Abasilim, U. D., Eyo, P. O., Akande, B. A., & Popoola, R. O. (2018). Periscoping the implementation challenges of national policy on education in Nigeria. AKSU journal OJ Social And Management Sciences, 1(8), 129-143. Diperoleh daripada http://eprints.covenantuniversity.edu.ng/12184/1/Abasilim.pdf 

Ab Halim, A. S., Osman, K., Aziz, M. M., Ibrahim, M. F., & Ahmad, A. A. K. (2021). The competency of Science Teachers in integrating Higher Order Thinking Skills in Teaching and Learning. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1793, No. 1, p. 012005). IOP Publishing. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1793/1/ 012005 

Abdulmuminov, E. A. A. (2021). Who matters in the Arctic?: The rise of permanent participants in the Arctic Council and International Affairs (Disertasi kedoktoran) University of Washington. Diperoleh daripada https://digital. lib.washington.edu/ researchworks/handle/1773/48095 

Abdul Razif Zaini, Noor Shamshinar Zakaria, Mohd Rofian Ismail, Mohd Redzauddin Ghazali & Hasmadi Hamdan. (2020). Kompetensi guru Bahasa Arab sekolah rendah di Malaysia.The Sultan Alauddin Sulaiman Shah Journal (JSASS), 7(1), 103-113. Diperoleh daripada http://jsass.kuis.edu.my/index.php/jsass/ article/ view/18 

Abd Baser, J., Suhaimi, N. S. M., Othman, H., Hasan, A., Rahim, M. B., & Yunus, M. F. A. N. (2017). Standard Guru Malaysia Dalam Program Persediaan Guru Reka Bentuk Dan Teknologi. Online Journal for TVET Practitioners, 2(2). 

Abramo, J. M., & Austin, S. C. (2014). The trumpet metaphor: A narrative of a teacher’s mid-career pedagogical change from formal to informal learning practices. Research Studies in Music Education, 36, 57–73. doi: 10.1177/1321103X14 528454 

Abrar, A. F., & Syahputra, I. (2021). The influence of English Teachers’ competency on students’ learning achievement. In Proceeding of International Conference on Language Pedagogy (ICOLP) (Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 6-13). doi: 10.24036/icolp. v1i1.15 

Abu-Omar, K., Messing, S., Sarkadi-Nagy, E., Kovács, V. A., Kaposvari, C., Brukalo, K.,  Hassapidou, M., Janssen, D., Sandu, P., Tecklenburg, E.; & World Health Organization. (2018). Barriers, facilitators and capacities for childhood obesity prevention in 12 European Union member states: results of a policy-maker survey. Public health panorama, 4(03), 360-367. Diperoleh daripada https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream /handle/10665/324940/php-4-3-360-367­eng.pdf 

Adams, P. (2016). Education policy: Explaining, framing and forming. Journal of Education Policy, 31(3), 290-307. doi: 10.1080/02680939.2015.1084387 

Aguilar, C. E., & Richerme, L. K. (2016). A descriptive study of music teacher educators’ beliefs about policy. Journal of Music Teacher Education, 25(2), 37­49. doi: 10.1177/1057083714553986 

Ahmad, A., Abd Rahman, S. H., & Abdullah, N. A. T. (2009). Tahap keupayaan pengajaran guru sejarah dan hubungannya dengan pencapaian murid di sekolah berprestasi rendah (The relationship between history teachers’ level of capability and students’ performance in low performance schools). Jurnal Pendidikan Malaysia (Malaysian Journal of Education), 34(1), 53-66. Diperoleh daripada http://103.219.237.47/ jpend/article/view/ 13432/4256 

Ahmad Esa, Jailani Md. Yunos & Noraini Kaprawi. (2015). Peranan kokurikulum dalam pembangunan kemahiran generik. Jurnal Sains Sosial, 2(1), 81-94. Diperoleh daripada https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/12007196.pdf 

Alegrado, A., & Winsler, A. (2020). Predictors of taking Elective Music Courses in Middle School among Low-SES, ethnically diverse students in Miami. Journal of Research in Music Education, 68(1), 5–30. doi: 10.1177/0022429420908282 

Alerby, E., & Ferm, C. (2005). Learning music: embodied experience in the life-world. Philosophy of Music Education Review, 13(2), 177-185. Diperoleh daripada https://www.jstor.org/stable/40495511?seq=1 

Ansell, C., Sensen, E., & Torfing, J. (2017). Improving policy implementation through collaborative policymaking. Policy & Politics, 45(3), 467-486. Diperoleh daripada https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/tpp/pap/2017/ 00000045/00000003/art00010 

Anuar Ahmad & Nelson Jinggan. (2017). Pengaruh kompetensi kemahiran guru dalam pengajaran terhadap pencapaian akademik pelajar dalam mata pelajaran Sejarah. JuKu: Jurnal Kurikulum & Pengajaran Asia Pasifik, 3(2), 1-11. Diperoleh daripada https://juku.um.edu.my/article/view/8155/5641 

Ardliana, B., Rusdarti, R., & Suminar, T. (2021). Effect of principal leadership, school culture and pedagogic competence through work motivation on teachers performance. Educational Management, 10(2), 273-283. Diperolehi daripada https://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/index.php/eduman/article/view/47208 

Arsalna, A., Apridar, A., & Heikal, M. (2021). Pengaruh lingkungan sekolah dan kompetensi profesional guru terhadap prestasi siswa melalui motivasi belajar sebagai variabel intervening pada SMAN 2 Seulimeum Kabupaten Aceh Besar. J-MIND (Jurnal Manajemen Indonesia), 5(2), 94-108. doi: 10.29103/j­mind.v5i2.3438 

Ashbourne, D., & Andres, L. (2015). Athletics, Music, Languages, and Leadership: How Parents Influence the Extracurricular Activities of Their Children. Canadian Journal of Education, 38(2), n2. doi: 10.2307/canaje ducrevucan.38.2.09 

Atkinson, R. (2018). The pedagogy of primary music teaching: talking about not talking. Music Education Research, 20(3), 267-276. doi: 10.1080/14613808. 2017.1327946. 

Azman, N., & Mohd Yusoff, H. (2018). Pencapaian akademik murid lelaki dan perempuan: peranan sokongan pembelajaran dan keterlibatan murid. Malaysian Journal Of Learning And Instruction, 15(2), 257-287. Diperoleh daripada http://e-journal.uum. edu.my/index.php/mjli/article/ view/7790 

Azzara, C. (1991). Audiation, improvisation, and music learning theory. The Quarterly, 2(1-2), 106-109. Diperoleh daripada http://www-usr.rider.edu/~ vrme/v16n1/volume2 /visions/spring12.pdf 

Bakar, M. A. A., Ismail, A. I., & Zainal Abidin, A. H. (2021). The Symbiosis of Singing and Stage Performance in the Malaysian Music Industry. Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT), 12(3), 1221-1229. Diperoleh daripada https://www.turcomat.org/index.php/turkbilmat/article/ view/870 

Ballantyne, J. (2005). Effectiveness of preservice music teacher education programs: Perceptions of early-career music teachers. Music Education Research, 6:3, 299-312. doi: 10.1080/1461380042000281749 

Banani, M. T. (2017). Pengaruh kepemimpinan kepala sekolah terhadap kompetensi guru dalam mewujudkan efektivitas pembelajaran. Jurnal Pendidikan UNIGA, 11(1), 67-76. Diperoleh daripada http://journal.uniga.ac.id/index.php /JP/article/view/88 

Bandura, A.(2007).Much ado over a faulty conception of perceived self-efficacy grounded in faulty experimentation. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 26. Pg. 641-658. doi: 10.1521/jscp.2007.26.6.641 

Baran, M. L. (Ed.). (2016). Mixed methods research for improved scientific study. IGI Global. 

Barclay, D., Higgins, C., & Thompson, R. (1995). The partial least squares (PLS) approach to casual modeling: Personal computer adoption ans use as an illustration. Diperoleh daripada https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 313137896_The_partial_least_squares_approach_to_causal_modeling_Person al_computer_adoption_and_use_as_an_illustration 

Bartalis, I. (2021). Primary School Extracurricular Music Activities in Covasna and Harghita Counties. Central European Journal of Educational Research, 3(1), 36–46. doi: 10.37441/CEJER/2021/3/1/9349 

Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of personality and social psychology, 51(6), 1173. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173 

Barrett, J. L., Gortmaker, S. L., Long, M. W., Ward, Z. J., Resch, S. C., Moodie, M. L., & Cradock, A. L. (2015). Cost effectiveness of an elementary school active Physical Education Policy. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 49(1), 148–159. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2015.02.005 

Basas, B., Cornillez Jr, E. E., Balagasay, M. A., & Cinco, L. (2020). Science teachers teaching competence and students’ satisfaction. TARAN-AWAN Journal of Educational Research and Technology Management, 1(1), 1-9. Diperolehi daripada https://journal.evsu.edu.ph/index.php/tjertm/article/view/211 

Batey, A. L. (2002). Take the terror out of adjudication. Teaching Music, 10(3), 40–46. 

Becker, J. M., & Ismail, I. R. (2016). Accounting for sampling weights in PLS path modeling: Simulations and empirical examples. European Management Journal, 34(6), 606-617. doi: 10.1016/j.emj.2016.06.009 

Billingsley, J. T., & Hurd, N. M. (2019). Discrimination, mental health and academic performance among underrepresented college students: the role of extracurricular activities at predominantly white institutions. Social Psychology of Education, 22(2), 421-446. Doi:10.1007/s11218-019-09484-8 

Bills, K.L. (2020) The direct relationship between bullying rates and extracurricular activities among adolescents and teenagers with disabilities. Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work, 17:2, 191 202. doi: 10.1080/26408066.2019. 1705958 

Black, P. (2017). On being and becoming a jazz musician: perceptions of young Scottish musicians. London Review of Education, 15(3), 339-357. Diperoleh daripada  https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ioep/clre/2017/00000015/ 00000003/art 0000 2 

Bagozzi, R.P. and Yi, Y. (2012). Specification, evaluation, and interpretation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Vol. 40 No. 1, pp. 8-34. doi: 10.1007/s11747-011-0278-x\ 

Boset, S. A., & Asmawi, A. (2020). Mediating effect of work motivation on the relationship between competency and professional performance of EFL teachers. Akademika, 90(1), 63-75. doi: 10.17576/akad-2020-9001-06 

Boyle, J. D. (1992). Program evaluation for secondary school music programs. NASSP Bulletin, 76, 63–68. doi: 10.1177/019263659207654413 

Burgess, R. E. (2014). A correlational analysis of empowerment and experience with resistance to change. (Doctoral dissertation). Diperoleh daripada pengkalan data ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database.(UMI No. 3671230). 

