UPSI Digital Repository (UDRep)
Start | FAQ | About

QR Code Link :

Type :thesis
Subject :G Geography (General)
Main Author :Nur Alliya Yasmin Noor Azlan
Title :Diskriminasi netizen Malaysia terhadap mak nyah di ruang maya
Place of Production :Tanjong Malim
Publisher :Fakulti Sains Kemanusiaan
Year of Publication :2023
Corporate Name :Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
PDF Guest :Click to view PDF file

Abstract : Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
Kajian ini bertujuan untuk memahami respons netizen di Malaysia terhadap golongan mak nyah di ruang maya. Dengan menggunakan reka bentuk kualitatif melalui kaedah netnografi, kajian ini mendapatkan data dari platform media sosial yang dimiliki oleh empat orang mak nyah. Sejumlah 3086 komen netizen telah diperoleh daripada 38 paparan yang dikongsikan oleh mak nyah. Komen tersebut seterusnya dianalisis dengan menggunakan perisian ATLAS.ti dan telah menghasilkan tiga tema utama. Pertama, netizen mengiktiraf identiti gender mak nyah sama ada sebagai seorang lelaki, pondan atau wanita. Kedua, tindakan diskriminasi netizen terhadap mak nyah adalah merangkumi tingkah laku; memboikot mak nyah, hinaan mak nyah sebagai pelacur, hinaan ciri fizikal mak nyah, hinaan perhubungan intim mak nyah, hinaan mak nyah sebagai hamba duit, hinaan penjaga mak nyah, paksaan pembuktian identiti biologi, sasaran keganasan lisan dan gangguan seksual terhadap mak nyah. Ketiga, langkah untuk mengelakkan diskriminasi oleh netizen di Malaysia adalah merangkumi tindakan saling menghormati antara satu sama lain, penerapan elemen Islam, memikirkan kesan diskriminasi terhadap mak nyah, pemantapan pengetahuan tentang mak nyah dan melaksanakan seruan untuk menghentikan gejala buli siber. Dapatan kajian ini berupaya untuk menghasilkan panduan ke arah mewujudkan ruang maya yang selamat kepada semua golongan dengan mengambil contoh golongan minoriti seksual seperti mak nyah.

References

Abreu, R. L., & Kenny, M. C. (2017). Cyberbullying and LGBTQ youth: A systematic literature review and recommendations for prevention and intervention. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 11(1), 81–97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-017-0175-7  

Adam, M., Syuhada, N., & Khader, A. (2020). Mak Nyah dan Perkembangannya di Malaysia. Rabbanica, 1(1), 19-34. 

Afriansyah, E. A. (2016). Penggunaan Software ATLAS.ti sebagai Alat Bantu Proses Analisis Data Kualitatif. Mosharafa: Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika, 5(2), 53-63.    doi:10.31980/mosharafa.v5i2.260 

Aksan, N. et al. (2009). Symbolic interaction theory, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 1(1), pp. 902–904. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2009.01.160 

Alison, B., & Jane, W. (2013). Dissident geographies: An introduction to radical ideas and practice. Abingdon, New York: Routledge. 

Anan, B. (2020). LGBT, Muslim, and Heterosexism: The Experiences of Muslim Gay in Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmiah Agama Dan Sosial Budaya, 5(1), 1-19. doi:10.15575/jw.v5i1.8067 

Anderson, A. D., Irwin, J. A., Brown, A. M., & Grala, C. L. (2019). “Your picture looks the same as my picture”: An examination of passing in transgender communities. Gender Issues, 37(1), 44–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12147-019-09239-x 

Andrew, F. L., Liow, J. W., Nalliah, S., Low, W. Y., Samy, A. L., & Khalaf, Z. F. (2019). Attitudes of Future Doctors Towards LGBT Patients in Conservative Malaysian Society. Sexuality & Culture, 24(5), 1358-1375. doi:10.1007/s12119- 019-09685-5 

Ari, W. (2018). Cyberbullying Against Transgender in Social Media: Symbolic Interactionism Perspective. Di International Proceeding ASEAN YOUTH CONFERENCE 2018 (pp.  481-496). Malaysia: PPI-Malaysia.

Audrey, D. (2018). Bilangan gay, transgender semakin meningkat: JAKIM. Berita Harian. 

Avi, M. (2014) Living the VirtuReal: negotiating transgender identity in cyberspace. Journal of Computer Mediated Communication 18 (4), 824–838 

Azrin, M. (14 Oktober, 2018). LGBT cemar Institusi Tahfiz. Utusan Melayu. 

Barak, A., & Miron, O. (2005). Writing characteristics of suicidal people on the internet: A    psychological investigation of emerging social environments. Suicide and Life-    Threatening Behaviour, 35(5), 507–524. 

Barley, D. A. (1996). Abnormal Psychology. New York: Mc Graw-Hill, Companies, Inc. 

