UPSI Digital Repository (UDRep)
Start | FAQ | About
Menu Icon

QR Code Link :

Type :thesis
Subject :LC Special aspects of education
Main Author :Khan, Abdul Mujeeb
Title :A cross-cultural study of migrant workers Malay language learning approaches and intercultural adjustment process in Malaysia
Place of Production :Tanjong Malim
Publisher :Fakulti Pembangunan Manusia
Year of Publication :2023
Corporate Name :Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
PDF Guest :Click to view PDF file

Abstract : Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
This study aimed to explore how migrant workers (MWs) from Bangladesh, Nepal, and Pakistan adjust to Malaysian culture, including their well-being and language acquisition. It also examines potential differences in their learning approaches and if MWs received orientation/training on Malaysian culture and language or not. Using the qualitative methodology and phenomenological approach, thirty MWs were interviewed about their lived experiences which were selected via purposive (snowball) sampling technique. The thematic analysis indicated 42 themes. NVivo -12 software was used to measure response frequency to integrate quantitative elements for a better understanding of the data. The results discovered that initially in new culture MWs preferred socializing with other MWs from their countries and believed in the superiority of their own culture. MWs have faced well-being issues like uncertainty, culture shock, isolation, worries, stress, and language difficulties. They were not given orientation on Malaysian culture and language before/after migrating. They experienced difficulties in communication, thus, began to learn Malay unaided for survival purposes, utilizing methods like sign language, Google Translator, and language books, without the aid of a teacher. Further, they asked co-workers and other MWs the meaning of words in the Malay language. MWs learned to speak the basics of Malay language within the first two years, and above, and acquired partial Malay language reading and writing skills. With time and developing understanding of the Malay language, they progressed toward intercultural adjustment. Comparing the learning and adjustment approaches among MWs, Nepalis tend to have more difficulty socializing with locals, Pakistanis struggled with adjusting to different lifestyle, and Bangladeshis faced challenges in improving their living and working conditions due to language and cultural differences. This study highlights need of cultural orientation and language training to help MWs for intercultural adjustment in Malaysia. Policymakers in Malaysia and MWs' sending countries should consider this.

References

Yao, M. Z., & Zhao, S. X. (2021). Cultural intelligence and intercultural sensitivity: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 52(6), 909-925. 

 

Yoshitaka Yamazaki, D Christopher Kayes, (2004).  An experiential approach to cross-cultural learning: A review and integration of competencies for successful expatriate adaptation. Academy of Management Learning & Education. 

 

Yoshitaka Yamazaki and D. Christopher Kayes, (2006).  Expatriate learning: exploring how Japanese managers adapt in the United States. Economics and Management Series 2006-02.  

 

Zaman, Habiba, (2004).  Transnational Migration and the Commodification of the Immigrant Female Labors in Canada.  “International Journal of Canadian Studies. 29:40-61. Retrieved from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Malaysia  

 

Zhang, X., & Matsumoto, D. (2021). The role of emotions in cross-cultural adaptation: A review of the AUM theory. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 84, 17-29. 

 

Talia H Swartz, Ann-Gel S Palermo, Sandra K Masur, Judith A Aberg, The Science and Value of Diversity: Closing the Gaps in Our Understanding of Inclusion and Diversity, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Volume 220, Issue Supplement_2, 15 September 2019, Pages S33–S41, https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiz174 

 

Tulloch J, Lupton D. (2003). Risk and Everyday Life. Discipline: Sociology, Sage Publication, London. Retrieved from: http://sk.sagepub.com/books/risk-and-everyday-life 

 

UNESCO Report “Migration and inclusive societies”.  

Retrieved from: https://en.unesco.org/themes/fostering-rights-inclusion/migration 

 

UN Women (2017). UN Women, Asia and Pacific Regional Office, Women MWs in the ASEAN Economic Community (Bangkok, 2017). 

 

UNDESA (2017) Report.  Retrieved from: https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/popfacts/PopFacts_2017-5.pdf 

 

Vasileiou, K., Barnett, J., Thorpe, S. (2018). Characterizing and justifying sample size sufficiency in interview-based studies: systematic analysis of qualitative health research over a 15-year period. BMC Medical Research Methodology 18, 148 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-018-0594-7. 

 

Valentina Sharlanova, (2004). Experiential Learning. Department of Information and Qualification of Teachers, Trakia University, Trakia Journal of Sciences, Vol. 2, No. 4, 2004. 

 

Von Bergen, C. (2013). Misconstrued tolerance: Issues for multicultural and diversity training. Development and Learning in Organizations: An International Journal, 27(2), 9-12. 

 

Weber, E. U., & Hsee, C. K. (1999). Models and mosaics: Investigating cross-cultural differences in risk perception and risk preference. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 6(4), 611–617. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03212969. 

Retrieved from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_shock 

 

William B. Gudykunst (1988). Anxiety Uncertainty Management Theory. Retrieved from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety/uncertainty_management. 

 

What Is Psychosocial Health? - Definition, Components & Traits. (2014)" study.com/academy/lesson.   Retrieved from: https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-psychosocial-health-definition-components-traits.html. 

 

Williams, Allan, Balaz, Vladimir, (2012), 167, EP - 180, - Migration, Risk, and Uncertainty: Theoretical Perspectives, VL - 18, DO - 10.1002/psp.663, JO-Population, Space and Place.  Retrieved from: 

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230001308_Migration_Risk_and_Uncertainty_Theoretical_Perspectives 

 

Schutt, R. K. (2006). Investigating the social world: The process and practice of research (5th Ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage. 

