A development of model for social distance towards people with mental illness

Abere, M., Robbins, M. J. & Tesfaye, M (2015). Parents’ perception of child and  

adolescent mental health problems and their choice of treatment option in  

southwest Ethiopia. Child Adolescent Psychiatry Mental Health. 9(40), 1-24. 

Abd Jalil Hassan - police’s Criminal Investigation Department- Retrieved from 

https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2021/07/01/police-malaysia-recorded-468-suicide-cases-from-jan-to-may/1986359 

Abolfotouh, M. A., Almutairi. A. F., Almutairi. Z., Salam. M., Alhashem, A.,  

Adlan, A. A. & Modayfer, O. (2019). Attitudes toward mental illness, mentally ill persons, and help-seeking among the Saudi public and socio demographic correlates. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 2019(15), 45-54. 

Abi Doumit, C., Haddad, C., Sacre, H., Salameh, P., Akel, M., Obeid, S., ... & Soufia,  

 M. (2019). Knowledge, attitude and behaviors towards patients with mental  

 illness: Results from a national Lebanese study. PloS one, 14(9), e0222172 

Adewuya, A. O., & Makanjuola, R. O. A. (2008). Social Distance Towards People with  

Mental Illness in Southwestern Nigeria. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 42(5), 389–395. 

Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey, 2016, Mental health and wellbeing in England  Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, England.   

Adgoy, E., & Habtemariam, R. (2018). Cross-sectional study on community  

knowledge and perception on mental illness among residents of sub-zoba serejaka (Embaderho and Geshinashim villages), Eritrea. MOJ Public Health, 7(3), 1-5. 

Adolfo C, Albougami A, Roque M, Almazan J. (2021). Nurses’ attitudes toward  

 quality improvement in hospitals: Implications for nursing management  

 systems. Nursing Practice Today. 8(3), 206-215. 

Afe, T. O., & Ogunsemi, O. (2016). Social distancing attitudes toward the mentally ill  

and victims of sexual violence among college students in Southwest Nigeria. Indian Journal of Social Psychiatry, 32(4), 320. 

Aggarwal, S. Singh, S & Kataria, D. (2016).  Knowledge, attitude and social distance  

Practices of young undergraduates towards mental illness in India: A comparative analysis. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 23(0), 64-69.  

Ahmed, E., Merga, H., & Alemseged, F. (2019). Knowledge, attitude, and practice  

towards mental illness service provision and associated factors among health extension professionals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. International journal of mental health systems, 13(5), 01-09. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13033-019-0261-3 

Akinbobola, O. I.,& Zugwai, S. Y. (2019). Emotional Empathy, Social Distance and  

Attitude of Police Officers towards People with Mental Illness. Psychology, 10(6), 830-843. 

Arslantas, H., Abacigil, F., Adana, F., Karadag, S., & Koyak, H. Ç. (2019, March).  

 Beliefs of Nursing Students about Mental Illnesses and Social Distance: The  

 Effects of Theoretical and Practical Psychiatric Nursing Education. In Yeni  

 Symposium (Vol. 57, No. 1) 

Aina, O. F., Oshodi, O.Y., Erinfolami, R. A., adeyemi, J.D. & Suleiman, T(2015) 

 Non-mental health workers’ attitudes and social distance towards people with  mental illness in a Nigerian teaching hospital. South Sudan Medical Journal,  8(3), 57-59. 

Aldalaykeh, M., Al-Hammouri, M. M., & Rababah, J. (2019). Predictors of mental  

 health services help-seeking behavior among university students. Cogent  

 Psychology, 6(1), 1660520. 

Almanzar, S. (2017). Christianity and Mental Illness: Evil or Sickness?. EC Psychology  

 and Psychiatry, 4(5), 181-188. 

Al Omari, O., Wynaden, D., Alkhawaldeh, A., Al-Delaimy, W., Heslop, K., Al  

Dameery, K., & Bani Salameh, A. (2019). Knowledge and Attitudes of Young People toward Mental Illness: A Cross Sectional Study. Comprehensive child and adolescent nursing, 01–13. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/24694193.2019.1670752 

Alsaleem, M., Alamri, R. & Hejazi (2020)Nonpsychiatric Healthcare Professionals’  

Attitudes Toward Patients with Mental Illnesses in Makkah City, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 16(0), 341-348.   

Alsahali, S. (2021). Knowledge and Attitude of Pharmacy Students toward People with  

Mental Illnesses and Help-Seeking: A Cross-Sectional Study from Saudi Arabia. Pharmacy, 9(2), 82. 

Alsubaie, S., Almathami, M., Alkhalaf, H., Aboulyazid, A., & Abuhegazy, H. (2020).  

 A Survey on Public Attitudes Toward Mental Illness and Mental Health  

 Services Among Four Cities in Saudi Arabia. Neuropsychiatric disease and  

 treatment, 16, 2467–2477. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S265872 

Al-Awadhi, A., Atawneh, F., Alalyan, M., Shahid, A. A., Al-Alkhadhari, S., & Zahid, 

M. A. (2017). Nurses' Attitude towards Patients with Mental Illness in a General Hospital in Kuwait. Saudi journal of medicine & medical sciences, 5(1), 31–37. https://doi.org/10.4103/1658-631X.194249 

Aman, S., Merhawi, T., Teklu, T. & Tesfaalem, T. (2012). Knowledge and Attitude of  

 Asmara College of Health Sciences students Towards Mental Illness (PHD  

Thesis). Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/33025778/Knowledge_and_Attitude_of_students_towards_mental_illness_Title_KNOWLEDGE_AND_ATTITUDE_OF_ASMARA_COLLEGE_OF_HEALTH_SCIENCES_STUDENTS_TOWARDS_MENTAL_ILLNESS_IN_ASMARA  

Amini, H., Shoar, S., Tabatabaee, M., & Arabzadeh, S. (2016). The Effect of Clinical  

Exposure to Patients on Medical Students' Attitude towards Mental Illness. Iranian journal of psychiatry and behavioral sciences, 10(3), e1887. https://doi.org/10.17795/ijpbs-1887 

Amorha, K., Ugwuona, I.I., Isah, A., & Okonta, M. (2018). Community Understanding, 

  Perception and Attitude towards Mental Illness among Residents of Enugu  

North Senatorial District, Nigeria. Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences, 13(3), 46-53.  

Angermeyer, M. C., & Matschinger, H. (2005). Labeling—stereotype— 

 discrimination. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 40(5), 391-395. 

Angermeyer, M. C., Matschinger, H., & Schomerus, G. (2013). Attitudes towards  psychiatric treatment and people with mental illness: changes over two  decades. The British Journal of Psychiatry 23(2013),146-151. 

Anis SS, Vankar GK, Kansal KR, Jambusarwala TN, Gor VP (2020). Knowledge and  

attitudes toward schizophrenia among high school adolescents. Annals Indian Psychiatry 4 (1), 40-47.  

Aniz, A. (2017). Sakit Mental: Ancaman Kepada Masyarakat & Bagaimana Untuk  

Membantu? Retrieved from http://www.anizanwar.com/sakit-mental-ancaman-kepada-masyarakat/. 

Anita bt Abu Bakar (2018) president of mental illness and support association  (MIASA). 

Anthony, F. J. & Elizabeth, O. (2009) Desire for social distance from people with  

 Mental disorders: a review. Australian and New Zealand Journal of  

 Psychiatry, 43(3), 183-200. 

Anosike, C., Aluh, D., & Onome, O. B. (2020). Social distance towards mental illness  

 among undergraduate pharmacy students in a Nigerian university. East Asian  

 Archives of Psychiatry, 30(2), 57. Retrieved from 

https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/social-distance-towards-mental-illness-among/docview/2581892580/se-2 

Arafa, A., Magdi, M., Magdy, M., Elsharkawy, H., & Saleh, L. (2019). Knowledge  

and attitude of Egyptian parents toward childhood mental disorders. International journal of adolescent medicine and health, /j/ijamh.ahead-of-print/ijamh-2019-0044/ijamh-2019-0044.xml. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijamh-2019-0044 

Aruna, G. Mittal, S. & Uppulari, C. (2016) Perception, knowledge, and attitude  toward mental disorders and psychiatry among medical undergraduates in  

 Karnataka: A cross-sectional study. Indian journal of psychiatry, 58(1), 70-76. 

Asreene Ab Razak (2016). Cultural construction of psychiatric illness in Malaysia.  

 Malaysian Journal Medical Science, 24(2):1–5. 

Avkiran, N. K. (2018). Rise of the partial least squares structural equation modeling:  

 An application in banking. In Partial least squares structural equation  

 modeling (pp. 1-29). Springer, Cham. 

Ayazi, T., Lien, L., Eide, A., Swartz, L., & Hauff, E. (2014). Association between  

 exposure to traumatic events and anxiety disorders in a post-conflict setting: a  

 cross-sectional community study in South Sudan. BMC psychiatry, 14(1), 1-10. 

Ayazi, T., Lien, L., Eide, A., Shadar, E. J. & Hauff, E. (2013). Community attitude  

 and social distance toward mental ill in South Sudan: a survey from post-  

 conflict setting with no mental health services. Soc Psychiatry Psyhiatr  Epidemiol, 49(5), 01-11. 

Azwadi, A (2019). Aplikasi Asas SmartPLS dalam Kajian Sains Sosial (Edisi kedua),  

 Malaysia, University Malaysia terengganu  

Baba, Y., Nemoto, T., Tsujino, N., Yamaguchi, T., Katagiri, N., & Mizuno, M.  

 (2017). Stigma toward psychosis and its formulation process: prejudice and  

 discrimination against early stages of schizophrenia. Comprehensive  

 psychiatry, 73, 181–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.11.005 

Bagasra, A. & Mackinem, M. (2014). An Exploratory Study of American Muslim  

        Conceptions of Mental Illness. Journal of Muslim Mental Health, 8(1), 01-20. 

Bagchi, A., Sarkar, P., & Basu, R. (2020). Knowledge, attitude and practice towards  

mental health illnesses in an urban community in West Bengal: a community based study. International journal of community medicine and public health (Gujarat), 7(3), 1078-1083. 

Bandura, A. Social learning theory Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall,1977 

Baputty, S.  Arumugan, U.  Hitam, S. & Sethi, S. (2016). Mental Health and  

 psychiatric Nursing. Selangor, Malaysia: oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd.  

Battaglia, A. M., Mamak, M., & Goldberg, J. O. (2022). The impact of social media 

coverage on attitudes towards mental illness and violent offending. Journal of  

community psychology, 50(7), 2938-2949. 

Byrne, B. M. (2010). (2nd ed.). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group. 

Barke, A., Seth Nyarko, S. & Dorothee Klecha, D. (2011). The stigma of mental  

 illness in Southern Ghana: attitudes of the urban population and patients’  views. Social Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol  46(0), 1191–1202. 

Barman, T.K. Hossan, M. R & Saha, D. (2021). Attitudes towards Mental Illness of the  

Undergraduate Students, The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 9(1),1547-1555. 

