UPSI Digital Repository (UDRep)
Start | FAQ | About
Menu Icon

QR Code Link :

Type :thesis
Subject :QA Mathematics
Main Author :Mohamad Ihsan Muhamad Ismail
Title :Hubungan paras partikel terampai (PM10) dengan parameter meteorologi dan simptom penyakit pernafasan di Ipoh Perak
Place of Production :Tanjong Malim
Publisher :Fakulti Sains Kemanusiaan
Year of Publication :2023
Corporate Name :Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
PDF Guest :Click to view PDF file

Abstract : Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
Kajian bertujuan untuk menentukan hubungan partikel terampai PM10 dan PM2.5 dengan parameter meteorologi melibatkan suhu, kelembapan, kelajuan angin serta simptom penyakit pernafasan iaitu batuk, selesema, bersin, dan sesak nafas. Kajian menggunakan kaedah pencerapan di lapangan, borang soal selidik dan dapatan data sekunder dari Jabatan Meteorologi Malaysia. Data mentah dari pencerapan, soal selidik dan data sekunder yang diperolehi dianalisis secara deskriptif melibatkan purata, median, maksimum dan minimum dan seterusnya dianalisis secara inferensi menggunakan ujian parametrik dan bukan parametrik. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa pola partikel terampai PM10 dan PM2.5 adalah sangat tinggi di bahagian pusat bandar dan tinggi di beberapa kawasan pinggir bandar yang berdekatan dengan kawasan industri. Pola partikel terampai yang tinggi ini sangat mempengaruhi parameter meteorologi terutamanya suhu dan parameter kelembapan juga terkesan dengan pengaruh kekuatan yang sederhana. Dapatan data dari Jabatan Meteorologi juga menunjukkan dalam tempoh 10 tahun keadaan suhu dan kelembapan berada pada tahap tinggi. Dilihat dari kesan kepada simptom penyakit pernafasan, dapatan kajian menunjukkan bersin, batuk dan selesema merupakan simptom yang tertinggi dihidapi oleh responden. Keseluruhan dapatan kajian menunjukkan kepekatan partikel terampai bukan sahaja menggangu parameter meteorologi, malahan juga menjadi penyebab kepada masalah simptom penyakit pernafasan penduduk di Ipoh.

References

Abdul Mujid A, Zailinah, Juliana & Shamsul Bahri (2003). Partikel ternafas (PM10) dan hubungannya dengan Sistem respiratori di kalangan kanak-kanak sekolah Di sungai siput utara, Perak .Unit Kesihatan Persekitaran Dan Pekerjaan, Jabatan Kesihatan Komuniti, Fakulti Perubatan Dan Sains Kesihatan. Serdang, Selangor: Universiti Putra Malaysia. 

 

Abdul Mutalib S.N.S., Juahir H., Azid R., Sharifah M.T., Latif M.T., & Dominica D. (2013). Spatial and Temporal Air Quality Pattern Recognition Using Environmetric Techniques: A Case Study in Malaysia. Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts (2013; Vol  15, pp 1717) 

 

Abdul Rahman, M., Lee Keat Teong & Irvan Dahlan (2015). Pengenalan Kepada Pencemaran Udara. Pulau Pinang : Universiti Sains Malaysia. 

 

Almedia S.M., Farinha M.M., Ventura M.G., Pio C.A., Freitas M.C., Reis M.A., & Trancoso M.A. (2007). Measuring Air Particulate Matter in Large Urban Areas for Health Effect Assessment. University Santiago, Portugal. (2007; Vol 179: pp 43-55). 

 

Atkinson R.W., Fuller G.W., Anderson H.R., & Armstrong B. (2010). Urbun Ambient Particle Metriks And Health. Atime Seri Analysis. Epidemiology Jurnal. (2010; Vol 21 : pp 501-11). 

 

Amann M., Johansson M., Lukewille A., Schopp W., Apsimon H., Warren R., Gonzales T., Tarrason L., & Tsyro S. (2001). An Integrated Assessment Model for Fine Particulate Matter in Europe. International Institute for Applied systems Analysis (IISA), Luxenburg, Austria. (2001; Vol 130: 223-228). 

 

Atkinson R.W., Anderson H.R., Jordi Sunyer, Jon Ayres, Michela Baccini, Vonk J.M., Azzedine Boumghar, Ferancesco Forastiere, Bertil Forsberg, Giota Touloumi, Joel Schwartz, & Klea Katsouyanni (2001). Acute Effects of Particulate Air Pollution on Respiratory Admissions. Department of Public Health Sciences, St. George’s Hospital Medical School, London, United Kingdom. (2001; Vol 164: pp 1860-1866). 