Barr, M. D., & Govindasamy, A. R. (2010). The Islamisation of Malaysia: Religious    nationalism in the service of ethnonationalism. Australian Journal of International    Afairs, 64(3), 293–311. https://doi. org/10.1080/10357711003736469 

Baker, L. R., & Oswald, D. L. (2010). Shyness and online social networking services. Journal    of Social and Personal Relationships, 27(7), 873-889. doi:10.1177/0265407510375261 

Batty, M. (1997). Virtual geography. Futures, 29(4-5), 337-352. doi:10.1016/s0016-   3287(97)00018-9 

BERNAMA. (5 September, 2019). Boikot Barangan Beri Kesan Kepada Sektor Pekerjaan.    Sinar Harian.  

Binnie, J. & Valentine, G. (1999). Geographies of sexualities: a review of progress. Progress    in Human Geography, 23:175-187. 

Blackwell, L., Hardy, J., Ammari, T., Veinot, T., Lampe, C., & Schoenebeck, S. (2016). LGBT    Parents and Social Media: Advocacy, Privacy, and Disclosure during Shifting Social    Movements. CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (610-622).    New York, US: Association for Computing Machinery.    doi:/10.1145/2858036.2858342  

Blascovich, J., & Bailenson, J.N. (2011). Infinite Reality – Avatars, Eternal Life, New Worlds,    and the Dawn of the Virtual Revolution. New York: William Morrow. 

Bockting, W. O., Miner, M. H., Swinburne Romine, R. E., Hamilton, A., & Coleman, E. (2013).    Stigma, Mental Health, and Resilience in an Online Sample of the US Transgender    Population. American Journal of Public Health, 103(5), 943–951.    doi:10.2105/ajph.2013.301241 

Boyd, D. (2014). It’s Complicated: The Social Lives of Networked Teens. New Haven, CT:    Yale University Press. 

Bradley, E.H., Curry, L.A. and Devers, K.J. (2007), “Qualitative data analysis for health    services research: developing taxonomy, themes, and theory”, Health Services    Research, 42(4), pp. 1758-1772. 

Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research    in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101. doi:10.1191/1478088706qp063oa 

Brownlie, J. (2018). Looking out for each other online: Digital outreach, emotional surveillance    and safe(r) spaces. Emotion, Space and Society, 27, 60-67. 

Buehler, E. (2007). Gender in Geography: An Essential Basis of Analysis. Journal of the     Geographical Institute Jovan Cvijic SASA, (57), 39-43. doi:10.2298/IJGI0757039B 

Burgess, C. (2008). Internal and External Stress Factors Associated with the Identity    Development of Transgendered Youth. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services,    10(3), 35-47. doi:10.1300/j041v10n03_03 

Butler, J. (1993). Bodies that matter: On the discursive limits of sex. London: Routledge. 

Butler, J., & Athanasiou, A. (2013). Dispossession: The performative in the political. John    Wiley & Sons. 

Caroll, L. J. (2007). Sexuality Now: Embracing Diversity. Ed.2. Belmonth Thomsosn Learning    Inc-USA 

Carter, M. J. and Fuller, C. (2015). Symbolic interactionism‘, Sociopedia, (1), 1–17.   doi: 10.1177/205684601561 

Chiland, C. (2004). Transsexualism: Illusion and reality. London: Sage.  

Cipolletta, S., Votadoro, R., & Faccio, E. (2017). Online support for transgender people: An     analysis of forums and social networks. Health & Social Care in the Community, 25(5),    1542-1551. doi:10.1111/hsc.12448 

Clements-Nolle, K., Marx, R., Guzman, R., & Katz, M. (2001). HIV prevalence, risk behaviors,    health care use, and mental health status of transgender persons: Implications for public    health intervention. American Journal of Public Health, 91(6), 915–921. 

Corrinne, S. T. (2018). Majesty in the city: Experiences of an Aboriginal transgender sex    worker in Sydney, Australia. Gender, Place and Culture, 25(12), 1681-1702.    doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/0966369X.2018.1553853 

Creswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five    approaches. Sage Publications.  

Danial Zainal Abidin. (2007). Perubatan Islam dan Bukti Sains Moden. Kuala Lumpur : PTS    Millennia Sdn. Bhd 

Davis, C. (2009) Introduction to practice with transgender and gender variant youth. Dalam G.    P. Mallon (Ed.), Social work practice with transgender and gender variant youth. (1–    21). New York, NY: Routledge 

Denzin, N. (1999). Cybertalk and the method of instances. Dalam S. Jones (Ed.), Doing internet    research (107–126). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. 

Deogracias, J. J., Johnson, L. L., Meyer-Bahlburg, H. F., Kessler, S. J., Schober, J. M., &    Zucker, K. J. (2007). Gender Identity/Gender Dysphoria Questionnaire for Adolescents    and Adults. PsycTESTS Dataset, 44(4), 370-379. doi:10.1037/t63032-000  

Dickey, L.M, Reisner, S. L., & Juntunen, C. L. (2015). Non-suicidal self-injury in a large online    sample of transgender adults. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 46(1),    3–11. doi:10.1037/a0038803  

Driver, F. 1999. Imaginative Geographies. Dlm. Cloke, P., Crang, P., & Goodwin, M. (Pnyt.),    Introducing Human Geographies. Hlm 209-216. London: Arnold. 

