UPSI Digital Repository (UDRep)
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| Abstract : Perpustakaan Tuanku Bainun |
| Kajian ini adalah untuk membincangkan perihal sejarah pentadbiran dan perkembangan
perdagangan candu di Kedah semasa pentadbiran British, 1909 hingga 1941 serta
sumbangan candu terhadap pembangunan negeri Kedah. Isu kajian juga menilai kesan
akibat campur tangan British di dalam senario perdagangan candu di Kedah.
Metodologi yang digunakan adalah kaedah kualitatif dengan membuat analisis
dokumen dan manuskrip ke atas sumber-sumber primer dari Arkib Negara Malaysia
dan Arkib Negara Malaysia Cawangan Kedah/Perlis, antaranya Kedah Opium Report
dan Report on Prepared Opium. Analisis daripada sumber sekunder turut dilakukan
dengan merujuk buku, artikel dan tesis di perpustakaan seperti Perbadanan
Perpustakaan Awam Kedah dan Selangor, Perpustakaan Tuanku Bainun (UPSI) dan
Muzium Cina Negeri Sembilan. Dapatan kajian membuktikan kemuncak
perkembangan perdagangan candu di Kedah berlaku setelah campur tangan British
dalam sistem pentadbiran. Penubuhan Jabatan Monopoli Candu bagi menggantikan
sistem hasil pajakan candu memberikan kelebihan kepada British kerana mereka
mempunyai kawalan penuh terhadap keseluruhan aktiviti perdagangan candu. Malahan
proses pengurusan menjadi lebih lancar ekoran daripada undang-undang dan enakmen
yang dikuatkuasakan. Dapatan kajian juga menunjukkan perdagangan candu turut
menyumbang kepada hasil pendapatan yang lebih baik kepada keseluruhan
pembangunan negeri Kedah. Walau bagaimanapun, ia juga memberi kesan kepada
masalah kesihatan dan sosial, seperti ketagihan candu dan peningkatan aktiviti jenayah
di Kedah dari tahun 1909 hingga 1941. Kesimpulannya, kajian ini menunjukkan
perdagangan candu mengalami perkembangan yang pesat setelah campur tangan
British sehingga mampu melunaskan keseluruhan hutang kerajaan negeri Kedah.
Implikasi kajian ini sangat penting dalam membuka lembaran baharu khususnya
membantu agensi kerajaan serta institusi lain yang berkepentingan dalam mengkaji
perkembangan candu di Kedah. |
| References |
Sumber Primer
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1957/0232362. British Malaya Opium Committee. Arkib Negara Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur.
1957/0348736. Report on the Traffic in Opium and the Dangerous Drugs for the Year 1933. Arkib Negara Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur.
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1957/0592826. Importations of Chinese Coolies into The FMS Enquiry if there are any Rules Governing the or any Restriction as the Numbers & C. Arkib Negara Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur.
1957/0594774. Minute of the Meeting of the Kedah State Council Held in August. 1912. Arkib Negara Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur.
1957/0595266. Translating of the Minutes of the Kedah State Council Meeting Held during November. 1912. Arkib Negara Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur.
1957/0596607. Minute of the Meeting of the Kedah State Council Held in the Months of August 1913. Arkib Negara Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur.
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1957/0603571. International Opium Convention, Statistic for the Year 1916. Arkib Negara Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur.
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1957/0608910. F.M.S. Railway Reports Supply. Arkib Negara Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur.
1957/0612032. International Opium Convention, 1912. Arkib Negara Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur.
1957/0612921. Report on the Traffic in Opium and the Dangerous Drugs for the Year 1930. Arkib Negara Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur.
1957/0613131. Traffic in Opium and other Dangerous Drugs. Memorandum by the Representative of China on the Council of the League of Nations on the. League of Nation Publications Entitled Minutes of the Meeting and Documents Submitted to the Bangkok Conference on the Suppression of Opium-Smoking. Arkib Negara Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur.
1957/0613267. Crediting to the General Revenue of the Interest on the Kedah Opium Reserve Replacement Fund for the Year 1933. Arkib Negara Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur.