 

Arasinah K., Rahim B., Ramlah H., &Soaiab A.(2012). Kesahan dan Kebolehpecayaan Instrumen Kopentensi Rekaan. Jurnal Pendidikan Malaysia. (2012; Vol 2 No.37:pp 11-19) 

 

Audrey, B. (2014). Evaluation of Particulate Matter Inside Control Rooms At A Quarry And Processing Facility.Science In Occupational Health, University of Teledo. 

 

Asghar Ghasemi & Saleh Zahediasl (2012). Normality Tests for Statistical Analysis: A Guide for Non-Statisticians. Int J Endocrinol Metab. 2012;10(2):486-9. DOI: 10.5812/ijem.3505 

 

Avol E.L., Gauderman W.J., Tan S.M., London S.J., & Peters J.M. (2001). Respiratory Effects of Relocating To Areas of Differing Air Pollution Levels. Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California.  (2001; Vol 164: pp 2067-2072). 

 

Awang Mb, Jaafar Ab, Abdullah Am, Ismail Mb, Hassan Mb, Abdullah R, Johan S, Noor H., (2000). Air quality in Malaysia: Impacts, management issues and future challenges. Respirology 2000; 5: 183–196 

 

Ayeo, B.H. (2012). Challenges In Air Pollution Modelling: Focusing On Transport, Model Evaluation, And Impact On Human Health. University Of Copenhagen and Environmental Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Denmark. 

 

Babatunde, S. B., Kofoworola A. O., & Oluwajana, A. (2013). Air Quality Assessment In The Vicinity Of Cement Company. Journal Of Natural Sciences, UK, Research Training and Development. (Vol 1, No.2: pp 34 – 42). 

 

Bluett J., Gimson N., Fisher G., Heydenrych C., Freeman T., & Godfrey J. (2004). Good Practice Guide for Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling. Ministry for the Environment, Wellington, New Zealand.  

 

Brook R.D., Sanjay Rajagopalan, Arden Pope III, Brook J.R., Aruni Bhatnagar, Diez-Roux A.V., Holguin F., Yuling Hong, Luepkar R.V., Mittleman M.A., Peters A., Siscovick D., Smith S.C., Whitsel L.,  and Kaufman J.D., (2010). Particulate Matter Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Disease: An Update to the Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association. American Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention, Council on the Kidney in Caediovascular Disease, and Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity and Metabolism. (2010; Vol 121: pp 2331-2378.). 

 

Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff J. Ankney & Karen T. Lee. (2020). Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, 4th edition (Chapter 14: The Respiratory System). Published by Pearson (September 18th 2020). 

 

Chi-Min Wanga, Chau-Ren Junga, Wei-Ting Chen & Bing-Fang Hwang. (2019). Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) and Pediatric Rheumatic Diseases. Department of Occupational Safety and Health, College of Public Health, China Medical University, No 91 Hsueh-Shih Rd, Taichung 40402, Taiwan. Environment International 138 (2020) 105602. 

 

Cheung K., Daher N., Kam W., Shafer M.M., Ning Z., & Schauer J.J. (2011). Spatial and Temporal Variation of Chemical Composition Andmass Closure of Ambient Coarse Particulatematter (PM10–2.5) In The Los Angeles Area. Atmos Environ (2011;Vol 45:pp 2651–62). 

 

Christina, T. (2009). Respiratory System Disorders and Therapy : From a New Dynamic Viewpoint. Louis Bolk Instituut, Driebergen, Netherlands. ISBN: 978-90-74021-39-5 

 

CIDB, (2015). Lembaga Pembangunan Industri Pembinaan Malaysia : Buletin Statistik Pembinaan Suku Tahuan 2015. Bahagian 2: Projek Pembinaan Dalam Negara Suku 4 :www.cidb.gov.my. 

 

Country Synthesis Report. (2006). Asian Development Bank and the Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities (CAI-Asia) Center. All rights reserved. Published 2006 by the Asian Development Bank (ADB). Printed in the Philippines. 

 

Creswell, J.W. 2012. Educational Research: Planning, Conducting and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research. (4th edt.). Boston, MA: Pearson Education. 

 

Dana L.D., (2011). Introduction to Primary Research: Observation, Surveys and Interviews. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. ISBN 978-1-60235-184-4.Ebook. 

 

Daniel A., & Kristen A., (2013). America’s Children and the Environment (Third Edition). EPA 240-R-13-001: January 2013. Environmental Protection Agency: United States. 

 

Daniel Dunea, Stefania Iordache, & Alin Pohoata (2016). International Journal of Environmental Researchand Public Health Article Fine Particulate Matter in Urban Environments: A Trigger of Respiratory Symptoms in Sensitive Children. Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Food Science and Faculty of Sciences and Arts, Valahia University of Targoviste. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311912818 

 

Deni Septiadi. (2016). Kajian Meteorologi Untuk Memenuhi Persyaratan dan Kriteria Keselamatan dari Tahap Awal Penentuan Tapak, Desain dan Konstruksi. Prosiding Seminar Kebangsaan Nuklir 2016. 