Brighouse, H., Ladd, H., Loeb, S., & Swift, A. (2018). Good education policy making: Data-informed but values-driven. Phi Delta Kappan, 100(4), 36-39. doi: 10.1177/0031721718815671 

Bromley, K. R. (2019). Person-centered learning in a collegiate jazz combo (Tesis Kedoktoran). Boston University. Diperoleh daripada https://search.proquest. com/openview/937da390f9ed525e10da6c0d2c6a05dc/1?pqorigsite=gscholar& cbl=18750&diss=y 

Brown, G. T. (2004). Teachers' conceptions of assessment: Implications for policy and professional development. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, 11(3), 301-318. doi: 10.1080/0969594042000304609 

Cantwell, R. H., & Millard, Y. (1994). The relationship between approach to learning and learning strategies in learning music. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 64(1), 45-63. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1994.tb01084.x 

Carolan, B. V. (2018). Extracurricular activities and achievement growth in kindergarten through first grade: The mediating role of non-cognitive skills. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 45, 131-142. doi:10.1016/j.ecresq. 2018.06.004 

Chan, J. C., Evawanialisza Mohammed & Jaehnichen, G. (2012). Jan, C. C., Mohammed, E. B., & Jaehnichen, G. (2012). Pengajaran yang ditonton: Kesan tayangan instruksi audio visual terhadap pembelajaran caklempong di sekolah menengah. Malaysian Journal of Music, 1(1), 41-57. 

Cheung, K. K., Mirzaei, M., & Leeder, S. (2010). Health policy analysis: a tool to evaluate in policy documents the alignment between policy statements and intended outcomes. Australian Health Review, 34(4), 405-413. doi: 10.1071/AH09767 

Che Ghani Che Kob, Mohd Zaini Osman & Nur Faeeza Abd Ghafar. (2018). Kompetensi tenaga pengajar dalam pengajaran amali pembuatan perabot di Malaysia. Sains Humanika, 10(3-3). doi:1 0.11113/sh.v10n3-3.1512 

Che Mas Saud & Zainal Abidin Saad. (2020). Teknik analisis SWOT dalam meningkatkan keberkesanan pelaksanaan kokurikulum. Jurnal IPDA, 26(1), 36­47. Diperoleh daripada http://103.8.145.246/index.php/ipda/ article/view/8028 /3390 

Cochran, W.G. (1977) Sampling Techniques. 3rd Edition. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 

Cohen, J. (1960). A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20(1), 37–46. doi:10.1177/0013164460020001 04 

Cohen, J. (1988). The effect size index: d. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge Academic. doi:10.4324/978020 3771587 

Coppola, W. J. (2021). Students’ social perceptions of humility and arrogance among band directors. Journal of Research in Music Education, 69(3), 284–302. doi: 10.1177/0022429420981675 

Corenblum, B., & Marshall, E. (1998). The band played on: Predicting students' intentions to continue studying music. Journal of Research in Music Education, 46(1), 128-140. doi: 10.2307/3345765 

Countryman, J. (2005). Ethical knowledge and repertoire choice. Canadian Music Educator, 46(3), 17–20. Diperoleh daripada https://islandscholar.ca/islandora /object/ir%3Air-batch6-4583?solr_nav%5Bid%5D=0ae3c0cc81b52844415 c&solrnav%5Bpage%5D =0&solr_nav%5Boffset%5D=0 

Countryman, J. (2012). Still wary after all these years: Popular music and the school music curriculum. Critical perspectives in Canadian music education, 135-146. Diperoleh daripada https://books.google.com.my/books?hl=en&lr=&id=e4P ZAgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA135&dq=Still+wary+after+all+these+years:+P opular+music+and+the+school+music+curriculum&ots=Ycuv_oh9VX&sig= wMzCPkIdQvXpUdKBdIR-d1gfBVY&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Still%20 wary%20after%20all%20these%20years%3A%20Popular%20music%20and %20the%20school%20music%20curriculum&f=false 

Çelikel, H. F. (2018). Learning to play loud: A study on young turkish metal performers. Diperoleh daripada https://porteakademik.itu.edu.tr/docs/libraries provider181/ Yay% C4%B1n-Ar%C5%9Fivi/17.say%C4%B1/porte-akademik -17-2.pdf 

Davidova, J. (2019). Music teacher’s competences in the 21st century. Pedagogika, 134(2), 99-108. doi:10.15823/p.2019.134.6  

Delice, A. (2010). The Sampling Issues in Quantitative Research. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 10(4), 2001-2018. Diperoleh daripada pangkalan data ERIC https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ919871 

Denault, A. S., Ratelle, C. F., Duchesne, S. & Guay, F. (2018). Extracurricular activities and career indecision: A look at the mediating role of vocational exploration. Journal of Vocational Behavior. doi:10.1016/ j.jvb.2018.11.006  

Dewey, J. (1944). Democracy and education: An introduction to the philosophy of education. New York: The Free Press. (Original work published 1916) 

Dodson, T. (1989). Are students learning music in band?. Music Educators Journal, 76(3), 25-29. doi: 10.2307/3400921 

Dumas, E., (2010). Using combos to improve music reading skills. Canadian Music Educator. 51(4), 28-31. Diperolehi daripada https://www.proquest.com/ openview/3188ee4f27 c257b4f7c2d985a8d23682/1.pdf?pq-origsite=gscholar &cbl=9510&casa_token=DkczZAvEgfsAAAAA:S_acF0Ar7IqWc4AdwZOeS nNlZlFOJi4iVssVgKwqD5QiF59uxSw1ZtSx1bV-nswoHv6R8aCsxtjH 

Eccles, J.S., Barber, B.L., Stone, M., & Hunt, J. (2003). Extracurricular activities and adolescent development. Journal of Social Issues, 59, 865–889. doi:10.1046/j.0022-4537.2003.00095.x 

Eccles, J. (1994). Understanding women’s educational and occupational choices: Applying the Eccles et al. model of achievement-related choices. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 18, 585-609. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-6402.1994.tb01049.x 

Ekizer, F. N., & Cephe, P. T. (2017). Actualization of the Onion Model of Reflection in Turkish English Language Instructors' Practices: A Case Study. Educational Research and Reviews, 12(2), 62-72. Diperoleh daripada pangkalan data ERIC. (EJ1126812) 

Ellefsen, L. W., & Karlsen, S. (2019). Discourses of diversity in music education: The curriculum framework of the Norwegian Schools of Music and Performing Arts as a case. Research Studies in Music Education, 1321103X19843205. Doi: 10.1177/1321103X 19843205. 

Elo, S., Kääriäinen, M., Kanste, O., Pkki, T., Utriainen, K., & Kyngäs, H. (2014). Qualitative content analysis: A focus on trustworthiness. SAGE open, 4(1), 2158244014522633. doi: 10.1177/2158244014522633 

Elpus, K. (2018). Estimating the effect of music and arts coursework on college admissions outcomes. Arts Education Policy Review, 119(3), 111-123. doi: /10.1080/10632913. 2016.1201030 

Elpus, K., & Grisé, A. (2019). Music Booster Groups: Alleviating or exacerbating funding inequality in American Public School Music Education? Journal of Research in Music Education, 67(1), 6–22. doi: 10.1177/0022429418812433 

Escalante, S. I. (2019). Latinx students and secondary music education in the United States. Update: Applications of Research in Music Education. 37(3), 5-11. doi: 10.1177/ 8755123318802335 

Etikan, I., Musa, S. A., & Alkassim, R. S. (2016). Comparison of convenience sampling and purposive sampling. American journal of theoretical and applied statistics, 5(1), 1-4. 

Evans, J. (1996). Straightforward statistics for the behavioral sciences. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing. 

Evans, P., & Liu, M. Y. (2019). Psychological needs and motivational outcomes in a high school orchestra program. Journal of Research in Music Education, 67(1), 83–105. doi: 10.1177/0022429418812769 

Faizah Saad & Eftah Moh @ Abdullah. (2015). Kajian status kefahaman guru dalam pentaksiran murid program LINUS. Jurnal Pendidikan Awal Kanak-kanak Kebangsaan, 4, 17-28. Diperoleh daripada https://ejournal.upsi.edu.my/index. php/ JPAK/ article/view/794 

Fauth, B., Decristan, J., Decker, A. T., Btner, G., Hardy, I., Klieme, E., & Kunter, M. (2019). The effects of teacher competence on student outcomes in elementary science education: The mediating role of teaching quality. Teaching and Teacher Education, 86, 102882. doi: 10.1016/j.tate.2019.102882  

Fay, B. (1975). 1975 Social Theory and Political Practice. London: Allen and Unwin. 

Fidya, A. R., Pasha, R. F., & Astuti, K. S. (2019). Efforts to improve the ability technique play music Keroncong uses the drill method in extracurricular in SMAN 1 Pemalang. In International Conference on Art and Arts Education (ICAAE 2018). Atlantis Press. Diperoleh daripada https://www.atlantispress. com/proceedings/icaae-18/125910439. 

Firestone, W. A. (2014). Teacher evaluation policy and conflicting theories of motivation. Educational Researcher, 43, 100-107. doi:10/3102/0013189x145 21864 

Forrester, S. H. (2019). Community engagement in music education: preservice music teachers’ perceptions of an urban service-learning initiative. Journal of Music Teacher Education, 29(1), 26-40. doi:10.1177/1057083719871472. 

Foss, L., Henry, C., Ahl, H., & Mikalsen, G. H. (2019). Women’s entrepreneurship policy research: a 30-year review of the evidence. Small Business Economics, 53(2), 409-429.) doi: 10.1007/s11187-018-9993-8 

Franco, M. D. G., Beja, M. J., Candeias, A., & Santos, N. (2017). Emotion understanding, social competence and school achievement in children from primary school in Portugal. Frontiers in psychology, 8, 1376. Doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01376 

Franklin, L. A., & Gary, W. (1991). Bootstrap confidence interval estimates of Cpk: an introduction. Communications in Statistics-Simulation and Computation, 20(1), 231-242. doi: 10.1080/03610919108812950  

Gamal Abdul Nasir Zakaria, Aliff Nawi & Zatul Iradah Yusop. (2018). Pengurusan dan pentadbiran guru besarmke arah pencapaian Sekolah Ugama Teladan: Kajian kes di Daerah Tutong, Brunei Darussalam. Sains Humanika, 10(3). 57-64. Diperoleh daripada https:// sainshumanika.utm.my/index.php/sainshumanika/article/view/ 1158/780 

Garrett, M. L. (2009). An examination of high school chorus directors’ attitudes toward non-traditional music classes. Research Perspectives in Music Education, 13(1), 15–21. 

Gaus, N., Yunus, M., Karim, A., & Sadia, H. (2019). The analysis of policy implementation models in higher education: the case study of Indonesia. Policy Studies, 40(1), 92-109. doi: 10.1080/01442872.2018.1539224 

Geagea, A., MacCallum, J., Vernon, L., & Barber, B. L. (2017). Critical links between arts activity participation, school satisfaction and university expectation for Australian high school students. Australian Journal of Educational & Developmental Psychology, 15, 53-65. Diperolehi daripada https://research­repository.griffith.edu.au/bitstream/handle/10072/373614/GeageaPUB4937.pdf ?sequence=1 

George, D., & Mallery, P. (2019). IBM SPSS statistics 26 step by step: A simple guide and reference. Routledge. 

