Aldridge, G., Baker, J. S., & Davies, B. (2005). Effects of hydration status on aerobic

performance for a group of male university rugby players. Journal of Exercise Physiology Online, 

8(5), 36-42.

 

 

 

Armstrong, L.E. (2000). Performing in extreme environments. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

 

 

 

Armstrong, L. E. (2005). Hydration assessment techniques. Nutrition Reviews, 63(6), S40-S54.

 

 

 

Armstrong, L. E., Casa, D. J., Millard-Stafford, M., Moran, D. S., Pyne, S. W., & Roberts, W. O. 

(2007). American college of sports medicine position stand.: Exertional heat illness during 

training and competition. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 39(3), 556-572.

 

 

 

Armstrong, L. E., Costill, D. L., & Fink, W. J. (1985). Influence of diuretic-induced dehydration 

on competitive running performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 17(4), 456-461.

 

 

 

Armstrong, L. E., Soto, J. H., Hacker, F. T., Casa, D. J., Kavouras, S. A., & Maresh,

C.     M.     (1998).     Urinary    indices     during     dehydration,     exercise     and 

rehydration. International Journal of Sports Nutrition, 8(4), 345-355.

 

 

 

Armstrong, L. E., Maresh, C. M., Castellani, J. W., Bergeron, M. F., Kenefick, R. W., LaGasse,  K.  

E.,  &  Riebe,  D.   (1994).   Urinary   indices   of   hydration status. International Journal of 

Sport Nutrition, 4(3), 265-279.

 

 

 

Armstrong, L. E., Maresh, C. M., Gabaree, C. V., Hoffman, J. R., Kavouras, S. A., Kenefick, R. W., 

. . . Ahlquist, L. E. (1997). Thermal and circulatory responses during exercise: Effects of 

hypohydration, dehydration, and water intake. Journal of Applied Physiology, 82(6), 2028-2035.

 

 

 

Atkinson, R. C., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1968). Human memory: A proposal system and its

control processes. Psychology of Learning and Motivation, 2, 89-195.

 

 

Axelson,  M., &  Brinberg,  D.  (1994).  The  measurement  and  conceptualization of

nutrition knowledge. Journal of Nutrition Education, 24(5), 239-246.

 

 

 

Baker, L. B., & Kenney, W. L. (2007). Exercising in the heat and sun. President’s Council on 

Physical Fitness and Sports Research Digest, 8(2), 1-8.

 

 

 

Bangsbo, J., Mohr, M., & Krustrup, P. (2006). Physical and metabolic demands of training and 

match-play in the elite  football  player. Journal  of  Sports Sciences, 24(7), 665-674.

 

 

 

Barnerat, T., Crevoisier, J., Hoek, F., Redon, P., & Ritschard, M. (2012). Fifa coaching. Retrieved 

from http://www.FIFA.com.

 

 

 

Bland, E. G., Poule, K. A., & Volpe, S. L. (2009). Estimation of Prepractice Hydration Status of 

National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Athletes. Journal of Athletic Training, 44(6), 

624–629.

 

 

 

Borich, G. D., & Tombari, M. L. (1995). Educational psychology: A contemporary approach. New York: 

Harper Collins College Publisher.

 

 

 

Buono, M. J., & Wall, A. J. (2000). Effect of hypohydration on core temperature during exercise in 

temperate and hot environments. Pflügers Archiv, 440(3), 476- 480.

 

 

 

Broad, E. M., Burke, L. M., Cox, G. R., Heeley, P., & Riley, M. (1996). Body weight changes and 

voluntary fluid intakes during training and competition sessions in team sports. 

InternationalJournal of Sport Nutrition, 6(1), 307-320.

 

 

 

Burke, L. M., & Hawley, J. A. (1997). Fluid balance in team sports: Guidelines for optimal 

practices. Sports Medicine, 24(1), 38-54.