 

Shotaro Doki, Sinichiro Sasahara, Ichiyo Matsuzaki (2018), Stress of working abroad: a systematic review International Archives Occupational and Environmental Health. 91(7): 767–784. Published online 2018 Jul 2. doi: 10.1007/s00420-018-1333-4 PMCID: PMC6132646.  

 

Schultz, Emily A., and Robert H. Lavenda. Cultural Anthropology: A Perspective on the Human Condition. (2009). New York: Oxford UP, Incorporated, pg.79. 

 

Simkus, J. (2022, Jan 10). Snowball Sampling: Definition, Method and Examples. Simply Psychology. www.simplypsychology.org/snowball-sampling.html 

 

Somo (2013), Outsourcing Labor: Migrant Labor Rights in Malaysia’s Electronic Industry.  Published By: SOMO – Centre for Research on Multinational Corporations. ISBN: 978-94-6207-018-9. Retrieved from: https://www.somo.nl/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Outsourcing-Labor.pdf 

 

Smolicz, J. J. (1980). Language as a core value of culture. RELC Journal, 11(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/003368828001100101  

 

Sng, O., Neuberg, S. L., Varnum, M. E. W., & Kenrick, D. T. (2018). The Behavioral Ecology of  Cultural Psychological Variation. American Psychological Association, 125(5), 714–743. 

 

Spreitzer, G.M., McCall, M.W. Jr. and Mahoney, J.D. (1997) ‘Early Identification of  

International Executive Potential’, Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(1): 6–29. 

         The Star 10 Feb 2019 retrieved from:  https://www.thestar.com.my/lifestyle/living/2019/02/10/migrant-workers-dying/ 

 

Steinberg, S. (1995). Introduction to communication: Course book 1: The basics. Juta.   

 

Swedberg, R. (2020). Exploratory Research (C. Elman, J. Mahoney, & J. Gerring,  

       Eds.). Cambridge University Press; Cambridge University Press.             

       https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/production-of knowledge/exploratory-  

       research/FD2ABFAD9DE34B44D015606C962A1AF0 

 

Tammy Moerer-Urdahl, John W. Creswell, (2004) Using Transcendental Phenomenology to Explore the “Ripple Effect” in a Leadership Mentoring Program.  International Institute for Qualitative Methodology. University of Alberta. Retrieved from: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/160940690400300202 

 

Tasleem, Z., Na, M., Azizah, N., & Abidin, Z. (2019). A Conceptual Framework on The Settlement Of Pakistani Immigrant Labors in Malaysia. Asian People Journal, 2(1), 155–168. 

 

Razak, N. A., Ahmad, N. F. B.., Suhaimi , N. B. ., Saidin , K. N. B., & Mahda, A. A. B. . (2020). Multilingualism and Multiculturalism Impact on Shaping Oral Literacy and Communicative Competence. TESOL and Technology Studies, 1(1), 42–54. https://doi.org/10.48185/tts.v1i1.67 

 

Ryan, R. M., Deci, E. L., Vansteenkiste, M., & Soenens, B. (2020). Developing and Validating a Theory of Psychological Needs. In Advances in Motivation Science (Vol. 7, pp. 1-52). Elsevier. 

 

Reijo Miettinen (2000).  The concept of experiential learning and John Dewey's theory of reflective thought and action, International Journal of Lifelong Education, 19:1, 54-72, DOI: 10.1080/026013700293458 

 

Ritchie J, Lewis J, Elam G. (2003), Designing and selecting samples. In: Ritchie J, Lewis J, editors. Qualitative research practice: a guide for social science students and researchers. London: Sage; 2003. p. 77–108. 

 

Richard Gross, Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behaviour Archived 2022-12-31 at the  6E, Hachette UK,  . 

 

Robert B. Reed, (2004). Anxiety and Uncertainty Management in Intercultural Communication. Spring Arbor University COM 504 Communication Theory and Worldview. 

 

Rodriguez, Raquel (2011) "How Learning Works: Seven Research-Based Principles for Smart Teaching [review] / Susan A. Ambrose, Michael W. Bridges, Marsha C. Lovett, Michele DiPietro, and Marie K. Norman," Journal of Applied Christian Leadership: Vol. 5: No. 2, 106-107. Available at: https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/jacl/vol5/iss2/8 

 

Rubio-Alcalá and colleagues (2019). Experiential learning theory in bilingual education: A review of the literature. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 22(6), 687-701. 

 

Russell, R. D. (1973). "Social Health: An Attempt to Clarify This Dimension of Well-Being." International Journal of Health Education 16:74–82. 

 

Ruggeri, K., Garcia-Garzon, E., Maguire, Á., Matz, S., & Huppert, F. A. (2020). Well-being is more than happiness and life satisfaction: a multidimensional analysis of 21 countries. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-020-01423-y 

 

Samovar, L. A., & Porter, R. E. (2004). Communication between cultures, 5th ed. Thomson Wadsworth. 

 

Sargeant, M. (2009). Health and safety of vulnerable workers in a changing world of work’, Adapt Working Paper: https://www.bollettinoadapt.it/old/files/document/4433WP_09_101.pdf   

 

 and  (2017), "Host country language skills and expatriates’ cross-cultural adjustment in the presence of fear of terror", Journal of Global Mobility, Vol. 5 No. 4, pp. 418-442.  

 

Pasadilla, Gloria, Abella, Manolo, (2012). Social Protection for MWs in ASEAN, researchgate.net/publication.  Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/241753873_Social_Protection_for_Migrant_Workers_in_ASEAN 

 

P. Iruthayaraj D. Pappusamy (2014), MWs Contribution towards the Malaysian Economic Transformation, Paper presented at the Asian Conference on Globalization and Labor Administration: Cross-Border Labor Mobility, Social Security and Regional Integration. 