Basu, R., Sau, A., Saha, S., Mondal, S., Ghoshal, P. K., & Kundu, S. (2017). A study  

on knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding mental health illnesses in Amdanga block, West Bengal. Indian journal of public health, 61(3), 169–173. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijph.IJPH_155_17 

Baumann, A. E. (2009). Stigmatization, social distance and exclusion because of mental  

illness: The individual with mental illness as a ‘stranger’.  International Review of Psychiatry, 19(2), 131-135. 

Baxter, A. J., Patton, G., Scott, K. M., Degenhardt, L., & Whiteford, H. A. (2013).  

 Global epidemiology of mental disorders: what are we missing?. PloS one, 8(6),  

 e65514. 

Behere, P. B., Das, A., Yadav, R., & Behere, A. P. (2013). Religion and mental  

 health. Indian journal of psychiatry, 55(2), 187–194.  

Biswardi Hasbi (2016). Statistik Masalah Kesihatan Mental Dan Kemurungan Di  

Malaysia. Retrieved from https://biswardihasbi.wordpress.com/2016/10/10/statistik-masalah-kesihatan-mental-dan-kemurungan-di-malaysia/ 

Blaise, NY. K. (2015). Knowledge and Social Distance Towards Mental Disorders in  

 an Inner-City Population: Case of University Students in Cameroon. Trends in  Medical Research, 10 (4), 87-96.  

Bridley, A. & Daffin , L.W. (2018).  Essentials of Abnormal Psychology (1st edition),  

 WS, PressBook  

British Columbia psychological association (n.d) What is the difference between     

            Psychologists,  Psychiatrists and Counsellors? Retrieved from 

https://www.psychologists.bc.ca/faq/what-difference-between-psychologists- psychiatrists-and-counsellors 

Brown, P. (2016). The invisible problem? Improving students’ mental health. Hepi  

         Report  88  Retrieved from http://www.hepi.ac.uk/2016/09/22/3592/ 

Broderick, P & Blewit, P (2003). The life span: Human development for helping  

 professionals. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill Prentice Hall.  

Brouwers, E. P., Mathijssen, J., Van Bortel, T., Knifton, L., Wahlbeck, K., Van  

Audenhove, C., Kadri, N., Chang, C., Goud, B. R., Ballester, D., Tófoli, L. F., Bello, R., Jorge-Monteiro, M. F., Zäske, H., Milacic, I., Uçok, A., Bonetto, C., Lasalvia, A., Thornicroft, G., & Van Weeghel, J. (2016). Discrimination in the workplace, reported by people with major depressive disorder: A cross-sectional study in 35 countries. BMJ Open, 6(2), e009961. https://doi.org/10.1136/ bmjopen-2015-009961 

Brouwers, E. P. (2020). Social stigma is an underestimated contributing factor to  

 unemployment in people with mental illness or mental health issues: position  

 paper and future directions. BMC psychology, 8(1), 1-7. 

Burns, S., Tapsell, A., Perlman, D., Patterson, C., & Moxham, L. (2022). Stigma in  

the media: Investigating journalism students attitudes towards mental illness. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 31(1), 104-110. 

Buizza, C., Ghilardi, A., & Ferrari, C. (2017). Beliefs and prejudices versus  

 knowledge and awareness: How to cope stigma against mental illness. A  

 College Staff E-survey. Community mental health journal, 53(5), 589-597. 

Campos, F. A. L., Sousa, A. R. P. D., Rodrigues, V. P. D. C., Marques, A. J. P. D. S.,  

Dores, A. A. M. D. R., & Queirós, C. M. L. (2014). Peer support for people  

with mental illness. Archives of Clinical Psychiatry (São Paulo), 41, 49-55. 

Carpiniello, B., & Pinna, F. (2017). The reciprocal relationship between suicidality  

 and stigma. Frontiers in psychiatry, 8, 35. 

Cadge C, Connor C, Greenfield S.(2019) Universitystudents’ understanding and  

 perceptions of schizophrenia in the UK: a qualitative study. British Medical  

 Journal, 0(0), 01-10.  

Chan, C.-m. A., Cao, T., Gao, M.-t. (2015). Chinese conception of mental illness: A  

comparative culture analysis. Asian Journal of Pharmacy, Nursing and Medicial Sciences, 3(1), 1-7. 

Chin, W.W. (2010) How to Write Up and Report PLS Analyses. In: Esposito Vinzi,  

V., Chin, W.W., Henseler, J. and Wang, H., Eds., Handbook of Partial Least Squares: Concepts, Methods and Applications, Springer, Heidelberg, Dordrecht, London, New York, 655-690 

Chiu, I & Graham, J. A (2017). The Effect of a Peer-Based Personal Stories  

Intervention on Focus of Anxiety and Social Distance towards People with Mental Illness, Journal of College Student Development, 58(1), 101-107. 

Christensen, J. (2016). A critical reflection of Bronfenbrenner s development ecology  

 model. Problems of Education in the 21st Century, 69(1), 22-28. 

Chronister, J., Chou, C. C., Kwan, K. L. K., Lawton, M., & Silver, K. (2015). The  

 meaning of social support for persons with serious mental illness. Rehabilitation 

 psychology, 60(3), 232. 

Civelek, M. E. (2018). Essentials of structural equation modeling. Essentials of  

 Structural Equation Modeling (2018) 

Codey, R. J. (2019). American Democratic Party politician. Mental illness quote.  Retrieved from https://www.brainyquote.com/topics/mental_illness 

Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 155-159. 

Choudhry, F. R., Mani, V., Ming, L. C., & Khan, T. M. (2016). Beliefs and perception  

 about mental health issues: a meta-synthesis. Neuropsychiatric disease and  

 treatment, 12, 2807. 

Connaughton, J., & Gibson, W. (2016). Physiotherapy Students' Attitudes toward  

Psychiatry and Mental Health: A Cross-Sectional Study. Physiotherapy Canada. Physiotherapie Canada, 68(2), 172–178. https://doi.org/10.3138/ptc.2015-18E 

Corrigan, P. K. Green, A. Lundin, R. Kubiak, M. K. & Penn, D.K. (2001). Familiarity  

 With And Social Distance from People Who Have Serious Mental Illness.  Psychiatric Services, 52(7), 953-958. 

Corrigan, P. W. & Watson, A.C (2002). Understanding the impact of stigma on  

 People with mental illness. World psychiatric association, 1(1), 16–20.  

Corrigan, P.W. & Watson, A.C. (2002a). The Paradox of Self-Stigma and Mental  

 Illness. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 9(1), 35-53. Doi:  

 https://doi.org/ 10.1093/clipsy.9.1.35 

Corrigan, P. W., Lurie, B. D., Goldman, H. H., Slopen, N., Medasani, K., & Phelan, S. 

 (2005). How adolescents perceive the stigma of mental illness and alcohol  

 abuse. Psychiatric services, 56(5), 544-550. 

Chekuri, L., Mittal, D., Ounpraseuth et al (2018).  Relationship between Stereotypes,  

Prejudice, and Social Distancing in a Sample of Health Care Providers. primary care companion, 20(3) 17m02264. https://doi.org/10.4088/PCC.17m02264 

Cheesmond, N., Davies, K., & Inder, K. J. (2020). The role of the peer support worker  

 in increasing rural mental health help-seeking. Australian Journal of Rural  

 Health, 28(2), 203-208. 

Chen, M. D., & Chang, Y. C. (2016). Personnel attitudes toward people with mental  

 illness at a psychiatric hospital in Taiwan. International Journal of Social  

 Psychiatry, 62(4), 361-368. 

Chen, K. S., & Kok, J. K. (2017). Barriers to seeking school counselling: Malaysian  

 Chinese school students’ perspectives. Journal of psychologists and counsellors  

 in schools, 27(2), 222-238. 

Chen, M., & Lawrie, S. (2017). Newspaper depictions of mental and physical 

 health. BJPsych bulletin, 41(6), 308-313. 

Cherney, K. (2017, September 11). Signs and Symptoms of Mild, Moderate, and Severe  

 Depression. Retrieved from  

 https://www.healthline.com/health/depression/mild-depression 

Chinman, M., George, P., Dougherty, R. H., Daniels, A. S., Ghose, S. S., Swift, A., &  

 Delphin-Rittmon, M. E. (2014). Peer support services for individuals with  

 serious mental illnesses: assessing the evidence. Psychiatric Services, 65(4),  

 429-441. 

Chukwujekwu,C.D. (2018). Knowledge and Attitude about Mental Illness of Students   

 in a University  in Southern Nigeria. Journal of Biosciences and Medicines,  6(0), 95-104. 

Cho,Y.H. & Park, H. R. (2019).  Study of Social Distance and Knowledge on Attitude 

toward Mental Illness in University Students. Medico-legal Update, 19(1), 483-488. 

Chong, S. A., Abdin, E., Picco, L., Pang, S., Jeyagurunathan, A., Vaingankar, J. A., ...  

& Subramaniam, M. (2016). Recognition of mental disorders among a multiracial population in Southeast Asia. BMC psychiatry, 16(1), 1-10. 

Crabb, J., Stewart, R.C., Kokota, D., Masson, N., Chabunya, S., and Krishnadas, R.  

           (2012). Attitudes towards mental illness in Malawi: a cross-sectional survey.  

 BMC Public Health, 12 (541), 01-06, ISSN 1471-2458. 

Crandall, A., Powell, E. A., Bradford, G. C., Magnusson, B. M., Hanson, C. L., Barnes,  

 M. D., ... & Bean, R. A. (2020). Maslow’s hierarchy of needs as a framework  

 for understanding adolescent depressive symptoms over time. Journal of Child  

 and Family Studies, 29(2), 273-281. 

Crane, A., Henriques, I., Husted, B. W., & Matten, D. (2016). What constitutes a 

theoretical contribution in the business and society field?. Business &  

Society, 55(6), 783-791. 

Crossman, A. (2018). Definition and Examples of Social Distance in Psychology  

Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/social-distance-3026589 

Dabby, L., Tranulis, C., & Kirmayer, L. J. (2015). Explicit and Implicit Attitudes of  

Canadian Psychiatrists toward People With Mental Illness. Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie, 60(10), 451–459. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674371506001006 

Daniel, Z (2014). High household debt and cost-of-living pressures causing  

 depression, suicide Attempts Retrieved from   http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-11-24/high-household-debt-and-cost-of- living Causing-depression/5903250 

Desai, R., Panchal, B. Vala,, A., Ratnani, I. J. Vamder, S. & Khania, P. (2019).  Impact 

of clinical posting in psychiatry on the attitudes towards psychiatry and mental illness in undergraduate medical students. General Psychiatry,32(3), 01-07.  

Deverick, Z., Russell, L. & Hudson, S. (2017).  Attitudes of adults toward people with  

experience of mental distress: Result from the 2015 New Zealand Mental Health Monitor. Wellington: Health promotion Agency.     

DuPont, M. J., Villatoro, A.P., Phelan J.C., Painter, K. & Link B.K. (2020). Media 

language preferences and mental illness stigma among Latinx adolescents. 

Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 55(0), 929-939.   

Dickerson, F. B.,  Sommerville, J.,  Origoni, A. E., Ringel, N.B. & Parente, F. (2002).  Experiences of Stigma Among Outpatients With Schizophrenia. Schizophrenia  Bulletin, 28(1), 143-155.  

