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Type :final_year_project
Subject :BP Islam. Bahaism. Theosophy, etc
Main Author :Nur Hafizah Alimunir
Title :Peranan Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) dan Special Air Service (SAS) dalam penyelesaian isu konfrontasi Malaysia-Indonesia, 1963-1966
Place of Production :Tanjong Malim
Publisher :Fakulti Sains Kemanusiaan
Year of Publication :2023
Corporate Name :Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
PDF Guest :Click to view PDF file

Abstract : Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
Kajian ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan bahawa adanya penglibatan Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) dan Special Air Service (SAS) dalam konfrontasi yang melibatkan Malaysia serta Indonesia pada tahun 1963 hingga tahun 1966. Fokus kajian ini ialah unuk menganalisis sejauh mana hubungkait CIA dan SAS dalam Tragedi Gerakan 30 September (G30S) yang berlaku di Indonesia semasa konfrontasi sehingga membawa kepada penggulingan Presiden Indonesia ketika itu. Kajian ini menggunakan metodologi sejarah dengan pendekatan kualitatif yang mengandungi empat peringkat penyelidikan iaitu, heuristik, kritik, pentafsiran dan penulisan sejarah. Sumber primer yang terdiri daripada pelbagai bentuk dokumen diperoleh daripada Arkib Negara Malaysia, laman sesawang Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), National Security Archive, National Singapore Archieve, Newspaper Singapore Archieve dan Trove Newspaper. Sumber sekunder pula terdiri daripada bahan bacaan yang diterbitkan seperti buku, jurnal dan tesis yang dipinjam daripada perpustakaan. Sumber tersebut dinilai melalui proses kritikan sejarah untuk memastikan ketulenan sumber dan kesahan maklumat. Fakta yang diperoleh ditafsir dan ditulis dalam bentuk naratif serta menekankan aspek sebab dan akibat. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa memang terdapat peranan pihak Amerika Syarikat melalui CIA dan juga pihak British melalui SAS semasa konfrontasi yang melibatkan Indonesia dan juga Malaysia. Kesimpulan daripada kajian ini ialah, penglibatan dan peranan yang dimainkan oleh pihak CIA dan juga SAS secara tidak langsung membawa kepada penyelesaian isu konfrontasi dan penamatan persengketaan diantara kedua-dua negara berjiranan ini. Kajian ini jelasnya telah membawa kesedaran tentang perubahan landskap sejarah kedua-dua negara ini tidak kira dari segi politk, pertahanan, ekonomi mahupun sosialnya. Oleh itu, sebagai warganegara yang cinta akan negara, kita seharusnya sentiasa bekerjasama bagi memastikan keamanan negara terus kekal terpelihara agar persengketaan yang melibatkan negara berjiranan ini dapat dielakkan.

References

Dokumen 

1997/0014768, Indonesian Involvement in Eastern Malaysia . 

“2012/0009530, ‘North Atlantic Council Discussion - Januay 13 - Indonesia - Malaysia Question’, 16 Januari 1965, Department of State Airgram, Arkib Negara Malaysia,” n.d. 

F0371/187567 - IM 1042/162, Malik’s Visit to K.l., 12 and 13 August, Statements to Press (n.d.). 

“FO371/187567 - IM 1042/150 Malaysia Indonesia Confrontation,” n.d. 

Kementerian Luar Negeri, Malaysia. “Background to Indonesian Confrontation.” Kementerian Luar Negeri Malaysia, 1964. 

 

Dokumen dalam Talian 

Central Intelligence Agency. “CIA-RDP79-00927a004600100002-1, Special Report: Sukarno and The Communists,” 1964. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP79-00927A004600100002-1.pdf. 

Lehman, Michael. “END OF THE INNOCENCE: The 1954 CIA Coup in Guatemala,” no. December 1999 (2019). https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.22220.16001. 