George, D., & Mallery, P. (2003). SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference. 11.0 update (4th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon 

Ghafar, M. N. A., & Jalaluddin, J. (2011). Komitmen guru-guru terhadap pengurusan kokurikulum di sekolah-sekolah Kebangsaan negeri Johor. Journal of Educational Management, 14-30. Diperoleh daripada https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/11787241. pdf 

Ghazali Darusalam & Sufean Hussin. (2016). Metodologi penyelidikan dalam pendidikan: Amalan dan analisis kajian. Kuala Lumpur: Penerbit Universiti Malaya 

Goodhue, D. L., Lewis, W., & Thompson, R. (2012). Does PLS have advantages for small sample size or non-normal data? MIS Quarterly, 36(3), 981–1001. doi: 10.2307/ 41703490 

Goodrich, A. (2021). Peer mentoring in an extracurricular music class. International Journal of Music Education, 39(4), 410–423. doi: 10.1177/0255761420988922 

Gorter, D., & Cenoz, J. (2017) Language education policy and multilingual assessment. Language and Education. 31:3, 231-248, doi: 10.1080/09500782. 2016.1261892 

Gottfredson, G.D., & Gottfredson, D.C. (1989). School climate, academic performance, attendance, and dropout (ReportNo. 43). Baltimore,MD: Johns Hopkins University, Center for Research on Elementary and Middle Schools. 

Gregory, A., Cornell, D., Fan, X., Sheras, P., Shih, T.-H., & Huang, F. (2010). Authoritative school discipline: High school practices associated with lower bullying and victimization. Journal of Educational Psychology, 102, 483–496. doi: 10.1037/a00185 62 

Guhn, M., Emerson, S. D., & Gouzouasis, P. (2020). A population-level analysis of associations between school music participation and academic achievement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 112(2), 308. doi: 10.1037/edu0000376 

Guo, H., Yuan, W., Fung, C. V., Chen, F., & Li, Y. (2021). The relationship between extracurricular music activity participation and music and Chinese language academic achievements of primary school students in China. Psychology of Music, 03057356211027642. doi: 10.1177/03057356211027642 

Guo, P. (2012). School culture: A validation study and exploration of its relationship with teachers’ work environment. (Tesis Kedoktoran). Fordham University, New York. Diperoleh daripada https://www.proquest.com/docview/ 1223506897?pq-origsite= gscholar&fromopenview=true 

Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2022). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). 3rd Edition. Thousand Oaks: Sage. 

Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) (2 ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, Chapters 1-6. 

Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M. & Sarstedt, M. (2011) PLS-SEM: Indeed a silver bullet. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19:2, 139-152, doi: 10.2753/MTP 1069-6679190202 

Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to Use and How to Report the Results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2-24. 

Hallam dalam Hupp, Stephen; Jewell, Jeremy (2019). The Encyclopedia of Child and Adolescent Development Music Education, 1-11.  doi:10.1002/97 81119171492. 

Hallam, S., Creech, A., & McQueen, H. (2018). Pupils’ perceptions of informal learning in school music lessons. Music Education Research, 20(2), 213-230. doi: 10.1080/14613808.2016.1249358. 

Hallam, S., Creech, A., Papageorgi, I., Gomes, T., Rinta, T., Varvarigou, M., & Lanipekun, J. (2016). Changes in motivation as expertise develops: Relationships with musical aspirations. Musicae Scientiae, 20(4), 528–550. doi: 10.1177/1029864916634420 

Hallam, S., Papageorgi, I., Varvarigou, M., & Creech, A. (2021). Relationships between practice, motivation, and examination outcomes. Psychology of Music, 49(1), 3-20. doi: 10.1177/0305735618816168 

Hallam, S., Rinta, T., Varvarigou, M., Creech, A., Papageorgi, I., Gomes, T., & Lanipekun, J. (2012). The development of practising strategies in young people. Psychology of Music, 40(5), 652-680. doi: 10.1177/030573561244 3868  

Hallam, S. (2010). The power of music: Its impact on the intellectual, social and personal development of children and young people. International journal of music education, 28(3), 269-289. doi: 10.1177/0255761410370658 

Hallam, S. (2019). What contributes to successful whole-class Ensemble Tuition?. British Journal of Music Education, 36(3), 229-241. doi:10.1017/S02650 51719000342 

Hamidah Yusof & Rahman Ahmad. (2012). Analisis kepentingan-kejayaan pengurusan kokurikulum. Management Research Journal, 1, 75-85. Diakses pada 01 Oktober 2019 daripada http://ejournal.upsi.edu.my/index.php/MRJ/ article/ view/1323 

Hamidon, M., & Sihes, A. J. (2021). Influence of Islamic Education Teachers Competency on Practice of Higher Order Thinking Skills. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 9(2), 815– 830. doi: 10.6007/IJARPED/v9-i2/8891 

Handage, S., & Chander, M. (2021). Development of an instrument for measuring the Student Learning Outcomes: A content validation process. Indian Journal of Extension Education, 57(3), 1-7. doi: 10.48165/IJEE.2021.57302 

Haning, M. (2021). The role and influence of performance in School Music Programs: A Grounded Theory. Journal of Research in Music Education, 69(1), 85– 104. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022429420953118 

Hargreaves, D. J., & Marshall, N. A. (2003). Developing identities in music education. Music Education Research, 5(3), 263-273. doi: 10.1080/1461380032000126355 ? 

Hargreaves, D. J. (2019). Music psychology and me. Dedica. Revista de Educação e Humanidades, (15), 11-28. Diperoleh daripada https://dialnet.unirioja.es /servlet /articulo?codigo=6846428.  

Harper, R. (2012). The collection and analysis of job advertisements: A review of research methodology. Library and Information Research, 36(112), 29-54. Diperoleh daripada https://lirgjournal.org.uk/index.php/lir/article/view/499/548 

Haslinda Hussain, Siti Noriam Yaakob & Mohd Radzani Abdul Razak. (2015). Kompetensi guru dan hubungannya dengan pencapaian kokurikulum murid di Sekolah Menengah. Simposium Pendidikan diPeribadikan: Perspektif Risalah An-Nur (SPRiN2017), 185-196.Hussain, A. A. (2008). Pembentukan polisi awam: ke arah pemahaman yang lebih sistematik dan analitis. Utusan Publications. 

Hasnah Isnon & Jamaludin Badusah. (2017). Kompetensi guru Bahasa Melayu dalam menerapkan kemahiran berfikir aras tinggi dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran (Malay language teacher competency to implementation higher order thinking skill in teaching and learning). Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Melayu, 7(1), 56-65. Diperoleh daripada http://spaj.ukm.my/jpbm/index.php/jpbm /article/ view/ 133/ 125 

Hendrickson, B. (2018). Intercultural connectors: Explaining the influence of extra­curricular activities and tutor programs on international student friendship network development. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 63, 1-16. doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2017.11.002 

Henn, M., Weinstein, M. & Foard, N. (2006). A short introduction to social research. London: Sage. 

Hodges, D. A., & O’connell, D. S. (2005). The impact of music education on academic achievement. The University of North Carolina at Greensboro. doi:10.1.1.564.7 004 

Holland, A., & Andre, T. (1987). Participation in extracurricular activities in secondary school: What is known, what needs to be known?. Review of educational research, 57(4), 437-466. doi: 10.3102/00346543057004437 

Holtz, J. N. (2018). Civil servants' commitment to change: a factor of success regarding the reform of public budgeting and accounting in the State of Brandenburg? (Tesis Sarjana). University of Potsdam. Diperoleh daripada https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/ 201603 

Hourigan, R. M., & Scheib, J. W. (2009). Inside and outside the undergraduate music education curriculum: Student teacher perceptions of the value of skills, abilities, and understandings. Journal of Music Teacher Education, 18(2), 48-61. doi: 10.1177/1057083708327871. 

Hsu, E. (2018). In their hands: Extra-curricular use of technology by high school music students (Tesis Kedoktoran). The William Paterson University of New Jersey. Diperoleh daripada https://search.proquest.com/openview/7677fa0613166911 4aa09a18c7262015 /1?pqorigsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y. 

Hudson, B., Hunter, D., & Peckham, S. (2019). Policy failure and the policy-implementation gap: can policy support programs help?. Policy Design and Practice, 2(1), 1-14. doi: 10.1080/25741292.2018.1540378   

Hunkin, E. (2018) Whose quality? The (mis)uses of quality reform in early childhood and education policy. Journal of Education Policy, 33:4, 443-456.  doi: 10.1080 /02680939.2017.1352032 

Husnil Amin Zakaria & Zaharul Lailiddin Saidon. (2021). Kajian terhadap potensi program busking oleh pelajar UPSI di Gerbang Seni, Lorong Mural, Tanjung Malim sebagai aktiviti pengayaan bagi mengembangkan kemahiran persembahan muzik berdasarkan pendekatan. Jurai Sembah, 2(1), 28-39. https://doi.org/10. 37134/juraisem bah.vol2.1.4.2021 

Hussein Hj Ahmad. (2017). Implementation of strategic education policy plan at micro­level contexts: Management and leadership challenges. MOJEM: Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Management, 2(2), 1-21. Diperoleh daripada http://ajba.um.edu.my/ index.php/MOJEM/article/view/6124 

Ibrahim, M. Y., & Amin, A. (2017). Model kepemimpinan pengajaran pengetua dan kompetensi pengajaran guru. JuKu: Jurnal Kurikulum & Pengajaran Asia Pasifik, 2(1), 11-25. Diperoleh daripada https://juku.um.edu.my/article/view/80 59/5572 

Ibrahim, S. S., & Mohammed, S. (2012). Standard Kompetensi Guru Malaysia (Malaysia Teacher Competency Standard). Research Report. Universiti Malaya. 

Ilari, B., Perez, P., Wood, A., & Habibi, A. (2019). The role of community-based music and sports programmes in parental views of children’s social skills and personality. International Journal of Community Music, 12(1), 35-56. Diperoleh daripada https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/intellect/ijcm/2019/00000012/00000001/art 00 005. 