Dieu Ngo, P.X. (2020) Conception of mental illness among students in the third year  

 of biomedical medicine at the University of Kinshasa. 

Dipaula, B. A., Qian, J., Mehdizadegan, N., & Simoni-Wastila, L. (2011). An elective  

 psychiatric course to reduce pharmacy students’ social distance toward people  

 with severe mental illness. American journal of pharmaceutical  

 education, 75(4), 01-07.  

Dragma, I. R., Ana, S. Andrea, O., Katarina, N.D. et al (2016). Attitudes of Medical  

and Pharmacy Students towards Patients Suffering From Schizophrenia. Serbian Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research, 18(1), 53-59.   

Dzulkefly Ahmad (2018). Health Minister of Malaysia. Retrieved from   

 https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2018/07/396613/stigma-discrimination- hindering-people-seeking-treatment-mental-illness 

Economou, M., Peppou, L. E., Kontoangelos, K., Palli, A., Tsaliagkou, I., Legaki, E.  

M., Gournellis, R., & Papageorgiou, C. (2020). Mental Health Professionals' Attitudes to Severe Mental Illness and Its Correlates in Psychiatric Hospitals of Attica: The Role of Workers' Empathy. Community mental health journal, 56(4), 614–625. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-019-00521-6 

Einstein, E. H & Klepacz, L. (2017). What Influences Mental Illness? Discrepancies  Between Medical Education and Conception. Journal of Medical Education  and Curricular Development, 04(00), 01-06.  

Eissa, A.M., Elhabiby, M.M., El Serafi, D. et al (2020).  Investigating stigma attitudes  

towards people with mental illness among residents and house officers: an Egyptian study. Middle East Curr Psychiatry 27(18), 01-08 

https://doi.org/10.1186/s43045-020-0019-2. 

Etikan, I., Musa, S. A., & Alkassim, R. S. (2016). Comparison of convenience sampling  

and purposive sampling. American journal of theoretical and applied statistics, 5(1), 1-4. 

Evangelista, N., Mills, C.; Chambers, K.; Putman, A.; Weist, M. & Stephan, S. (July,    

           2011). Supporting Mental Health Needs of Community College Students.  

           Baltimore, MD: Center for School Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry. 

Evans-Lacko, S., Little, K., Meltzer, H., Rose, D., Rhydderch, D., Henderson, C., &  

Thornicroft, G. (2010). Development and psychometric properties of the  

Mental Health Knowledge Schedule. Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue  

canadienne de psychiatrie, 55(7), 440–448. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674371005500707 

Farrar, B. G. & Ostojic, L. (2018).   Does social distance modulate adults’ egocentric  

 biases when reasoning about false beliefs? PLoS ONE, 13(6), 01-17.   

Farré, L., Fasani, F., & Mueller, H. (2018). Feeling useless: the effect of unemployment  

on mental health in the Great Recession. IZA Journal of Labor Economics, 7(1), 1-34. 

Fatimah Abdullah (2018). Menteri Kebajikan, Kesejahteraan Komuniti, Wanita,  Keluarga dan Pembangunan Kanak-Kanak Retrieved from  

 https://www.utusanborneo.com.my/2018/07/05/jangan-pinggirkan-golongan- pesakit-mental-fatimah 

Fawaz, M., & Samaha, A. (2021, January). E-learning: Depression, anxiety, and stress  

 symptomatology among Lebanese university students during COVID-19  

 quarantine. In Nursing forum (Vol. 56, No. 1, pp. 52-57). 

Fearn,  A.  Goodman, K.  Wyllie, F. (2006). Youth Knowledge of and Attitudes to  

 Mental Health and mental illness.  New Zealand: Phoenix Research. 

Fekih-Romdhane, F., Chebbi, O., Sassi, H., & Cheour, M. (2021). Knowledge, 

attitude and behaviours toward mental illness and help-seeking in a large  

nonclinical Tunisian student sample. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 15(5),  

1292-1305. 

Fischer, K. E. (2012). Decision-making in healthcare: a practical application of partial  

 least square path modelling to coverage of newborn screening  

 programmes. BMC medical informatics and decision making, 12(1), 1-13 

Field, A. (2009). Discovering Statistics Using SPSS. 3rd Edition, Sage Publications 

Ltd., London. 

Fincham J. E. (2008). Response rates and responsiveness for surveys, standards, and  

 the Journal. American journal of pharmaceutical education, 72(2), 43.  

 https://doi.org/10.5688/aj720243 

Fong, F.(2018). Depressed student allegedly commits suicide in Seremban, cites  

 Academic stress. Retrieved form  

https://www.nst.com.my/news/crime-courts/2018/04/352814/depressed-student-allegedly-commits-suicide-seremban-cites-academic 

Follmer, K.B & Jones,K. S (2017). Stereotype content and social distancing from  

employees with mental illness: The moderating roles of gender and social dominance orientation. Journal of Applied Social Psycology, 0(0), 01-13.  

Fox, C. (2020). Children's attitudes to people with mental illness. Journal of Applied  

 Developmental Psychology, 67 (2020), 01-08. 

Ganesh, K. (2011).  Knowledge And Attitude Of Mental Illness Among General  

 Public Of Southern India. National Journal of Community Medicine,  

 2(1), 175-178. 

Gaunle, Kiran. (2018, June 04). How to Calculate Class Interval. Sciencing. Retrieved  

            from https://sciencing.com/calculate-class-interval-8382083.html 

Gaebel W., Rössler W., Sartorius N. (2017) Conclusion and Recommendations for  

 Future Action. In: Gaebel W., Rössler W., Sartorius N. (eds) The Stigma of  

 Mental Illness - End of the Story?. Springer, Cham.  

 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27839-1_38 

Getachwe,A. (2019). Assessment of Psychological Counseling Service for Higher  

Education Institution Students, International Journal of Education & Literacy Studies, 7(4), 53-61. 

Gibb, S. J. Fergusson, D.M. Horwood, L.J. (2010), Burden of psychiatric disorder in  

            young adulthood and life outcomes at age 30.  British Journal of Psychiatry,  

           197(2), 122-127. 

Giusti, L., Ussorio, D., Salza, A., Malavolta, M., Aggio, A., Bianchini, V., Casacchia,  

M., & Roncone, R. (2019). Italian Investigation on Mental Health Workers' Attitudes Regarding Personal Recovery from Mental Illness. Community mental health journal, 55(4), 680–685. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-018-0338-5 

Guimón, J. (2010). Prejudice and realities in stigma. International Journal of Mental  

 Health, 39(3), 20–43. https://doi.org/10.2753/IMH0020-7411390302 

Gur, K. & Lucuk, L. (2016). Females’ Attitudes toward Mental Illness: A Sample from  

            Rural Istanbul, Turkey. Iran Red Crescent Medical Journal, 18(5), 01-07.  

Gunningham, B. (2018). Prejudice towards People with Mental Illness: Measurement,  

Structure, and Antecedents in Mental Health Professionals and the General Population. 

George, E., & Engel, L. (1980). The clinical application of the biopsychosocial model.  

 American journal of Psychiatry, 137(5), 535-544. 

Geisser, S. (1975). The predictive sample reuse method with applications. Journal of  

 the American statistical Association, 70(350), 320-328. 

Gilbert, N. A. (2019). PRESERVICE TEACHERS’ATTITUDES TOWARDS  

INDIVIDUALS WITH MENTAL HEALTH DISORDERS (Doctoral dissertation,  

Miami University). 

Gillard, S., Gibson, S. L., Holley, J., & Lucock, M. (2015). Developing a change model  

 for peer worker interventions in mental health services: a qualitative research  

 study. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 24(5), 435-445. 

Gruttadaro, D. (2016). Director of advocacy and public policy at the National  

 Alliance on Mental  Illness (NAMI). 

Grover, N., Jameel, S., & Dhiman, V. (2019). Change in Attitude among Nursing  

Undergraduate Students Following One-Month Exposure in a Mental Healthcare Setting. Indian journal of psychological medicine, 41(5), 462–465 

Grover, S., Shouan, A., & Sahoo, S. (2019). Labels used for persons with severe  

Mental illness and their stigma experience in North India. Asian journal of psychiatry, 48, 101909. 

Hall, T., Kakuma, R., Palmer, L. et al (2019) Social inclusion and exclusion of people  

with mental illness in Timor-Leste: a qualitative investigation with multiple stakeholders. BMC Public Health 19(702) 01-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7042-4 

Hair, J., Hollingsworth, C. L., Randolph, A. B., & Chong, A. Y. L. (2017). An updated 

and expanded assessment of PLS-SEM in information systems  

research. Industrial management & data systems. 

Hair Jr, J.F, Risher.J.J. Sarstedt, M & Ringle, C.M. (2019). When to use and how to  

report the results of PLS-SEM European Business Review, 31(1), 02-24. 

Hair Jr, J.F., Sarstedt, M., Hopkins, L.,  Kuppelwieser, V.G. (2014). Partial least  

 Squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) An emerging tool in  business research European Business Review, 26(2), 106-121. 

Hair Jr, J. F., Joseph F. William C. Black Barry J. Babin Rolph E. Anderson (2014)  

 Multivariate Data Analysis. ENG. Seventh Edition. 

Hair, J., Money, A., Babin, B., & Samouel, P. (2003). Essentials of business research  

 methods.   

Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2012). Partial least squares: the better 

approach to structural equation modeling?. Long range planning, 45(5-6), 312- 

319. 

Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a silver  

 bullet. Journal of Marketing theory and Practice, 19(2), 139-152. 

Hair Jr, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., & Gudergan, S. P. (2017). Advanced issues  

 in partial least squares structural equation modeling. saGe publications. 

Hampson, M. E., Watt, B. D., & Hicks, R. E. (2020). Impacts of stigma and  

 discrimination in the workplace on people living with psychosis. BMC  

 psychiatry, 20(1), 1-11. 

Hanafiah, A. N., & Van Bortel, T. (2015). A qualitative exploration of the perspectives  

of mental health professionals on stigma and discrimination of mental illness in Malaysia. International journal of mental health systems, 9(1), 1-12. 

Hanafi, M. M. H. (2010). Sakit Mental: Ancaman Masyarakat  

           Moden. Program Pembangunan Manusia, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. 

Harandi, T.M, Taghinasab, M. M. & Nayeri, T. D (2017). The correlation of social  

support with mental health: A meta-analysis.  Electronic Physician, 9(9), 5212-5222 

Hartini, N., Fardana, N. A., Ariana, A. D., & Wardana, N. D. (2018). Stigma toward  

 people with mental health problems in Indonesia. Psychology research and  

 behavior management, 11, 535. 

Hampton, N. Z & Sharp, S (2014). Internal Motivation to Respond without prejudice  

 as Mediator of Gender-Attitude toward Mental Illness. Journal of  

 Rehabilitation, 80(3), 30-39 

Hanley, E. (2015). Perception of Mental Illness Based Upon its Portrayal in Film. 

Haynes, T.F. (2010).  Religious Beliefs, Attitudes towards Mental Health  

Treatment, and Mental Health Utilization among Southern Rural African Americans. School of Public Health Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States. 