 

 

 

Carvalho, P., Oliveira, B., Barros, R., Padrão, P., Moreira, P., & Teixeira, V. H. (2011). Impact 

of fluid restriction and ad libitum water intake or an 8% carbohydrate-electrolyte beverage on 

skill performance of elite adolescent basketball   players. International   Journal   of   Sport   

Nutrition   and   Exercise

Metabolism, 21(3), 214-221.

 

 

Casa, D. J., Armstrong, L. E., Hillman, S. K., Montain, S. J., Reiff, R. V., Rich, B. E.,

. . . Stone, J. A. (2000). National athletic trainers' association position statement: Fluid 

replacement for athletes. Journal of Athletic Training, 35(2), 212-224.

 

 

 

Chadha, V., Garg, U., & Alon, U. S. (2001). Measurement of urinary concentration: A critical 

appraisal of methodologies. Pediatric Nephrology, 16(4), 374-382.

 

 

 

Chia, M. B., Mukherjee, S., & Huang, D. (2010). Sweat and thirst—the exercise hydration knowledge 

of coaches and PE teachers in Singapore. NIE  Research Brief, No. 13-003, 1-4. Retrieved from 

www.nie.edu.sg.

 

 

 

Cheuvront, S. N., Carter, R., Montain, S. J., & Sawka, M. N. (2004). Daily body mass variability 

and stability in active men undergoing exercise-heat stress. Journal of Sport Nutrition and 

Exercise Metabolism, 14(5), 532-540.

 

 

 

Cheuvront, S. N., & Sawka, M. N. (2005). Hydration assessment of athletes. Sports Science Exchange 

97, 18(2), 1-12.

 

 

 

Cleary, M. A., Hetzler, R. K., Wasson, D., Wages, J. J., Stickley, C., & Kimura, I. F. (2012). 

Hydration behaviors before and after an educational and prescribed hydration intervention in 

adolescent athletes. Journal of Athletie Training,47(3), 273-281.

 

 

 

Clark, N. (2008). Nancy clark's sports nutrition guideook. United State Of America: Human Kinetics.

 

 

 

Cruz, M. E., Cabral, C. A., & Marins, J. C. (2009). Level of knowledge and habits of hydration of 

mountain bike athletes. Fitness & Performance Journal, 8(2), 79-89.

 

 

 

Coyle, E. F. (2004). Fluid and fuel intake during exercise. Journal of Sports Sciences, 22(1), 

39-55.

 

 

 

Cupisti, A., DʼAlessandro, C., Castrogiovanni, S., Barale, A., & Morelli, E. (2002).

Nutrition knowledge and dietary composition in Italian adolescent female athletes

and non-athletes. International Journal Of Sports Nutrition, 12(2), 207-219.

 

 

Decher, N. R., Casa, D. J., Yeargin, S. W., Ganio, M. S., Levreault, M. L., Dann, C.

L., . . . Brown, S. W. (2008). Hydration status, knowledge, and behavior in youths at summer sports 

camps. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 3(3), 262-278.

 

 

 

Diem, K. (1962). Documenta geigy scientific tables. Manchester, UK: Geigy Pharmaceutical.

 

 

 

Duffield, R., Mccall, A., Coutts, A. J., & Peiffer, J. J. (2012). Hydration, sweat and 

thermoregulatory responses to professional football training in the heat. Journal of Sports 

Sciences, 30(10), 957-965.

 

 

 

Eberman, L. M., & Cleary, M. A. (2009). Comparison of refractometry, urine color, and urine reagent 

strips to urine osmolality for measurement of urinary concentration. AthleticTraining& Sports 

Health Care, 1(6), 267-271.

 

 

 

Edwards, A. M., Mann, M. E., Marfell-Jones, M. J., Rankin, D. M., Noakes, T. D., & Shillington, D. 

P. (2007). Influence of moderate dehydration on soccer performance: Physiological responses to 45 

min of outdoor match-play and the immediate subsequent performance of sport-specific and mental 

concentration tests. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 41(6), 385-391.