 

Peter E. Nathan Editor in Chief (2014) The Oxford Hand Book of Qualitative Research. https://books.google.com.my/books? 

 

Pelling, Andrew C, (2000). Culture shock of international students in Canada, University of Lethbridge. Faculty of Education.  OPUS Open Uleth Scholarship. Retrieved from: https://opus.uleth.ca/handle/10133/960 

 

Philip S. Robertson Jr., (2008) MWs in Malaysia – Issues, Concerns and Points for Action, Commissioned by the Fair Labor Association. 

 

Philip D Bust (2013), Managing Construction Health and Safety: MWs and Communicating Safety Messages.  Retrieved from: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/288389433.pdf.  

 

Pritha Bandari, (2020). An Introduction to Qualitative Research.  Retrieved from: https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/qualitative-research/ 

 

Public attitudes towards migrant workers in Malaysia. (2020, December 15). Retrieved September 2, 2022, from https://www.ilo.org/asia/publications/issue-briefs/WCMS_766632/lang--en/index.htm  

 

Qutoshi, S. (2108).  Phenomenology: .  Journal of Education and Educational Development.A Philosophy and Method of Inquiry 

 

Rafika, D. A., Syahri, I., & Susanti, R. (2018). Culture Shock Experienced by Foreign Workers.  Archives of Business Research, 6(4), 115-129.  

 

Rafika D, Syahri Indawan, Susanti, Rini (2018).  Culture Shock Experienced by Foreign Workers.  Archive of Business Research 6(4), 115-129.  

 

Rahman, M. M., Arif, M. T., Safii, R., Tambi, Z., Akoi, C., Jantan, Z., & Halim, S. A. (2019). Care seeking behaviour of Bangladeshi MWs in Sarawak, Malaysia. Bangladesh Medical Research Council Bulletin, 45(1), 47–53. https://doi.org/10.3329/bmrcb.v45i1.41808. 

 

Aviv. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16020252.   

 

Mucci, N.; Traversini, V.; Giorgi, G.; Tommasi, E.; De Sio, S.; Arcangeli, G. (2020). MWs and Psychological Health: A Systematic Review. Sustainability 2020, 12, 120. 

 

Mucci, N., Traversini, V., Giorgi, G., Garzaro, G., Fiz-Perez, J., Campagna, M., Arcangeli, G. (2019). MigrantWorkers and physical health: An umbrella review. Sustainability (Switzerland), 11(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11010232. 

 

Mucci, N., Traversini, V., Giorgi, G., Tommasi, E., Sio, S. De, & Arcangeli, G. (2019). MWs and Psychological Health : A Systematic Review, (12), 1–28. 

 

Mucci, N.; Traversini, V.; Giorgi, G.; Tommasi, E.; De Sio, S.; Arcangeli, G. (2020). MWs and Psychological Health: A Systematic Review. Sustainability 2020, 12, 120. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12010120. Retrieved from: file:///C:/Users/user1/Downloads/sustainability-12-00120-v2%20(4).pdf 

 

Neubauer, B.E., Witkop, C.T. & Varpio, L. (2019).  How phenomenology can help us learn from the experiences of others. Perspect Med Educ 8, 90–97 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40037-019-0509-2.  

 

Nicholas, P. K., Mfono, N., Corless, I. B., Davis, S. M., O’Brien, E., Padua, J., Fortinsky, S. (2016). HIV vulnerability in migrant populations in southern Africa: Sociological, cultural, health-related, and human-rights perspectives. International Journal of Africa Nursing Sciences, 5, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijans.2016.09.003. 

 

 Nicomachean Ethics, Book 2,  translation (1911). 

 

N. Nayab (2011) How to Determine Validity in Qualitative Research –retrieved from:https://www.brighthubpm.com/methods-strategies/117947-how-do-you-determine-whether-your-qualitative-research-is-valid/.  

 

Nyamnjoh, Francis, (2006) Insiders and Outsiders: Citizenship and Xenophobia in Contemporary Southern Africa, CODESRIA and Zed Books: Dakar, London and New York.   

 

Oberg, K. (1960) Culture Shock: Adjustments to New Cultural Environments. Practical Anthropology. 4, 177-182. 

 

Padgett DK. (2008). Qualitative methods in social work research. 2nd ed. Los Angeles: Sage Publications. 

 

Pager, Devah, and Hana Shepherd (2008). “The Sociology of Discrimination: Racial Discrimination in Employment, Housing, Credit, and Consumer Markets.” Annual review of sociology vol. 34 (2008): 181-209.  

 

McLeod, S. A. (2017, October 24). Kolb - learning styles. Simply Psychology. https://www.simplypsychology.org/learning-kolb.html.  

 

McCornack, Steven; Ortiz, Joseph (2017). Choices and Connections: An Introduction to Communication. Boston, New York: Bedford/St.Martin's. p. 109.  .  1102471079. 

 

Messina, A. M. (2017). "Migration as a global phenomenon". In Handbook on Migration and Security. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.  doi: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781785360497.00009 

 

Melanie Greenberg (2017). The Stress-Proof Brain (Master Your Emotional Response to Stress Using Mindfulness and Neuroplasticity) Paperback – February 1, 2017. 

 

Milner, A., Reid, A., Daly, A., Carey, R. N., Darcey, E., Chih, H. J., & LaMontagne, A. D. (2018). Workplace psychosocial stressors experienced by MWs in Australia: A cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE, 13(9), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203998.  