Downing, G. (2013). Virtual youth: non-heterosexual young people's use of the internet to    negotiate their identities and socio-sexual relations. Children's Geographies, 11(1), 44–   58. https://doi.org/10.1080/14733285.2013.743280. 

Dutchen, S. (2015). The sound of one's own voice. Harvard Medicine magazine. Diakses pada    26 Mei, 2022, daripada https://hms.harvard.edu/magazine/voices/sound-ones-own-   voice  

Elgesem, D. (2002) ‘What is Special about the Ethical Issues in Online Research?’. Ethics and    Information Technology (4), 195–203. 

Esmonde, N., Najafian, A., Penkin, A., & Berli, J. U. (2019). The role of facial gender    confirmation surgery in the treatment of gender dysphoria. Journal of Craniofacial    Surgery, 30(5), 1387–1392. https://doi.org/10.1097/scs.0000000000005499  

Facebook. (2021). Apakah maklumat awam di Facebook?.    https://www.facebook.com/help/203805466323736/?helpref=uf_share&ref=share. 

Fadzilah, A., & Noremy, A. M. (2019). LGBT dalam Kalangan Mahasiswa di Institusi    Pengajian Tinggi Awam. Jurnal Wacana Sarjana, 3(4), 1-11. 

Farihah, R. N., Zulkifli, L. A., & Amira, B. N. (2019). Social Media Exposure among Children    Leads to Growing Numbers of LGBT Community in Malaysia. In Proceeding of The    5th Conference on Communication, Culture and Media Studies (77-83). Jogyakarta,    Indonesia.  

Firdaus Abdul Ghani. (2013). Portal Rasmi MyHEALTH Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia :    Memahami masalah mental. www.myhealth.gov.my. 

Freberg, K., Graham, K., Mcgaughey, K., & Freberg, L. A. (2011). Who are the social media    influencers? A study of public perceptions of personality. Public Relations Review,    37(1), 90-92. doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2010.11.001 

Funk, S., & Funk, J. (2016). Transgender Dispossession in Transparent: Coming Out as a    Euphemism for Honesty. Sexuality & Culture, 20(4), 879-905. doi:10.1007/s12119-   016-9363-0 

Gagne, P., Tewksbury, R., & McGaughey, D. (1997). Coming out and crossing over: Identity    formation and proclamation in a transgender community. Gender and Society, 11(4),    478–508. 

Garg, G., Elshimy, G., & Marwaha, R. (2022). StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing.  

Geist, F.M (2017) “Staging the Trans Sex Worker.” TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly 4 (1),    112–127. doi:10.1215/23289252-3711577 

Ghani, M. A. (2012, April 20). Kemurungan. Diakses pada 3 Disember, 2020, daripada    http://www.myhealth.gov.my/mental-kemurungan/ 

Giuseppe, M., & Marianna, C. (2020). Psychological, Social and Imaginary Dimensions of    LGB People who use Dating Apps: A Netnography Approach. Athens Journal of Social    Sciences, 8(1), 1-14. doi:https://doi.org/10.30958/ajss.X-Y-Z 

GLSEN, CiPHR, & CCRC (2013). Out online: The experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual and    transgender youth on the Internet. New York: GLSEN. 

Goddard, W., & Melville, S. (2011). Research methodology. Kenwyn, South Africa: Juta. 

Griffin, E., Ledbetter, A. and Sparks, G. (2015) A First Look Communication Theory. 9th    Edition. Singapore: McGraw-Hill. 

Grossman, A. H., D'Augelli, A. R., Howell, T. J., & Hubbard, S. (2005). Parent' reactions to    transgender youth' gender nonconforming expression and identity. Journal of Gay &    Lesbian Social Services, 18(1), 3–16. https://doi.org/10.1300/j041v18n01_02  

Hafizah, H. N., Azmi, A. K., & Rosni, W. (2016). Metodologi Dakwah Terhadap Golongan    Lesbian, Gay, Biseksual dan Transgender (LGBT). Jurnal Pengajian Islam, 9(2), 103-   119. 

Hafizah, Z. O. (2022). Buli Siber : Malaysia kedua tertinggi di asia. Dewan Masyarakat.    Diakses pada 20 Jun, 2022, daripada    https://dewanmasyarakat.jendeladbp.my/2022/03/15/buli-siber-malaysia-kedua-   tertinggi-di-asia/  

Harper, G., Serrano, P., Bruce, D., & Baurmeister, J. (2016). The Internet's Multiples Roles in    Facilitating the Sexual Orientation Identity Development of Gay and Bisexual Male    Adolescents. American Journal of Men’s Health, 10(5), 359-376.    doi:10.1177/1557988314566227 

Hatzenbuehler, M., & Pachankis, J. (2016). Stigma and Minority Stress as Social Determinants    of Health Among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Youth. Pediatric Clinics    of North America, 63(6), 985–997. doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2016.07.003 

Hauben, M., & Hauben, R. (1997). Netizens: On the History and Impact of Usenet and the    Internet. IEEE Computer Society Press. 