1957/0613491. Amending Rules Under Section 40 of S.S Ordinance 117 (Chandu Revenue) Relating to the Registration of Opium Smokers. Ask that the U.M.S. Governments may Adopt Similar Restrictive Measures. Arkib Negara Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur.
1957/0613776. Unfederated Malay States, Report on Prepared Opium for the Year 1937. Arkib Negara Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur.
1957/9480880. Report on the Traffic in Opium and the Dangerous Drugs for the Year 1931. Arkib Negara Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur.
1982/0003965. 1980/00144. Background Paper on The Fight Against Drug Abuse. Arkib Negara Malaysia Cawangan Kedah/Perlis. Kedah.
1983/ 0013336. Report on Prepared Opium for 1938. Arkib Negara Malaysia Cawangan Kedah/Perlis. Kedah.
1983/ 0024296. Surat Menyurat Sultan Abdul Hamid T.H. 1314-1317 (T.M 1896-1899). Arkib Negara Malaysia Cawangan Kedah/Perlis. Kedah.
1983/0000221. Sending of Chandu Dross Obtained from the Government Chandu Smoking Shops to be Analysed at Penang. Suggest. Arkib Negara Malaysia Cawangan Kedah/Perlis. Kedah.
1983/0000799. Misappropriation of Government Money by Yeob bin Ismail, Chandu Salesman, Kepala Batas. Arkib Negara Malaysia Cawangan Kedah/Perlis. Kedah.
1983/000342. S.C. 1376-1355. Monthly Return of Chandu Smokers (Non-Chinese) for the Year 1355. Arkib Negara Malaysia Cawangan Kedah/Perlis. Kedah.
1983/0004574. Cutting from the Malaya Tribune of Tuesday. October 6th. 1936. Regarding Illegal Opium Traffic in Kedah. Arkib Negara Malaysia Cawangan Kedah/Perlis. Kedah.
1983/0004675. Return of Cases Prosecuted by the Monopolies and Customs Department. Kedah. for the Month of Rabiulakhir. 1355. Arkib Negara Malaysia Cawangan Kedah/Perlis. Kedah.
1983/0004758. Summary of Annual Reports of Government on the Traffic in Opium and other Dangerous Drugs for the Year 1934. Arkib Negara Malaysia Cawangan Kedah/Perlis. Kedah.
1983/0005096. Report on Prepared Opium, 1936. Arkib Negara Malaysia Cawangan Kedah/Perlis. Kedah.
1983/0007150. Annual Report of the Monopolies & Customs Department. Kedah for the Year 1354. 1355. Arkib Negara Malaysia Cawangan Kedah/Perlis. Kedah.
1983/0007737. Prevision in 1357 Estimate for the Purchase of a Remington Jawi Typewriter for the Monopolies and Customs Department. Alor Star. Arkib Negara Malaysia Cawangan Kedah/Perlis. Kedah.
1983/0013336. Report on Prepared Opium, 1938. Arkib Negara Malaysia Cawangan Kedah/Perlis. Kedah.
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1983/0015713. Procedure of Dealing with Applications for Reinstatement on the Chandu Smokers Registration. Arkib Negara Malaysia Cawangan Kedah/Perlis. Kedah.
1983/0015885. Increase of Imprest Account in the Monopolies and Customs Department. Arkib Negara Malaysia Cawangan Kedah/Perlis. Kedah.
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1983/0017223. Report on Prepared Opium. for 1939, 1940. Arkib Negara Malaysia Cawangan Kedah/Perlis. Kedah.
1983/0017383. Summary of Information Regarding the Illicit Traffic in Opium and Dangerous Drugs during 1939. Arkib Negara Malaysia Cawangan Kedah/Perlis. Kedah.
1983/0017793. List of Allowance Drawn into Monopolies and Customs Department in 1359, 1560, 2487. Arkib Negara Malaysia Cawangan Kedah/Perlis. Kedah.
1983/0019163. Tenders for the Supply of Uniform for the Monopolies and Customs, Alor Star. Arkib Negara Malaysia Cawangan Kedah/Perlis. Kedah.