 

Daniel, J.H. (1994). Occupational Skin Disorders: Occupational Skin Disease. University Of Michigan: Igaku-Shoin. 

 

David, J.N., Satoshi, H., Allison, B., & Grenffield, E. (2014). Tree And Forest Effects On Air Quality Anf Human Health In Unites States. USA: Environmental Pollution. (No. 193 : pp 119 – 129). 

 

DeVellis, R.F. 2003. Scale Development Theory and Applications. (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications. 

 

Dissanayake. (2013). Research, Research gap and the Research Problem. Deparment of Commerce and financial Management. Faculty of Commerce and Management Studies. University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka. 

 

Fairus, M.D., Azni, Z.A., & Mohd Talib, L. (2011). Preliminary Assessment of Indoor Air Quality in Terrace Houses, Health and the Enviroment Journal. (Vol 2: pp8-14). 

 

Faith Orcan (2020). Parametric or Non-parametric: Skewness to Test Normality for Mean Comparison. International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education. (2020, Vol. 7, No. 2, 255–265) https://doi.org/10.21449/ijate.656077 

 

Fatma, O., Alahmar, Murnira, O., Nurul Bahiyah, A.W., Azhar, A.H., & Mohd Talib, L. (2012). Compositions of Dust Fall Around Semi-Urbun Areas in Malaysia. Aerosol And Air Quality Research, (Vol 12:pp 629 – 642). 

 

F. B. Hasan, B. N. Midyurova1 & T. M. Mihalev (2021). Temperature Effect on Particulate Matter Concentrations PM 10 during the heating season in Burgas. Burgas “Asen Zlatarov” University, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Ecology and Environment Protection 2 Executive agency for the environment, Burgas, Bulgaria. IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1031 (2021) 012002 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1031/1/012002 

 

Geoff Norman (2020). Likert Scales, Levels of Measurement and the ‘‘Laws’’of Statistics. Advances in Health Sciences Education-2020. Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2010. McMaster University, 1200 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON L8N3Z5, Canada. 

 

German Hernandez, Terri-Ann Berry, Shannon L Wallis & David Poyner (2017).Temperature and Humidity Effects on Particulate Matter Concentrations in a Sub-Tropical Climate During Winter.International Proceedings of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, V0l. 102 (2017)DOI: 10.7763/IPCBEE. 2017. V102. 8 

 

Gilbert, R.O. (1987). Statistical Methods for Environmental Pollution Monitoring. John Wiley &  

Sons, New York. 

 

Gloria, T.V. (2014). Characterization of Atmospheric Aerosol Particles Using In-Situ Techniques: Optical, Chemical and Hygroscopic Properties. Tesis Doctoral. University Of Granada: ISBN: 978-84-9125-020-3. 

 

Gregory James Fernandez & Tjokorda Istri Anom Saturti,SpPD. (2017). Dalam Rangka Menjalani Kepaniteraan Klinik Madya Penyakit Dalam. Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Udayana, Rsup Sanglah.(Tinjauan Pustaka) 

 

Gordon, M. & Frank, M. (2003). Air Pollution and Helth in Developing Counteries. United Kingdom: Earthscan Publications Ltd. 

 

H. Md. Azamathulla a, Chun Kiat Chang, Aminuddin Ab. Ghani, Junaidah Ariffin, Nor Azazi Zakaria , & Zorkeflee Abu Hasan (2009). An ANFIS-based approach for predicting the bed load for moderately sized rivers. Journal of Hydro-environment Research (Vol. 3: pp 35-44) 

 

 

 

Hae-Young Kim (2013). Statistical Notes for Clinical Researchers: Assessing Normal Distribution (2) Using Skewness and Kurtosis. Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics (RDE). Department of Dental Laboratory Science & Engineering, Korea University College of Health Science, Seoul, Korea. ISSN 2234-7658 (print) / ISSN 2234-7666 (online). 

 

Hai-Ying Liu, Daniel Dunea, Stefania Iordache & Alin Pohoata (2018). A Review of Airborne Particulate Matter Effects onYoung Children’s Respiratory Symptomsand Diseases. Department of Environmental Impacts and Sustainability, Norwegian Institute for Air Research. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324542977. 

 

Haliza Abdul Rahman, Noraini Mansor & Noor Aini Hussain (2011). Kajian Kesihatan Respiratori Berkaitan Pencemaran Udara Akibat Lalu Lintas dalam Kalangan Kanak-kanak Sekolah Rendah dengan Rujukan kepada Sekolah Kebangsaan Langgar dan Sekolah Kebangsaan Demit, Kota Bharu, Kelantan. Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia 9 (1) 2011: 13-21 

 

Hanna S.R.(1989). Confidence limits for air quality model evaluations, as estimated by bootstrap and jackknife resampling methods. Atmospheric Environment (1967).(1989;23(6):1385-98.) 