 

 

 

Engell, D., & Hirsch, E. (1991). Environmental and sensory modulation of fluid intake in humans. In 

Thirst (pp. 382-390). London: Springer.

 

 

 

Felder, J. M., Burke, L. M., Lowdon, B. J., Cameron-Smith, D., & Collier, G. R. (1998). Nutritional 

practices of elite female surfers during training and competition. International Journal of Sport 

Nutrition, 8(1), 36-48.

 

 

 

Finn, J. P., & Wood, R. J. (2004). Incidence of pre-game dehydration in athletes competing at an 

international event in dry tropical conditions. Nutrition & Dietetics, 61(4), 221-226.

 

 

 

Geijer, J. R., Pitney, W. A., & Brandenburg, J. (2009). Fluid replacement knowledge and source of 

hydration information among illinois high school athletic coaches: A pilot study. The Internet 

Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice, 7(3), 214-

221.

 

Grandjean, A. C., & Campbell, S. M. (2004). Hydration: Fluids for life. a monograph

by    the    North    American    branch    of    the    international    life    science 

institute. Washington: ILSI North America.

 

 

 

Greenleaf, J. E (1992). Problem: thirst, drinking behaviour and involuntary dehydration.

 

 

 

Gonzalez-Alonzo,  J.,  Mora-Rodriguez,  R.,  Below,  P.  R.,  &  Coyle,  E.  F.  (1997).

Dehydration markedly impairs cardiovascular function in hyperthermic endurance athletes during 

exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 82(4), 1229-1236.

 

 

 

Harvey, G., Meir, R., Brooks, L., & Holloway, K. (2008). The use of body mass changes as a 

practical measure of dehydration in team sports. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 11(6), 

600-603.

 

 

 

Ahmad, H. (2014). Panduan analisis data secara efisien, panduan lengkap berajah untuk mengenalpasti 

data. Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor: Dubook Press Sdn. Bhd.

 

 

 

Ha¨ussinger,  D.  (1996).  The  role  of  cellular  hydration  in  the  regulation  of  cell 

function. Biochemical Journal, 313(Pt 3), 697-710.

 

 

 

Haymes, E. M. (1984). Physiological responses of female athletes to heat stress: A review. 

Physician & Sports Medicine, 12(3), 45-48;51-53;56;59 9p.

 

 

 

Howe,  A.  S.,  &  Boden,  B.  P.  (2007).  Heat-related  illness  in  athletes. American Journal 

of Sports Medicine, 35(8), 1384-1395.

 

 

 

Ismail, I., & Singh, R. (2010). Percentage of volume intake for rehydration after exercise-induced 

dehydration. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 44(1), i1-i82.

 

 

 

Jantan,      R.,      &      Razali,      M.      (2004). Psikologi      pendidikan-pendekatan 

kontemporari. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Mc Graw Hill.

 

 

 

Je´quier, E., & Constant, F. (2010). Water as an essential nutrient: The physiological

basis of hydration. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 64(2), 115-123.

 

Jonnalagada, S. S., Rosenbloom, C. A.,  &  Skinner, R. (2001). Dietary practices,

attitudes, and physiological status of collegiate freshman football players. Journal of Strength & 

Conditioning Research, 15(4), 507-520.

 

 

 

Jonnalagada, S. S., Rosenbloom, C. A., & Skinner, R. (2002). Nutrition knowledge of Collegiate   

athletes   in   Division   I   National   Collegiate   Athletic   Association institution. Journal 

of American Dietetics Association, 102(3), 418-420.

 

 

 

Kavouras,  S.  A.  (2002).  Assessing hydration  status.  Current  Opinion in  Clinical Nutrition 

and Metabolic Care, 5(5), 519-524.

 

 

 

Kilding, A. E., Tunstall, H., Wraith, E., Good, M., Gammon, C., & Smith, C. (2009).

Sweat rate and sweat electrolyte composition in international female soccer players during game 

specific training. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 30(6), 443-447.

 

 

 

Kovacs, E. R., Senden, J. G., & Brouns, R. (1999). Urine color, osmolality and specific electrical 

conductance are not accurate measures of hydration status during post-exercise rehydration. Journal 

of Sports Medicine & Physical Fitness,39(1), 47-53.

 

 

 

Laquale, K. (2009). Nutritional needs of the recreational athlete. Athletic Therapy Today, 14(1), 

12-15.

 

 

 

Lentner, C. (1981). Geigy scientific tables. 8th edition. Basle: Ciba-Geigy Limited

Manz, F., & Wentz, A. (2005). The importance of good hydration for the prevention

of chronic diseases. Nutrition Reviews, 63 (6),  S2-S5.

 

 

 

Maresh, C. M., Gabaree-Boulant,, C. L., Armstrong,, L. E., Judelson, D. A., Hoffman,

J. R., Castellani, J. W., . . . Casa, D. J. (2004). Effect of hydration status on thirst, drinking, 

and related hormonal responses during low-intensity exercise in  the heat. Journal of Applied 

Physiology, 97(1), 39-45.

 

 

 

Maughan, R. J. (2003).  Impact of mild dehydration on wellness and on exercise

performance. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 57(Suppl 2), S19-S23.

 

Maughan, R. J., Merson, S. J., Broad, N. P., & Shireff, S. M. (2004). Fluid and

electrolyte intake and loss in elite soccer players during training.  International Journal of 

Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 14(3), 333-379.

 

 

 

Maughan, R. J., & Shirreffs, S. M., (1997). Restoration of fluid balance after exercise- induced 

dehydration: Effects of alcohol consumption. Journal of Applied Physiology, 83(4), 1152-1158.

 

 

 

Maughan, R. J., & Shirreffs, S. M. (1998). Volume repletion after exercise-induced volume depletion 

in humans: Replacement of water and sodium losses. American Journal Physiology, 274(5), F868-F875.

 

 

 

Maughan, R. J., & Shirreffs, S. M. (2008). Development of individual hydration strategies for 

athletes. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 18(5), 457-472.

 

 

 

Maughan, R. J., & Shirreffs, S. M. (2010). Dehydration and rehydration in competative  sport. 

Scandinavian  Journal  of   Medicine   and   Science   in Sports, 20(Suppl. 3), 40-47.

 

 

 

Maughan, R. J., Shirreffs, S. M., & Leiper, J. B., (2007). Errors in the estimation of hydration 

status from changes in body mass. Journal of Sports Sciences, 25(7), 797-804.

 

 

 

Maughan, R. J., Shirreffs, S. M., & Leiper, J. B., (1996). Restoration of fluid balance after 

exercise-induced dehydration: Effects of food and fluid intake. European Journal of Applied 

Physiology, 73(3-4), 317-325.

 

 

 

Maughan, R. J., Shirreffs, S. M., Merson, S. J., & Horswill, C. A. (2005). Fluid and electrolyte 

balance in elite male football (soccer) players training in a cool environment. Journal of Sports 

Sciences, 23(1), 73-79.

 

 

 

Maughan, R. J., Shirreffs, S. M., Ozgunen, K. T., Kurdak, S. S., Ersoz, G., Binnet, M. S., & 

Dvorak, J. (2010). Living, training and playing in the heat: Challenges to the football   player   

and   strategies   for   coping   with   environmental   extremes.

Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 20(suppl 3), 117-124.

 

 

Millard-Stafford, M., Wendland, D. M., O’Dea, N. K., & Norman, T. L. (2012). Thirst

and hydration status in everyday life. Nutrition Reviews, 70(Suppl. 2), S147-S151.

 

 

 

Miller, D. K. (2010). Measurement by the physical educator: Why and how. New York: McGraw-Hill.

 

 

 

Minton, D. E. (2009). Best practice for clinical hydration measurement. Athletic Therapy   Today, 

14(1), 9-11.

 

 

 

Minton, D. M., & Eberman, L. E. (2009). Best practice for clinical hydration measurement. Clinical 

Evaluation & Testing, 14(1), 9-11.

 

 

 

Mitchell, J.B. & Voss, K.W. (1991). The influence of volume on gastric emptying and Fluid balance 

during prolonged exercise. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 23(3), 314-319.

 

 

Mohr, M., Mujika, I., Santisteban, J., Randers, M. B., Bischoff, R., Solano, R. . . .

Krustrup, P. (2010). Examination of fatigue development in elite soccer in a hot environment: A 

multi-experimental approach. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 20(suppl 3), 

125-157.

 

 

 

Montain, S. J., Cheuvront, S. N., & Sawka, M. N. (2006). Exercise associated hyponatraemia: 

Quantitative analysis to understand the aetiology. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 40(2), 

98-105.

 

 

 

Nichols, P. E., Jonnalagadda, S. S., Rosenbloom, C. A., & Trinkaus, M. (2005).

Knowledge, attitude and behaviours regarding hydration and fluid replacement of collegiate 

athletes.International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 15, 515-527.

 

 

Nielsen, B., Kubica, R., Bonnesen, A., Rasmussen, I. B., Stoklosa, J., & Wilk, B. (1982). Physical 

work capacity after dehydration and hyperthermia. Scandinavian Journal of Sports Science, 3(1), 

2-10.

 

 

 

Nishiyasu, T. S., Shi, X. G., Mack, G. W., & Nadel, E. R. (1992). Effect of hypovolemia on forearm 

vascular resistance control during exercise in the heat.

Journal of Applied Physiology, 71(4), 1382-1386.

 

 

Nigan, I. B., Falola, J. M., Gouthon, P., Akplogan, B., Djékété, M., Nigan, R. Y., . . .

Arèmou, M. (2013). Current knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding hydration of student 

handball players in the southeastern region (Oueme-Plateau) of the republic of benin. Herald 

Journal of Education and General Studies, 2(2), 72-76.

 

 

 

Oppliger, R. A., & Bartok, C.  (2002).  Hydration  testing  of  athletes. Sports Med, 32(15), 

959-971.

 

 

 

O'Brien, C., Young, A. J., & Sawka, M. N. (2002). Bioelectrical impedance to estimate changes  in  

hydration  status.International  Journal  of  Sports Medicine, 23(5), 361-367.

 

 

 

Oppliger, R. A., Magnes, S. A., Popowski, L. A., & Gisolfi, C. V. (2005). Accuracy of urine 

specific gravity and osmolality as indicators of hydration status. International Journal of Sport 

Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 15(3), 236-251.

 

 

 

Osterberg, K. L., Horswill, C. A., & Baker, L. B. (2009). Prégame urine specific gravity and fluid 

intake by national basketball association players during competition. Journal of Athletic Training, 

44(1), 53-57.

 

 

 

Otten, J. J., Hellwig, J. P., & Meyers, L. D. (2006). Dietary reference intakes: The essential 

guide to nutrient requirements. Retrieved from http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11537.html.

 

 

 

Peterson, L., & Peterson, M. J. (1959). Short-term retention of individual verbal items. Journal of 

Experimental Psychology, 58(3), 193-198.

 

 

 

Pickering, A. J., Rehrer, N. J., & Hellemans, I. J. (2011). Hydration status of male football 

players across a week of training and competition. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and 

Exercise Metabolism, 15(3), 125-131.

 

 

 

Powers, S. K., & Howley, E. T. (2012). Exercise physiology: Theory and application to fitness and 

performance.New York, America: McGraw-Hill.

 

 

 

Ray, M. L., Bryan,, M. W., Ruden, T. M., Baier, S. M., Sharp, R. L., & King, D. S. (1998). Effect 

of sodium in a rehydration beverage when consumed as a fluid or

meal. The American Physiological Society, 85(4), 1329-1336.

 

 

Rehrer, N. J. (2001). Fluid and electrolyte balance in ultra-endurance sport. Sports

Medicine, 31(10), 701-715.

 

 

 

Ritz, P., & Berrut, G. (2005). The importance of good hydration  for  day-today health. Nutrition 

Reviews, 63(6), S6-S13.

 

 

 

Sawka, M.N., Burke, L.M., Eichner, E.R., Maughan, R.J., Montain, S.J., & Stachenfeld, N.S. (2007). 

American college of sports medicine position stand. Exercise and fluid replacement. Medicine and 

Science in Sports and Exercise, 39(2), 377–390.

 

 

 

Sawka,  M.  N.,  Cheuvront,  S.  N.,  &  Carter  III,  R.   (2005).   Human   water needs. 

Nutrition Reviews, 63(6), S30-S39.

 

 

 

Sawka, M. N., Francesconi, R. P., Young, A. J., & Pandolf, K. B. (1984). Influence of hydration 

level and body fluids on exercise performance in the heat. International Journal of Sports 

Medicine, 252(9), 1165-1169.

 

 

 

Sawka, M. N., & Montain, S. J. (2000). Fluid and electrolyte supplementation for exercise heat 

stress. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 72(2), 564-572.

 

 

 

Shirreffs, S. M. (2003). Markers of hydration status. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 

57(2), S6-S9.

 

 

 

Shirreffs, S. M., Aragon-Vargas, L. F., Chamorro, M., Maughan, R. J., Serratosa, L.,

& Zachwieja, J. J. (2005). The sweating response of elite professional soccer players to training 

in the heat. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 26 (2), 90- 95.

 

 

 

Singh, R. (2003). Fluid balance and exercise performance. Malaysian Journal of Nutrition, 9(1), 

53-74.

 

 

 

Slavin, R. E. (1997). Educational psychology. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.

Surgenor, P. (2010, March). How students learn 3. Retrieved from UCD Teaching and

Learning/Resources website: www.ucd.ie/teaching

 

 

Stasiule, L., Capkauskiene, S., Vizbaraite, D., & Stasiulis, A. (2014). Deep mineral

water accelerates recovery after dehydrating aerobic exercise: A randomized, double-blind, 

placebo-controlled crossover study. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 

11(34), 1-7.

 

 

 

Sugiura, K., Suzuki, I., & Kobayashi, K. (1999). Nutritional intake of elite japanese 

trackand-field athletes. International Journal of Sports Nutrition, 9, 202-212.

 

 

 

Thompson, W. G. (1996). Things that go red in the urine; and others that don't. The Lancet, 

347(8993), 5-6.

 

 

 

Utter, A. C., Quindry, J. C., Emerenziani, G. P., & Valiente, J. S. (2010). Effects of rooibos tea, 

bottled water, and a carbohydrate beverage on blood and urinary measures of hydration after acute 

dehydration. Research in Sports Medicine, 18(2), 85-96.

 

 

 

Williams, M. H. (2010). Nutrition for health, fitness, and sport. New York, America: Mc Graw-Hill.

 

 

 

Williams, C. A., & Blackwell, J. (2012). Hydration status, fluid intake, and electrolyte losses in 

youth soccer players. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 7(4), 367-374.

 

 

 

Wilson, M, MG., & Morley, J. E. (2003). Impaired cognitive function and mental performance in mild 

dehydration. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 57 (Suppl 2), S24-S29.

 

 

 

Wong, S. H., & Chen, Y. (2011). Effect of a carbohydrate-electrolyte beverage, lemon tea,   or   

water   on   rehydration   during    short-term    recovery    from exercise. International Journal 

of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 21(1), 300-310.

 

 

 

Wong, S.H., Williams, C., & Adams, N. (2000). Effects of ingesting a large volume of 

carbohydrate-electrolytes solution on rehydration during recovery and subsequent exercise   

capacity.   International   Journal   of   Sport   Nutrition   and   Exercise

Metabolism, 10, 375–393.

 

 

 

Woolfolk, A. E. (1998). Educational psychology, 3rd edition. New Jersey: Prentice

Hall Inc.