1983/0024292. Surat Menyurat Sultan Abdul Hamid T.H 1304-1312 (T.M. 1886-1894). Arkib Negara Malaysia Cawangan Kedah/Perlis. Kedah.
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1983/009408. Report on Prepared Opium for 1937. Arkib Negara Malaysia Cawangan Kedah/Perlis. Kedah.
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2007/0002694. Annual Report on the Social and Economic Progress of the People of the State of Kedah for the Year 1338 A.H. Arkib Negara Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur.
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C. O. 273/ 399/ 22173. International Opium Convention. 5 June 1913.
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L7. The Annual Report of the Adviser to the Kedah Government for the Year 1329 A.H. Arkib Negara Malaysia Cawangan Kedah/Perlis. Kedah.
S.C. 17709-1356. Extension to Vote 37.21.32 Miscellaneous (Totty Service), Monopolies and Customs Department, Kedah. Arkib Negara Malaysia Cawangan Kedah/Perlis. Kedah.
S.C. 3104/1355. Report on the Traffic in Opium and the Dangerous Drugs for the Year 1936. Arkib Negara Malaysia Cawangan Kedah/Perlis. Kedah.
S.C. 3197-1358. Annual Report of the Audit Office. Alor Star, for the Year 1357. Arkib Negara Malaysia Cawangan Kedah/Perlis. Kedah.
S.C. 3283-1356. Report on the Traffic in Opium and the Dangerous Drugs for the Year 1937. Arkib Negara Malaysia Cawangan Kedah/Perlis. Kedah.
S.C. 604-1357. Annual Report of the State Treasury. Alor Star, for the Year 1356. Arkib Negara Malaysia Cawangan Kedah/Perlis. Kedah.
S.C. 698-1358. Annual Report of the State Treasury. Alor Star, for the Year 1357. Arkib Negara Malaysia Cawangan Kedah/Perlis. Kedah.
S.C. 879-1359. Annual Report of the State Treasury. Alor Star, for the Year 1358/1359. Arkib Negara Malaysia Cawangan Kedah/Perlis. Kedah.
S.C.2268-1358. Estimates or Expenditure of the Monopoly and Customs Department, Kedah for the Year 1359. Arkib Negara Malaysia Cawangan Kedah/Perlis. Kedah.
S.C.3105-1355. Summary of Information Regarding the Illicit Traffic in Opium and Dangerous Drugs, 1936. Arkib Negara Malaysia Cawangan Kedah/Perlis. Kedah.
S.C.3257-1358. Authority for the Local Purchase of One Almari and One-Minute Paper Shelf for the Monopolies and Customs Department, Alor Star. Arkib Negara Malaysia Cawangan Kedah/Perlis. Kedah.
S.C.966-1358. Annual Report of the Monopolies and Customs Department for the Year 1357. Arkib Negara Malaysia Cawangan Kedah/Perlis. Kedah.
SUK. K. 310/1352. Ask for Certain Information Concerning Tin Mines in Kedah, 15 May 1933. Arkib Negara Malaysia Cawangan Kedah/Perlis. Kedah.
SUK.K. 2905/1338. Reorganisation of Monopolies and Customs 1920. Arkib Negara Malaysia Cawangan Kedah/Perlis. Kedah.
SUK/K 1831/30. 27 Mei 1912. Arkib Negara Malaysia Cawangan Kedah/Perlis. Kedah.
SUK/K 2696/57. 13 Ogos 1939, 8 Oktober 1938. Arkib Negara Malaysia Cawangan Kedah/Perlis. Kedah.
SUK/K 2987/38. 10.8.1920. Arkib Negara Malaysia Cawangan Kedah/Perlis. Kedah.
The Brisbane Courier. 31 Disember 1906. Arkib Negara Malaysia Cawangan Kedah/Perlis. Kedah.
The Laws of the State of Kedah. (Alor Star. Kedah Government Press. 1934). Arkib Negara Malaysia Cawangan Kedah/Perlis. Kedah.
Akhbar
Malaya Tribune. 6 Oktober 1936.
The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser. 14 Januari 1836.
The Straits Times. 6 November 1875.
Sumber Kedua
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