 

Health Information Service (1999). Menagament Of Health And Safety At Work, Report. Dikeluarkan oleh www.hsebooks.co.uk. 

 

HSC (Health and Safety Commission) (1999). Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999, U.K. Statutory Instruments. 1999 No. 3242. 

 

Irniza Rasdi dan Suhainizam Muhamad Saliluddin (2015). Kesan Pendedahan Partikel Terampai Kepada Kesihatan Mental dan Fizikal di Kalangan Polis Trafik. Meneroka Interaksi Dinamik dalam Kesihatan Persekitaran. 183-194. ISBN 789832408291. 

 

Ioannis Manisalidis, Elisavet Stavropoulou, Agathangelos Stavropoulos and Eugenia Bezirtzoglou (2020). Environmental and Health Impacts of Air Pollution: A Review. Frontier in Public Health. Volume 8: Article 14. 

 

Jabatan Alam Sekitar (1996). Laporan Kualiti Alam Sekeliling Malaysia Kuala Lumpur: Jabatan  Alam Sekitar. Kementerian 

 

Jabatan Alam Sekitar (1997). Laporan Kualiti Alam Sekeliling Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Jabatan Alam Sekitar. 

 

Jabatan Alam Sekitar. (1996). Laporan Kualiti Alam Sekeliling Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Jabatan Alam Sekitar. 

 

Jabatan Alam Sekitar. (2000). Laporan Kualiti Alam Sekeliling Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Jabatan Alam Sekitar. 

 

Jabatan Alam Sekitar. (2007). Laporan Kualiti Alam Sekeliling Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Jabatan Alam Sekitar. 

 

Jabatan Alam Sekitar, (2015). Laporan Sumber Asli Dan alam Sekitar : Bacaan Indeks Pencemaran Udara. Kuala Lumpur : Jabatan Alam Sekitar. 

 

Jabatan Meteorologi Malaysia, (2013). Laporan Data Meteorologi Tahuan 2013. Kementerian Sains, Teknologi dan Inovasi (MOSTI). 

 

Jabatan Meteorologi Malaysia. 2016. Laporan Tahunan Jabatan Meteorologi Malaysia. 

 

Jabatan Meteorologi Malaysia. 2018. Diperolehi pada Oktober 18, daripada http://www.met.gov.my/forecast/weather/state.  

 

Jacqueline Murray (2013).Likert Data: What to Use, Parametric or Non-Parametric.  International Journal of Business and Social Science (Vol.  4 No.  11; September: 2013). Department  of  Business  and  Management  Studies University  of  Guyana  Berbice  Campus Tain,  Corentyne,  Guyana. 

 

Jerrett M., Arain A., Kanaroglou P., Beckerman B., Potoglou D., Sahsuvaroglu T., et al. (2005). A Review and Evaluation of Intraurban Air Pollution Exposure Models. Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology. (2005;15(2):pp 185-204). 

 

Jiyuan T., Goodarz A., & Kiao I. (2013). The Human Respiratory System: Chapter 2. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278719512. 

 

Joanna J.L., Jakub L., & Artur J.B. (2015). The Influence of Particulate Metter on Respiratory Morbidity and Mortality in Children and Infants. Advs. Exp. Medicine, Biology – Neuroscience and Respiration. Springer International Publishing Swietzerland. (Vol. 10: pp 39-48). 

 

Joanna Jakubiak-Lasocka, Jakub Lasocki & Artur J.B. (2014). The Influence of Particulate Matter on Respiratory Morbidity and Mortality in Children and Infants. Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland. (2014; Vol 10: pp 39-48). 

 

Joachim, F.M. (2014). Numerical Simulations To Assess The Effect Of Urban Heat Island Mitigation Strategies On Regional Air Quality. Universitu Zu Koln. 

 

Kassomenos P.A., Dimitriou K., & Paschalidou A.K. (2013). Human Health Damage Caused by Particulate Matter PM10 and Ozone in Urban Environments: The Case of Athens, Greece. Department of Physics, Laboratory of Meteorology, University of Ioannina, Greece. (2013; Vol 185: pp 6933-6942). 

 

 

Katiman, R. (2006). Pembandaran Dan Pekembangan Wilayah Metropolitan Lanjutan Lembah Klang-Langat, Malaysia. Jurnal e-Bangi: (Volume 1, No. 1/2006). 

 

Kendall, M.G., 1975. Rank Correlation Methods. Griffin, London, UK. 