National Security Archieve. “An Alleged PKI Member after His Arrest by Indonesian Security Forces, October 1965.” Accessed February 1, 2023. 

https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/indonesia/2017-10-17/indonesia-mass- 

murder-1965-us-embassy-files. 

“RG 84, Entry P 339, Jakarta Embassy Files, Box 27, Folder 14 Pol 23-9 Rebellions and Coups 1966 ’The History of the Gestapu Abortive Coup, Engineered in Peking,” 2019. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/document/15726-document-30-enclosure-1-666-djakarta. 

“Telegram 1290 from American Embassy Jakarta to Department of State, Confidential.Pdf,” n.d. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/document/15705-document-9-telegram-1290-american-embassy. 

“Telegram 222 from American Consul General Hong Kong to American Embassy Jakarta, Limited Official Use _ National Security Archive.Pdf,” n.d. 

 

Gambar 

Singapore Press Holding (SPH). “PCD0054 - 010 Confrontation - Malaysia Security Forces.” Accessed February 8, 2023. https://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/photographs/record-details/62213727-1162-11e3-83d5-0050568939ad. 

 

Buku 

Arkib Negara Malaysia. Arkib Warisan Eksklusif. Arkib Warisan Ekslusif. Cetaka Per. Kuala Lumpur: Utusan Publication & Distributors Sdn Bhd, 2016. 

Bijl, Nick Van Der. Confrontation: The War with Indonesia 1962 - 1966. Pen & 

Sword Military, 2007. 

J. D. Legge. Sukarno: A Political Biography. Stanford Press Pte ltd, 2003. 

Kunaseelan Muniandy. Hubungan Malaysia Indonesia 1957 - 1970. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 1996. 

Suparyanto dan Rosad. G30S Dan Kejahatan Negara. Edited by Siauw Tiong Djin. Ultimus, 2015. 

Surya Lesmana. Saksi Dan Pelaku Gestapu: Pengakuan Para Saksi Dan Pelaku Sejarah Gerakan 30 September 1965. Media Pressindo, 2005. 

Victor M. Fic. Kudeta 1 Oktober 1965: Sebuah Studi Tentang Konspirasi. Yayasan Obor Indonesia, 2005. 

Wyman H. Packard. A Century of U.S. Naval Intelligence. Washington: Office of Naval Intelligence and the Naval Historical Center, 1996. 

 

Buku dalam Talian 

Dake, Antonie C.a. The Sukarno File, 1965-1967: Chronology of a Defeat. Brill. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP, 2006. 

Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. Sejarah Surat Perintah 11 Maret Surat Perintah 11 Maret. Direktorat Sejarah dan Nilai tradisional, 1986. https://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/12978/1/SEJARAH SURAT PERINTAH 11 MARET 1996.pdf. 

Nik Anuar Nik Mahmud. Konfrontasi Malaysia Indonesia. Cetakan Pe. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 2000. 

https://www.kuim.edu.my/journal/index.php/JSS/article/download/53/45. 

Wang, Eric, and Jay Brown. “KGB, CIA: Intelligence and Counter-Intelligence Operations.” Bison Books Ltd 176. England, 2007. https://www.pdfdrive.com/kgb-cia-intelligence-and-counter-intelligence-operations-e187060406.html. 

 

Akhbar  

Berita Harian. “‘New Style’ PKI Suspects Still Being Arrested.” Berita Harian, November 19, 1974. https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/newnation197411191.2.16.1?ST=1&AT=search&K=gestapu&P=2&Display=0&filterS=0&QT=gestapu&oref=article. 

———. “Pelajaran Yang Didapati Di Sebalik Gestapu.” Berita Harian, October 3, 1985. https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/beritaharian19851003-1.2.42.1?ST=1&AT=search&k=gestapu&QT=gestapu&oref=article. 

———. “Tawaran Menyerah Diri.” Berita Harian, July 25, 1966. https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/beritaharian196607251.2.34?ST=1&AT=search&K=gestapu&P=2&Display=0&filterS=0&QT=gestapu&oref=article. 

Times, A M Canberra. “Canberra Times ( ACT : 1926 - 1995 ), Wednesday 2 January 1974 , Page 7 National Library of Australia Canberra Times ( ACT : 1926 - 1995 ), Wednesday 2 January 1974 , 

https://trover.nla.gov.au/newspaper/redition/nla.news-article110754841.3.html?followup=7d3abcfc8c16f8a06abf5ef791f70a9a&print+true. 

 

Majalah dalam Talian 

Majalah Tempo. “Tangani Langley dalam Pembasmian 1965.” 2015, 2015.  

http://docs.wixstatic.com/ugd/45f694_ae7c26898f924582a61cdd1e74b92bbe.pdf 

 

Jurnal 

Abdul Rahman Mad ali @ Abang, Bilcher Bala dan Ramli Dollah. “Pencerobohan  

dan Serangan Tentera Indonesia Terhadap Sarawak dan Sabah pada Tahun 1963.” Jurnal Borneo Akhailogia 4, no. 1 (2019): 17–36. 

Ahmad Mukri Aji, Nur Rohim Yunus, Gilang Rizki Aji Putra. “Communism and Its Influence on the Emergence of Atheism.” PJAEE 17, no. 9 (2020): 411–24. 

Erlina, Terra. “Peranan Kesatuan Aksi Mahasiswa Indonesia dan Kesatuan Aksi Pelajar Indonesia dalam Proses Peralihan Kepemimpinan Nasional Tahun 1965-1968.” Jurnal Wahana Pendidikan 7, no. 1 (2020): 95. https://doi.org/10.25157/wa.v7i1.3253. 

Gregory W. Pedlow and Donald E. Welzenbach. The Central Intelligence Agency and Overhead Reconnaissance. C01462740. Washington: ISCAP APPEAL NO. 2014-004, document no. 1, issued 1992. https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-004-doc01.pdf. 

Irza Afifi, Rizqi, and Sofyan Kristianwantoni. “Gerwani In The Communist Ideology of 1950-1965.” Santhet: (Jurnal Sejarah, Pendidikan, Dan Humaniora) 3, no. 1 (2019): 10–20. https://ejournal.unibabwi.ac.id/index.php/santhet/article/view/690. 

Kayan Swastika, Sumarno dan Luluk Syarifah H. “Peran Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) dalam Peristiwa Penggulingan Presiden Sukarno Tahun 1955-1968.” Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Humaniora 55, no. 1 (2017): 61–64. 

Lovell, D W. “Communist System.” Government and Politics. Vol. I, 1989. https://www.eolss.net/sample-chapters/c04/E6-32-01-04.pdf. 

Munthe, Moeryanto Ginting. “Propaganda dan Ilmu Komunikasi.” Jurnal ULTIMA Comm 4, no. 1 (2012): 39–50. https://doi.org/10.31937/ultimacomm.v4i1.429. 

Nur Azureen Rusli dan Sahul Hamid Mohamed Maiddin. “Penglibatan Negara Asing dalam Menangani Konfrontasi.” Jurnal Perspektif 14, no. 1 (2022): 41–46. https://ojs.upsi.edu.my/index.php/PERS/article/download/5716/3547. 

Pauker, Guy J. “Memorandum RM-57b3-PR-February 1969, The Rise and Fall of The Communist Party of Indonesia.” Communist Affairs 3, no. 4 (1965): 23. https://doi.org/10.1016/0588-8174(65)90031-8. 

Rohani Ab. Ghani & Muhammad Saleh Tajuddin. “G30S/PKI 1965 dan Tragedi Lubang Buaya: Sebuah Trilogi [The G30S/PKI 1965 and  Lubang Buaya Tragedy: a Trilogy].” Journal of Nusantara Studies (JONUS) 2, no. 2 (2017): 295. https://doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol2iss2pp295-305. 

Sah-Hadiyatan Ismail. “Amerika Syarikat dan Konfrontasi Indonesia-Malaysia 1963-1966.” Jebat: Malaysian Journal of History, Politics & Strategic Studies 4, no. 

Jun 2014 (2016): 65–68. 

Salamah, Lilik. “Meninjau Kembali Konflik Perang Dingin: Liberalisme Vs Komunisme.” Jurnal Global Dan Strategis 2, no. 2 (2008): 225–37. http://journal.unair.ac.id/download-fullpapers-jgs20ab5bfc222full.pdf. 

Sahul Hamid Mohamed Maiddin. “Sejarah Penubuhan dan Perkembangan Agensi  

Propaganda: Pengalaman Malaysia Sejak Darurat Sehingga Konfrontasi Malaysia-Indonesia (1948-1965).” Jebat: Malaysian Journal of History, Politics and Strategic Studies 44, no. 2 (2017): 137–58. 

Silva, C, and F Ribeiro. “Military Intelligence-A Tool of National Security and Defence.” Revista de Ciências Militares VI, no. 2 (2018): 177–205. 

Strategic Service Unit. The Overseas Targets War Report of The OSS. Vol. 2. Walker Publishing Company, 1975. 

Suhaimi Sidek, Ezad Azraai Jamsari & Farid Mat Zain. “Kepelbagaian Perisikan Era Nabawi.” International Journal of Civilizational Studies and Human Sciences 2, no. 1 (2019): 111–23. http://www.bitarajournal.com. 

Tuck, Christopher. “The Limits of Covert Action: SAS Operations during ‘Confrontation’, 1964–66.” Small Wars and Insurgencies 27, no. 6 (2016): 996–1018. https://doi.org/10.1080/09592318.2016.1233644. 

 

Tesis atau Disertasi 

Aloysius Bram Widyanto. “Masa Akhir Kepimpinan Sukarno 1965 - 1968.”  

Universitas Sanata Dharma Yogyakarta, 2010. https://repository.usd.ac.id/25510/2/084114001_Full%5B1%5D.pdf. 

Chandra Purnama. “Pemikiran Sukarno di Sebalik Tabir Konfrontasi Indonesia 1959 - 1965.” Universiti Utara Malaysia, 2015. https://etd.uum.edu.my/5309/. 

Gana Sesar Dwi Nugroho. “Studi Tentang Masa Pemerintahan Presiden Sukarno di Indonesia,” 2016,  http://simki.unpkediri.ac.id/mahasiswa/file_artikel/2016/11.1.01.02.0018.pdf 

Gregorian, Raffi. “Claret Operations and Confrontation, 1964-1966.” Modern Counter-Insurgency, 2017, 51–77. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315248769-4. 

Hazza Haslina. “Dasar Luar Australia Terhadap Malaysia.” Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 2006. 

Luluk Syarifah H. “Peran Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) dalam Peristiwa  

Penggulingan Preiden Sukarno Tahun 1955-1968.” Universiti Jember, 2016. https://repository.unej.ac.id/bitstream/handle/123456789/78852/Luluk Syarifah H_1.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. 

Masshida Manap. “Tunku Abdul Rahman dan Konfrontasi Malaysia - Indonesia 1961-1966.” Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, 2006. 

Sahul Hamid Mohamed Maiddin. “Propaganda dan Perang Saraf dalam Era Konfrontasi Malaysia - Indonesia, 1963-1966.” Universiti Malaya, 2010. https://ir.upsi.edu.my/files/docs/2020/976_976.pdf. 

Salsabila Sovi Zahran. “Hukum Tata Negara Tentang Pelaksanaan UUD 1945 ( Orde Lama ) dalam Prespektif Ketatanegaraan UNIVERSITAS EKASAKTI Disusun Oleh : Nama No BP Email : Salsabila Sovi Zahran,” n.d. https://osf.io/t5rv6/download/?format=pdf. 

 

Laman Sesawang 

Arkib Negara Malaysia. “Kronologi Peristiwa Pembentukan Malaysia 1963.” Accessed February 8, 2023. http://www.arkib.gov.my/web/guest/penubuhan-malaysia-16-september-19632?p_p_id=56_INSTANCE_P9Nx&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-inner-3&p_p_col_count=1&page=3. 

———. “Penubuhan Malaysia 16 September 1963.” Accessed February 8, 2023. http://www.arkib.gov.my/web/guest/penubuhan-malaysia-16-september-1963. 

BBC News Indonesia. “Peristiwa G30S 1965, Penumpasan PKI, Dan Hari-Hari Sesudahnya,” 2017. https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/dunia-41451322. 

Central Intelligence Agency. “The Office of Strategic Services: America’s First Intelligence Agency.” Central Intelligence Agency. Washington: Public Affairs Central Intelligence Agency, 2000. https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/oss/index.htm. 

CIA Government. “CIA Logo,” n.d. https://www.cia.gov/. 

Daily Express. “ICG Failed to Cary through on the Important of English.” Arkib Negara Malaysia. Accessed February 8, 2023. https://www.dailyexpress.com.my/read/4864/igc-failed-to-carry-through-on-the-importance-of-english/failed-to-carry-through-on-the-importance-of-english/. 

Elite UK Forces. “Special Air Service,” n.d. https://www.eliteukforces.info/special-air-service/. 

Intelligence Government. “Federal Bereau of Investigation.” Accessed February 1, 2023. https://www.intelligence.gov/mission. 

———. “The History of IC.” Accessed January 30, 2023. https://www.intelligence.gov/mission. 

Kurniawan, Hendra. “Supersemar: Sejarah Dalam Balutan Kekuasaan.” Bernas Jogja. 2014.https://repository.usd.ac.id/4360/1/861_Supersemar+Sejarah+dlm+Balutan+Kek.pdf 

Millitary, British. “British Millitary History.” Accessed February 1, 2023. https://www.britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk/ 

National Army Museum. “Special Air Service Regiment.” Accessed July 11, 2022. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412980173.n372. 

National Army Museum, London. “Soldiers at Nanga Gaat, an SAS Base on the Rejang River, North Borneo, 1964,” n.d. https://collection.nam.ac.uk/detail.php?acc=1996-06-157-146. 

“Operation Claret - Sarawak 1964-6.” Accessed February 2, 2023. https://vwma.org.au/explore/campaigns/20#:~:text=Operation Claret was a series,which was supported by British. 

Silvia Pristi Werdininggar. “Tragedi 1965 Di Indonesia Perspektif Kambing Hitam Rene Girard.” Universitas Sanata Dharma. Universitas Sanata Dharma Yogyakarta, 2015. https://repository.usd.ac.id/1051/2/094314005_full.pdf. 

The British Army. “What We Do: We Are Always Ready to Serve,” 2016. https://www.army.mod.uk/what-we-do/. 

Troy James Sacquety. “The Organizationa Evalution of OSS Detachment 101 Ij Burma, 1924- 1945.” Texas A&M University. Texas A&M University, 2008. https://core.ac.uk/reader/4277450. 

UIN. “Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Negara Indonesia 1945,” 1945. https://www.mkri.id/public/content/infoumum/regulation/pdf/UUD45 ASLI.pdf. 

US Government. The Creation of The Intelligence_Community: Founding Documnts. Washington, 2013. https://www.cia.gov/static/aa0f09a55dfcd5fa337e85f361347148/The-Creation-of-the-Intelligence-Community.pdf. 

Usman, Sunyoto. “Arah Gerakan Mahasiswa: Gerakan Politik Ataukah Gerakan Moral.” Ilmu Sosial Dan Ilmu Politik, 1999. https://jurnal.ugm.ac.id/jsp/article/view/11136/8377. 

 

 

 

 

 


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