Hawkins, B., & Watson, R. J. (2017). LGBT cyberspaces: a need for a holistic investigation.    Children's Geographies, 15(1), 122–128.    https://doi.org/10.1080/14733285.2016.1216877 

Hegland, J., & Nelson, N. (2002). Cross-Dressers in Cyber-Space: Exploring the Internet as a    Tool for Expressing Gendered Identity. International Journal of Sexuality and Gender    Studies, 7(2), 139-161. doi:10.1023/a:1015845100237 

Heinz, M. (2012) Transmen on the web: Inscribing multiple discourses. In K. Ross (Ed.), The    handbook of gender, sex, and media (p326–343). Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons. 

Heriyanto. (2018). Thematic Analysis sebagai Metode Menganalisa Data untuk Penelitian    Kualitatif. ANUVA, 2(3), 317-324. 

Hill, B. J., Rosentel, K., Bak, T., Silverman, M., Crosby, R., Salazar, L., & Kipke, M. (2017).    Exploring Individual and Structural Factors Associated with Employment Among    Young Transgender Women of Color Using a No-Cost Transgender Legal Resource    Center. Transgender Health, 2(1), 29-34. doi:10.1089/trgh.2016.0034 

Hr Hub Crossland. (18 Jun, 2018). Transphobia rife among UK employers as 1 in 3 won't hire    a transgender person - crossland employment solicitors. Crossland Solicitors. Diakses    pada 1 Jun, 2022, daripada https://www.crosslandsolicitors.com/site/hr-   hub/transgender-discrimination-in-UK-workplaces  

Hubbard, P. (2018). Geography and sexuality: Why space (still) matters. Sexualities, 21(8),    1295-1299. doi:10.1177/1363460718779209 

Hughes, M., & Kroehler, C. J. (2013). Sociology - the core. McGraw Hill.  

Hughto, J. M. W., Pletta, D., Gordon, L., Cahill, S., Mimiaga, M. J., & Reisner, S. L. (2021).    Negative transgender-related media messages are associated with adverse mental    health outcomes in a Multistate Study of Transgender Adults. LGBT Health, 8(1), 32–   41. https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2020.0279  

Human Rights Watch. (2014). “I’m Scared to Be a Woman” Human Rights Abuses Against    Transgender People in Malaysia. Human Rights Watch. 

Idriss, S. Z., Kvedar, J. C., & Waston, A. J. (2009). The role of online support communities:    Benefits of expanded social networks to patients with psoriasis. Archives of    Dermatology, 145(1), 46–51. 

Ipek Göçmen & Volkan Yilmaz. (2016). Exploring Perceived Discrimination Among LGBT    Individuals in Turkey in Education, Employment, and Health Care: Results of an    Online Survey. Journal of Homosexuality, DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2016.1236598 

Indian M. & Grieve R. (2013). When Facebook is easier than face-to face: social support    derived from Facebook in socially anxious individuals. Personality and Individual    Differences 59, 102–106 

James, S. E., Herman, J. L., Rankin, S., Keisling, M., Mottet, L., & Anafi, M. (2016). The    Report of the 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey. Washington, DC: National Center for    Transgender Equality. 

Jenzen, O. (2017). Trans youth and social media: moving between counterpublics and the wider    web. Gender, Place & Culture, 24(11), 1626–1641.    https://doi.org/10.1080/0966369x.2017.1396204 

Johnson, S. L., & Benson, K. E. (2014). “it's always the mother's fault”: Secondary stigma of    mothering a transgender child. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 10(1-2), 124–144.    https://doi.org/10.1080/1550428x.2014.857236  

Justice For Sisters. (2015). Panduan Media Tentang Identiti Gender & Individu dan Komuniti    Transgender. Justice For Sisters.  

Kaplan, A., & Haenkein, M. (2010). Users of the world, unite! The challenges and    opportunities of Social Media. Business Horizons, 53(1), 59-68. 

Keeling, D. and Laing, A. (2015), “Health communities as permissible space: supporting    negotiation to balance asymmetries”, Psychology & Marketing, 32(3), 303-318. 

Khadijah, T. M., & Ummu, M. S. (2020). Twitter as Safe Space for Self-Disclosure among    Malaysian LGBTQ Youths. Malaysian Journal of Communication, 36(1), 436-448. 

King, S. (1996) Researching Internet Communities: Proposed Ethical Guidelines for    the Reporting of Results. The Information Society 12(2), 119–27. 

Kozinets, R. V., Dolbec, P.-Y., & Earley, A. (2013). Netnographic Analysis: Understanding    Culture Through Social Media Data. The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Data    Analysis, 262–276. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446282243.n18 

Kozinets, R. V. (2015). Introduction and Networked Sociality. City Road, London: SAGE    Publication. 

Lauby, J. L., Marks, G., Bingham, T., Liu, K.-L., Liau, A., Stueve, A., & Millett, G. A. (2011).    Having Supportive Social Relationships is Associated with Reduced Risk of    Unrecognized HIV Infection Among Black and Latino Men who Have Sex with Men.    AIDS and Behavior, 16(3), 508–515. doi:10.1007/s10461-011-0002-3 

Lagos, D. (2019). Hearing gender: Voice-based gender classification processes and transgender    health inequality. American Sociological Review, 84(5), 801–827.    https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122419872504  

Langer, R. and Beckman, S. (2005), “Sensitive research topics: netnography revisited”,    Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, 8(2), 189-203. 