 

Keya Rani Das & A. H. M. Rahmatullah Imon (2016). A Brief Review of Tests for Normality. American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics. (2016; 5(1): 5-12). Published online January 27, 2016 (http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ajtas). doi:10.11648/j.ajtas.20160501.12 

 

Kunzli N., Peres L., & Rapp R. (2010). Air Quality and Health. Institute for Social and Preventive Medicine, University Basel, Switzerland. (2010; Vol 356: pp 643-655). 

 

Kyung Hwan, Kim Seung-Bok, Lee Daek Wang, &Woo Gwi-Nam Bae (2015). Influence of Wind Direction and Speed on the Transport of Particle-Bound PAHs in a Roadway Environment. Atmospheric Pollution Research,Volume 6, Issue 6, November 2015, Pages 1024-1034 

 

Laporan Kualiti Alam Sekeliling Malaysia (2016). Jabatan Alam Sekitar, Kementerian Alam Sekitar dan Air. 

 

Latif M.T., & Brimblecombe P. (2004). Surfactants in Atmospheric Aerosols School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, NR4 7TJ Norwich, United Kingdom. Environ. Sci. Technol. (2004; Vol 38: pp 6501-6506). 

 

Latif  M.T., Dominick D., Fatimah A., Khan M.F., Juneng, L., Hamzah F.M., &  Mohd Shahrul Mohd M.N.(2014). Long Term Assessment of Air Quality from a Background Station on The Malaysian Peninsula. Science of the Total Environment (2014; 482–483: pp 336–348). 

 

Lisa Agustina, Presli Panusunan Simanjuntak, & Aulia Nisa’ul Khoir. (2019). Pengaruh Parameter Meteorologi Terhadap Konsentrasi Co2 dan Ch4 Di Dki Jakarta. Jurnal Meteorologi Klimatologi dan Geofisika Vol. 6 No.2, Juli 2019 

 

Magdalena R. & Katarzyna J.R. (2016). Explaining the High PM10 Concentrations Observed in Polish Urban Areas. Air Qual Atmos Health. (2016: Vol 9; pp 517–531). 

 

Mann, H.B., (1945). Nonparametric tests against trend. Econometrica (Vol 13: pp 245–259). 

 

Marilena K., & Elias C. (2007). Human Health Effects of Air Pollution. Laboratory of Experimental Endoccrinology, School of Medicine, University of Crete. (2008; Vol 151: pp 362-367) 

 

Marko V. (2005) Characteristics and Sources of Fine Particulate Matter in Urban Air. Deparment of Enviromental Sciences, University of Kuopio. ISBN: 951-740-507-3. 

 

Markos A.A., Ubiratan de P.S., Lourde C.M., Paulo H.N., Luiz Alberto A.P & Alfesio Luis F.B. (2012). Air Polution and the Respiratory System. Center for Enviromental Epidemiology Studies, Air Pollution Lebarotory, Deparment of Pathology, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil. (2012; Vol. 38: pp 643-655) 

 

Michikawa T., Ueda K., Takeuchi A., Tamura K., Kinoshita M., Inchinose T., & Nitta H. (2014). Coarse Particulate Matter and Emergency Ambulance Dispatches in Fukuoka, Japan: A Time-stratified Case-crossover Study. Environmental Health Sciences, Ibaraki, Japan. (2014; Vol 20(2): pp 130-136). 

 

Mohmadisa Hashim, Wan Ruslan Ismail, Nasir Nayan, Mohamad Suhaily Yusri Che Ngah & Mohd Hairy Ibrahim (2012). Analisis Trend Hujan Di Bandaraya Ipoh Perak 1970-2007 (Analysis of Rainfall Trend in Ipoh City, Perak 1970-2007). Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities. (Volume 7, Number 1, 000-000). 

 

Mohd Hairy Ibrahim, Jamaluddin Md. Jahi, Abdul Samad Hadi & Khairi Ariffin (2011). Menyingkap Perkembangan Perbandaran Ipoh Menjadi Sebuah Bandaraya. Sari - International Journal of the Malay World and Civilisation.(Vol 29(2): pp 149 – 166) 

 

Mohd Zahari Abdullah & Nurul Afirah Alias (2018). Variation of Pm10 and Heavy Metals Concentration of   Sub-Urban Area Caused By Haze Episode (Variasi PM10 dan Kepekatan  Logam  Berat di  Kawasan Separa-Bandar disebabkan oleh Episod Jerebu). Malaysian  Journal  of  Analytical Sciences,  Vol  22  No  3  (2018):  508  -  513 DOI:  https://doi.org/10.17576/mjas-2018-2203-19. 

 

Morton Lippmann. (2012). Particulate Matter (PM) Air Pollution and Health: Regulatory and Policy Implications. Air Quality Atmos. Health. (2012; Vol 5: pp 237-241). 