 

Michelene T. H. Chi. (2009) Quantifying Qualitative Analysis of Verbal Data a Practical Guide Journal of the Learning Science, page 271-315. Published online https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327809jls0603_1 

 

Mills, C. Wright (13 April 2000). The Sociological Imagination. Oxford University Press.  . Retrieved 4 November 2018 – via Internet Archive. 

 

Moustakas, C. (1994). Phenomenological research methods. Sage. Press Trust of India. (2020). Migrant workers need social protection to overcome trauma in lockdown: Health ministry. India Today. https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/migrant-workers-socialprotection-coronavirus-lockdown-1662094-2020-04-01 

 

Moustakas CE. Phenomenological research methods. 1st ed. Thousand Oaks: SAGE; 1994. 

 

Mohd Nordin, N., Salleh, N. A., & Abdul Rashid, A. K. (2012). The Language Problem Issue among Foreign Workers in the Malaysian Construction Industry UKM. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(11), 97–99. 

 

Mohammed Rahel and Tasnuva Mahbub Chowdhury, (2017).  MWs under the Domestic Law and International Labor Organization (ILO) Convention in Perspective of Malaysia. International Journal of Business and Technopreneurship Volume 7, No. 2, June 2017 [151-166].  https://ijbt.unimap.edu.my/images/stories/VOL%207,%20No.%202,%20JUN%202017/IJBT_Vol_7_Jun_2017_3_151-166.pdf 

 

Moran, E. B., Katz, M. A., Ari, O. Ben, Davidovitch, N., & Zwang, O. (2019). For what illnesses do asylum seekers and undocumented MWs in Israel seek healthcare? An analysis of medical visits at a large urgent care clinic for the uninsured in Tel 

Li, X., & Chen, G. M. (2021). Examining the relationship between intercultural competence and multicultural personality traits: A cross-cultural study. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 52(7), 1082-1100. 

 

Louise Stewart & Peter, A Leggat (2020), Cultural Shock and Travelers.  Retrieved from https://watermark.silverchair.com/jtm5-0084.pdf?  

 

Logan, S., Steel, Z., & Hunt, C. (2016). Intercultural willingness to communicate within health services: Investigating anxiety, uncertainty, ethnocentrism and help seeking behaviour. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 54, 77–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2016.07.007. 

 

Loganathan T, Rui D., Ng C-W., Pocock NS. (2019). Breaking down the barriers: Understanding MWs’ access to healthcare in Malaysia. PLoS ONE 14(7): e0218669. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218669.  

 

Marshall, C., & Rossman, G. B. (2016). Designing qualitative research (6th ed.). SAGE. 

 

Maruja M.B. Asis, Nicola Piper, Parvati Raghuram (2019). From Asia to the World: “Regional” Contributions to Global Migration Research.  Dans Revue européenne des migrations internationals 2019/1-2 (Vol. 35). 

 

Malpass, R. S. (1977). Theory and method in cross-cultural psychology. American Psychologist, 32(12), 1069–1079. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.32.12.1069 

 

Malterud K. (2001).  Qualitative research: Standards, challenges, and guidelines. The Lancet. 358(9280):483488. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4609437/#R16 

 

Matthew B. & Michael Humberman (1994) Qualitative Data Analysis – an extended sources book 2nd edition. 

 

Macionis, John, and Linda Gerber. "Chapter 3 - Culture." Sociology. 7th edition ed. Toronto, ON: Pearson Canada Inc., 2010. 54. Print. Retrieved from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_shock#cite_note-1 

 

Macionis, John, and Linda Gerber (2010). "Chapter 3 - Culture." Sociology. 7th edition ed. Toronto, ON: Pearson Canada Inc.54. Retrieved from: http://catalogue.pearsoned.ca/educator/product/Sociology-Seventh-Canadian-Edition-Plus-MySocLab-with-Pearson-eText-Access-Card-Package/9780138002701.page 

 

Malaysiakini news and views that matter.  Retrieved from: https://www.malaysiakini.com/announcement/532379 

 

Mayatsfati, Adetal Ben-Ari, Iris Lavi (2020). Ethnocentrism, universalism, and refugees’ social rights: The Israeli perspective International Social Work, Sage Journal Publication.  https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872820901773 

Kuntz, J. R., & Peyton, J. (2021). Expanding Kolb's experiential learning theory through an ecological lens. Journal of Experiential Education, 44(1), 52-68. 

 

Kraft, K. (2019). Language policies and linguistic competence: new speakers in the Norwegian construction industry. Language Policy, 18(4), 573–591. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-018-9502-6. 

 

Kronfol, Z., Saleh, M., & Al-Ghafry, M. (2014). Mental health issues among MWs in Gulf Cooperation Council countries: Literature review and case illustrations. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 10(2014), 109–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2014.03.003. 

 

Kulik, R. M. (2023, February 6). Social issueRebe. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved March 27, 2023, from https://www.britannica.com/topic/social-issue  

 

L. Haven, T., & Van Grootel, D. L. (2019). Preregistering qualitative research. Accountability in Research, 26(3), 229–244. https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2019.1580147. 

 

Lacey A. and Luff D. (2007), Qualitative Research Analysis. The NIHR RDS for the East Midlands / Yorkshire & the Humber, Retrieved from: https://www.rds-h.nihr.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/9_Qualitative_Data_Analysis_Revision_2009.pdf 

 

Laverty SM. (2003), Hermeneutic phenomenology and phenomenology: a comparison of historical and methodological considerations. Int J Qual Methods. 2003; 2:1–29. 

 

Leslie, G.R., Larson, R.F. and Gorman, H.L. (1994). Introducing Sociology. Oxford: Oxford UN Press 

 

LeVine, R.A. (2017). International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences: Second Edition. ELSEVIER. p. 166.   

 

Lee, J. A., & Kim, Y. Y. (2022). The relationship between cultural intelligence and intercultural communication competence: The mediating role of intercultural sensitivity. Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, 51(1), 1-18. 

 

Lee, S. H., & Tan, A. G. (2021). A comparative analysis of Kolb's experiential learning theory and Bloom's taxonomy of educational objectives. Journal of Education and Learning, 10(1), 74-84. 

 

Lincoln, Y.S., & Guba, E.G. (1985). Naturalistic Inquiry, Newbury Park, CA: Sage. 

 

Lisa Fritscher, (2021). What is Xenophobia? VeryWell Mind. Retrieved from: https://www.verywellmind.com/xenophobia-fear-of-strangers-2671881 

 

Kc, J. K., Fitzgerald, G., & Poudyal, M. B. (2019). Health Risks in Disaster Responders : A Conceptual Framework, 34(2), 209–216. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049023X19000141. 

 

Kevin A. Hallgren. 2012. Computing Inter-Rater Reliability for Observational Data: An Overview and Tutorial. Tutor Quant Methods Psychol 8, 1 (2012), 23–34.  

 

Keith, Kenneth D (2013). The Encyclopedia of Cross-Cultural Psychology Intercultural Adjustment., (), 744–46. doi:10.1002/9781118339893.wbeccp299  

 

Khaled, S. M., & Gray, R. (2019). Depression in MWs and nationals of Qatar: An exploratory cross-cultural study. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 65(5), 354–367. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764019850589. 

 

Kim Y. (2010). The pilot study in qualitative inquiry: identifying issues and learning lessons for culturally competent research. Qualitative So cial Work. 2010 May; 10(2): 190-206. 

 

Kim, Young Yun. 2008. “Toward Intercultural Personhood: Globalization and a Way of Being.” Globalization and Diversity [Special Issue]. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 32, 4:359-368. 

 

Kim, Y. Y., & Chua, R. Y. (2021). Intercultural sensitivity: A review and future research agenda. Journal of International Business Studies, 52(4), 513-535. 

 

Kim, Y. Y., & Kim, Y. (2020). Revisiting the AUM theory in the era of global interconnectivity. Journal of International and Intercultural Communication, 13(3), 219-231. 

 

Kohler, T., & Schwilch, G. (2019). Labor Migration in the Middle Hills of Nepal : Consequences on Land Management Strategies, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11051349. 

 

Kolb, D.A. (1984). Experiential learning: experience as the source of learning and development. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.   

 

Kourova, A., & Modianos, D.  (2013).  Inter- cultural awareness and its role in enriching  

students’ communicative competence. The International HETL Review, 60- 71. 

 

Kolb, A. Y., & Kolb, D. A. (2019). Experiential learning theory: A dynamic, holistic approach to management learning, education and development. In Handbook of research on experiential learning for education and organizational development (pp. 1-27). IGI Global. 

 

Koswara, A., & Lukman, S. (2022). Communication competence of Indonesian workers in Intercultural Interaction in Munich and Canberra. Jurnal Kajian Komunikasi, 10(2), 199. https://doi.org/10.24198/jkk.v10i2.41976 

 

IOM UN Migration, Malaysia, General Information - https://www.iom.int/countries/malaysia 

 

ILO Global Estimates on International MWs (2017) second edition Retrieved from: https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/---publ/documents/publication/wcms_652001.pdf 

 

ILO (2019) Survey Report Public Attitude towards MWs in Malaysia.  Retrievedfrom:file:///C:/Users/user1/Downloads/2019%20Public%20attitudes%20towards%20migrant%20workers%20in%20Malaysia%20[Scanned%20Copy](1)%20(1).p. 

 

Irina, A. Novikova, Marina, V. Gridunova, Alexey, L. Novikova, Dmitriy, A. Shlyakhta, (2020).  Ethno-National Attitudes as Intercultural Competence Predictors in University Students: Gender Differences.  Behavioral Sciences. 2020; 10(2):56. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs10020056 

 

Janghorban R., Latifnejad Roudsari R., Taghipour A. (2013), Pilot Study in Qualitative Research: The Roles and Values]. Hayat, Journal of School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. 19(4): 1-5. (Persian). 

 

 Jick, T.D. (1979). Mixing qualitative and quantitative methods: Triangulation in action.  Administrative Science Quarterly, 24, 602-611.  

 

Joan F. Marques & Chester McCall (2005). The Application of Interrater Reliability as a Solidification Instrument in a Phenomenological Study. The Qualitative Report Volume 10 Number 3 September 2005 439-462 http://www.nova.edu/ssss/QR/QR10-3/marques.pdf   

 

Johnson, R. Christensen, Larry, (2014). Educational Research Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Approaches Fifth Edition. 

 

Josef Bleicher, (2017). Contemporary Hermeneutics: Hermeneutics as Methods, Philosophy and Critique. Taylor and Francis, London, 2017 

 

Jarden A, Roache A, (2023). What Is Wellbeing? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(6):5006. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20065006 

 

K. Hammarberg, M. Kirkman, S. de Lacey, (2016), Qualitative research methods: when to use them and how to judge them, Human Reproduction, Volume 31, Issue 3, Pages 498–501, https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dev334.  