Lee, C. T. (2015). Keeping the magic Alive: The Fandom and “Harry Potter experience” After    the Franchise. From Here to Hogwarts: Essays on Harry Potter Fandom and Fiction,    54- 77. 

Leeds, S. (2021). 3 reasons why being controversial actually helps your business. Entrepreneur.    Diakses pada 2 Jun, 2022, daripada https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/373836  

Lehner-Mear, R. (2019). Negotiating the ethics of NETNOGRAPHY: Developing an ethical    approach to an online study of MOTHER PERSPECTIVES. International Journal of    Social Research Methodology, 23(2), 123-137. doi:10.1080/13645579.2019.1634879 

Lewins, F. (1995). Transsexualism in society: A sociology of male-to-female transsexuals.    South Melbourne: MacMillan 

Liu, Q., Shao, Z., & Fan, W. (2018). The impact of users’ sense of belonging on social media    habit formation: Empirical evidence from social networking and microblogging    websites in China. International Journal of Information Management, 43, 209–223.    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2018.08.005 

Lizzo, R. (2019). The Real-World Implications Of An Imaginary World: A Netnography Of A    Harry Potter Based Virtual Community (Hogwarts Running Club)  (disertasi).  

Lombardi, E. L., Wilchins, R. A., Priesing, D., & Malouf, D. (2005). Gender violence:    Transgender experiences with violence and discrimination. Journal of Homosexuality,    42(1), 89–101. 

Lucero, L. (2017). Safe spaces in online places: Social media and LGBTQ youth. Multicultural    Education Review, 9(2), 117-128. 

Luhur, W., Brown, T. N. T., & Goh, J. N. (2020). Pendapat Umum Mengenai Hak Transgender    di Malaysia. Williams Institute.  

Manning, J. (2009). Encyclopedia of gender and society (413-417). Thousand Oaks, Calif:    Sage. 

Markham, A., & Stavrova, S. (2016). Internet/Digital Research. In 1162641881 872807575 D.    Silverman (Ed.), Qualitative Research (364-385). City Road, London: SAGE    Publications. 

Marshal, M. P., Dietz, L. J., Friedman, M. S., Stall, R., Smith, H. A., McGinley, J., Brent, D.    A. (2011). Suicidality and Depression Disparities Between Sexual Minority and    Heterosexual Youth: A Meta-Analytic Review. Journal of Adolescent Health, 49, 115-   123.  

Martin-Storey, A. (2016). Gender, Sexuality, and Gender Nonconformity: Understanding    Variation in Functioning. Child Development Perspectives, 10(4), 257– 262.    doi:10.1111/cdep.12194 

McInroy, L. B., & Craig, S. L. (2015). Transgender Representation in Offline and Online    Media: LGBTQ Youth Perspectives. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social    Environment, 25(6), 606–617. doi:10.1080/10911359.2014.995392 

Md Ismail, M. A., & Nasri, M. S. (2019). Gejala LGBT di Malaysia: Isu dan Cadangan    Penyelesaian. Journal of Law & Governance, 2(1), 51-65. 

Mehra B., Merkel C. & Bishop A.P. (2004) The Internet for empowerment of minority and    marginalized users. New Media & Society 6 (6), 781–802 

Mohamad Afandi, M., & Mohd Sabree, N. (2019). Gejala LGBT di Malaysia: Isu dan Cadangan    Penyelesaian. Journal of Law & Governance, 2(1), 51-65. 

Mohd Ab Malek, M. S., Sulaiman, M., Siti Fairuz, N. S., Mohd Harun , S., & Nurul Aina, J.    (2021). POLEMIK ‘BODY SHAMING’ DI MALAYSIA: SUATU ANALISIS    AWAL. International Journal of Social Science Research, 3(1), 67–74.  

Mohd Azrin. (2018). “LGBT cemar Institusi Tahfiz,” disiarkan dalam laman akhbar Utusan    Melayu bertarikh 14 Oktober 2018 jam 8.57 pm. 

Mohd Khairuddin, M. S., & Mohamad Fauzi, S. (2014). Interaksi sosial di ruang maya: Kajian    kes jaringan sosial melalui laman Facebook di Malaysia . Malaysian Journal of Society    and Space, 10(6), 138–147.  

Miles, D.A. (2017) Workshop: Confessions of a Dissertation Chair Part 1: The Six Mistakes    Doctoral Students Make With the Dissertation. Dibentangkan pada 5th Annual 2017    Black Doctoral Network Conference di Atlanta, pada 26-29 Oktober 2017. 

Morgan, H., Albakri, M., Fuller, E., & Lamprinakou, C. (2020). Attitudes To Transgender    People (4–42). The Arndale Centre, Manchester: Equality and Human Rights    Commission.  