 

MOSTI, (2011).Ministry Of Science, Technology and Innovation.  The Study of Seasonal variation Of PM10 Concentration in Peninsular, Sabah and Serawak. Research Publication No. 9/2011. 

 

Najat A.S., & Rawad Massoud (2011). A Comparative Review of PM Levels, Sources, and Their Likely Fates in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. Chemistry Department, American University of Beirut, Lebanon. (2011; Vol 1: pp 3-17). 

 

Nelson D.C, (1997). Air Pollution And Health Effects In Sao Paulo, Brazil : A Time Series Analysis. Tesis Doctoral : London School Of Hygiene And Tropical Medicine. ISBN: 2805358382. 

 

Norshahida S., Abdul A. J., Mohd Talib Latif & Sayang Mohd Deni (2004). Anomly detection and assessment of PM10 funtional data at several locations in the Klang Valley, Malaysia. Atmospheric Pollution Research 6 (2014): 365-375. 

 

Nor Azam R., & Wan Hashim I., (2005). PM10 Concentration Measurements At Four Selected Sites In Semenanjung Malaysia: A Comparison Between Sites With Diferent Background. Pulau Pinang : Universiti Sains Malaysia. 

 

Nor Azam R., Ahmad Shukri Y., & Hasfazilah Ahmat (2015). The Malaysia PM10 Analysis Using Extreme Value. Journal Of Engineering Science and Technology. Vol. 10 No.12 : 1560 – 1574. 

 

Nathan R., Colby D.A., Matthew S., Kristen K., & John V. (2016). Within Microenvironment Exposure to Particulate matter and Health effects in Children with Asthma : A Pilot Study Utilizing Real-time Personal Monitoring with GPS Interface. Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, USA. (2016; Vol 96: pp 1-10). 

 

 

Nelly D.S., Eline B.P., Mineke K.V., Charlotte Vanpoucke, Wouter L., Karen V., Harry A.R., & Tim S.N. (2016). Recent Versus Chronic Exposure to Particulate Matter Air Pollution in Association with Neurobehavioral Performance in a Panel Study of Primary School Children. Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Belgium. (2016; Vol 95: pp 112-119). 

 

Nelson Da Cruz Gouveia (1997). Air Pollution And Health Effects In Sao Paulo, Brazil : A Time Series Analysis. London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. 

 

Noraini Idris. 2010. Penyelidikan dalam Pendidikan. Malaysia: Mc Graw Hill. 

 

Noor Faizah Fitri Bt Md Yusof (2009).Modeling And Prediction Of Pm10 Concentration During High Particulate Events In Malaysia.Degree Of Doctor Of Philosophy December 2009, UITM. 

 

Octavio G.A., Marisela U.R., Jose A.A., Olivier B., & Andrea D.V. (2015). Acute and Subchronic Exposure to Air Particulate Matter induces Expression of Angiotensin and Bradykinin Related Genes in the Lung and Heart. Department of Toxicologia, Mexico. (2015; Vol 17: pp 1-18). 

 

Oliver Ling O.H.L., Shaharuddin Ahmad, Kadaruddin Aiyud, Yaakod Mohd J., & Ting Kien Hwa (2011). Urban Enviromental Helth: Respiratory Illness and Urbun Factors In Kuala Lumpur City, Malaysia. Thai Society of Hingher Education Institutes On Environment : (pp 39 – 46). 

 

Peng Xie, Xiaoyun Liu, Zhaorong Liu, Tiantian Li, Liujv Zhong & Yunrong Xiang (2011). Human Health Impact of Exposure to Airborne Particulate Matter in Pearl River Delta, China. Department of Environmental Sciences, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing China. (2011; Vol 215: pp 349-363). 

 

Peter A.J., & Chong S.K. (2000). Measurement of Total Lung Deposition of In haled Ultrafine Particulates in Healthy Men and Women. Environmental Medicine and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina, USA. (2000; Vol 12: pp 715-731). 

 

Peter Brimblecombe (2003). A History of Urban Air Pollution. Environmental Health and Social Disparities.School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK. 

 

Prabhaker Mishra, Chandra M Pandey, Uttam Singh, Anshul Gupta, Chinmoy Sahu, & Amit Keshri (2019). Descriptive Statistics and Normality Tests for Statistical Data. Annals Cardiac Anaesthesia. (2019, Jan-Mar; 22(1): 67–72). doi: 10.4103/aca.ACA_157_18 

 

Qinghua Sun, Xinru Hong, & Loren E.W. (2010). Cardiovascular Effects of Ambient Particulate Air Pollution Exposure. Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health (Q.S), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (Q.S), and Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine (Q.S., L.E.W.), College of Medicine, Ohio State University. (2010; Vol 121: pp 2755-2765). 

 

Rayees Farooq. (2018). A Framework for Identifying Research Gap in Social Sciences: Evidence from the Past. IUP journal of Management Research. (2017; Vol XVI : No.4). 