 

Kaur, B., Singh, J. M., Garg, B. R., Singh, J., & Singh, S. (2011). Causes and Impact of Labor Migration : A Case Study of Punjab Agriculture. Agricultural Economics Research Review, 24, 459–466. 

 

Hagaman AK., Wutich A (2017). How many interviews are enough to identify metathemes in multisited and cross-cultural research? Another perspective on Guest, Bunce, and Johnson’s (2006) landmark study. Field Methods. 2017; 29(1):23–41.   

 

Halim, H., Bakar, H., & Mohamad, B. (2014). Expatriate adjustment: Validating multicultural personality trait among self-initiated academic expatriates. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 155, 123 – 129 

 

Halim, H., Bakar, H. A., & Mohamad, B. (2019). Expatriation in Malaysia: Predictors of cross-cultural adjustment among hotel expatriates. International Journal of Supply Chain Management, 8(1), 664-675. 

 

Heather Heunermund (2021) What are Cultural Norms. Study.Com.  Social Science Courses / MTTC Sociology (012): Practice & Study Guide / Social Changes & Cultural Variations 

 

Hennink, M., Hutter, I. and Bailey, A., 2020. Qualitative research methods. Sage. 

 

Heunermund , H. (n.d.). Take online courses. earn college credit. Research Schools, Degrees & Careers. Study.com | Take Online Courses. Earn College Credit. Research Schools, Degrees & Careers. Retrieved September 2, 2022, from https://study.com/learn/lesson/cultural-norms-definition-examples.html  

 

Hilary N. Weaver DSW (1998, online publication 2008) Teaching Cultural Competence, Journal of Teaching in Social Work, 17:1-2, 65-79, DOI: 10.1300/J067v17n01_06.   

 

Hilal, A. H., & Alabri, S. S. (2013). Using Nvivo for Data Analysis in Qualitative Research. International Interdisciplinary Journal of Education, 2(2), 181–186. https://doi.org/10.12816/0002914 

 

Hofstede, G. (1984). Cultural dimensions in management and planning. Abridged from the Asia Pacific Journal of Management, January 1984. In Gudykunst, W. B., & Kim, Y. Y. (1992). Readings on communicating with strangers: an approach to Intercultural communication (pp. 89-109). Boston: McGraw-Hill. 

 

International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All MWs and Members of Their Families -Adopted by General Assembly resolution 45/158 of 18 December 1990. 

 

Indu, P. V., and K. Vidhukumar. “Research Designs- an Overview”. Kerala Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 32, no. 1, Jan. 2020, pp. 64-67, doi:10.30834/KJP.32.1.2019.179. 

 

Inyoung, Y. O. O. K. (2021). Laboring to Learn: Cross-Cultural Adjustment of Foreign Hospitality Workers in Australia. Journal of Inquiry and Research, 113, 231–244. https://doi.org/http://doi.org/10.18956/00007976 

Gobind, J. (2018).  Transport anxiety and work performance.  SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 16(1), 1-7. 

 

Guruge, Sepall and Nazilla Khanlou (2014).  “Intersectionalities of Influence: Researching the Health of Immigrant and Refugee Women.” Canadian Journal of Nursing Research. 36(3):32-47. 

 

Gudykunst, W. B. (2019). Bridging the gap: Twenty-five years of AUM theory. Journal of International and Intercultural Communication, 12(1), 1-12. 

 

Gudykunst, W. B. (1992). Developing relationships with strangers. In Gudykunst, W. B., &  

Kim, Y. Y. (Eds.). Readings on communicating with strangers: an approach to  

Intercultural communications. (pp. 302-307). Boston: McGraw-Hill.  

 

Gudykunst, William B. (2005). Theorizing About Intercultural Communication. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, Inc. pp. viii. ISBN 9780761927495. 

 

Guy-Evans, O. (2022). What is ethnocentrism and how does it impact psychological research? Retrieved September 2, 2022, from https://www.simplypsychology.org/ethnocentrism.html  

 

Griffin, Em; Ledbetter, Andrew M.; Sparks, Glenn G. (2014-03-28). A First Look at Communication Theory (9th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN 9780073523927. 

 

Gudykunst, W. B. (2019). Bridging the gap: Twenty-five years of AUM theory. Journal of International and Intercultural Communication, 12(1), 1-12. 

 

Gudykunst, William B. (2005). Theorizing About Intercultural Communication. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, Inc. pp. viii. ISBN 9780761927495. 

 

Haryanih, N. (2018). Intercultural adaptation in the work area among professional Indonesian workers in Malaysia. Digital Press Social Sciences and Humanities, 1, 00009. https://doi.org/10.29037/digitalpress.41236. 

 

Hall, W. A., Long, B., Bermbach, N., Jordan, S., & Patterson, K. (2005). Qualitative teamwork issues and strategies: Coordination through mutual adjustment. Qualitative Health Research, 15, 394–410. doi:10.1177/1049732304272015 

 

Hall, B. J., Garabiles, M. R., & Latkin, C. A. (2019). Work life, relationship, and policy determinants of health and well-being among Filipino domestic workers in China: A qualitative study. BMC Public Health, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-6552-4  

 

Hays, D. G., Singh, A.A, (2012) Qualitative inquiry in clinical & Educational Settings. New York: NY. The Guilford Press.  

 

Dollah, Syarifuddin, Abduh, Amirullah, Rosmaladewi, Rosmaladewi. (2017) Benefits and Drawbacks of NVivo QSR Application.   Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research (ASSEHR), volume 149, 2nd International Conference on Education, Science, and Technology (ICEST 2017)  

         DO - 10.2991/icest-17.2017.21 

 

Ethnocentrism vs. Cultural Relativism. (2016, July 15). Retrieved from https://study.com/academy/lesson/ethnocentrism-vs-cultural-relativism.html. 