Indajang, K., Halim, F., & Sudirman, A. (2021). The effectiveness of teacher performance in terms of the aspects of principal leadership, organizational culture, and teacher competence. In Proceedings of the 2nd Annual Conference on Blended Learning, Educational Technology and Innovation (ACBLETI 2020) (Vol. 560, pp. 402-408). Diperoleh daripada https://scholar.google.com/ scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=teacher+competence+pls+sem&btnG= 

Ireland D’Ambrosio, K. E. (2015). The California music project teacher training program as an intervention in poverty and income inequality. (Tesis Kedoktoran). Diperolehi daripada ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 3686092) 

Ishiguro, C., Ishihara, T., & Morita, N. (2021). Extracurricular activity on music and visual art associates with children’academic achievement by transferring each subject score. Research Square. doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-620557/v1 

Ismail, K., Nopiah, Z. M., Mohamad, S. R., & Pang, C. L. (2020). Technical competency among Vocational Teachers in Malaysian Public Skills Training Institutions: Measurement model validation using PLS-SEM. Journal of Technical Education and Training, 12(1). doi: 10.30880/jtet.2020.12.01.017 

Iran Jalapang & Arumugam Raman. (2020). Effect of instructional leadership, principal efficacy, teacher efficacy and school climate on students’ academic achievements. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 9(3), 82-82. doi: 10.36941/ajis-2020-0043 

Jaffurs, S. E. (2004). The impact of informal music learning practices in the classroom, or how I learnedhow to teach from a garage band. International Journal of Music Education, 22(3), 189–200. doi: 10.1177/0255761404047401 

Jamilah Sulaiman & Siti Noor Ismail. (2020). Teacher competence and 21st century skills in transformation schools 2025 (TS25). Univers. J. Educ. Res, 8(8). doi: 10.13189/ujer.2020.080829 

Jasmi, K. A. (2012). Kesahan dan kebolehpercayaan dalam kajian kualitatif. Fakulti Tamadun Islam. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Diperoleh daripada https:// www.researchgate.net/profile/Kamarul-Azmi-Jasmi/publication/293097747_  

Jette, J. G., & Mohd Izham Mohd Hamzah. (2020). Hubungan kemenjadian murid dalam proses pembelajaran dan pemudahcaraan (pdpc) guru: Penilaian pentadbir sekolah. Jurnal Dunia Pendidikan, 2(1), 171-179. Diperolehi daripada http://myjms.moe.gov.my/index.php/jdpd/ article /view/8925/4012 

Jones, H. E. (2005). Jazz in Oklahoma music teacher education (Tesis Kedoktoran). Diperoleh daripada https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0% 2C5&q=JAZZ+IN+ OKLAHOMA+MUSIC+TEACHER+EDUCATION&btn G= 

Jones, M. L., Rush, B. R., Elmore, R. G., & White, B. J. (2014). Level of and motivation for extracurricular activity are associated with academic performance in the veterinary curriculum. Journal of Veterinary Medical Education, 41(3), 275– 283. doi: 10.3138/ jvme.1213-163R 

Jordan, P. J., & Troth, A. C. (2020). Common method bias in applied settings: The dilemma of researching in organizations. Australian Journal of Management, 45(1), 3-14. doi: 10.1177/0312896219871976 

Jordhus-Lier, A., Nielsen, S. G., & Karlsen, S. (2021). What is on offer within Norwegian extracurricular schools of music and performing arts? Findings from a national survey. Music Education Research, 23(1), 62-76. doi: 10.1080/14613808.2020.1866518 

Juchniewicz, J. (2007). Band directors’ preferences and attitudes on the implementation of non-traditional music classes. Research Perspectives in Music Education, 11(1), 6–11. 

Julia, J., Supriyadi, T., & Iswara, P. D. (2020). Training the non-specialist music teacher: insights from an Indonesian action research study. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 8(2), 547-558. Diperoleh daripada https://pdfs. semanticscholar.org/1943/e 9fa8b193bdaafe4debdebdd00b14446279a.pdf 

Jumaev, A., & Abdurahimov, A. (2019). Modern Professional competencies music teachers. International Journal of Progressive Sciences and Technologies, 16(2), 255-257. doi: 10.52155/ijpsat.v16.2.1318 

Kalaichelvi Bhaskaran & Aida Hanim A. Hamid. (2020). Amalan kepimpinan instruksional pengetua di sekolah menengah di bandar Banting. International Journal of Education and Pedagogy, 2(1), 264-284. Diperoleh daripada http://103.8.145.246/index.php/ ijeap/article/view/ 8983/4037 

Kamukama, N., Kyomuhangi, D. S., Akisimire, R., & Orobia, L. A. (2017). Competitive advantage: Mediator of managerial competence and financial performance of commercial banks in Uganda. African Journal of Economic and Management Studies. doi: 10.1108/AJEMS-10-2016-0142 

Karsenti, N. (2019). Vertical Transmission of HIV: Comparison of Policies in North and Sub-Saharan Africa. (Tesis Sarjana). University of Toronto Canada. Diperoleh daripada ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (2324922189). https://www.proquest.com/ dissertations-theses/vertical-transmission-hiv­comparison-policies/docview/ 23249221 89/se-2?accountid=13155 

Kaskens, J., Segers, E., Goei, S. L., van Luit, J. E., & Verhoeven, L. (2020). Impact of Children’s math self-concept, math self-efficacy, math anxiety, and teacher competencies on math development. Teaching and Teacher Education, 94, 103096. doi: 10.1016/j.tate.2020.103096 

Kaur, A., Young, D., & Kirkpatrick, R. (2016). English Education Policy in Thailand: Why the poor results?. English Language Education Policy in Asia, 345– 361. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-22464-0_16 

Kaur, I., Shri, C., & Mital, K. M. (2019). The role of emotional intelligence competencies in effective teaching and teacher’s performance in higher education. Higher Education for the Future, 6(2), 188-206. doi: 10.1177/2347631119840542  

Kelchtermans, G., & Ballet, K. (2002). Micropolitical literacy: Reconstructing a neglected dimension in teacher development. International Journal of Educational Research, 37(8), 755–767. doi: 10.1016/S0883-0355(03)00069-7 

Kelly-McHale, J. (2013). The influence of music teacher beliefs and practices on the expression of musical identity in an elementary general music classroom. Journal of Research in Music Education, 61(2), 195-216. doi: 10.1177/0022429413485439 

Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia (n.d). Kokurikulum. Diakses daripada https:// www.moe.gov.my/pendidikan/pendidikan-menengah/kokurikulum-pendidikan menengah 

Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia. (2013). Ringkasan eksekutif: Pelan pembangunan pendidikan Malaysia 2013 – 2025. Putrajaya: KPM.  

Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia. (1997). Akta Pendidikan 1996, Peraturan­peraturan (Kokurikulum Kebangsaan). Diperoleh daripada https://www.moe. gov.my/en/education/secondary-school/kokurikulum-pendidikan-menengah 

Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia. (2014). Elemen KBAT dalam kokurikulum. Putrajaya: Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia Bahagian Pembangunan Kurikulum. Diakses daripada https://www.moe.gov.my/index.php/pekeliling/ 1812-elemen-kbat-dalam kokurikulum-1/file 

Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia. (2015). Kurikulum standard sekolah menengah: Pendidikan muzik dokumen standard kurikulum dan pentaksiran tingkatan 1. Putrajaya: Malaysia. 

Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia. (2016). Annual report 2016: Malaysian education blueprint 2013 – 2025. Putrajaya: KPM. 

Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia. (2017). Laporan tahunan 2017: Pelan pembangunan pendidikan Malaysia 2013 – 2025. Putrajaya. KPM.  

Khan, A., Fleva, E., & Qazi, T. (2015). Role of self-esteem and general self-efficacy in teachers’ efficacy in primary schools. Psychology, 6, 117-125. doi: 10.4236/psych.2015.61010 

Kiilu, K., Läänemets, U., & Kalamees-Ruubel, K. (2020, May). Skills for creating supportive learning environments–An essential component of teachersprofessional competence. In Society. Integration. Education. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference (Vol. 3, pp. 302-315). doi:10.17770/sie2020vol3.4950 

Kinney, D. W. (2019). Selected nonmusic predictors of urban students’ decisions to enroll and persist in Middle and High School Music Ensemble Electives. Journal of Research in Music Education, 67(1), 23–44. doi: 10.1177/0022429418809972 

Kock, L. (2017). Evaluation of the perceptions and understanding of rehabilitation professionals regarding the healthcare plan 2030. (Tesis Sarjana). University of The Western Cape. Diperolehi daripada https://etd.uwc.ac.za/handle/11394/5968 

Kock, F., Berbekova, A., & Assaf, A. G. (2021). Understanding and managing the threat of common method bias: Detection, prevention and control. Tourism Management, 86, 104330. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2021.104330 

Kock, N. (2016). Hypothesis testing with confidence intervals and P values in PLS­SEM. International Journal of e-Collaboration (IJeC), 12(3), 1-6. doi: 10.4018/ IJeC.2016070101 

Kotrlik, J. W. K. J. W., & Higgins, C. C. H. C. C. (2001). Organizational research: Determining appropriate sample size in survey research appropriate sample size in survey research. Information technology, learning, and performance journal, 19(1), 43. Diperolehi daripada https://www.opalco.com/wp­content/uploads/2014/10/Reading-Sample-Size1.pdf 

Koth, C.W., Bradshaw, C.P., & Leaf, P.J. (2008). A multilevel study of predictors of student perceptions of school climate: The effect of classroom-level factors. Journal of Educational Psychology, 100, 96–104. doi:10.1037/0022­0663.100.1.96 

Kraus, N., Slater, J., Thompson, E.C., Hornickel, J., Strait, D.L., Nicol, T., & White-Schwoch, T. (2014). Music enrichment programs improve the neural encoding of speech in at-risk children. The Journal of Neuroscience, 34, 11913–11918. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1881-14.2014 

Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining Sample Size for Research Activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30(3), 607– 610. doi:10.1177/001316447003000308 

Krnic, M., &Grgat, M. (2016). Extracurricular Music Activities in Elementary Schools of the City of Split. Croatian Journal of Education: Hrvatski casopis za odgoj i obrazovanje, 18(Sp. Ed. 2), 175-185. Diperoleh daripada https://pdfs. semantic scholar.org/d1a5/ 22a74c5f3318b9cfd51 e8cab5b440942e6e4.pdf 

Kutsyuruba, B., Klinger, D. A., & Hussain, A. (2015). Relationships among school climate, school safety, and student achievement and well-being: A review of the literature. Review of Education, 3(2), 103-135. doi: 10.1002/rev3.3043 

Kwan, S. S. (2015). Competencies, instructional support, institutional support, and peer support associated with the implementation of music activities by Novice Preschool teachers. (Tesis Kedoktoran) Tanjong Malim: Faculty of Music and Performing Arts, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris.. 

Lai, E. E. F., & Han, C. G. K. (2018). The relationship between principal leadership and school climate with teacher motivation. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJ - SSH), 3(2), 1–16. doi: 10.47405/mjssh.v3i2.70 

Lau, T.K., Phang, Y. N. & Zainudin Awang. (2019). Statistics (Fourth Edition). Selangor: Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. 

Leenaars, K. (2017). The care sport connector in the netherlands. Diperoleh daripada ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (2562832409). https://www. proquest.com/dissertations-theses/care-sport-connector-netherlands/docview/ 2562832409/se-2?accountid=13155 

Lee, J., & Whittaker, T. A. (2021). The impact of item parceling on structural parameter invariance in multi-group structural equation modeling. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 28(5), 684-698. doi: 10.1080/10705511. 2021.1890604 

Lee, T., Cornell, D., Gregory, A., & Fan, X. (2011). High suspension schools and dropout rates for black and white students. Education and Treatment of Children, 34, 167–192. doi:10.1353/etc.2011.0014 

Lehotka, I. (2019). Music listening in Hungarian education: Possibilities in formal and nonformal education of music listening. Hungarian Educational Research Journal, 9(1), 100-106. doi: 10.1556/063.9.2019.1.8 

Lester, J. N., Lochmiller, C. R., & Gabriel, R. (2016). Locating and applying critical discourse analysis within education policy. education policy analysis archives, 24, 102. doi: 10.14507/epaa.24.2768 

Leung, C. C. (2003). Extra-curricular music activities in Hong Kong secondary schools. Music Education Research, 5(2), 183-197. doi: 10.1080/ 146138 0032000085559 

Liang, J. (2018). The Influence of Music Training on Children's Cognitive Ability. In 2nd International Conference on Art Studies: Science, Experience, Education (ICASSEE 2018). Atlantis Press. Diperoleh daripada daripada https:// www.atlantis-press.com/proceedings/icassee-18/55908443. 