 

Rajendran & Muthu Kumaran (2019). The Impact of Air Pollution On Human Health. Alagappa Institute of Management, Alagappa University,Karaikudi, Pin – 630004. 

 

 

Robert F.P. (2003). The Particulate Air Pollution Controversy: A Case Study and Lessons Learned. Kluwer Academic Publishers, University of California, Irvine, London. eBook ISBN: 0-306-48208-8. 

 

Robert D.B., Arden P., Jeffrey R.B., Aruni Bhatnagar, Ana V. Diez-Roux, Fernando H., Yuling Hong, Russell V.L., Murray A.M., Annette P., David S., Sidney C.S., Laurie W., & Joel D.K. (2010). Particulate Matter Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Disease : An Update to the Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. American Heart Association (AHA) Council on Epidemiology and Prevention, Council on the Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease and Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity and Metabolism. (2010; Vol 121: pp2331-2378). 

 

Robert Cichowicz (2018). Spatial Distribution of Pollutants in the Area of the Former CHP Plant. Air Protection in Theory and Practice, E3S Web of Conferences 28, 01007 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20182801007. 

 

Robert Cichowicz, Grzegorz Wielgosinski &Wojciech Fetter (2019). Effect of Wind Speed on the Level of Particulate Matter PM10 Concentration in Atmospheric Air During Winter Season in Vicinity of Large Combustion Plant. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry (2020) 77:35–48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10874-020-09401-w. 

 

Rosinah, E., (2011). Penyelidikan Tindakan Kaedah Dan Penulisan. Edisi Kedua. Kuala Lumpur: Freemind Horizans Sdn. Bhd. 

 

Samuel K.M., & Hamish A.M. (2010). Long Distance Transport of Urban and Industrial Metals and their Incorporation into the Environment: Sources, Transport Pathways and Historical trends. School of Geography Planning, and Environmental Management, University of Queensland, Australia. (2010; Vol: pp 103-124). 

 

Said Munir, Turki M. Habeebullah, Atef M.F. Mohammed, Essam A. Morsy, Mohammad Rehan &Kawsar Ali (2017). Analysing PM2.5 and its Association with PM10 and Meteorology in the Arid Climate of Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 17: 453–464, 2017 Copyright © Taiwan Association for Aerosol Research ISSN: 1680-8584 print / 2071-1409 online doi: 10.4209/aaqr.2016.03.0117 

 

 

Sang Gyu Kwak & Sung-Hoon Park (2019). Normality Test in Clinical Research. Journal of Rheumatic Diseases Vol. 26, No. 1, January, 2019.https://doi.org/10.4078/jrd.2019.26.1.5 

 

Sergio A. Guerra , Dennis D. Lane , Glen A. Marotz , Ray E. Carter , Carrie M. Hohl & Richard W. Baldauf (2012). Effects of Wind Direction on Coarse and Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations in Southeast Kansas. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association. ISSN 1047-3289 J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 56:1525–1531 

 

Shaharuddin Ahmad. (2006). Meteorologi. Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi. ISBN 967-942-772-2. 

 

Sham Sani (1982). Pembandaran Iklim Bandar Dan Pencemaran Udara, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa Dan Pustaka. 

 

Sham Sani & Jamaluddin Jahi (1990). Post Merdeka Development and Air Quality Degradation in Malaysia. Akademika 36. Januari:33 - 49. 

 

Sham Sani (1979). Aspects of Air Pollution Climatology In A Tropical City: A Case of Kuala Lumpur-Petaling Jaya. Malaysia: UKM Press. 

 

Shamsul B.S, Zailina H., Jamal H.H & Ariffin O. (2002). Kepekatan Partikel Ternafas (Pm10) dan Plumbum Ternafas Dalam Udara Ambien Di Kawasan Bandar dan Luar Bandar. Sains Malaysiana 31: 223-239 (2002) Sains Hayat / Life Science  

 

Shradha, S., Manisha, S., & Ranjana, S. (2008). A Text Book of Envirometal Studies. India: A.I.T.B.S Publishers. 

 

Siti Zawiyah A., Latif M.T., Ismail A.S., Juneng L.  & Jermain A.A. (2010). Trend and status of air quality at three different monitoring stations in the Klang Valley, Malaysia. Air Qual Atmos Health (2010; Vol 3:pp 53–64). 

 

Soudabeh G., Aiymgul K., Mehdi A.T., Malek K., Fatma O., & Philip K.H. (2017). Quantifying Trace Elements in the Emitted Particulate Matter during Cooking and Health Risk Assessment. Chemical Engineering Program, Technical University Northern Cyprus Campus, Turkey. (2017; Vol 24(10): pp 9515-9529). 