Morrison, S. D., Wilson, S. C., & Mosser, S. W. (2018). Breast and body contouring for    transgender and gender nonconforming individuals. Clinics in Plastic Surgery, 45(3),    333–342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cps.2018.03.015  

Muhammad Adnan, P., & Siti Zobidah, O. (2019). Dasar Keselamatan Siber Malaysia:    Tinjauan Terhadap Kesedaran Netizen dan Undang-Undang. Malaysian Journal of    Communication, 35(1), 103-119. 

Nauta, A. C., Baltrusch, K. M., Heston, A. L., Narayan, S. K., Gunther, S., Esmonde, N. O.,    Blume, K. S., Mueller, R. V., Hansen, J. E., & Berli, J. U. (2019). Differences in chest    measurements between the cis-female and trans-female chest exposed to estrogen and    its implications for breast augmentation. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery - Global    Open, 7(3). https://doi.org/10.1097/gox.0000000000002167  

Nazrila, H. (2012, April 20). Gender Identity. Diakses pada 12 Disember, 2020, daripada    http://www.myhealth.gov.my/en/gender-identity/ 

Nek Mah, B., Farahwahida, M., Siti, N., Ahmad, M., Mohd, N., & Zulkiflee, H. (2016).    Homoseksual: Antara Hukum dan Kemajuan Sains. Sains Humanika, 8(4), 45-54.    doi:10.11113/sh.v8n4.1033 

Nemoto, T., Operario, D., Keatley, J., Nguyen, H., & Sugano, E. (2005). Promoting health for    transgender women: Transgender resources and neighborhood space (TRANS)    program in San Francisco. American Journal of Public Health, 95(3), 382–384. 

Nemoto, T., Operario, D., Keatley, J., Han, L., & Soma, T. (2004). HIV Risk Behaviors Among    Male-to-Female Transgender Persons of Color in San Francisco. American Journal of    Public Health, 94(7), 1193-1199. doi:10.2105/ajph.94.7.1193 

Niederhoffer, K., Mooth, R., Wiesenfeld, D., & Gordon, J. (2007). The Origin and Impact of    CPG New-Product Buzz: Emerging Trends and Implications. Journal of Advertising    Research, 47(4), 420-426. doi:10.2501/s0021849907070432 

Noriza, H. (10 Disember, 2020). Gangguan seksual. UMP News. Diakses pada 1 Jun 2022,    daripada https://news.ump.edu.my/experts/gangguan-seksual  

Norsaadah, K. (21 Disember, 2018). Pendekatan Rasulullah Saw tangani isu transgender. Berita    Harian.  

Norshahzura, M. Z. (22 September,2020). Mangsa buli siber berpotensi bunuh diri. Artikel    Penuh : https://www.sinarharian.com.my/article/102088/Berita/Nasional/Mangsa-   buli-siber-berpotensi-bunuh-diri © 2018 Hakcipta Terpelihara Kumpulan Karangkraf.    Sinar Harian.  

Nuttbrock, L., Bockting, W., Rosenblum, A., Hwahng, S., Mason, M., Macri, M., & Becker, J.    (2014). Gender abuse and major depression among transgender women: A prospective    study of vulnerability and resilience. American Journal of Public Health, 104(11),    2191–2198. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2013.301545  

Office for Victims of Crime. (2014). Responding to transgender victims of Sexual Assault.    Office for Victims of Crime (OVC). Diakses pada 13 Jun, 2022, daripada    https://ovc.ojp.gov/sites/g/files/xyckuh226/files/pubs/forge/index.html  

Pempek, T., Yermolayeva, Y., & Calvert, S. (2009). College students' social networking    experiences on Facebook. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 30(3), 227-   238. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2008.12.010 

Piaw, C. Y. (2014). Kaedah Penyelidikan Edisi Ke Tiga. Selangor, Malaysia: Mc Graw    Education. 

Pingel, E., Bauermeister, J., Johns, M., Eisenberg, A., & Leslie-Santana, M. (2013). "A Safe    Way to Explore": Reframing Risk on the Internet Amidst Young Gay Men's Search for    Identity. Journal of Adolescent Research, 28(4), 453-478.    doi:10.1177/0743558412470985 

Pollok, P., Llttgens, D., & Piller, F. T. (2014). Leading Edge Users and Latent Consumer Needs    in Electromobility: Findings from a Nethnographic Study of User Innovation in High-   Tech Online Communities. SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2412081 

Rahman, M. S. (2017). The Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Qualitative and    Quantitative Approaches and Methods in Language “Testing and Assessment”    Research: A Literature Review. Journal of Education and Learning, 6(1), 102.    https://doi.org/10.5539/jel.v6n1p102 

Ramzi, Z., Asma, A., & Shamsuddin, S. (2019). Kedudukan Gender Ketiga Dari Sudut Hukum    Syarak dan Perundangan di Malaysia. Jurnal Ulwan, 4, 149-158. 

Reed, A., Forehand, M. R., Puntoni, S., & Warlop, L. (2012). Identity-based consumer    behavior. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 29(4), 310–321. 

Reisner SL et, al. (2015). Legal protections in public accommodations settings: A critical public    health issue for transgender and gender-nonconforming people. Milbank Quarterly, 93    (3), 484–515 

Rheingold, H. (1993). The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier.    Addison-Wesley. 