Lindholm-Leary, K., & Borsato, G. (2006). Academic achievement. Educating English language learners: A synthesis of research evidence, 176-222. Diperoleh daripada http://medicine.kaums.ac.ir/uploadedfiles/files/educating_english_language_lear ners.pdf#page=188 

Lin, Y., Hu, Z., Danaee, M., Alias, H., & Wong, L. P. (2021). The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on future nursing career turnover intention among nursing students. Risk management and healthcare policy, 14, 3605–3615. doi: 10.2147/RMHP.S322764 

Logue, G. (2021). A study of teachers’ perceptions of the National Children’s Choir. (Tesis Sarjana). Marino Institute of Education. Diperolehi daripada http://www. tara.tcd.ie/ bitstream/handle/2262/97781/Gr%C3%A1inne%20Logue%20%20 Dissertation%20PME.pdf?sequence=1 

Lubienski, C., Brewer, T. J., & La Londe, P. G. (2016). Orchestrating policy ideas: Philanthropies and think tanks in US education policy advocacy networks. The Australian Educational Researcher, 43(1), 55-73. doi: 10.1007/s13384-015­0187-y 

Lynn, M.R. (1986). Determination and quantification of content validity. Nursing Research 35(6), 381-385. doi: 10.1097/00006199-198611000-00017 

Mahardhika, H., Hartono, H., & Utomo, U. (2019). Music Ensemble Learning in ExtraCurricular Activities by Using Counting Methods. Journal of Primary Education, 8(1), 24-29. Diperoleh daripada https://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/ index.php/jpe/article/view/24953. 

Maheswaran Mariapan & Norfariza Mohd Radzi. (2018). Penilaian prestasi guru sekolah kebangsaan di Kuala Lipis, Pahang. JuPiDi: Jurnal Kepimpinan Pendidikan, 5(4), 20-33. Diperoleh daripada http://jice.um.edu.my/index.php/ JUPIDI/article/view/ 13997 

Mahoney, J. L., Cairns, B. D., & Farmer, T. W. (2003). Promoting interpersonal competence and educational success through extracurricular activity participation. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95(2), 409–418. doi: 10.1037/0022-0663.95.2.409 

Mahoney, J. L., & Cairns, R. B. (1997). Do extracurricular activities protect against early school dropout?. Developmental psychology, 33(2), 241. Diperoleh daripada https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1997-07406-005 

Mahoney, J.L., Eccles, J.S., & Larson, R.W. (2004). Processes of adjustment in organized out-of-school activities: Opportunities and risks. New Directions for Youth Development, 101, 115–144. doi:10.1002/yd.74 

Mak, P. (2006). Learning music in formal, non-formal and informal contexts. Lectorate Lifelong Learning in Music (North Netherlands Conservatoire -Groningen and Royal Conservatoire -The Hague). Diperoleh daripada https://research. hanze.nl/ws/files/ 12409231/mak14_1_.pdf 

Mariapan, M., & Radzi, N. M. (2018). Penilaian prestasi guru sekolah kebangsaan di Kuala Lipis, Pahang. JuPiDi: Jurnal Kepimpinan Pendidikan, 5(4), 20-33. Diperolehi daripada http://jice.um.edu.my/index.php/JUPIDI/article/view/1399 7/8703 

Marjohan Jamalis & Mohd Sofian Omar Fauzee. (2007). Developing human value through extra-curricular activities. The Journal of Human Resource and Adult Learning, 3(1), 53-60. Diperoleh daripada http://www.hraljournal. com/Page/6 Marjohan%20 Jamalis.pdf 

Marsh, H., & Kleitman, S. (2002). Extracurricular school activities: The good, the bad, and the nonlinear. Harvard educational review, 72(4), 464-515. doi: 10.17763/haer.72.4.051388703v7v7736 

Martinez, A., Coker, C., McMahon, S. D., Cohen, J., & Thapa, A. (2016). Involvement in extracurricular activities: Identifying differences in perceptions of school climate. The Educational and Developmental Psychologist, 33(1), 70-84. Diperoleh daripada https://www.cambridge.org /core/journals/ educational-and developmental-psychologist/article/ involvement-in-extracurricular-activities identifying-differences-in-perceptions-of-school-climate/A794A7DC2C9200 AFBDBAE320E6FEA0C1 

Mas Hamidon, Ahmad Johari Sihes dan Hanzalah Mohamed Nor. (2021). View of experts on knowledge competency of Higher Order Thinking Skills in the teaching of Quranic verses comprehension. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 11(8), 1969–1983. doi: 10.6007/IJARBSS/v11-i8/10911 

Mas Hamidon & Ahmad Johari Sihes. (2021). Influence of Islamic Education Teachers Competency on Practice of Higher Order Thinking Skills. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 9(2), 815– 830. doi: 10.6007/IJARPED/v9-i2/8891 

McBer, H. (1996). Scaled competency dictionary. Hay-McBer: Boston, MA, USA. 

McNeely, C.A.,Nonnemaker, J.M., & Blum, R.W. (2002). Promoting school connectedness: Evidence from the national longitudinal study of adolescent health. Journal of School Health, 72, 138–146. doi: 10.1111/j.1746­1561.2002.tb06533.x 

McPherson, G. E., & McCormick, J. (2000). The contribution of motivational factors to instrumental performance in a performance examination. Research Studies in Music Education, 15, 31–39. doi: 10.1177/1321103X0001500105 

McPherson, G. E., & McCormick, J. (2003). The role of self-efficacy in a musical performance examination: An exploratory structural equation analysis. Psychology of Music, 31(1), 37–51. doi: 10.1177/0305735603031001322 

McPherson, G. E., & McCormick, J. (2006). Self-efficacy and performing music. Psychology of Music, 34, 322–336. doi: 10.1177/0305735606064841  

Mees, H.L.P., J.J. Dijk, D.P. van Soest, P.P.J.Driessen, H.F.M.W. van Rijswick, and H. Runhaar (2014). A method for the deliberate and deliberative selection of policy instrument mixes for climate change adaptation, Ecology and Society 19(2): 58. Diperoleh daripada https://www.jstor.org/stable/26269563?seq =1#metadata_ info_tab_ contents 

Michael, S., & Ambotang, A. S. (2019). The relationship between co-curricular management and secondary school student involvement in co-curricular activities. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 4(7), 202-207. Diperoleh daripada https://msocialsciences.com/ index.php/mjssh/ article/view/318/227 

Michael, S., & Ambotang, A. S. (2020). Pengaruh teknologi digital terhadap penglibatan pelajar dalam aktiviti kokurikulum sekolah menengah. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 5(6), 25-32. Diperoleh daripada https://www.msocialsciences.com/ index.php/mjssh/ article/view/417 

Middleton, J. C., & Middleton, J. A. (2017). Review of literature on the career transitions of performing artists pursuing career development. International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance, 17(2), 211-232. doi: 10.1007/s10775-016-9326-x. 

Milne, E. (2017). Implementing indigenous education policy directives in Ontario public schools: experiences, challenges and successful practices. The International Indigenous Policy Journal, 8(3). doi:10.18584/iipj.2017.8.3.2 

Minor, E. C., Desimone, L., Lee, J. C., & Hochberg, E. D. (2016). Insights on how to shape teacher learning policy: The role of teacher content knowledge in explaining differential effects of professional development. Education Policy Analysis Archives/Archivos Analíticos de Políticas Educativas, 24, 1-34. doi: 10.14507/epaa.24. 2365 

Mishra, P., Pandey, C. M., Singh, U., Gupta, A., Sahu, C., & Keshri, A. (2019). Descriptive statistics and normality tests for statistical data. Annals of cardiac anaesthesia, 22(1), 67–72. doi: 10.4103/aca.ACA_157_18 

Mohamad Ridzuan Lau, Hishomudin Ahmad, Mohd Faisol Ibrahim, Nabilah Yusof & Norlelawati Arifin. (2015). Kemahiran insaniah dan aktiviti ko-kurikulum di sekolah menengah dan universiti awam. Language, Education and Research. Diperoleh daripada https://www.researchgate.net /publication/ 296282651   

Mohamed, N. A. S., & Baba, S. (2017). Proses pelaksanaan pengurusan kokurikulum yang diamalkan oleh kumpulan pengurusan kokurikulum di sekolah menegah harian. JuPiDi: Jurnal Kepimpinan Pendidikan, 3(3), 17-43. Diperoleh daripada http://ijie.um.edu.my/index.php/JUPIDI/article/view/8429/5860 

Mohd Azhar Abu Bakar @ Azmeer, Adzrool Idzwan Ismail & Ahmad Hisham Zainal Abidin. (2021). The symbiosis of singing and stage performance in the Malaysian music industry. Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education, 12(3), 1221-1229. doi: 10.17762/turcomat.v12i3.870 

Mohd Faruze Iberahim & Norah Md Noor. (2019). Amalan gamifikasi dalam pengajaran dan pemudahcaraan guru-guru sekolah rendah di Negeri Johor. Innovative Teaching and Learning Journal (ITLJ), 3(2), 8-14. Diperoleh daripada http:// 161.139.21.34/ itlj/index.php/itlj/article/view/39 

Mohd Jaflus Bahari. (2005). Faktor-faktor yang menghalang penglibatan pelajar dalam kegiatan kokurikulum sukan di kalangan pelajar sekolah menengah kebangsaan Daerah Seremban. Jabatan Pendidikan Jasmani dan Kesihatan, Maktab Perguruan Islam. Diperoleh daripada https://www.scribd.com/doc/169042722/Faktor-yg­menghalang-pelajar-dlm-kegiatan-kokurikulum-pdf 

Mohd Majid, K. (2009). Kaedah penyelidikan pendidikan (Keenam). Ampang: Dawana Sdn. Bhd. 

Mohd Ridhuan Mohd Jamil, Shariza Said & Mohd Ibrahim K. Azeez. (2017). Kompetensi guru terhadap pengurusan pengajaran dan pembelajaran: suatu pendekatan teknik Fuzzy Delphi. JuPiDi: Jurnal Kepimpinan Pendidikan, 1(3), 77-88. Diperoleh daripada https://ajap.um.edu.my/ index.php/ JUPIDI/article/ vie w/8303 

Mohd Yusri Ibrahim, Mat Rahimi Yusof, Mohd Faiz Mohd Yaakob & Zurita Othman. (2019). Communication skills: Top priority of teaching competency. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research,18(8), 17-30. doi: 10.26803/ijlter.18.8.2 

Moore, D. S., McCabe, G. P., & Craig, B. A. (2017). Introduction to the practice of statistics ninth edition. New York : W.H. Freeman, Macmillan Learning 

Muhammad Abd Hadi Bunyamin. (2017). Pendidikan STEM bersepadu: Perspektif global, perkembangan semasa di Malaysia, dan langkah kehadapan. Buletin Persatuan Pendidikan Sains dan Matematik Johor, 25(1), 1-6. Diperoleh daripada https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Muhammad-Abd-Hadi-Bunyamin /publication/319852084 

Muhammad, S. R., & Shari, S. N. (2020). Kesalahan tatabahasa Bahasa Melayu dari aspek morfologi dalam penulisan karangan murid sekolah rendah. AL-QIYAM International Social Science and Humanities Journal, 3(2), 77-89. Diperoleh daripada http:// journal.al-qiyam.net/index.php/my1/article/view/67 

Mujere, N. (2016). Sampling in research. In Mixed methods research for improved scientific study (pp. 107-121). IGI Global. doi: 10.4018/978-1-5225-0007­0.ch006 

Mundy, K., Green, A., Lingard, B., & Verger, A. (Eds.). (2016). Handbook of global education policy. John Wiley & Sons. 