 

Sunita, M., & Ahluwalia, V.K. (2008). Enviroment Science. India: Ane Books India. 

 

Srikanth S.N., & John W.H. (2015). Air Pollution and Health Effects. Molecular and Integrative Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, USA. (ISBN 978-1-4471-6668-9). 

 

Srimuruganandam B., & Nagendra S. (2012). Source Characterization of PM10 and PM2.5 Mass Using a Chemical Mass Balance Model at Urban Roadside. Sci Total Environ (2012; Vol 433:8–19). 

 

Stern, (1976). Air Pollution, Measurement, Monitoring, and Suveilliance of Air Pollution. 3rd ed., Academic Press: New York. 

 

Teresa M., Xavier Q., Andres A., Ferran B., & Gibbsons W. (2007). Airborne Particulate Matter and Premature Deaths in Urban Europe: The New WHO Guidelines and the Challenge Ahead as Illustrated by Spain. Earth Sciences Institute, Barcelona, Spain. (2007; Vol 22: pp 1-5). 

 

Teresa T., Jingqin Z., Paul J.V., Jacqueline S., Laura F., Chen W.G., Devon W., Hong C., Scott W., Claus W., & Anthony B.M. (2015). Chronic Disease Prevalence in Women and Air Pollution: A 30 year Longitudinal Cohort Study. Child Health Evaluative Sciences, University Avenue, Canada. (2015; Vol 80: pp 26-32). 

 

Tim Carey, Amica Yon, Chris Beadles & Roberta Wines. (2012). Prioritizing Future Research through Exemination of Research Gaps in Systematic Reviews. Cecil G Sheps Center fo Health Services Research. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill NC. 

 

Umesh Wedgave & Mahesh Ravindra Khairmar (2016). Parametric Tests for Likert Scale: For and Against. Asian Journal of Psychiatry (24: 2016: pp 67-68). www.elsevieer.com/locate/ajp 

 

United States of America Environmental Protection Agency, 2011. Temperature.  

 

United States of America Environmental Protection Agency, 2011. Topography or Terrain Effect on Air Pollution.  

 

United States of America Environmental Protection Agency, 2011. Particulate Matter.  

 

United States of America Environmental Protection Agency, 2011. Wind Speed and Wind Direction Effect on Air Pollution. 

 

Virginia F.L., Ferran B., & Jose M.T. (2009). Sources of Indoor Air Pollution and Respiratory Health in Preschool Children. Department of Health and Environment Centre for Public Health Research, Valencia, Spain. (2009; Vol 44(3): pp 231-240) 

 

Wheeler A.J., Williams I., Beaumont R.A., & Hamilton R.S. (2000). Characterisation of Particulate Metter Sampled during a Study of Children’s Personal Exposure to Airborne Particulate Matter in a UK Urban Environmental. Urban Pollution Research Cnetre, School of Health, Biological & Environmental Sciences, Middlesex University,UK. (2000; Vol 65: 69-77). 

 

World Health Organisation (2006). WHO air quality guidelines for particulate matter, National Enviromental Standards for Air Quality (NESAQ) and International Guidelines. World Health Organisation, Geneva. 

 

World Health Organisation (2005). WHO air quality guidelines for particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide: Global update 2005 summery risk assessment. World Health Organisation, Geneva. 

 

Xingzhe X., Ivana S., Sidharta G., Evaggelia T., Nikos D., Raj T. R., Frank P., & Wilfried P. (2017). A Review of Urban Air Pollution Monitoring and Exposure Assessment Methods. International Journal of Geo-Information. (2017: Vol. 6; pp 386) 

 

Zailina Hashin, Juliana Jalaludin, Azman Zainal Abidin & Azizi Haji Omar. (1996). Hubungan Pencemaran Partikel Terampai (PM10) dengan Pesakit Asma. Pertanika J.Sci. &Technol.4 (2):275-282(1996) ISSN,OI28-7680@PenerbitUniversitiPertanianMalaysia. 

 

Zaini Ujang (1997). Pengenalan Pencemaran Udara. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka: Kuala Lumpur. 

 

Zala Jenko Praznikar & Jure Praznikar (2012). The Effects of Particulate Matter Air Pollution on Respiratory Health and on the Cardiovascular System. Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Izola Slovenia. (2012; Vol 51: pp190-199). 

 

Zhongchao Tan. (2014). Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gases: from Basic Concepts to Engineering Applications for Air Emission Control. Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engeneering, University of Waterloo, Canada. ISBN 978-981-287-211-1. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


This material may be protected under Copyright Act which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials.
You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research.

Back to previous page

Installed and configured by Bahagian Automasi, Perpustakaan Tuanku Bainun, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
If you have enquiries, kindly contact us at pustakasys@upsi.edu.my or 016-3630263. Office hours only.