Ridzuan, A. R. bin, Rashid, N. M. binti Z., Noh, L. M. M., Sharif, N. M., Mohammad, N. H.,    & Nuji, M. N. N. (2018). Issues that Triggers Cyber Bullying among Social    Networking Sites (SNS) Users in Malaysia that may lead to Depression. International    Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 8(10), 890–898. 

Rogers, E. M. (1995). Diffusion of innovations (Edisi ke empat.). New York: Free Press. 

Rositah, K. (2020). Kesalahan Lelaki Berpakaian Wanita atau Menyerupai Wanita    (Tasyabbuh): Isu dan Cadangan Penyelesaian. Journal of Law & Governance, 3(1),    113-126. 

Roy, W. G., & Dowd, T. J. (2010). What is sociological about music? Annual Review of    Sociology, 36(1), 183–203. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.012809.102618  

Rubin, G. S. (2007). Thinking sex: Notes for a radical theory of the politics of sexuality. Dalam    R. Parker & P. Aggleton (Eds.), Culture, society and sexuality: A reader (150–187).    London: Routledge. 

Rui, J. R., Chen, Y., & Damiano, A. (2013). Health Organizations Providing and Seeking Social    Support: A Twitter-Based Content Analysis. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social    Networking, 16(9), 669–673. doi:10.1089/cyber.2012.0350 

Ruvio, A., & Belk, R. (2018). Strategies of the extended self: The role of possessions in    transpeople’s conflicted selves. Journal of Business Research, 88, 102–110.    doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.03.014 

Salizawati, W. (2019). Kenali dan Tangani Kecelaruan Gender. Diakses pada 12 Disember,    2020, daripada http://www.kk.usm.my/index.php/en/news/1037-kenali-dan-tangani-   kecelaruan-gender 

Sarah L (2006) Facebook: Opening the doors wider. Diakses pada 27 Februari, 2023, daripada   http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/sep2006/tc20060912_682123.htm   ?chan=top+news_top+news+index_technology. 

Saul, H. (2016, March 27). Instafamous: Meet the social media influencers redefining celebrity.    Independent. Diakses pada 1 Januari, 2021, daripada    http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/instagrammodel-natasha-oakley-iskra-   lawrence-kayla-itsines-kendall-jenner-jordyn-woodsa6907551.html 

Scharf, B. (1999) Beyond Netiquette: The Ethics of Doing Naturalistic Discourse Research on    the Internet’, dalam S. Jones (ed.) Doing Internet Research. London: Sage Publications. 

Seguino, S. (2011). Help or hindrance? Religion’s impact on gender inequality in attitudes and    outcomes. World Development, 39(8), 1308–1321.    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2010.12.004. 

Shaarani, I. (Oktober, 2018). Masyarakat perlu bantu Lgbt kembali ke pangkal jalan. Berita    Harian.  

Sha’ari , N., Anita , S., Mohd. Nasir , A. A., Fazidah , Y., Salina , M. T., Hairuddin , M.,    Parimelazhagan , E., Shamala , C., & Olavi , E. (2015). National Strategic Plan Ending    Aids 2016-2030. Ministry of Health Malaysia.  

Shelley, C. (2008). Transpeople: Repudiation, trauma, healing. Toronto, Canada: University    of Toronto Press. 

Silverman, D. (2013). Doing qualitative research (Edisi ke empat). SAGE. 

Silverman, D. (2016). Qualitative research (Edisi ke empat). SAGE. 

Siti, A., Hanisah, A., & Farahwahida, M. (2020). Transgender Di Malaysia. International    Journal of Islamic and Civilizational Studies, 6(3), 67-77. 

Siti, M. K. (2021). Jangan jadi golongan zalimi diri sendiri. Berita Harian.  

Smith, D., Leonis, T., & Anandavalli, S. (2021). Belonging and loneliness in cyberspace:    Impacts of social media on adolescents’ well-being. Australian Journal of Psychology,    73(1), 12–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530.2021.1898914  

Stoller, R. J. (1964). The Hermaphroditic Identity Of Hermaphrodites. The Journal of Nervous    and Mental Disease, 139(5), 453-457. doi:10.1097/00005053-196411000-00005 

Stryker, S. (2008). Transgender history. Berkeley, CA, US: Seal Press. 

Subhi, N., & Geelan, D. (2012). When christianity and homosexuality collide: Understanding    the potential intrapersonal confict. Journal of Homosexuality, 59(10), 1382–1402.    https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2012.724638. 

Sudweeks, F. and Rafaeli, S. (1995) ‘How Do You Get a Hundred Strangers to Agree?    Computer-Mediated Communication and Collaboration’, dalam T.M. Harrison and    T.D. Stephen, Computer Networking and Scholarship in the 21st Century University,    New York: SUNY Press. 

SUHAKAM. (2019). Study On Discrimination Against Transgender Persons Based In Kuala    Lumpur And Selangor (Right To Education, Employment, Healthcare, Housing And    Dignity). Human Rights Commission of Malaysia.  