Mustaffa, E. N., & Ghani, M. F. A. (2020). Pemikiran futuristik dalam kalangan pemimpin murid SMKA dan SMA di Selangor. JuPiDi: Jurnal Kepimpinan Pendidikan, 7(3), 54-69. Diperoleh daripada https://jupidi.um.edu.my/article/ view/25061 

Mutonyi, B. R., Slåtten, T., & Lien, G. (2021). Fostering innovative behavior in health organizations: a PLS-SEM analysis of Norwegian hospital employees. BMC health services research, 21(1), 1-15. doi: 10.1186/s12913-021-06505-1 

Nambira, G. (2016). Analyzing the determinants of teachers' mathematics teaching competencies in upper primary phase: Evidence from Namibia. International Journal of Innovation and Economic Development, 2(4), 35-47. doi: 10.18775/ijied.1849-7551-7020.2015.24.2004 

Nbina, J. B. (2012). Teachers’ competence and students’ academic performance in senior secondary schools chemistry: is there any relationship?. Global journal of educational research, 11(1), 15-18. doi: 10.4314/gjedr.v11i1.3 

Neely, S. R., & Vaquera, E. (2017). Making it count: Breadth and intensity of extracurricular engagement and high school dropout. Sociological Perspectives, 60(6), 1039-1062. doi:10.1177/0731121417700114  

Ng, C. (2017). Australian primary students’ motivation and learning intentions for extra-curricular music programmes, Music Education Research, 19:3, 276­291, doi: 10.1080/14613808.2015.1095721 

Nilius, E. (2017). Barriers and facilitators of a physical activity based workplace health promotion programme in the administrative sector of sport.(Tesis Kedoktoran). Diperolehi daripada https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Eva-Nilius/ publication/322657040_... 

Nicolescu, L. and Nicolescu, C. (2019). Using PLS-SEM to build an employability confidence model for higher education recipients in the field of business studies. Kybernetes, Vol. 48 No. 9, pp. 1965-1988. doi: 10.1108/K-04-2018-0165 

Niemiec, C. P., & Ryan, R. M. (2009). Autonomy, competence, and relatedness in the classroom: Applying self-determination theory to educational practice. Theory and Research in Education, 7, 133-144. doi:10.1177/1477878509104318 

Nili, A., Tate, M., Barros, A., & Johnstone, D. (2020). An approach for selecting and using a method of inter-coder reliability in information management research. International Journal of Information Management, 54, 102154. doi: 10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102154 

Norgaard, M., Stambaugh, L. A., & McCranie, H. (2019). The effect of jazz improvisation instruction on measures of executive function in middle school band students. Journal of Research in Music Education, 67(3), 339–354. doi: 10.1177/0022429419863038 

Norfariza Mohd Radzi & Nur Fadhillah Muzammil. (2018). Tahap kompetensi guru dalam pelaksanaan kemahiran berfikir aras tinggi di sekolah kebangsaan Daerah Sepang, Selangor. JuKu: Jurnal Kurikulum & Pengajaran Asia Pasifik, 6(4), 12­28. Diperoleh daripada http://juku.um.edu.my 

Norhidayati Hassan & Muhammad Hussin. (2018). Kompetensi guru terhadap pengurusan kokurikulum di daerah Mersing. In Prosiding Seminar Kebangsaan Majlis Dekan Pendidikan Universiti Awam (Vol. 7, p. 8). Diperolehi daripada https://docplayer.info/ 132797986-Kompetensi-guru-terhadap-pengurusan­kokurikulum-di-sekolah-menengah-daerah-mersing.html 

Nor, R. M., Nik Yusoff, N. M. R., & Haron, H. (2019). Pengetahuan Pedagogi Ilmu Kandungan dalam kalangan Guru Seni Visual Sekolah Menengah di Hulu Langat. Malaysian Journal of Education (0126-6020), 44. doi: 10.17576/JPEN­2019-44.01SI-11 

Nurul Farah Adibah Ismail. (2017). Aspirasi pendidikan dalam kalangan pelajar sekolah rendah bandar dan luar bandar Utara Malaysia. (Disertasi Kedoktoran). Universiti Sains Malaysia. Diperoleh daripada https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/ 231832345.pdf 

Nurul Farhana Rerah & Mohd Faisal Mohamed. (2021). Tahap pengetahuan, kemahiran dan sikap guru Pendidikan Islam (GPI) terhadap kesediaan pengajaran dan pembelajaran (PdP) mod atas talian. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 6(10), 82-89. doi: 10.47405/mjssh.v6i10.1076 

Okoro, O. & Amadioha, S. (2016). Using extra curricular activities to develop social morality among lower secondary school students. Journal of University of Port Harcourt of Nigeria. 3. 16-21. Diperoleh daripada https://www.researchgate.net/ publication/ 322384028 

Oladele, O.M. (2018). The assessment of the effectiveness and implementation of Universal Basic Education Policy for Educational Development in Nigeria. US-China Education Review A, 145-155. doi: 10.17265/2161-623X/2018.04.002 

Oliveira, A., McPherson, G., Mota Ribeiro, L., & Oliveira-Silva, P. (2021). Musical achievement during a lockdown: The parental support miracle. Research Studies in Music Education. doi: 10.1177/1321103X211033794 

Omotoye, A. M. T. (2019). Institutional and policy issues experienced in the implementation of Botswana's national disability policy. Journal of Public Affairs, 19(4), e1951. doi: 10.1002/pa.1951 

Osman, M. Z., Kob, C. G. C., & Abdullah, S. S. S. (2019). Competency of teachers in teaching practical implementation of subject Furniture Manufacturing for Malaysian Skills Certification Program. International Journal of Academic Research In Business And Social Sciences, 9(5). doi: 10.6007/IJARBSS/v9­i5/5841   

Othman, R., & Jasni, N. F. A. (2016). Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi penglibatan pelajar dalam aktiviti kokurikulum di Politeknik Tuanku Sultanah Bahiyah. Politeknik & Kolej Komuniti Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 1(1). Diperoleh daripada http://gids.mohe.gov.my/index.php/PMJSSH/article/view/ 1276 

O’Connor, C., & Joffe, H. (2020). Intercoder reliability in qualitative research: Debates and practical guidelines. International Journal of Qualitative Methods. doi: 10.1177/1609406919899220 

O’Neill, S.A. (2005). Organized activities as developmental contexts for children and adolescents. Dalam J.L. Mahoney, R.W. Larson, & J.S. Eccles (Eds.), Organized activities as contexts of development: Extracurricular activities, after-school and community programs (pp. 3–22). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. 

Öztk, Ö., & Öztk, G. (2019). Music teachers' status of participation in in-service training programs and their expectations. Bartin University Journal of Faculty of Education, 8(1), 246-257. doi: 10.14686/buefad.458211 

Öztk, Ö., & Öztk, G. (2020). Music teacher burnout: A discussion in terms of professional status and the value of School Music Education. International Journal of Progressive Education, 16(5), 370-389. doi: 10.29329/ijpe.2020. 277.23 

Pallant, J. (2007). SPSS Survival Manual Berkshire: Open University Press. 

Parsons, J. E., & Simmons, A. L. (2021). Focus of attention verbalizations in beginning band: A multiple case study. Journal of Research in Music Education, 69(2), 152–166. doi: 10.1177/0022429420973638 

Pasha, R. F., & Astuti, K. S. (2019). Efforts to Improve the Ability Technique Play Music Keroncong Uses the Drill Method in Extracurricular in SMAN 1 Pemalang. Paul Adams (2016) Education policy: explaining, framing and forming, Journal of Education Policy, 31:3, 290-307. doi: 10.1080/02680939.2015.1084387 

Peguero, A.A. (2008). Bullying victimization and extracurricular activity. Journal of School Violence, 7, 71–85. doi:10.1080/15388220801955570 

Pendergast, S., & Robinson, N. R. (2020). Secondary students’ preferences for various learning conditions and music courses: A comparison of school music, out-of­school music, and nonmusic participants. Journal of Research in Music Education, 68(3), 264–285. doi: 10.1177/0022429420931826 

Peters, B. G. (2018) The challenge of policy coordination. Policy Design and Practice, 1:1, 1-11. doi: 10.1080/25741292.2018.1437946 

Pitts, S. E. (2008). Extra-curricular music in UK schools: Investigating the aims, experiences and impact of adolescent musical participation. International Journal of Education & the Arts, 9(10), 1-19. Diperoleh daripada http://www. ijea.org/v9n10/ 

Pitts, S. E. (2013). Would you credit it? Navigating the transitions between curricular and extra-curricular learning in university music departments. Arts and Humanities in Higher Education, 12(2-3), 194-203. doi: 10.1177/14740222124 73531. 

Pitts, S. E. (2017). What is music education for? Understanding and fostering routes into lifelong musical engagement. Music Education Research, 19(2), 160-168. doi:10.1080/14613808.2016.1166196  

Plepys, A., Heiskanen, E., & Mont, O. (2015). European policy approaches to promote servicizing. Journal of Cleaner Production, 97, 117–123. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro. 2014.04.029 

Pogrmilovic, B. K., O’Sullivan, G., Milton, K., Biddle, S. J., Bauman, A., Bellew, W., & Pedisic, Z. (2019). The development of the Comprehensive Analysis of Policy on Physical Activity (CAPPA) framework. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 16(1), 1-15. doi: 10.1186/s12966-019-0822-5 

Pooley, T. M. (2016). Extracurricular arts: poverty, inequality and indigenous musical arts education in post-apartheid South Africa. Critical arts, 30(5), 639-654. doi: 10.1080/02560046.2016.1262438 

Portowitz, A. (2018). Values, Belonging, and Motivation in the Twenty-First-Century Music Classroom. Min-Ad: Israel Studies in Musicology Online, 15(2). Diperolehi daripada https://www2.biu.ac.il/hu/mu/min-ad/2018/Adena­Portowitz_Values-Motivation-and-Belonging-in-Music-Education.pdf 

Prasasti, A. (2016). Pengaruh kepemimpinan kepala sekolah, kompetensi guru, dan lingkungan kerja terhadap produktivitas sekolah. Journal of Accounting and Business Education, 2(2).doi: 10.26675/jabe.v2i2.6064 

Ramayah, T. J. F. H., Cheah, J., Chuah, F., Ting, H., & Memon, M. A. (2018). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) using smartPLS 3.0. An updated guide and practical guide to statistical analysis (2nd edition). Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Pearson 

Rasheed, F. A., & Abadi, M. F. (2014). Impact of service quality, trust and perceived value on customer loyalty in Malaysia services industries. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 164, 298-304. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.11.080  

Raza, A., Rather, R. A., Iqbal, M. K., & Bhutta, U. S. (2020). An assessment of corporate social responsibility on customer company identification and loyalty in banking industry: a PLS-SEM analysis. Management Research Review. doI: 10.1108/MRR-08-2019-0341  

Regier, B. J. (2021). High school Jazz Band Directors’ efficacious sources, self-efficacy for teaching strategies, and pedagogical behaviors. Journal of Research in Music Education, 2022;70(1):92-108. doi:10.1177/00224294211024530 

Reid, A. (2001). Variation in the ways that instrumental and vocal students experience learning music. Music Education Research, 3(1), 25-40. doi:10.1080/14613 800020029932 

Robinson, E. M. (2019). An examination of North Carolina Music Educators' preferences of musical competencies. (Tesis Sarjana). East Carolina University. Diperolehi daripada from the Scholarship. (http://hdl.handle.net/10342/7279.) 