 

European University Institute (EUI)’s online course, Why Do People Migrate?  Theories. Retrieved from: https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/migration-theories/0/steps/35078. 

 

Elizabeth J. Sandell & Samantha J. Tupy (2015). Where Cultural Competency Begins: Changes in Undergraduate Students’ Intercultural Competency. International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education. 2015, Volume 27, Number 3, 364-381. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1093756.pdf 

 

Factsheet 25th February 2016, Malaysia Country Page, U.S. Department of State https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2777.htm.  

 

Felicia, Patrick (2011). Handbook of Research on Improving Learning and Motivation. p. 1003.  . 

 

Francis JJ., Johnston M., Robertson C., Glidewell L., Entwistle V., Eccles MP., (2010) What is an adequate sample size? Operationalising data saturation for theory-based interview studies. Psychol Health. 2010;25(10). Retrieved from: https://bmcmedresmethodol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12874-018-0594-7#citeas 

 

Felicia, Patrick (2011). Handbook of Research on Improving Learning and Motivation. p. 1003. ISBN 978-1609604967. 

 

Gale NK, Heath G, Cameron E, Rashid S, Redwood S. Using the framework method for the analysis of qualitative data in multi-disciplinary health research. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2013 Sep 18; 13:117. doi: 10.1186/1471-2288-13-117. PMID: 24047204; PMCID: PMC3848812. 

 

Gelfand, M. J. (2018). Rule makers, rule breakers: How culture wires our minds, shapes our nations, and drives our differences. Robinson.  

 

George, T. (2021, December 6). A guide to exploratory research.  Scribbr. https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/exploratory-research/ 

 

Gregorio Billikopf (2014).  Cultural Differences?  Or, are we really that different? 3rd Edition, 2014.  University of California  

 

Coby van Niejenhuis, Sabine Otten, Andreas Flache, Sojourners’ second language learning and integration. The moderating effect of multicultural personality traits, International Journal of Intercultural Relations, Volume 63, 2018, 

 

Corbin Dwyer, S., & Buckle, J. L. (2009). The space between: On being an Insider-Outsider in qualitative research. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 8(1), 54–63. doi:10.1177/160940690900800105.  

 

Culture Matters: The Peace Corps Cross-Cultural Workbook,” p. 201-202. Peace Corps Information and Collection Exchange. www.peacecorps.gov. Retrieved from: https://files.peacecorps.gov/multimedia/pdf/library/T0087_culturematters.pdf 

 

Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2008). Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory (3rd ed.). 

 

Creswell, J.W. (2013). Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design: Choosing Among the Five Approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. (pp. 77-83). 

 

Creswell, J.W. (2013). Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design: Choosing Among the Five Approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. (pp. 77-83) (https://blogs.baruch.cuny.edu/com9640epstein/?author=14078).  

 

Crush, J. & Ramachandran, S. (2009). Xenophobia, International Migration and Human Development (rep., 1-104). New York: United Nations Development Programme. Human Development Reports, Research Paper 2009/47. 

 

Caxaj, C. S., & Cohen, A. (2019). “I Will Not Leave My Body Here”: Migrant farmworkers’ health and safety amidst a climate of coercion. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(15).  Retrevied from: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16152643. 

 

Collingridge, D. (n.d.). Validating a Questionnaire. Methodspace. https://www.methodspace.com/blog/validating-a-questionnaire 

 

Duane Cloud, (2016).  Ethnocentrism vs. Cultural Relativism." Study.com, 15 July 2016, study.com/academy/lesson/ethnocentrism-vs-cultural-relativism.html. 

 

David A. Kolb, (2015). Experiential Learning: Experience as the Source of Learning and Development, 2nd Edition. Western Reserve University. Pearson TF Press.  https://www.pearson.com/us/higher-education/program/Kolb-Experiential-Learning.  

 

Delve. Ho, L., & Limpaecher, A. (2022b, February 25). The Importance of Reflexivity in Qualitative Research. Essential Guide to Coding Qualitative Data. https://delvetool.com/blog/reflexivity 

 

Dinglasa, R. A. (2020). Cultural and emotional intelligence: It’s role in the cross-cultural adjustment of Filipino expatriates in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Human Resource Studies, 10(1), 276.   

Bilcher Bala (2005).  Thalassocracy: a history of the medieval Sultanate of Brunei Darussalam.  School of Social Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah.  . 

 

Boris Bizumic, Conal Monaghan, Daniel Priest (2020).  The Return of Ethnocentrism.  Political Psychology.  https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12710 

 

Boyce, C. & Neale, P. (2006). Conducting In-depth interviews: A Guide for Designing and Conducting In-depth Interviews for Evaluation Input. Online. http://www. pathfind.org/site/DocServer/m_e_tool_series_indepth_interviews.pdf?docID=6301 

 

Browne, K. (2005). Snowball sampling: Using social networks to research non-heterosexual women. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 8(1), 47–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/1364557032000081663  

 

Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa  

 

    Bum, C. H., Lee, J. H., & Choi, C. (2021). The Effects of Leisure Activities on Self-Efficacy and Social Adjustment: A Study of Immigrants in South Korea. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(16), 8311. 

 

Cancun (2015) Migration and trade: a report from Cancun a background paper prepared by Genevieve Gencianos of Migrant Rights International Collaborator with the National Network for Immigrant and Refugee Rights. 

