental (ComEx) learning modules," 2014 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE) Proceedings, pp. 1-6, Smith, A., Sheppard, S., Johnson, D.W., & Johnson, R.,(2005). Pedagogies of Engagement: Classroom-based practices. Journal of Engineering Education. Smith, J. K., & Smith, L. F. (2010). Educational creativity. In J. C. Kaufman & R. J. Sternberg (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of creativity (pp. 250–264). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press Soh, T. M. T., Arsad, N. M., & Osman, K. (2010). The Relationship of 21st Century Skills on Students’ Attitude and Perception towards Physics. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 7, 546–554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.10.073 Soland, J., Hamilton, L. S. & Strecher, B. M. (2013). Measuring 21st century competencies: Guidance for educators. Los Angeles, CA: Asia Society/Rand Corp. Song, Y. (2018). Improving primary students’ collaborative problem solving competency in project-based science learning with productive failure instructional design in a seamless learning environment. Educational Technology Research & Development, 66(4), 979–1008. https://doi-org.ezpustaka2.upsi.edu.my/10.1007/s11423-018-9600-3 Soparat, S., Arnold, S.R., & Klaysom, S. (2015). The development of Thai learners’ key competencies by project-based learning using ICT. International Journal of Research in Education and Science (IJRES), 1(1), 11-22. Speckels. F. H. (2011). The Impact of Project-Based Learning on Academic Achievement for Students with Academic Challenges at K-5 Grade Levels: A Grounded Theory Revelation Staubitz, T., Pfeiffer, T., Renz, J., Willems, C., & Meinel, C. (2015). Collaborative Learning in a MOOC Environment. In iCeri15Proceedings. Sevilla: IATED. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/295903511_Collaborative_Learning_in_a_MOOC_Environment Suen, H. K. 2014. Peer assessment for Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs). The International Review of Research In Open and Distributed Learning. 15, 3 (Jun 2014), 312-327. Sultan, S., & Javaid, S. T. (2018). Pakistani undergraduate students’ perceptions of project-based learning in the English composition course. Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education, 10(3), 217–229. https://doi.org/10.1108/JARHE-11-2017-0135 Temesio, S. (2016). Educación inclusiva: Retos y oportunidades. Revista de Educación a Distancia, 51(9), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.6018/red/51/9 The skill you need the team. (2016). The Skills You Need Guide for Students: Research Methods (e-book). Retrieved from http://www.skillsyouneed.com/learn/sampling-sample design.html#ixzz4QW2ScCQ8 Thang, S. M., Sim, L. Y., Mahmud, N., Lin, L. K., Zabidi, N. A., & Ismail, K. (2014). Enhancing 21st Century Learning Skills Via Digital Storytelling: Voices of Malaysian Teachers and Undergraduates. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 118(November), 489–494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.02.067 Thomas. W., J. (2000.). A Review Of Research On Project-Based Learning. Http://Www.Bie.Org/Research/Study/Review_of_project_based_learning_2000. http://www.bobpearlman.org/BestPractices/PBL_Research.pdf Tiantong, M. S., & Siksen, U. M. A. L. E. E. (2013, April). The Online Project-based Learning Model Based on Student’s Multiple IntelligenceT. Http://Www.Ijhssnet.Com/View.Php?U=http://Www.Ijhssnet.Com/Journals/Vol_3_No_7_April_2013/23.Pdf. http://www.ijhssnet.com/journal/index/1740 Trilling & Fadel (2009). 21st Century Learning Skills. San Francisco, CA: John Wiley & Sons Tsitskaria, E., Goudasb, M., Tsalouchoua, E. & Michalopouloua, M. (2016). Employers’ expectations of the employability skills needed in the sport and recreation environment. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism Education, 20, 1-9. Tuan Soh, T. M., Arsada, N. M., & Osman, K. (2010). The relationship of 21st-century skills on students’ attitudes and perceptions towards physics. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 7(2), 546–554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.10.073 Tuncel, Z., (2006). Effects of cooperative learning on physical education achievement, cognitive processes and social behaviors. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Dokuz Eylul University, Institute of Educational Sciences, Izmir Tuzel-Iseri, E. (2018). Where did we come from in education? Where are we going? A debate over the necessity to think about 22nd century people while the 21st century is going on]. Education in the 22nd century] (s. 1-13). Ankara: Pegem Akademi Publishing. Urrutia, M. (2016). Professional development through MOOCs in higher education institutions: challenges and opportunities for Phd students working as mentors. Journal of Interactive Media in Education, 10(10), X, pp. https://doi.org/10.5334/jime.427 Viana, R. V., Jumadi, Wilujeng, I., & Kuswanto, H. (2019). The Influence of Project Based Learning based on Process Skills Approach to Student’s Creative Thinking Skill. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1233). Institute of Physics Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1233/1/012033 Vila, C., Ugarte, D., Ríos, J., & Abellán, J. V. (2017). Project-based collaborative engineering learning to develop Industry 4.0 skills within a PLM framework. Procedia Manufacturing, 13, 1269–1276. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2017.09.050 Verstegen, D. M., Spruijt, A., Dolmans, D., & van Merriënboer, J. J. (2016). Problem-based learning in a MOOC – Exploring an innovative instructional design at a large scale. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computer Supported Education – Volume 2, CSEDU, 369-377. Doi: 10.5220/0005757003690377 Vogler, J.S.; Thompson, P.; Davis, D.W.; Mayfield, B.E.; Finley, P.M.; Yasseri, D. (2018) The hard work of soft skills: Augmenting the project-based learning experience with interdisciplinary teamwork. Instr. Sci. 2018, 46, 457-488 Vygotsky, L. S. (1980). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Harvard university press. Vygotsky, L. (1978). Interaction between learning and development. Readings on the development of children, 23(3), 34-41. Waard, I. De, Abajian, S. C., Hogue, R., & Gallagher, M. S. (2011). Exploring the MOOC format as a pedagogical approach for mLearning. MLearn, 2011, 138–148. Retrieved from http://www.scribd.com/doc/70517083/Exploring-the-MOOC-Format-as-a-Pedagogical-Approach-for-mLearning Wahid, R., Ahmi, A., & Ferdous Alam, A. S. A. (2020). Growth and Collaboration in Massive Open Online Courses: A Bibliometric Analysis. International Review of Research in Open & Distance Learning, 21(4), 292–322. https://doi-org.ezpustaka2.upsi.edu.my/10.19173/irrodl.v21i4.4693 Waltz, C.F., Strickland, O.L., & Lenz, E.R. (2005). Measurement in nursing and health research (3rd ed.) New York: Springer Publishing Co. Warlick, D. (1999). Raw materials for the mind. Raleigh, NC: The Landmark Project. Warr, M., & West, R. E. (2020). Bridging Academic Disciplines with Interdisciplinary Project-based Learning: Challenges and Opportunities. Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem-Based Learning, 14(1), 2–23. https://doi-org.ezpustaka2.upsi.edu.my/10.14434/ijpbl.v14i1.28590 Webb. M. (2004). A definitive critique of experiential learning theory. Retrieved on 13th October 2016 from http://reviewing.co.uk/research/experiential.learning.theory.critique.htm Westbrook, C .(2012 ), Online Collaborative Learning in Health Care Education, European Journal of Open, Distance and E-Learning, 2012(2) Wilcox, S. (1996). Fostering self-directed learning in the university setting. Studies in Higher Education, 21(2), 165-176. https://doi.org/10.1080/030750796123 31381338 Wilczenski, F.L., Bontrager, T., Ventrone, P., & Correia, M. (2001). Observing collaborative problem-solving processes and outcomes. Psychology in the Schools, 38(3) Wiphasith, H., Narumol, R., & Sumalee, C. (2016). The design of the contents of an e-learning for teaching M.5 English language using ADDIE model. International Journal of Information and Education Technology, 6(2), 127–131. https://doi.org/10.7763/IJIET.2016.V6.671 Wnet Education. (n.d). Constructivism as a paradigm in teaching and learning. Retrieved on 13th October 2016 from http://www.thirteen.org/edonline/concept2class/constructivism/index.html Wood, D., Bruner, J. S., & Ross, G. (1976). The role of tutoring in problem-solving. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 17, 89–100. Woolfolk, A.E., (1987). Educational Psychology (3rd Ed). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall Wyes. S. E. (2011). What is the difference between Qualitative Research and Quantitative Research? Retrieved on 19th November 2016 from http://www.snapsurveys.com/blog/what-is-the-difference-between-qualitative-research-and-quantitative-research/ Wynd, C.A., Schmidt, B., & Schaefer, M.A. (2003). Two quantitative approaches for estimating content validity. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 25, 508–518. Xu, M., Deng, J., & Zhao, T. (2020). On Status Quo, Problems, and Future Development of Translation and Interpreting MOOCs in China--A Mixed Methods Approach. Journal of Interactive Media in Education, 2020(1). Yakubov, K., & Egamova, A. (2021). Developing professional creative skills of future teachers in the technology field of education. Annals of the Romanian Society for Cell Biology, 25(2), 48-55. Retrieved from www.scopus.com Yancy, Y. G. (2012). The Effects of Project-Based Learning Activities on Intrinsic Motivation and Skill Acquisition of Rural Middle School Math Students [ProQuest LLC]. In ProQuest LLC. Yamin, Y., Permanasari, A., Redjeki, S., & Sopandi, W. (2020). Implementing project-based learning to enhance creative thinking skills on water pollution topic. JPBI (Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi Indonesia), 6(2). https://doi.org/10.22219/jpbi.v6i2.12202 Yien, J., Lin, Y., Hwang, G.-J., & Lin, Y.-C. (2011). A Game-Based Learning Approach To Improving Students ’ Learning Achievements in a Nutrition Course. The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 10(2), 1–10. Yildiz, E., Ü. Simsek and H. Agdas, (2017). The effect of the cooperative learning model on educational motivation and social skills of the integrated cooperative learning model. Ahi Evran University Kirsehir Education Faculty Journal, 18(2): 37- 54. Yurtseven, N., & Dogan, S. (2019). Structural relationships among academic procrastination, academic motivation, and problem solving skill in prep class college students. Pegem Egitim ve Ögretim Dergisi. https://doi.org/10.14527/pegegog.2019.027 Zakiah, N. E., & Fajriadi, D. (2020). Hybrid-PjBL: Creative thinking skills and self-regulated learning of pre-service teachers. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1521). Institute of Physics Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1521/3/032072 Zerihun, Z., Beishuizen, J. & Van Os., W. (2012). Student experience as an indicator of teaching quality. Educ Asse Eval Acc. 24, 99-111. Doi:10.007/s11092-011-9140-4 Zhang, X. (2017). Researching into a MOOC embedded flipped classroom model for college English Reading and Writing course. In Beyond the language classroom: researching MOOCs and other innovations (pp. 15–27). Research-publishing.net. https://doi.org/10.14705/rpnet.2017.mooc2016.668 Zheng. Z ,. Vogelsang. T., & Pinkwart. N. (2015) The Impact of Small Learning Group Composition on Student Engagement and Success in a MOOC . In O. C. Santos et al. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Educational Data Mining (pp. 500-503). International Educational Data Mining Society. Zhu, Meina; Bonk, Curtis J; Sari. , Annisa. R. (2019) Instructors’ Experience of Designing MOOCs in Higher Education: Considerations and Challenges. Online Learning, (S.l.), v. 22, n. 4, Jan. 2019. ISSN 2472-5730 Z. M. Zamari, A. H. M. Adnan, S. L. Idris, and J. Yusof, "Students’ Perception of Using Online Language Learning Materials," Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 67, pp. 611-620, 2012. Zouganeli, E., Tyssø, V., Feng, B., Arnesen, K. and Kapetanovic, N. (2014) Project-based learning in programming classes - The effect of open project scope on student motivation and learning outcome, IFAC Proceedings Volumes (IFAC-PapersOnline). IFAC. doi: 10.3182/20140824-6-ZA-1003.02412.
|
This material may be protected under Copyright Act which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. |