Robison, T., Edgar, S. N., Eros, J., Councill, K. H., Fredrickson, W. E., Helmick, J., Hoffman, E. C., Melago, K. A., & Williams, B. A. (2021). Inspiring the next generation of Music Educators: A multiple case study of high school music experiences and career choice. Journal of Research in Music Education, 69(2), 207–227. doi: 10.1177/0022429420975787 

Robison, T., & Russell, J. A. (2021). Factors impacting elementary general music teachers’ career decisions: Systemic issues of student race, teacher support, and family. Journal of Research in Music Education, 69(4), 425-443. doi: 10.1177/0022429421994898 

Rohaida Mazlan. (2017). Tahap pengetahuan, pemahaman dan kesediaan Guru Bahasa Melayu dalam melaksanakan kajian pengajaran. Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Melayu, 7(2), 30-40. Diperoleh daripada http://spaj.ukm.my/jpbm/index.php /jpbm/article/view/156 

Rosenholtz, S. J. (1991). Teachers’ workplace: The social organization of schools. New York, NY: Teachers College Press. 

Rose, D., Bartoli, A. J., & Heaton, P. (2019). Measuring the impact of musical learning on cognitive, behavioural and socio-emotional wellbeing development in children. Psychology of Music, 47(2), 284-303. doi: 10.1177/03057356177 44887. 

Roseth, N. E. (2020). A survey of secondary instrumental teachers’ immediacy, ensemble setup, and use of classroom space in Colorado and Indiana. Journal of Research in Music Education, 68(3), 305–327. doi: 10.1177/0022429420944227 

Roslee Talip & Ranwan Malinkun. (2020). Hubungan iklim organisasi sekolah dan kompetensi kecerdasan emosi guru sebagai mediator ke atas kualiti guru generasi" Y" di sekolah menengah Daerah Kudat. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 5(3), 58-78. doi: 10.47405/mjssh.v5i3.372 

Rosmah Abd Ghani & Mariani Md Nor. (2020). Faktor yang mempengaruhi peranan guru dalam pelaksanaan kurikulum standard prasekolah kebangsaan (KSPK) di Malaysia. JuKu: Jurnal Kurikulum & Pengajaran Asia Pasifik, 8(4), 35-49. Diperoleh daripada https://juku.um.edu.my/article/view/26841 

Rosmani Ali & Nor Aishah Buang. (2018). Kompetensi keusahawanan sebagai mediator kesediaan penerapan elemen keusahawanan dalam kalangan pensyarah Institut Pendidikan Guru (IPG) Jurnal Pendidikan Malaysia (Malaysian Journal of Education), 43(1SI), 123-130.  doi: 10.17576/JPEN-2018-43.03-13 

Rowan, B. D. (2017). Talk, listen, and understand: the impact of a jazz improvisation experience on an amateur adult musician’s mind, body, and spirit. LEARNing Landscapes, 10(2), 257-269. Diperoleh daripada https://learninglandscapes. ca/index.php/learnland/ article/view/Talk-Listen-and-Understand-The-Impact­of-a-Jazz-Improvisation-Experience-on-an-Amateur-AdultMusician %E2% 80%99s-Mind-Body-and-Spirit/816 

Rten, A., Gelius, P., & Abu-Omar, K. (2011). Policy development and implementation in health promotion—from theory to practice: the ADEPT model. Health promotion international, 26(3), 322-329. Diperoleh daripada https://academic.oup.com/heapro/article/26/3/322/ 665048 

Rten, A., Von Lengerke, T., Abel, T., Kannas, L., Lchen, G., Rodríguez Diaz, J. A., Vinck & Van Der Zee, J. (2000). Policy, competence and participation: empirical evidence for a multilevel health promotion model. Health Promotion International, 15(1), 35-47. Doi: 10.1093/heapro/15.1.35 

Saeed, B., Tasmin, R., Mahmood, A., & Hafeez, A. (2021). Development of a multi-item Operational Excellence scale: Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. The TQM Journal. doi: 10.1108/TQM-10-2020-0227 

Saipolbarin Ramli, Muhammad Taufiq Abdul Ghani, Nazri Atoh & Taj Rijal Muhamad Romli. (2019). Integrasi elemen kemahiran berfikir aras tinggi (KBAT) berasaskan kit media dalam amalan pembelajaran dan pemudahcaraan guru pelatih Bahasa Arab. International Journal of Language Education and Applied Linguistics, 33-44. doi: 10.15282/ijleal.v9.308 

Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2016). Research methods for business: A skill building approach. John Wiley & Sons. 

Shahanum Md Shah. (2016). Globalization? Localization? In the aftermath of the dual identity issue in Asian music education: Policy and music curricular developments in Malaysia. ISME Commission on Music Policy: Culture, Education, and Mass Media, 534. 

Sharma, G. (2017). Pros and cons of different sampling techniques. International journal of applied research, 3(7), 749-752. Diperoleh daripada https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/58765080/Pros_and_cons_of_sampling­with-cover-page-v2.pdf? 

Shaw, B. P. (2021). A National analysis of music coursetaking, social-emotional learning, and academic achievement using propensity scores. Journal of Research in Music Education, 69(4), 382-401. doi: 10.1177/00224294211006 415 

Shaw, R. D. (2020). Instructional expertise and micropolitics: The social networks of instrumental music teachers. Journal of Research in Music Education, 68(3), 328–350. doi: 10.1177/0022429420920634 

Shmueli, G., Sarstedt, M., Hair, J. F., Cheah, J. H., Ting, H., Vaithilingam, S., & Ringle, C.M. (2019). Predictive model assessment in PLS-SEM: guidelines for using PLSpredict". European Journal of Marketing. Doi: 10.1108/EJM-02-2019-0189 

Shuangmiao, H., & Fugui, Y. (2017) China’s education policymaking: a policy network perspective. Journal of Education Policy, 32:4, 389-413, doi: 10.1080/02680 939.2017.1291998 

Siagian, R. C., Besral, B., Achadi, A., & Ayuningtyas, D. (2019). A predictive policy model to forecast outcomes of drug development in developing countries. International Journal of Health Governance. doi: 10.1108/IJHG-11­2018-0061 

Siagian, R. C., Ayuningtyas, D., Soewondo, P., Thabrany, H., Achadi, A., & Bachtiar, N. S. (2021). Assessment of country readiness for drug development: A qualitative study in Indonesia. World Medical & Health Policy. doi: 10.1002/wmh3.440 

Siagian, R. C., & Ayuningtyas, D. (2019). Gap analysis for drug development policy­making: An attempt to close the gap between policy and its implementation. PloS one, 14(8). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0220605 

Sichivitsa, V. O. (2007). The influences of parents, teachers, peers and other factors on students' motivation in music. Research Studies in Music Education, 29(1), 55-68. doi: 10.1177/1321103X07087568 

Sidik, I. F. B., Awang, M. M. B., & Ahmad, A. R. B. (2016). Etos dan budaya sekolah memberi kesan kepada kemenjadian pelajar. In Proceeding 7th International Seminar on Regional Education (Vol. 1, pp. 226-235). Diperoleh daripada https:// isre.prosiding.unri.ac.id/index.php/ISRE/article/view/3042 

Silveira, J. M., & Silvey, B. A. (2020). Effects of Ensemble Size and Repertoire Difficulty on Ratings of Concert Band Performances. Journal of Research in Music Education, 68(2), 138–155. doi: 10.1177/0022429420908280 

Simonsen-Rehn, N., Øvretveit, J., Laamanen, R., Suominen, S., Sundell, J., & Brommels, M. (2006). Determinants of health promotion action: comparative analysis of local voluntary associations in four municipalities in Finland. Health promotion international, 21(4), 274-283. doi: 10.1093/heapro/dal026 

Simpson, D. J. (2001). John Dewey’s Concept of the Student. Canadian Journal of Education / Revue Canadienne de l’éducation, 26(2), 183–200. doi: 10.2307/1602200 

Siti Nazalia Kiprawi, Ahmad Zabidi Abdul Razak & Megat Ahmad Kamaluddin Megat Daud. (2020). Mediasi pengurusan kualiti dalam model kecerdasan emosi dan kompetensi kepimpinan pengetua. MOJPC: Malaysia Online Journal of Psychology & Counselling, 7(2), 30-49. Diperolehi daripada https://ajap.um.edu.my/index.php/MOJC/article/ view/ 27432 

Siti Noor Ismail, Shamsuddin Muhammad, Mohd Norakmar Omar & Arumugam Raman. (2020). Technical competency among Vocational Teachers in Malaysian Public Skills Training Institutions: Measurement model validation using PLS-SEM. Journal of Technical Education and Training, 12(1). doi: 10.30880/jtet.2020.12.01.017 

Siti Noor Ismail, Yahya Don, Fauzi Husin & Rozalina Khalid. (2018). Instructional leadership and teachers' functional competency across the 21st century learning. International Journal of Instruction, 11(3), 135-152. doi: 10.12973/iji. 2018.11310a 

Sjin, D. & Roman, C. (2018) Family practices among Swedish parents: extracurricular activities and social class, European Societies, 20:5, 764­784. doi: 10.1080/14616696.2018.1473622 

Skaalvik, E. M., & Skaalvik, S. (2014). Teacher self-efficacy and perceived autonomy: Relations with teacher engagement, job satisfaction, and emotional exhaustion. Psychological Reports, 114, 68-77. doi:10.2466/14.02.PR0.114k14w0 

Skinner, E., & Belmont, M. (1993). Motivation in the classroom: Reciprocal effects of teacher behavior and student engagement across the school year. Journal of Educational Psychology, 85, 571–581. doi:10.1037//0022-0663.85.4.571 

Sloboda, J. A., Davidson, J. W., Howe, M. J. A., & Moore, D. G. (1996). The role of practice in the development of performing musicians. British Journal of Psychology, 87, 287–309. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8295.1996.tb02591.x 

Small, C. (1999). Musicking-the meanings of performing and listening. Music Education Research, 1(1). 9-21. doi: 10.1080/1461380990010102 

Smit, E., Leenaars, K. E. F., Wagemakers, M. A. E., Molleman, G. R. M., Koelen, M. A., & Van Der Velden, J. (2015). Evaluation of the role of Care Sport Connectors in connecting primary care, sport, and physical activity, and residents’ participation in the Netherlands: study protocol for a longitudinal multiple case study design. BMC Public Health, 15(1), 1-13. doi:10.1186/s12889-015-1841-z 

Spillane, J. P., Kim, C. M., & Frank, K. A. (2012). Instructional advice and information providing and receiving behavior in elementary schools: Exploring tie formation as a building block in social capital development. American Educational Research Journal, 49(6), 1112–1145. doi: 10.3102/0002831212459339 

Subramaniam Kolandan, Arumugam Raman & Fahainis Mohd Yusof. (2020). Measuring the competency of teachers in business studies towards students' academic achievement. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 8(8), 3475­3483. doi: 10.13189/ujer.2020.080822 

Suhaili Mohd Yusoff & Tengku Faekah Tengku Ariffin. (2020). Hubungan di antara kepimpinan kontekstual pengetua dengan kesejahteraan guru di tempat kerja: Pengupayaan guru sebagai mediator. Journal of Advanced Research in Social and Behavioural Sciences, 19(1), 90-100. Diperolehi daripada https://akademiabaru. com/submit/index.php/arsbs/article/view/1496 

Supermard, T., Sitompul, H., & Badiran, M. (2020). The effect of learning methods and learning interests on music playing skill ensembles in State Junior High School 6 Academic Year 2019-2020. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 488. Diperolehi daripada https://scholar. google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&as_ylo=2018&scioq=music+ensm ble+students+improve+playing&q=music+ensembel+improve+student+music+ skills&btnG= 

Sušic, B. B. (2018). Preschool teachers’ music competencies based on preschool education students’ self-assessment. Croatian Journal of Education, 20, 113-129. doi: 10.15516/cje.v20i0.3048 

Swanwick, K. (2008). The ‘good-enough’music teacher. British Journal of Music Education, 25(1), 9-22. Diperoleh daripada https://www.cambridge.org/ core/journals/british-journal-of-musiceducation/article/goodenough-music teacher/A558EAC5ED642F6E1E0F7A18C473D034. 