Sullivan, C. T. (2018). Majesty in the CITY: Experiences of an Aboriginal Transgender sex    worker in Sydney, Australia. Gender, Place & Culture, 25(12), 1681-1702.    doi:10.1080/0966369x.2018.1553853 

Suriati, G., dan Azilah, M. (2012). Media roles in male-to-female transsexual identity formation    among university students in Malaysia. 2012 International Conference on Humanity,    History and Society, 34, 184-190. 

Suriati, G., Jabil, M., Azilah, M., Narimah, S., & Jas, S. L. (2012). Difusi Ruangan Budaya    Transeksualisme dan Imaginasi Geografi Pelajar Lelaki Berpakaian Silang di    Universiti Tempatan Malaysia. Journal of Social Science and Humanities, 7(1), 252-   266. 

Suriati, G., Azilah, M., & Jabil, M. (2013). Suatu Analisis Mengenai Peranan Media dalam    Penyebaran Gaya Hidup Transeksual di Malaysia. Perspektif, 5(1), 66-82. 

Suruhanjaya Komunikasi dan Multimedia Malaysia. (2018). Internet Users Survey 2018.    Cyberjaya, Selangor: Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission. 

Swank, E., Fahs, B., & Frost, D. M. (2013). Region, Social Identities, and Disclosure Practices    as Predictors of Heterosexist Discrimination Against Sexual Minorities in the United    States. Sociological Inquiry, 83(2), 238–258. doi:10.1111/soin.12004 

Syahida, H., Mohd, I., Thuan, N., & Suzana, Z. (2018). Social Media Influencer and    Cyberbullying: A Lesson Learned from Preliminary Findings. In Knowledge    Management International Conference (200-205). Miri, Sarawak. Diakses pada 1    Disember, 2020, daripada http://www.kmice.cms.net.my/ 

Teh, Yik Koon (1998) Understanding the problems of mak nyahs (male transsexuals) in    Malaysia. South East Asia Research, 6(2) July: 165-180. 

Testa, R. J., Sciacca, L. M., Wang, F., Hendricks, M. L., Goldblum, P., Bradford, J., & Bongar,    B. (2012). Effects of violence on transgender people. Professional Psychology:    Research and Practice, 43(5), 452–459. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029604   

Tizmaghz. (September, 2014). Malaysia: Transgender people under threat. Human Rights    Watch. Diakses pada 2 Jun, 2022, daripada    https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/09/24/malaysia-transgender-people-under-threat  

Thoits, P. A. (2011). Mechanisms Linking Social Ties and Support to Physical and Mental    Health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 52(2), 145–161.    doi:10.1177/0022146510395592 

Thomas, D.R. (2006), “A general inductive approach for analysing qualitative evaluation data.”    American Journal of Evaluation, 27(2), 237-246. 

Turkle, S. (1995). Life on the screen: Identity in the age of the Internet. New York: Simon &    Schuster 

Veldhuis, C. B., Drabble, L., Riggle, E. D., Wootton, A. R., & Hughes, T. L. (2018). “I Fear    for My Safety, but Want to Show Bravery for Others”: Violence and Discrimination    Concerns Among Transgender and Gender-Nonconforming Individuals After the 2016    Presidential Election. Violence and Gender, 5(1), 26-36. doi:10.1089/vio.2017.0032 

Wan Salizawati Wan, I. (2019). Kenali dan Tangani kecelaruan gender. Diakses pada 2 April,    2021, daripada http://www.kk.usm.my/index.php/en/news-media/1037-kenali-dan-   tangani-kecelaruan-gender 

Waskul, Dennis. (2008). Symbolic Interactionism. The Play and Fate of Meanings in Everyday    Life. 

Weitzer, Ronald. (2010). Sex for Sale: Prostitution, Pornography, and the Sex Industry.  New    York: Routledge 

West, C., & Fenstermaker, S. (1995). DOING DIFFERENCE. Gender and Society, 9(1), 8-37. 

White, M. (2001). Receiving social support online: implications for health education. Health    Education Research, 16(6), 693–707. doi:10.1093/her/16.6.693 

Whittle, S. (1998). The Trans-cyberian mail way. Social & Legal Studies, 7(3), 389–408. 

Wolchover, N. (23 September, 2011). Men vs. women: Our key physical differences explained.    LiveScience. Diakses pada 15 Jun, 2022, daripada    https://www.livescience.com/33513-men-vs-women-our-physical-differences-   explained.html  

Wu, M.-Y., & Pearce, P. L. (2014). Chinese recreational vehicle users in Australia: A    netnographic study of tourist motivation. Tourism Management, 43, 22–35.    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.01.010  

Yam, S., & Mei, R. (2017). Perspektif Anak Muda Terhadap LGBT. Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu-ilmu    Humaniora, 16(1), 71-82. doi:10.24036/jh.v16i1.7323 

Zul, R. A. (2017). Mak Nyah. Diakses pada 3 Februari 2020, daripada    http://www.myhealth.gov.my/mak-nyah/ 

 

 

 


This material may be protected under Copyright Act which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials.
You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research.

Back to previous page

Installed and configured by Bahagian Automasi, Perpustakaan Tuanku Bainun, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
If you have enquiries, kindly contact us at pustakasys@upsi.edu.my or 016-3630263. Office hours only.