Helmchen, H. (2013). Different conceptions of mental illness: consequences for the  

 association with patients. Frontiers in Psychology, 4(1), 01-05. 

Henderson, C., Evans-Lacko, S. & Thornicoroft, G. (2013) Mental Illness Stigma, Help  

 Seeking, and Public Health Programs. American Journal of Public Health,  

 103(5), 770-780.   

Henseler, J., & Fassott, G. (2010). Testing moderating effects in PLS path models: An  

 illustration of available procedures. Handbook of partial least squares:  

 Concepts, methods and applications, 713-735. 

Henseler, J., Hubona, G., & Ray, P. A. (2016). Using PLS path modeling in new  

 technology research: updated guidelines. Industrial management & data  

 systems. 

Henwood, B. F., Derejko, K. S., Couture, J., & Padgett, D. K. (2015). Maslow and  

 mental health recovery: A comparative study of homeless programs for adults  

 with serious mental illness. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and  

 Mental Health Services Research, 42(2), 220-228. 

Holthaus, J (n.d). The Importance of Mental Health Awareness. Retrieved from  

          https://www.pinerest.org/mental-health-awareness/ 

Hogberg, T., Mangnusson, A., Lutzen, K. & Ewald-Kvist, B. (2012).  Swedish  

 attitudes towards persons with mental illness.  Nordic journal of psychiatry,  

 66(2), 86-96.   

Hoven, C.W. (2004). Expanding Awareness of Mental Health in Childhood and  

          Adolescence, College of Physicians and Surgeons and the New York State  

          Psychiatric Institute New York, NY, Columbia University press. 

Hox, J. J., & Bechger, T. M. (1998). An introduction to structural equation  

 modeling. Family science review, 11, 354-373. 

Huey, L., Fthenos, G., & Hryniewicz, D. (2013). "If something happened, I will leave  

 it, let it go and move on": resiliency and victimized homeless women's attitudes  

 toward mental health counseling. Journal of interpersonal violence, 28(2), 295– 

 319. 

Husain, M. O., Zehra, S. S., Umer, M., Kiran, T., Husain, M., Soomro, M., ... & Husain,  

 N. (2020). Stigma toward mental and physical illness: attitudes of healthcare  

 professionals, healthcare students and the general public in Pakistan. BJPsych  

 open, 6(5), e81. 

Hussain, S., Fangwei, Z., Siddiqi, A. F., Ali, Z., & Shabbir, M. S. (2018). Structural 

equation model for evaluating factors affecting quality of social infrastructure  

projects. Sustainability, 10(5), 1415. 

Idris, M.S.M. (2016). Kekang Penyakit Mental. Retrieved from  

            http://www.utusan.com.my/rencana/forum/kekang-penyakit-mental-1.422868 

Intan, N.M.S, Norlija, K, Nur Falihin, I, Haazik, M & Yusof, A (2011).  Level of  

 Knowledge on Mental Health among IPTA Students: Case Study in UKM,  

 Bangi.  Jurnal Personalia  Pelajar, 14, 37- 44. 

Jaafar, J. R., Kamarudin, N. H., & Zakaria, N. H. (2017). Potential factors for blood  

 donation among non-donor university students. Infrastructure University Kuala  

 Lumpur Research Journal, 5 (1), 21-28. 

Jack-ide, I.O, Azebri, B. P. Ongutubor, K.E. & Amiegheme, F.E. (2016). Secondary  

            School Student Awareness and Attitude toward Mental Health Disorder In  

            Bayelsa State Nigeria. Article Research, 2(2), 1-5. 

Jacq, K. Q. (2018).  Nurses’ Attitudes Toward Mental Illness (Unpublished doctoral  

  dissertation), Columbia University, Columbia, African.  

Jadhav, S. Littlewood, R. Ryder, A.G. Chakraborty, A, Jain, S, & Barua, M.(2007).   

           Stigmatization of Severe Mental illness in India: Against the simple  

           industrialization hypothesis. Indian Journal Psychiatry, 49(3), 189-194. 

Jamaluddin, R. (2016).  Ketua Jabatan Pakar psikiatri, Hospital Tengku Fauziah,  

           Kangar. 

James,B.O, Omoaregba, J. O & Okogbenin, E.0. (2012) Stigmatising attitudes  towards persons with mental illness:a survey of medical students and interns  from Southern Nigeria. Mental Illness, 4(8), 32-34. 

Janská, V & Musil, L. (2011). The Influence of Prejudicial Typifications on My  Approach to Clients Suffering From a Mental Illness. Social Work in Mental  Health, 9(6), 417-434. 

Janssen, V. (2016). Bagaimana baik adalah kesihatan mental kita berbanding dengan  

orang di Asia Pasifik?. Retrieved from  

https://infoje.com/bagaimana-baik-adalah-kesihatan-mental-kita-berbanding- dengan-orang-di-asia-pasifik/ 

Jegede, A.S.(2005) The Notion of ‘Were’ in Yoruba Conception of Mental Illness.  Nordic Journal of African Studies, 14(1), 117–126. 

Jenks, C. (2016). Why Mental Illness Awareness is so important. Retrieved from 

           https://www.theodysseyonline.com/mental-illness-awareness-important 

Johannsson, O. J. & Kunst, J. R. (2017). Explaining prejudice toward the mentally ill:  

A test of sociopolitical, demographic, and socioeconomic factors. Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 47(12), 01-14.  

Jones, J. (n.d) Psychodynamic Approach in Psychology: Definition & Explanation   

retrieved from study.com website: http://study.com/academy/lesson/psychodynamic-approach-in-psychology-definition-lesson-quiz.html 

Jones, J. K. (2015). How Schools Can Support Students with Mental Illness.  

            Department of Education and Human Development, Brockport, New York. 

Janoušková, M., Formánek, T., Bražinová, A., Mílek, P., Alexová, A., Winkler, P., &  

 Motlová, L. B. (2021). Attitudes towards people with mental illness and low  

 interest in psychiatry among medical students in central and eastern  

 Europe. Psychiatric Quarterly, 92(1), 407-418. 

Jombo,H.E.  & Idung, A. U. (2018).  Stigmatising Attitudes towards Persons with 

Mental Illness among University Students in Uyo, SouthSouth Nigeria International Journal of Health Sciences & Research, 8(4), 24-31.  

Jombo, H. E., & Idung, A. U. (2018). Social Distance Towards The Mentally Ill  

Persons Among Medical Undergraduates In Uyo, Nigeria. The Impact Of Mental Health Education And Training On Its Magnitude. Ibom Medical journal 11(1), 30-37. 

Jang, H., Jun-Tae Lim, J.T., Juhwan O,  Lee, S.Y., Kim,Y.I & Lee, J.S (2012).  

Factors Affecting Public Prejudice and Social Distance on Mental Illness: Analysis of Contextual Effect by Multi-level Analysis, Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, 45(2), 90-97. 

Jha, P., & Mandal, P. K. (2021). Knowledge And Attitude On Mental Illness Among  

People Of A Selected Community Of Biratnagar. Journal of Psychiatrists'  

Association of Nepal, 10(1), 43-49. 

Jyothi, N.U., Mounica, B. Ali, F. Chaitanya, D. & Mounika, S. (2015) A  

 Questionnaire Survey on Student’s Attitudes towards Individuals with Mental  

 Illness. Journal of  Pharmaceutical, Science and Research. 7(7), 393-396. 

Karakayali, N. (2009, September). Social distance and affective orientations. In  

Sociological Forum (Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 538-562). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. 

Kamunyu, R.N., Ndungo, C.M., & Wango, G.M. (2016). Reasons Why University  

 Students Do Not Seek Counselling Services in Kenya. Journal of Education and  

 Practice, 7, 142-145. 

Kpanake, L. (2018). Cultural concepts of the person and mental health in 

Africa. Transcultural psychiatry, 55(2), 198-218. 

Khairallah, C., Kassab, A., Damien, A., & Richa, S. (2021). Attitude of the employer  

in Lebanon toward candidates and employees with a stable chronic mental illness. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 00207640211013858. 

Karl, B. (2017). Back translation: the obvious (and not so obvious) benefits. Retrieved  from:https://blog.sdltrados.com/back-translation-the-obvious-and-not-so- obvious-benefits/ 

Kaur, H., Sharma, S. & Vallamkonda, O.M (2018).  Attitude toward mental illness  

among adolescents: A hospital-based study. Indian journal of social psychiatry 35(3) 

Kendler KS, Prescott CA. Genes, Environment, and Psychopathology: Understanding 

 the Causes of Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders. Guilford Press; New  

 York: 2006. July 26, 2006. 

Kenny, A., Bizumic, B. & Griffiths, K. M. (2018).  The Prejudice towards People  

 With Mental Illness (PPMI) scale: structure and validity. BMC Psychiatry,  18(293), 01-13. 

Kim Yang, H.  Kim Yong, J., Lee, M. H. & Seok Hee (2016).  Effect of Human  

Rights Sensitivity and Social Distance on Attitude toward Mental Illness in Psychiatric Hospital Orderlies. Journal Korean Academic Psychiatry Mental Health Nursing. 25(3), 249-261. 

Koh Ong Hui (2008). Lecturer Department of Psychological Medicine. 

Koike, S., Yamaguchi, S., Ojio, Y., & Ando, S. (2018). Social distance toward people  

 with schizophrenia is associated with favorable understanding and negative  

 stereotype. Psychiatry research, 261, 264-268. 

Kometsi, M. J., Mkhize, N. & Pillay, A. (2019). Mental health literacy: conceptions of  

Mental illness among African residents of Sisonke District in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. South African Journal of Psychology, 50(3), 347-358.  

Kohn, R., Saxena, S., Levav, I & Saraceno, B. (2004). The treatment gap in mental  health care.  Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 82 (11), 858-866. 

Kumar M V, Macharapu R, Reddy PK, Babu S. (2019). Attitude toward mental illness 

among medical students and non-psychiatric doctors. Arch Mental Health, 20(1), 9-13. 

Kusnanto, H., Agustian, D., & Hilmanto, D. (2018). Biopsychosocial model of illnesses  

in primary care: A hermeneutic literature review. Journal of family medicine and primary care, 7(3), 497–500. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_145_17 

Krendl, A. C., & Pescosolido, B. A. (2020). Countries and cultural differences in the  

stigma of mental illness: the east–west divide. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 51(2), 149-167. 

Kya, T.L.  Ngor, P.Y. Awang, Z. (2015).  Statistics Third Edition. Shah Alam: Fajar  

           Bakti 

Laly, J., Conghaile, A., Quigley, S., Bainbridge, E. & McDonald, C. (2013). Stigma  of mental illness and help-seeking intention in university students. The  psychiatrist, 37(8), 253-260.  

Lauber, C., Nordt, C., Falcato, L., & Rossler, W. (2004) M.D., M.A. Factors  Influencing Social DistanceToward People with Mental Illness. Community  Mental Health Journal. 40(3), 265-274.  

Lai, J., Ma, S., Wang, Y., Cai, Z., Hu, J., Wei, N., ... & Hu, S. (2020). Factors  

 associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers exposed to  

 coronavirus disease 2019. JAMA network open, 3(3), e203976-e203976. 

Lai, K., Li, D., Peng, H., Zhao, J., & He, L. (2021). Assessing suicide reporting in top  

 newspaper social media accounts in China: content analysis study. JMIR  

 mental health, 8(5), e26654. 

Lally, J., ó Conghaile, A., Quigley, S., Bainbridge, E., & McDonald, C. (2013).  

 Stigma of mental illness and help-seeking intention in university students. The  

 Psychiatrist, 37(8), 253-260. 

Lampropoulos, D. & Apostolidis (2018).  Social Dominance Orientation and  

Discrimination against People with Schizophrenia: Evidence of Medicalization and Dangerousness Beliefs as Legitimizing Myths. Journal of psychology. 12(37), 01-06.   

Lundquist, A Gurung, A. R (2019). Social Distancing Individuals With Depression:  

The Impact of Symptom Severity. The International Honor Society In Psychology 24(3), 159-209. 

Lee, S. Y. (2018). The effect of media coverage of celebrities with panic disorder on  

 the health behaviors of the public. Health Communication. 

Lee, M., & Seo, M. (2018). Effect of direct and indirect contact with mental illness on 

dangerousness and social distance. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 64(2), 112–119. 

Lee, S., & Lee, D. K. (2018). What is the proper way to apply the multiple comparison  

test?. Korean journal of anesthesiology, 71(5), 353–360. https://doi.org/10.4097/kja.d.18.00242 

Lettieri, A., Díez, E., & Soto-Pérez, F. (2021). Prejudice and work discrimination:  

Exploring the effects of employers’ work experience, contact and attitudes on the intention to hire people with mental illness. The Social Science Journal, 1-19. 

Leon, A.D . Davis, L.L & Kraemer, H.C. (2011).  The Role and Interpretation of Pilot  

           Studies in Clinical Research.  Journal Psychiatric Research, 45(5), 626–629. 

Leong, F. T. L., Kim, H. H. W., & Gupta, A. (2011). Attitudes toward professional  

counseling among Asian-American college students: Acculturation, conceptions of mental illness, and loss of face. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 2(2), 140–153. 

Letovancová, K., Kovalcíková, N. & Dobríková, P. (2017). Attitude of society  towards people with mental illness: The result of national survey of the Slovak  population. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 63(3), 255-260.  

Li , J., Zhang, M., Zhao, L.,  Li, Q.M., Mu, J. L. & Zhang, Z.H. (2018). Evaluation  of Attitudes and Knowledge toward Mental Disorders in A Sample Of The 

 Chinese Population Using a Web-Based Approach. BMC Psychiatry, 8(367),  01-08. 

Li, M. (2020). Effect of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Theory on Psychotherapy of  

 Patients with Depression. Investigación Clínica, 61(1), 96-103. 

Li, Y., Hildersley, R., Ho, G. W., Potts, L., & Henderson, C. (2021). Relationships  

 between types of UK national newspapers, illness classification, and  

 stigmatising coverage of mental disorders. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric  

 Epidemiology, 56(9), 1527-1535. 

Lien YY, Lin HS, Tsai CH, Lien YJ, Wu TT (2019). Changes in Attitudes toward  

Mental Illness in Healthcare Professionals and Students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(23), 46-55. 

Liekens, S., Smits, T., Laekeman, G., & Foulon, V. (2012). Pharmaceutical care for  

 people with depression: Belgian pharmacists’ attitudes and perceived  

 barriers. International journal of clinical pharmacy, 34(3), 452-459. 

Luo, A., He, H., Mohamed, S., & Rosenheck, R. (2018). Medical Student Attitudes  

Towards People with Mental Illness in China: A Qualitative Study. Culture, medicine and psychiatry, 42(3), 535–551. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11013-018-9568-9 

Lowery, S (2018).  Reporting and portrayal of mental health issues. Retrieved  from: 

https://archive.mentalhealth.org.nz/assets/LMLM-Reporting-and-portrayal-of-mental-illness-WEB-media.pdf 

Ma, Z., Huang, H., Nie, G., Silenzio, V., & Wei, B. (2018). Attitude towards Mental  

Illness among Primary Healthcare Providers: A Community-Based Study in Rural China. BioMed research international, 2018, 8715272. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/8715272 

Malla, A., Joober, R., & Garcia, A. (2015). "Mental illness is like any other medical  

illness": a critical examination of the statement and its impact on patient care and society. Journal of psychiatry & neuroscience: JPN, 40(3), 147–150. https://doi.org/10.1503/jpn.150099 

Mårtensson, G. Jacobsson, J.W. & Engström, M. (2014). Mental Health Nursing  

           Staff’s Attitudes towards Mental Illness: an analysis of related factors. Journal  of  Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 21(9), 782-788.  

Macaskill, A. (2012). The mental health of university students in the United  

           Kingdom. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 41 (4), 426-441. 

Matthias, C. A. Herbert, M. & Schomerus, G. (2013). Attitudes towards psychiatric  

             Treatment and people with mental illness: changes over two decades. The  British Journal of Psychiatry, 203(2013), 146–15. 

Mathias, K., Kermode, M., Goicolea, I., Seefeldt, L., Shidhaye, R., & San Sebastian,  

M. (2018). Social Distance and Community Attitudes Towards People with Psycho-Social Disabilities in Uttarakhand, India. Community mental health journal, 54(3), 343–353. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-017-0211-y 

Malaysia Psychiatric Association. (2010, January 21).  Gangguan Mental dan  

            Penyelesaian. Utusan Malaya.com. Retrieve from    

http://ww1.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2010&dt=0117&pub=utusan_malaysia&sec=Kesihatan&pg=kn_01.htm&arc=hive 

Manal, A.B. Luma AZ. (2013).  Medical and non-medical female students' attitudes 

toward mental illness and psychiatric patients at Umm Al Qura university.  Life Science Journal, 10(2):882-888.  

Mas Anom Abdul Rashid, Mohd Noor Azman Othman, Abdul Razak Ibrahim (2017).  

Stressors and Mental Health of Students at Private University in Malaysia. Behavioral & Social Sciences Librarian. 

Mas, A., & Hatim, A. (2002). Stigma in mental illness: attitudes of medical students  

 towards mental illness. The Medical Journal of Malaysia, 57(4), 433-444.  

 Retrieved from http://www.e-mjm.org/2002/v57n4/Mental_Illness.pdf 

Mak, W. W., Chong, E. S., & Wong, C. C. (2014). Beyond attributions: 

 Understanding public stigma of mental illness with the common sense model.  

 American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 84(2), 173. 

Mental Health Reporting (n.d). Facts about Mental Illness and Suicide. Retrieve from  

               http://mentalhealth.samhsa.gov/suicideprevention/suicidefacts.asp 

Mental Health Foundation New Zealand (2018), Reporting and Portrayal of Mental  

Health Issues, New Zealand, Lawery   

Mind Your mental Health (2018). Mental Illness vs Mental Health .Retrieve from  

https://www.magellanhealth.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/00002_Mental-health-vs-mental-illness-.pdf 

Mifune, N., Inamasu, K., Kohama, S., Ohtsubo, Y., & Tago, A. (2019). Social  

 dominance orientation as an obstacle to intergroup apology. PLoS ONE, 14(1),  

 Article e0211379. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211379 

Mirnezami, H. F., Jacobsson, L., & Edin-Liljegren, A. (2016). Changes in attitudes  

towards mental disorders and psychiatric treatment 1976-2014 in a Swedish population. Nordic journal of psychiatry, 70(1), 38–44. https://doi.org/10.3109/08039488.2015.1046916 

Milby, J.D. (2015). Preempting Mass Murder: Improving Law Enforcement Risk  

            Assessments of Persons with Mental Illness. Naval Postgraduate School,  

            Praestantia Per Scientiam, Monterey, California. 

Ming, A. C.C & Gau, M. T. (2015). Chinese Conception of Mental Illness: A  Comparative Culture Analysis, Asian Journal of Pharmacy, Nursing and  Medical Sciences, 03(01), 01-07. 

Minas, H., Zamzam, R., Midin, M., & Cohen, A. (2011). Attitudes of Malaysian general 

hospital staff towards patients with mental illness and diabetes. BMC public 

 health, 11(1), 1-10. 

Muhammad Mukhsin ahmad zahari (2010). Pakar Perunding Psikiatri Universiti.  

           Malaya 

Muksin, M. (2016) understanding mental illness Retrieved from    

            www.pressreader.com/malaysia/thestarmalaysia/20160626/282922384729191 

Munir, K., Oner, O., Rustamov, I., Boztas, H., Juszkiewicz, K., Wloszczak-Szubzda,  

 A., ... & Javed, A. (2022). Social distance and stigma towards persons with  

 serious mental illness among medical students in five European Central Asia  

 countries. Psychiatry Research, 114409. 

Munirah Othman (2017, November, 17). Berubat Sebelum Masaalah Mental Jadi  Lebih serius. Kosmo Newspaper, p.11. 

Mutalik, N. R., Tejaswi, TP. Kashinakunti, M. & Choudhari, SB. (2017).  Attitude of  

medical undergraduate and postgraduate students towards psychiatry: a cross-sectional study. Open Journal of Psychiatry & Allied Sciences, 9(1), 01-08.  

Murphy, N. A., Fatoye, F., &Wibberley,C. (2013). The changing face of newspaper  

representations of the mentally ill, Journal of Mental Health, 22:3, 271-282. 

Moon, S., Lee, J.K., Park, S.K., Lee, S.Y., Kim,Y., Kim,Y. K. & Shin.Y.(2008).  

 Factors Affecting Social Distance toward Mental Illness: A Nationwide  

 Telephone Survey in Korea, Journal Prev Med Public Health, 41(6), 419-426. 

More Malaysians expected to suffer from mental illness by 2020 (2016, July 1) The  Star, PP. E1, E4. Retrieved from  https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2016/07/01/more-malaysians- expected-to-suffer-from-mental-illness-by-2020- 

Montoya, A. K., & Edwards, M. C. (2020). The Poor Fit of Model Fit for Selecting  

Number of Factors in Exploratory Factor Analysis for Scale Evaluation. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 001316442094289. doi:10.1177/0013164420942899 

Morgan, A. J., Reavley, N. J., Ross, A., San Too, L., & Jorm, A. F. (2018). Interventions  

 to reduce stigma towards people with severe mental illness: Systematic review  

 and meta-analysis. Journal of psychiatric research, 103, 120-133. 

Mowbray, C. T. Megivern, D. Mandiberg, J. M. Strauss, S. Stein, C. H. Collins, K.&  

            Lett, R. (2006).  Campus mental health services: Recommendations for  change.  American, Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76(2), 226-237. 

Mohamad, M. S., Subhi, N., Zakaria, E. & Mohamad Aun, N. S. (2013). Cultural  

Influences in Mental Health Help-seeking among Malaysian Family Caregivers. Journal of Social Science and Humanities, 22(S), 1-15. 

Mohd Suhaimi Mohammad, Sheau Tsuey Chong, Norulhuda Sarnoon, Fauziah  Ibrahim, khatijah Alavi & Noremy Md Akil (2012). Manifestasi Penjagaan  Keluarga: Tekanan Psikologikal dalam menjaga pesakit mental. Journal of  Social Science and Humanities, 7(0), 59-75.  

Morard, B., & Simonin, D. (2016). Partial least squares modeling in marketing  

 research: a tailor-made model of wine e-commerce consumers in  

 Switzerland. Journal of Economics, Business and Management, 4(5), 410-417. 

Mvandal, S.P., Mushi, R. & Mponzi, K. (2020).  Knowledge and Attitude among  

Nyamagana Community Members towards Mental illness, Tanzania. Preprints 2020, 2020100630 (doi: 10.20944/preprints202010.0630.v1). 

Nabavi, R. T. (2012). Bandura’s social learning theory & social cognitive learning  

 theory. Theory of Developmental Psychology, 1-24. 

[National Council of Social Services]. (2018, October 17). Experimen Sosial  mengenai Stigma Kesihatan Mental-Beyond the Label. Retrieved from  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=98E98Ap241A&t=128s 

National Institutes of Health (US); Biological Sciences Curriculum Study. NIH  

            Curriculum Supplement Series [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institutes  of Health (US); 2007. Information about Mental Illness and the Brain. 

National Health And Morbidity Survey 2015, Kuala Lumpur, Institute for Public  Health, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health. 

National Health and Morbidity Survey 2017: Adolescent Health Survey 2017 Kuala  Lumpur, Institute for Public  Health, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of  Health. 

National Alliance on Mental Illness (2016). Mental Health Conditions. Retrieved  

 From, http://www.nami.org/Learn-More/Mental-Health-Conditions 

Nik Nazmi (2015) Young leader of Parti Keadilan Rakyat(PKR).  Youth Bankruptcies       

            Fault of the Government. Retrieved from  

 http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2015/10/19/nik-nazmi-    youth-  bankruptcies-fault-of-the-government/ 

Nik Murni, N.M. Hadina, H. Noor Aireen, I & Hanita. H. (2015).  Awareness level on  

            mental illness among Secondary School Student in skudai , Johor. Psychology  

            and Behavioral Science, 4(5), 181-189. 

[Nurul Izzah Anwar]. (2018, December 07).  Nurul Izzah membentang Isu Kesihatan  

Mental. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZrqiGowCBEE 

Noor Hisyam Abdullah – Director General Health of Malaysia.  

Norman, R. M., Sorrentino, R., Windell, D., & Manchanda, R. (2008). Are personal  

 values of importance in the stigmatization of people with mental illness?. The 

Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 53(12), 848-856. 

Ndetei, D.M.  Khasakhala, L.I.  Mutiso, V. & Mbwayo, A.W. (2011).  Knowledge,  

            attitude and Practice (KAP) of mental illness among staff in general medical  

            facilities in Kenya: Practice and policy implications. African Journal of  

            Psychiatry, 14(3), 225-235.  

Nepal, S., Rayamajhi, A., Shrestha, M. & Aryan,N. (2020) Attitude of Senior  

 Secondary Level Students towards Mental Illness.  Journal Psychiatrists’  

 Association of Nepal, 9(1), 47-52.  

New Straits Times. http://www.nst.com.my/news/2016/09/172683/mental-health-   malaysianstudents-cause-worry-health-ministry.12 September 2016. Accessed on 10 May 2018. 

Oliveira, A. M., Machado, D., Fonseca, J. B., Palha, F., Silva Moreira, P., Sousa, N.,  

Cerqueira, J. J., & Morgado, P. (2020). Stigmatizing Attitudes toward Patients with Psychiatric Disorders Among Medical Students and Professionals. Frontiers in psychiatry, 11, 326. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00326 

Omoaregba, J.O., James, B.O., Igbinowanhia, N.G. & Akhiwu, W.O. (2015).  The  

Attitudes of the Police towards Persons with Mental Illness: A Cross-sectional Study from Benin City, Nigeria. American Journal of Applied Psychology. 3(3) 57-61. 

Othman, M. A., & Rashid, M. A. (2018). Stress and Mental of Undergraduate 

Students at a Private Higher Learning Institution in Malaysia. PEOPLE: International Journal of Social Sciences, 4(2), 453-465. 

Okpalauwaekwe,U.,  Mela, M. & Oji, C. (2017). Knowledge of and Attitude to  Mental Illnesses in Nigeria: A Scoping Review. Integrative Journal of Global  Health, 01(05), 01-14.  

Parle, S. (2012). How does stigma affect people with mental illness? Nursing times  

 Article, 108(28), 12-14. 

Parliament of Malaysia. Mental Health of Malaysia (2017). TV3. Thursday 9th  

            November.      

Patel, V. & Sartouris, N. (2008). From science to action: the Lancet series on global  

            Mental Health. Current opinion in Psychiatry, 21(0), 109-113.    

Pang S, Liu J, Mahesh M, et al (2017). Stigma among Singaporean youth: a cross- 

sectional study on adolescent attitudes towards serious mental illness and social tolerance in a multiethnic population. British Medical Journal Open, 7(10), 01-11.    

Patrick, A. (2015). Quantitative Methods: Meaning and Characteristics Retrieved  

 From http://simplyeducate.me/2015/01/03/quantitative-methods-meaning-and-      characteristics/ 

Pawar, A. A., Peters, A., & Rathod, J. (2014). Stigma of mental illness: A study in the 

Indian Armed Forces. Medical journal, Armed Forces India, 70(4), 354–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mjafi.2013.07.008 

Pelzang, R. (2010). Attitude of Nurses towards Mental Illness in Bhutan, Journal of  

             Bhutan  Studies, 22(2010) .60-76. 

Peterson, J., Skeem, J., Kennealy, P.J., Bray, B., & Zvonkovic, A. (2014). How often  

and how consistently do symptoms directly precede criminal behavior among offenders with mental illness? Law and human behavior, 38 5, 439-49. 

Poreddi, V., Thimmaiah, R., & Math, S. B. (2015). Attitudes toward people with mental  

Illness among medical students. Journal of neurosciences in rural practice, 6(3), 349–354. https://doi.org/10.4103/0976-3147.154564 

Puspitasari, I. M., Garnisa, I. T., Sinuraya, R. K., & Witriani, W. (2020). Perceptions, 

Knowledge, and Attitude Toward Mental Health Disorders and Their Treatment Among Students in an Indonesian University. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 13(1), 845-854. 

Pradhan, P. K. (2020). Attitude and Stigma towards Mental Illness and HIV/AIDS in  

 University Students of Ranchi City (Doctoral dissertation, Central Institute of  

 Psychiatry (India)). 

Qassim, S., Boura, F., & Al-hariri, Y. (2018). Public Knowledge And Attitude Toward  

Depression And Schizophrenia: Findings From Quantitative Study In UAE. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 11(7), 402-406. 

Quintero Johnson, J. M., & Riles, J. (2018). “He acted like a crazy person”: Exploring  

 the influence of college students’ recall of stereotypic media representations of  

 mental illness. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 7(2), 01-19. 

Radhakanth, C., Vijayalakshmi, D., Rahul, P., & Reddy, K.R. (2016). A Comparative 

Study of Attitudes towards Mental Illness among Nursing Students. IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences, 15, 08-11. 

Rahilah Ahmad, Nor Azlili Hassan, Jaslina Mohd Tajuddin, Yollanda Tan Wimpi  

 (2018) A Study on Social Media Usage among Private University Students in 

Klang Valley. Jurnal Sultan Alauddin Sulaiman Shah. 5(2), 257-268.  

Ramakrishnan, S. (2011), Peningkatan kes bunuh diri di kalangan golongan muda.  

            Retrieved from https://rama4change.wordpress.com/2011/04/29/peningkatan- Kes bunuh-diri-di-kalangan-golongan-muda/ 

Rameela, A. (2015). Nurses Attitude towards the Mentally Ill In Indira Gandhi  Memorial  Hospital, Maldives. Penang, University Sains Malaysia. 

Ramayah, T., Yeap, J. A., Ahmad, N. H., Halim, H. A., & Rahman, S. A. (2017).  

Testing a confirmatory model of facebook usage in smartPLS using consistent PLS. International Journal of Business and Innovation, 3(2), 1-14. 

Ramayah, T. J. F. H., Cheah, J., Chuah, F., Ting, H., & Memon, M. A. (2018). Partial  

 least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) using smartPLS 3.0. An  

 updated guide and practical guide to statistical analysis. 

Razzouk, D. Gallo, C. Olifson, S. Zorzetto, R. Fiestas, F. Poletti, G. Mazzotti, G.  Levav. I. &Mari JJ. (2008). “Challenges to reduce the “10/90 gap”: mental  health research in Latin American   and Caribbean countries.  Acta psyhiatria  Scandinavia, 118(0), 490-498. 

Richard J. Codey Quotes. (n.d.). BrainyQuote.com. Retrieved February 8, 2019, from   

BrainyQuote.com Web site:    

               https://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/richard_j_codey_168462 

Riffel, T. & Chen. S. H (2019).  Exploring the Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavioural  

Responses of Healthcare Students towards Mental Illnesses—A Qualitative Study International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(1), 01-11.    

Riffel, T., & Chen, S. P. (2020). Stigma in healthcare? Exploring the knowledge,  

Attitudes, and behavioral responses of healthcare professionals and students toward individuals with mental illnesses. Psychiatric Quarterly, 91(1),1103-1119 . 

Riles, J. M. (2020). The social effect of exposure to mental illness media portrayals:  

Influencing interpersonal interaction intentions. Psychology of Popular Media, 9(2), 145–154. 

Ringle, C., Da Silva, D., & Bido, D. (2014). Structural Equation Modeling with the  

 Smartpls. Brazilian Journal of Marketing, 13(2), 56-73. 

Robinson, E. J. & Henderson, C. (2018). Public Knowledge, Attitudes, Social  Distance and Reporting Contact with People with Mental Illness 2009-2017.  Psychological Medicine, 0(0), 01-10 

Röhm, A., Hastall, M. R., & Ritterfeld, U. (2017). How Movies Shape Students'  

Attitudes toward Individuals with Schizophrenia: An Exploration of the Relationships between Entertainment Experience and Stigmatization. Issues in mental health nursing, 38(3), 193–201. https://doi.org/10.1080/01612840.2016.1257672 

Rhydderch, D., Krooupa, A. M., Shefer, G., Goulden, R., Williams, P., Thornicroft,  

A., Rose, D., Thornicroft, G., & Henderson, C. (2016). Changes in newspaper coverage of mental illness from 2008 to 2014 in England. Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica, 134 Suppl 446(Suppl Suppl 446), 45–52. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12606 

Rodrigues-Silva, N., Falcão de Almeida, T., Araújo, F., Molodynski, A., Venâncio,  

 Â., & Bouça, J. (2017). Use of the word schizophrenia in Portuguese  

 newspapers. Journal of Mental Health, 26(5), 426-430. 

Rose   Fazilah   Ismail   &   Haris   Abd   Wahab.   (2015). Persepsi    pesakit    mental     

 terhadap    stigma masyarakat   (mental   patients’ perception towards  social   

 stigma). Akademika,  85(1),13-24 

Rose, G., Hippel , C. V., Brenere, L & Hippel, B. V (2018). Attitudes of people  

working in mental health non-governmental organizations in Australia: A comparison with other mental health professionals. Health Psychology Open 0(0), 01-07. 

Ross, A. M., Morgan, A. J., Jorm, A. F., & Reavley, N. J. (2019). A systematic review  

of the impact of media reports of severe mental illness on stigma and discrimination, and interventions that aim to mitigate any adverse impact. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 54(1), 11–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-018-1608-9 

Ross, A. M., Morgan, A. J., Wake, A., Jorm, A. F., & Reavley, N. J. (2021). Key  

stakeholders’ recommendations for improving Australian news media reporting of people with severe mental illness, violence and crime. Advances in Mental Health, 0(0), 1-13. 

Rossler, W (2016).  The stigma of mental disorders: A millennia-long history of social  

 exclusion and prejudices . Embo Report, 17(9), 1250-1253.   

Rossiter, J. R. (2002). The C-OAR-SE procedure for scale development in 

marketing. International journal of research in marketing, 19(4), 305-335. 

Rosmah bin Dain (2010). Jangan sisihkan pesakit mental. Retrieved from  

http://ww1.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2010&dt=0428&pub=utusan_mala   ysia&sec=Rencana&pg=re_10.htm&arc=hive 

Rozanizam bin Zakaria (2018) Psychiatrist and Mental Health Educator    

Rusch, N., Evant-Lacko, S. E , Flach & Thornicroft (2011)Knowledge and Attitudes  

as Predictors of Intentions to Seek Help for and Disclose a Mental Illness. Psychiatric Services, 62(2), 675-678.  

Russinova, Z., Griffin, S., Bloch, P., Wewiorski, N. J., & Rosoklija, I. (2011).  

Workplace prejudice and discrimination toward individuals with mental illnesses. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 35(3), 227–241. https://doi.org/10.3233/JVR-2011-0574 

Ruzita Bin Jamaluddin. (2016). More Malaysians will suffer from mental illness by 2020.  

Retrieved from https://www.nst.com.my/news/2016/07/156107/more-malaysians-will-suffer-mental-illness-2020 

Salim, S. (2010).  Psychological help seeking attitudes among Malaysian College and 

university students. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5(0), 426-430.   

Salvatore, T. (2015). Do 90% of Suicide Victims Really have Serious Mental Illness?   

      Psychological Autopsy Studies, Psychopathology, and Suicide. Research      

      Gate, 0(2015), 1-20. 

Saunders, M. Lewis, P. & Thornhill, A. (2009). Research methods for business  students (5th edition.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall. 

Sari, S.P. & Yuliastuti, E. (2018). Investigation of attitudes toward mental illness  

among nursing students in Indonesia. International Journal of Nursing Sciences, 5(4), 414-418.  

Savarimalai, R., Jagannathan, A., John, S., Reddy, S. K., & Pandian, D. (2021).  

 Biopsychosocial Approach for Improving the Quality Life of Persons with  

 Mental Illness: A Case Report from India. Journal of Psychosocial  

 Rehabilitation and Mental Health, 8(1), 81-87. 

Saleem, S., Mahmood, Z. & Naz. M (2013). Mental health problems in university  

 students: A prevalence study. Journal of Social Sciences 7(2), 124-130. 

Salve, H., Goswami, K., Sagar, R., Nongkynrih, B., & Sreenivas, V. (2013). Perception 

and Attitude towards Mental Illness in an Urban Community in South Delhi - A Community Based Study. Indian journal of psychological medicine, 35(2), 154–158. https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7176.116244 

Sawadogo, K.C.C.,  Lameyre , V., Gerard, D. et al (2019). Knowledge, attitudes and  

Practices in mental health of health professionals at the end of their curriculum in Burkina Faso: A pilot study. Nursing Open,00(0), 01-07.  

Sehriban, K. O. C. A. (2013). An investigation of music teaching self-efficacy levels of  

 prospective preschool teachers. Educational Research and Reviews, 8(12), 897- 

 900. 

Shackman, J. D. (2013). The Use of Partial Least Squares Path Modeling and  

                Generalized Structured Component Analysis in International Business  

                Research: A Literature Review, International Journal of Management, 3(3),  

                78-85. 

Shahif, S., Idris, D. R., Lupat, A., & Abdul Rahman, H. (2019). Knowledge and  

Attitude towards mental illness among primary healthcare nurses in Brunei: A cross-sectional study. Asian journal of psychiatry, 45(2019), 33–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2019.08.013 

Shen, H., Zhang, L., Xu, C., Zhu, J., Chen, M., & Fang, Y. (2018). Analysis of  

 misdiagnosis of bipolar disorder in an outpatient setting. Shanghai archives of  

 psychiatry, 30(2), 93-101. 

Shmueli, G.,Sarstedt, K.,Hair,J.,Cheah, JH. Ting,H.,Vaithilingam, C.M. & Ringle  

(2019). Predictive model assessment in PLS-SEM: guidelines for using PLS predict. European Journal of Marketing, 5(11), 2322-2347. 

Showkat, N., & Parveen, H. (2017). Non-Probability and Probability Sampling e-PG  

 Pathshala. Media and Communication Studies, P2M16. 

Schober, P., Boer, C., & Schwarte, L. A. (2018). Correlation coefficients: appropriate  

 use and interpretation. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 126(5), 1763-1768. 

Schnyder, N., Michel, C., Panczak, R., Ochsenbein, S., Schimmelmann, B. G., &  

 Schultze-Lutter, F. (2018). The interplay of etiological knowledge and mental  

 illness stigma on healthcare utilisation in the community: A structural equation  

 model. European Psychiatry, 51, 48-56. 

Schomerus, G. & Angermeyer, M. C. (2008). Sigma and its impact on help seeking  for mental disorder : what do we know?. Epidemiologia e pshiatria sociale,  7(0), 31-37. 

Schwartz, S & Gazette, M (2016). Susan Schwartz: Breaking the stigma around  mental Illness. Retrieved from: http://montrealgazette.com/life/susan- schwartz-on-mental-illness-and-talking-about-it. 

Sneha CR, Reddy M. M, Nongmeikapam M, & Narayana J.S (2019). Awareness and  

 attitude toward mental illness among a rural population in Kolar. Indian  

 Journal Social Psychiatry, 35(0), 69-74. 

Snyder, C. R., & Lopez, S. J. (2007). Positive psychology: The scientific and practical 

explorations of human strengths. Sage Publications, Inc. 

Seaton, V., Piel , M (2017)  Student pharmacists’ social distancing toward people  

 with mental illness. Mental Health Clinician, 7(5), 181-186.  

Sekaran, U. (2000). Research Methods for Business: A Skill Building Approach  (4"edition.).NY: John Wiley & Sons. 

Serani, D. (2013). The Importance of Health Awareness Days. Retrieved from psychology today website:  

 https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/two-takes-depression/201310/the  

importance-health-awareness-days. 

Sreeraj, V. S., Parija, S., Uvais, N. A., Mohanty, S., & Kumar, S. (2017). Indian  nursing students' attitudes toward mental illness and persons with mental  illness. Industrial psychiatry journal, 26(2), 223–227.   

Shamsuddin, K., Fadzil, F., Wan Ismail, W.S., Shah, S. A., Omar, K., Muhammad, N.  A.,.. Mahadeven, R. (2013). Correlates of depression, Anxiety and stress  among Malaysian University students. Asian Journal of Psychiatry,  

 6(4):318-323. 

Shamzaeffa, S. & Hong, C. (2016).  Hubungan Antara Tahap Kesihatan  

           Mental dan Prestasi Pelajar Sarjana Muda: Satu Kajian di Universiti Utara  

           Malaysia.  Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia, 14(1), 11-16. 

Shahif, S., Idris, D. R., Lupat, A., & Rahman, H. A. (2019). Knowledge and attitude 

towards mental illness among primary healthcare nurses in Brunei: A cross- 

sectional study. Asian journal of psychiatry, 45, 33-37. 

Shepherd, A. Sanders,C; Doyle,M. & Jenny Shaw,J.(2015). Using social media for  

            support and  feedback by mental health service users: thematic analysis of a  

            twitter conversation”. BMC Psychiatry  15(29), 1-9. 

Simon, M. K & Goes, J. (2012). Dissertation and Scholarly Research: Recipes for  Success (2012 ed).  WA: Dissertation Success LLC 

Sisask M, &Värnik A (2012). Media roles in suicide prevention: a systematic review.  

 International Journal of Environmental Research and Public 

health.9(1):123-138. 

Simpson, A. & Ferguson, K. (2014).  The Role of University Support Services on  

            Academic Outcomes for Students with Mental Illness.  Education Research  

            International, 2014(2014), 1-6. 

Stefanovics, E. A., Rosenheck, R. A., He, H., Ofori-Atta, A., Cavalcanti, M., & Chiles,  

C. (2016). Medical Student Beliefs and Attitudes toward Mental Illness Across Five Nations. The Journal of nervous and mental disease, 204(12), 909–915. 

Stephanie Glen. "Likert Scale Definition and Examples" From StatisticsHowTo.com:  

 Elementary Statistics for the rest of us! https://www.statisticshowto.com/likert- 

 scale-definition-and-examples/ 

Stubber, J. P., Rocha, A., Christian, A. & Link, B.G (2014).  Conceptions of Mental  Illness: Attitudes of Mental Health Professionals and the General Public.  Psychiatric Serve, 65(4): 490–497. 

Stuhlmiller, C. M., & Tolchard, B. (2019). Understanding the impact of mental health  

 Placements on student nurses’ attitudes towards mental illness. Nurse Education 

  in Practice, 34, 25-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2018.06.004 

Stuart, H., & Arboleda-Florez, J. (2001). Community attitudes toward people with  

 schizophrenia. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 46(3), 245-252. 

Stuart, H. (2003). Violence and mental illness: an overview. World Psychiatry  

Journal, 2(2), 121-124.  

Stone, A. M., & Merlo, L. J. (2011). Attitudes of college students toward mental illness  

stigma and the misuse of psychiatric medications. The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 72(2), 134–139. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.09m05254ecr 

Smith, B. (2015). Mental Illness Stigma in the Media.  The Review: A Journal of  

           Undergraduate Student Research, 16(10), 1-16.  

Smith, A. L. & Cashwell, C. S (2011). Social Distance and Mental Illness: Attitudes  

Among Mental Health and Non-Mental Health Professionals and Trainees. The Professional Counselor, 1(1), 13–20. 

Smith, V., Reddy, J., Foster, K., Asbury, E. T. & Brooks, J. (2011). Public perceptions, 

knowledge and stigma towards people with schizophrenia.  Journal of public mental health, 10(1):45-56 

Sokolova, I. V. (2004). Depression in Children: What Causes It and How We Can  Help.Retrieved from http://www.personalityresearch.org/papers/sokolova.html 

Sukamolson, S. (1997).  Fundamentals of quantitative research. Retrieved from 

https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/336b/6928c8ee7f3fac6bbeb1e0e1769169c447f7.pdf 

Susan, P. (2015). Social Media + Mental Illness: The Good and The Bad.  Retrieved  

from https://www.ymadvocacy.org/social-media-mental-illness-the-good-and-the-bad/ 

Song, L.Y. Chang, L.Y. Chaiw, Y.S, Chen, Y. L J & Yang. M.J. (2005). Community  

          Attitude Towardthe Mentally Ill: The Result of a National Survey of Taiwanese  

          Population. International journal of social psychiatry, 51(2), 162-176. 

Svensson, B., Brunt, D., Eklund, M., Gyllensten, A. et al (2014). Health Care  

 Students’ Attitudes towards People with Schizophrenia- A Survey of Eight  

 University Training Programs. Open Journal of Psychiatry. 4(4), 309-311.   

Swed, S., Sohib, S., Fathy Hassan, N. A. I., Almoshantaf, M. B., Alkadi, S. M. S.,  

 AbdelQadir, Y. H., ... & Elkalagi, N. K. H. (2022). Stigmatizing attitudes  

 towards depression among university students in Syria. Plos one, 17(9), 01-21 

 e0273483. 

Tan, S. M., Azmi, M. T., Reddy, J. P., Shaharom, M. H., Rosdinom, R., Maniam, T.,  

 ... & Minas, I. H. (2005). Does clinical exposure to patients in medical school  

affect trainee doctors’ attitudes towards mental disorders and patients? - A  

pilot study. Medical Journal of Malaysia, 60(3), 328-337.  

Ta, Thi Minh Tam, B¨oge, Kerem, Cao, Tien Duc,  et al (2018). Public attitudes  

towards psychiatrists in the metropolitan area of Hanoi, Vietnam.  Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 32(0),44-49. 

Tanaka.G., Inadomi.H.,Kikuchi.Y, And Ohta.Y. (2004). Evaluating stigma against  

mental disorder and related factors. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences,  

58(0), 558–566 

Tibebe, A., & Tesfay, K. (2015). Public Knowledge and Beliefs about Mental Disorders 

in Developing Countries: A Review. Journal of Depression and Anxiety, s3. https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-1044.s3-004 

Teh, C.K., Choon Wei, N., Rashidatul Aniyah binti Zulkifli, Vellasamy, R.& Kelvin.S  

(2015). Depression, Anxiety and Stress among Undergraduate Students: A  Cross Sectional Study, Journal of Epidemiology, 5(1), 260-268. 

Tesfamariam, E. H., Tekie, M. M., Tesfa, A. Y., Hadgu. D.H., Awalom, E. B.,  

Ghebremedhin, E. B., Tquabo, N. B. (2018). Attitude towards Mental Illness among Secondary School Students in Asmara, Eritrea: A Cross-Sectional Study. Psychiatry Journal, 2018(0), 01-08.  

Tesfaye, Y., Agenagnew, L., Anand, S., Tucho, G. T., Birhanu, Z., Ahmed, G., ... & 

Yitbarek, K. (2021). Knowledge of the community regarding mental health problems: a cross-sectional study. BMC psychology, 9(1), 1-9. 

Tillman, D. R., Hof, D. D, Pranckevicience, A., Endriulaitiene, A., Marksaityte, R. &  

 Matulaitiene, K. Z. (2018). Social Distance from Mental Illness Among  

 Counseling, Social Work, and Psychology Students and Helping  

Professionals. JSACP, 10(1), 24-37.  

Toner, S., Fabisch, K. & Klug,G. (2018). Attitudes towards severe mental illness and  social distance: A survey of volunteer befrienders in Austria. International  Journal of Social Psychiatry, 64(5), 470-475.  

Urias, Aday, Fuentes, dora , Acosta & Guadalupe (2015). The Importance of Mental  

Heath Awareness Retrieved from https://www.socialworkhelper.com/2015/11/17 /importance-mental-health-awareness/ 

Urbach, N., & Ahlemann, F. (2010). Structural equation modeling in information  

systems research using partial least squares. Journal of Information technology theory and application, 11(2), 5-40. 

Ukpong, D.I & Abasiubong, F (2010).  Stigmatising attitudes towards the mentally ill:  

 A  survey in a Nigerian University teaching hospital.  South African journal    

             psychiatry, 16(2), 56- 60. 

Utz, F., Böge, K., Hahn, E., Fuchs, L., Schomerus, G., Angermeyer, M., & von Lersner,  

U. (2019). Public attitudes towards depression and schizophrenia in an urban Turkish sample. Asian journal of psychiatry, 45 (1), 1-6. 

Vindhya, Y. H. (2011).  A Study To Asses The Knowledge And Attitude  Towards  Mental Illness Among Adolescents in Selec Tedschools at Tumkur With A View  To Develop An Informational Pamphlet.  Aruna Colege of Nursing, Rajiv  Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka. 

Vijayalakshmi, P., Thimmaiah, R., Chandra, R., & BadaMath, S. (2015). Bachelor of  

nursing student' attitude towards people with mental illness and career choices in psychiatric nursing. An Indian perspective. Investigacion y educacion en enfermeria, 33(1), 138–154. https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.iee.v33n1a17 

Yahaya, M. L., Murtala, Z.A. & Onukwube, H. N. (2019). Partial Least Squares (Pls-  

Partial Least Squares (Pls-Sem): A Note for Beginners Sem): A Note For Beginners Sem): A Note For Beginners. International Journal of Environmental Studies and Safety Research, 4(4), 01-30.    

Van der Ham L, Wright P, Van TV, Doan VD, Broerse JE. Perceptions of mental health  

 and help-seeking behavior in an urban community in Vietnam: an explorative  

 study. Community Mental Health Journal. 2011;47(5): 574–582. 

Wahl, O. Susin, J., Lax, A. Kaplan, L. & Zatina, D. (2O12). Knowledge and Attitudes  

about Mental Illness: A Survey of Middle School Students. Psychiatric Services 63(7), 649-54. 

Wahl, O. & Cohen, E. A. (2010) Attitudes of Mental Health professionals About  

 Mental Illness: A Review of the Recent Literature.  Journal of Community  Psychology, 38(1), 49-62. 

Wahl, O. (2003). Depictions of mental illnesses in children's media. Journal of Mental  

 Health, 12(3), 249-258. 

Wan Azizah Wan Ismail (2018). Deputy Prime Minister.  Retrieved from 

 https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/nasional/2018/10/484725/henti-pinggir- individu-alami-masalah-kesihatan-mental-tpm 

Warnke, I., Gamma, A., Buadze, M., Schleifer, R., Canela, C., Strebel, B., Tényi, T.,  

Rössler, W., Rüsch, N., & Liebrenz, M. (2018). Predicting Medical Students' Current Attitudes Toward Psychiatry, Interest in Psychiatry, and Estimated Likelihood of Working in Psychiatry: A Cross-Sectional Study in Four European Countries. Frontiers in psychiatry, 9 (49), 01-13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00049 

Watson, A.C. Otey, E. Westbrook, A.H. Gardner, A.  L. Lamb, T.A.  Corrigan, P. W.  & Fenton, W.S. (2004). Changing Middle Schoolers' Attitudes About Mental  

              Illness through Education.  Schizophrenia Bulletin, 30(3), 563-573. 

Walker, I., & Read, J. (2002). The differential effectiveness of psychosocial and  

 biogenetic causal explanations in reducing negative attitudes toward “mental  

 illness”. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 65(4), 313-325. 

Wilson, L. C., Ballman, A. D., & Buczek, T. J. (2016). News Content about Mass  

Shootings and Attitudes toward Mental Illness. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 93(3), 644–658. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699015610064 

Wong, K. K. K. (2013). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) 

techniques using SmartPLS. Marketing Bulletin, 24(1), 1-32. 

Wolska, A., & Malina, A. (2020). Personality and attitudes towards people with mental  

disorders: Preliminary studies results. The International journal of social psychiatry, 66(3), 270–278. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020906433 

World Health Organization(2001). Mental disorders affect one in four people.  National Mental Health Communication WHO, Geneva. 

World Health Organization (2003). Investing in mental health. Department of Mental  

               Health and Substance Dependence, WHO, Geneva.  

World Health Organization (2006). World Mental Health Day 2006: 'Building  Awareness  - Reducing Risks: Suicide and Mental Illness. 

Weaker, C. H. (2008). Social Distance as a Measure of Prejudice Among Ethnic  Groups in the United States. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 38(03),  779-795.   

Wei, Y. McGrath, P. J.  Hayden, J.  & Kutcher, S.  (2015).   Mental health literacy  

              measures Evaluating knowledge, attitudes and help-seeking: a scoping  review.  BMC Psychiatry, 15(291), 1-20. 

Wynaden, D., McAllister, M., Tohotoa, J., Al Omari, O., Heslop, K., Duggan, R., ...  

 & Byrne, L. (2014). The silence of mental health issues within university  

 environments: A quantitative study. Archives of psychiatric nursing, 28(5),  

 339-344. 

Yada, H., Odachi, R., Adachi, K. Akiyama, H. & Yamane, T. (2020).  Attitudes  related to social distance between commissioned welfare volunteers (minsei- 

 iin) and people with mental illness. Japanese Rural Medicine, 15(4), 204-211.  

Yeap, R. & Low, W. Y. (2009). Mental health knowledge, attitude and help-seeking  

tendency: a Malaysian context. Singapore Medical Journal, 50(12),  

1169- 1176. 

Youssef, F. K. Bachew,R; Bodie,D; Leaech,R; Morris,K & Sherma,G  (2014).  

             Knowledge And  Atttude Toword Mental Illness Among Colloge Student:  

             Insight Into The Wider English-Speking Caribbean Population, International 

              journal of  social psychiatry, 60(1), 1-8. 

Yongsi, H. B. N. (2015). Knowledge and Attitudes towards Mental Health and Mental    

               Illness among General Public in Yaoundé, Journal of Medicine, 1(1), 26-32. 

Yoshii, Hatsumi, Yuichiro Watanabe, Hideaki Kitamura, Yiwei Ling, and Kouhei  

 Akazawa. "Social distance toward schizophrenia among parents of  

 adolescents." Health 4, no. 7 (2012): 386-391. 

Yuan Q, Abdin E, Picco L, Vaingankar JA,Shahwan S, Jeyagurunathan A, et al.  

(2016) Attitudes to Mental Illness and Its Demographic Correlates among General Population in Singapore. 

Zubaidah ,S. &Norfazilah, A. (2014). Attitudes towards The Mentally Ill Patients   Among A Community In Tampoi, Johor, Malaysia, 2012 To 2013, Malaysian  Journal of   Public Health Medicine, 14 (3), 1-7. 

Zolezzi, M., Bensmail, N., Zahrah, F., Khaled, S.M. & El-Gaili, T. (2017). Stigma  associated with mental illness: perspectives of university students in Qatar.   Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 13(0), 1221–1233. 

Zhang, Z., Sun, K., Jatchavala, C., Koh, J., Chia, Y., Bose, J., Li, Z., Tan, W., Wang,  

 S., Chu, W., Wang, J., Tran, B., & Ho, R. (2020). Overview of Stigma against  

 Psychiatric Illnesses and Advancements of Anti-Stigma Activities in Six  

 Asian Societies. International journal of environmental research and public  

 health, 17(1), 280. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010280