Taufik Solihin & Mafizatun Nurhayati. (2018). The influence of professional commitment on competency development with achievement needs and sharing knowledge as a mediation variables in State Vocational Schools in South Tangerang City. International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, 5 (10). Diperolehi daripada https://ijisrt.com/assets/upload/files/ IJISRT20OCT205.pdf 

Teachout, D. J. (1997). Preservice and experienced teachers’ opinions of skills and behaviors important to successful music training. Journal o f Research in Music Education, 45(1), 41-50. doi: 10.2307/3345464 

Tehseen, S., Ahmed, F. U., Qureshi, Z. H., Uddin, M. J., & Ramayah, T. (2019). Entrepreneurial competencies and SMEs’ growth: the mediating role of network competence. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Administration. doi: 10.1108/APJBA-05-2018-0084 

Tezera, D. (2019). Factors for the successful implementation of policies. Merit Research Journals of Education and Review, 7(8), 92-95. doi: 10.5281/zenodo. 3382780 

Thapa, A.; Cohen, J.; Guffey, S.; Higgins-D'Alessandro, A. (2013). A review of School Climate Research. Review of Educational Research, 83(3), 357–385. doi:10.3102/0034654313483907 

Tosun, J., & Lang, A. (2017). Policy integration: mapping the different concepts. Policy Studies, 38(6), 553–570. doi:10.1080/01442872.2017.1339239 

Trein, P., Meyer, I., & Maggetti, M. (2018). The integration and coordination of public policies: A systematic comparative review. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice, 1–18. doi:10.1080/13876988.2018.1496667 

Tucker-Drob, E. M., Cheung, A. K., & Briley, D. A. (2014). Gross domestic product, science interest, and science achievement: A person × nation interaction. Psychological Science, 25(11), 2047–2057.doi: 10.1177/0956797614548726 

Vazirani, N. (2010). Review paper: Competencies and competency model–A brief overview of its development and application. SIES Journal of management. 7(1). 121-131. doi: 10.1.1.469. 7219&rep=rep1&type=pdf#page=123 

Verger, A., Altinyelken, H. K., & Novelli, M. (Eds.). (2018). Global education policy and international development: New agendas, issues and policies. Bloomsbury Publishing. 

Vidulin, S. (2016). Extracurricular musical activities in primary school from the teachers’ point of view. In Music Education–Terra Cognita? (pp. 6-22). doi: 10.5817/CZ.MUNI.P210-8443-2016  

Vidulin, S. (2020). Music teaching in regular class and extracurricular music activities in Croatia: State and perspectives. Hungarian Educational Research Journal, 10(2), 143-154. doi: 10.1556/063.2020.00015 

Viennet, R. and B. Pont (2017), "Education policy implementation: A literature review and proposed framework", OECD Education Working Papers, No. 162, OECD Publishing, Paris. doi: 10.1787/fc467a64-en. 

Vitiello, G. (2017). The brain is like an orchestra. Better yet, it is like a jazz combo, which doesn’t need a conductor. Chaos, 11(1), 2017. Diperoleh daripada https:// www.researchgate.net/profile/ Giuseppe_Vitiello/publication/32056653   

Wahi Sanusi. (2010). Kaedah pengajaran jurulatih (pancaragam) yang cemerlang dalam membentuk pasukan pancaragam Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Tengku Lela Segara, Marang Terengganu: satu kajian kes (Tesis Sarjana yang tidak diterbitkan). Tanjong Malim: Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris.  

Wahyudi, A., Qomariah, N., & Sanosra, A. (2022). Analysis of the effect of teacher competency and work environment on teacher performance with motivation as intervening variable at Private Vocational School in Bondowoso District. International Journal of Management Science and Information Technology, 2(1), 19-27. doi: 10.35870/ijmsit.v2i1.462 

Wang, M. T., & Degol, J. L. (2015). School climate: A review of the construct, measurement, and impact on student outcomes. Educational Psychology Review, 1-38. doi: 10.1007/s10648-015-9319-1 

Wea, D. (2021). Upaya meningkatkan kinerja dan kompetensi Guru Pendidikan Agama Katolik di Papua. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Agama Katolik, 1(1), 22-43. Doi: 10.52110/jppak 

Weininger, E. B., Lareau, A., & Conley, D. (2015). What money doesn't buy: Class resources and children's participation in organized extracurricular activities. Social Forces, 94(2), 479-503. doi: 10.1093/sf/sov071 

Wellington, E. (2012). Reasons for change in career to teaching and challenges faced among the teacher trainees in a one-year post graduate teacher education course in music education at a teachers’ training institution in Kuala Lumpur. Malaysian Journal of Music, 1(2), 44-58. Diperolehi daripada http://ojs.upsi.edu.my/index.php/MJM/article/view/571 

Westerlund, H., Karlsen, S., & Partti, H. (2020). Visions for intercultural music teacher education (p. 219). Springer Nature. Diperolehi daripada https://library. oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/23105/1007053.pdf?sequence=1 

West, C. (2011). Teaching middle school jazz: An exploratory sequential mixed methods study. Dissertation Abstracts International, 72(8). (UMI No. 3459081) 

West, C. (2015). What research reveals about School Jazz Education. Update: Applications of Research in Music Education, 33(2), 34–40. doi: 10.1177/8755123314547825 

Wilson, N. (2009). Impact of extracurricular activities on students. Diperoleh daripada https://minds.wisconsin.edu/bitstream/handle/1793/43405/2009wilsonn.pdf?seq uence =1 

Woody, R. H., Fraser, A., Nannen, B., & Yukevich, P. (2019). Musical identities of older adults are not easily changed: an exploratory study. Music Education Research, 21(3), 315-330. doi: 10.1080/14613808.2019.1598346. 

Wong, J. (2018). Advocacy now: The importance of Music Education. Diperoleh daripada https://era.library.ualberta.ca/items/da3694d0-4789-4624-8bc67765 ab 7d1d10. 

Yahya Don & Ibrahim. (2019). The effectiveness of teacher leadership and students involvement in co-curricular activities in Malaysia secondary school. Borneo International Journal of Islamic Studies, 1(2), Diperoleh daripada https://jour nal.iain-samarinda.ac.id/index.php/bijis/ article/view/1502/pdf 

Yoo, H. (2021). A Motivational Sequence Model of High School Ensemble Students’ Intentions to Continue Participating in Music. Journal of Research in Music Education, 69(2), 167–187. doi: 10.1177/0022429420954880 

Yusmady Md Junus, Abdul Qayyum Nazri, Nabilah Hanim Mohd Anuar, Noralvina Nazri, Rafiza Mohamed & Rosmiza Awang Noh. (2019). Kecenderungan pemilihan kursus kokurikulum dan pembelajaran servis pelajar diploma di UTM Kuala Lumpur. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 4(4), 81-90. Diperoleh daripada https://www.msocialsciences.com/index.php /mjssh /article/view/ 241/174 

Young, L. N., Cordes, S., & Winner, E. (2014). Arts involvement predicts academic achievement only when the child has a musical instrument. Educational Psychology, 34(7), 849-861. doi: 10.1080/01443410.2013.785477 

Young, M. (2014). What is a curriculum and what can it do?. Curriculum Journal, 25(1), 7-13. doi: 10.1080/09585176.2014.902526 

Zahan, R. (2013). Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation program: Status in Bangladesh. (Tesis Sarjana). Erlangen, Germany: The Institute of Sport Science and Sport, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 1-135. 

Zainal Ariffin Zainuddin, Yaakob Daud & Saiful Azmi Mohd Nor. (2016). Pengurusan kokurikulum dan tahap penglibatan pelajar dalam aktiviti kokurikulum di Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Daerah Kuala Terengganu. Proceeding of ICECRS, 1, 891-900. Diperoleh daripada http://repo.uum.edu.my/23083/1/ ICECRS% 2C%201% 20%282016%29%20891-900.pdf 

Zakaria, A., & Mansor, A. Z. (2018). Peranan guru besar dalam pengurusan kokurikulum daripada perspektif guru penasihat kokurikulum sekolah rendah di zon Cheras, Daerah Hulu Langat, Selangor. Selangor Humaniora Review, 2(2), 80-94. Diperoleh daripada http://share.journals.unisel.edu.my/ojs/index.php/ share/article/view/112/20 

Zakhir, M. (2019). Extracurricular activities in TEFL classes: A self-centered approach. Journal of Education, 7(02), 119-137. Diperoleh daripada https://revistas.rcaap. pt/sisyphus/article/view/17590. 

Zalina Mohd Tahira, Norihan Abu Hassana & Nooraini Othmana. (2013). Performance measurement for extracurricular management at secondary school level. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 81, 438-442. doi: 10.1016/j. sbspro.2013.06.456 

Zen, A. S., & Tek, O. E. (2018). Tahap kebiasaan, kefahaman konseptual, penguasaan dan minat terhadap Kemahiran Proses Sains dalam kalangan Guru Sains. Jurnal Pendidikan Sains dan Matematik Malaysia, 8(2), 45-59. Diperoleh daripada https://ejournal.upsi.edu.my/index.php/JPSMM/issue/view/206 

Zhang, D. & Tang, X.(2017). The influence of extracurricular activities on middle school students’ science learning in China, International Journal of Science Education, 39:10, 1381-1402. doi: 10.1080/09500693.2017.1332797 

Zhao, X., Lynch Jr, J. G., & Chen, Q. (2010). Reconsidering Baron and Kenny: Myths and truths about mediation analysis. Journal of consumer research, 37(2), 197­206. doi: 10.1086/651257 

Zulazri Yusof (2020). Pembangunan aplikasi Ipad “Digital Gamelan” untuk pengajaran dan pembelajaran Gamelan Melayu Tingkatan Satu. (Tesis Sarjana yang tidak diterbitkan). Tanjung Malim: Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris.