UPSI Digital Repository (UDRep)
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UPSI Digital Repository (UDRep)
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| Abstract : Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris |
| The genus Anisophyllea belongs to the class Magnoliopsida, order Cucurbitales of the Anisophylleaceae family. The species are distributed widely throughout the Old World tropics, including Africa, India, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, Sumatra and Borneo. Literature reviews indicated that only a small number of species in the genus Anisophyllea have been investigated for their chemical compounds and biological activities. Phytochemical investigation of the Anisophyllea species led to the isolation of triterpenoids and phenolic compounds that showed antifungal, antibacterial, anti-leishmanial, and cytotoxicity activities [1]. Anisophyllea corneri Ding Hou is locally known as delek or peparah in Malaysia and is a small to medium-sized tree that can reach up to 30 m height and 67 cm in diameter. This species can be found throughout Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo (Sabah, Sarawak, Brunei and Kalimantan). It grows in primary lowland dipterocarp forests to upper hill dipterocarp forests up to 1,066 m altitude [2]. A literature review revealed no reports on the essential oil composition of this species. The leaves of A. corneri were collected from Langgun Island, Langkawi in August 2023, and identified by a botanist, Shamsul Khamis. A voucher specimen (PL-04/23) was deposited at the Herbarium of UPSI. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation (4 h) of the fresh leaves (250 g) using a Clevenger-type apparatus. The oil was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and stored at 4–6°C. The oil yield was 0.18% based on the fresh weight. The chemical composition of the isolated oil was analyzed by GC and GC-MS under conditions analogous to those published before [3]. For the identification of essential oil components, co-injection with the standards was used, together with correspondence of retention indices and mass spectra with respect to those occurring in the literature [4–7]. A total of twenty-seven components were fully characterized, accounting for 95.3% of the total composition. The identified essential oil components with their percentages are listed in Table 1. The sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were the most dominant components which accounted for 58.0% of the total composition. The most abundant components were δ-cadinene (24.8%), caryophyllene oxide (15.8%), germacrene D (10.5%), spathulenol (7.1%), and β-caryophyllene (5.2%). The presence of δ-cadinene and caryophyllene oxide was rich in this study in accordance with the previous study on A. districhta essential oil as was reported by us [1]. The high concentration of these components makes it a good candidate for a chemical marker for Anisophyllea species. AChE inhibitory activity of the essential oil was measured by a slight modification of the previous spectrophotometric method [8]. The essential oil indicated moderate AChE (I%: 38.5% ± 0.2) and inhibitory activity at 1.000 μg/mL concentration compared to galantamine, which gave 95.9% ± 0.2 inhibition. In previous reports, AChE inhibition can be explained by the high content of monoterpenes [9]. This study shows that the essential oils had not detected the presence of monoterpenes, hence contributing to moderate AChE inhibition. |
| References |
W. M. N. H. W. Salleh, S. Khamis, M. N. A. Rahman, and M. A. Nafiah, Chem. Nat. Compd., 57, 371 (2021). R. Kiew and C. L. Lim, Phytokeys, 166, 57 (2020). W. M. N. H. W. Salleh, F. Ahmad, K. H. Yen, and R. M. Zulkifli, Int. J. Food Sci. Tech., 51, 240 (2016). R. P. Adams, Identification of Essential Oil Components by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, 4th ed. Carol Stream (IL), Allured Publishing Corporation, 2007. W. M. N. H. W. Salleh and S. Khamis, Z. Naturforsch. C, 75, 467 (2020). W. M. N. H. W. Salleh and F. Ahmad, Nat. Prod. Commun., 11, 853 (2016). W. M. N. H. W. Salleh and S. Khamis, Chem. Nat. Compd., 57, 774 (2021). W. M. N. H. W. Salleh, F. Ahmad, H. Y. Khong, and R. M. Zulkifli, Nat. Prod. Sci., 22, 225 (2016). M. I. Picollo, A. C. Toloza, C. G. Mougabure, J. Zygadlo, and E. Zerba, Fitoterapia, 79, 271 (2008). |
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