 

Carroll, John B. (1971). Defining Language Comprehension: Some Speculations. Educational Testing Service, Princeton, N.J.https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED057698 

 

Carroll, J. B. (1971, June 30). Defining language comprehension: Some speculations. ERIC. Retrieved September 2, 2022, from https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED057698  

 

Chen, G. M., & Li, X. (2021). An exploration of cultural intelligence and its relationship with intercultural communication competence. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 84, 27-37. 

 

Cheng, P., & Cooper, B. (2020). Applying Kolb's experiential learning theory to simulation-based education in healthcare. Journal of Nursing Education and Practice, 10(3), 30-38. 

 

Chua, R. Y., & Kim, Y. Y. (2022). Intercultural sensitivity and cross-cultural competence: The moderating role of cultural distance. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 88, 132-141.   

 

  

Bin, M. B. O. (2016). Illegal Immigrant Issue in Malaysia: a Review From an Islamic Perspective. South East Asia Journal of Contemporary Business, Economics and Law, 10(4), 33–36. 

 

Black, R., Stephen, R., Bennett, G., Thomas, S. M., & Beddington, J. R. (2011). Mobility as adaptation. Nature, 478, 447–449. 

 

Black, K. (2010) “Business Statistics: Contemporary Decision Making” 6th edition, John Wiley & Sons. 

 

Black, J. & Stephens, G. (1989). The influence of the spouse on American expatriate adjustment and intent to stay in Pacific Rim overseas assignments. Journal of Management, 15, 529-544 

 

Black, J. (1988). Work role transitions: A study of American expatriate managers in Japan. Journal of International Business Studies, 19, 277–294 

 

Brian, E. Neubauer1, Catherine, T. Witkop, LaraVarpio (2019). How phenomenology can help us learn from the experiences of others.  Prospect Med Educ 8:90–97. 

 

Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa  

 

Bennett, M. (1993) “A Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity.” Derived from: Bennett, Milton J. "Towards a Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity" in R. Michael Paige, ed. Education for the Intercultural Experience. Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.  Retrieved from: http://www.uniteforsight.org/cultural-competency/module7#_ftnref3.  

 

Bennett, M. (2007). “Leveraging Your Intercultural Experience.” 17 September 2007. Presentation to BAE Systems Executives. Kyoto, Japan.  Retrieved from: http://www.uniteforsight.org/cultural-competency/module7.  

 

Bennett, M. J. (2017). Development model of intercultural sensitivity. In Kim, Y. (Ed.), International Encyclopedia of Intercultural Communication. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. 

 

Bustamante, L. H. U., Cerqueira, R. O., Leclerc, E., & Brietzke, E. (2018). Stress, trauma, and posttraumatic stress disorder in migrants: A comprehensive review. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 40(2), 220–225. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2017-2290.  

 

Belayutham, S., & Ibrahim, C. K. I. C. (2019). Barriers and strategies for better safety practices: The case of construction SMEs in Malaysia. Construction Economics and Building, 19(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.5130/AJCEB.v19i1.633. 

 

Ahmad, Farah, Angela Shik, Reena, Vanza, Angela, M. Cheung, Usha, George, Donna, E. Stewart (2014). “Voices of South Asian Women: Immigration and Mental Health”.  Women and Health. 40(4):113-130. 

 

Adler, N. J. (1997). International dimensions of organizational behavior (3rd ed.). Cincinnati, OH: Shout-Western College Publishing. 

 

Adhikary, P., Keen, S., & Teijlingen, E. Van. (2019). Workplace Accidents Among Nepali Male Workers in the Middle East and Malaysia : A Qualitative Study. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 21(5), 1115–1122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-018-0801-y.  

 

Archer, C. M., & Nickson, S. C. (2012). The role of culture bump in developing intercultural communication competency and internationalizing psychology education. Psychology Learning & Teaching, 11(3), 335–343. https://doi.org/10.2304/plat.2012.11.3.335  

 

Aryal, N., Regmi, P. R., Faller, E. M., Teijlingen, E. Van, Khoon, C. C., Pereira, A., & Simkhada, P. (2019). Sudden cardiac death and kidney health related problems among Nepali MWs in Malaysia. Nepal Journal of Epidemiology, 9(3), 788–791. https://doi.org/10.3126/nje.v9i3.25805. 

 

Annette Sofie Davidsen (2013) Phenomenological Approaches in Psychology and Health Sciences, Qualitative Research in Psychology, 10:3, 318-339, DOI: 10.1080/14780887.2011.608466.  

 

Bazeley, P. (2007). Qualitative data analysis with NVivo by Pat Bazeley. Sage Publications. 

 

Bempong, N. E., Sheath, D., Seybold, J., Flahault, A., Depoux, A., & Saso, L. (2019). Critical reflections, challenges and solutions for migrant and refugee health: 2nd M8 Alliance Expert Meeting. Public Health Reviews, 40(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40985-019-0113-3 

 

Bennett, M. “Leveraging Your Intercultural Experience.” (2007). Presentation to BAE Systems Executives. Kyoto, Japan.  Retrieved from: http://www.uniteforsight.org/cultural-competency/module7 

 

Bennett, Milton (2017), Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity. 10.1002/978118783665ieicc0182 (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318430742_Developmental_Model_of_Intercultural_Sensitivity).  

 

Better Health Channel. (2020, May 27). Wellbeing. Vic.gov.au. https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/wellbeing 

 

 


This material may be protected under Copyright Act which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials.
You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research.

Back to previous page

Installed and configured by Bahagian Automasi, Perpustakaan Tuanku Bainun, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
If you have enquiries, kindly contact us at pustakasys@upsi.edu.my or 016-3630263. Office hours only.