UPSI Digital Repository (UDRep)
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UPSI Digital Repository (UDRep)
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| Abstract : Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris |
| The genus Cratoxylum is a small to medium-sized tree in the Hypericaceae family. It is found mainly in peat and freshwater swamps from Southeast Asia to Celebes and the Philippines. Several Cratoxylum species were used by the local communities for their diuretic and tonic effect for the treatment of stomach aches, fevers, coughs, diarrhoea, itches, ulcers, food poisoning, and internal bleeding [1]. Most of the species of the genus are unexplored, both pharmacologically and phytochemically. Previous phytochemical investigation of Cratoxylum has resulted in the isolation of oxygenated and prenylated xanthones, anthraquinones, flavonoids and sterols [2–4]. Cratoxylum arborescens (Vahl) Blume locally known as ‘geronggang’ or ‘serungan’ in Malaysia, is an evergreen tree that can grow up to 60 metres in height with a diameter of about 120 cm. It is mainly found in undisturbed to slightly mixed dipterocarp and sub-montane forests up to 1000 m altitude. The plant is suitable for making veneers, plywood, flooring, interior works and light to medium construction [5]. As a literature search did not reveal any report on the essential oil composition of C. arborescens, this study reports on the chemical composition of the essential oil from the leaves of C. arborescens. The leaves of C. arborescens were collected from Fraser Hill, Pahang in August 2022, and identified by Shamsul Khamis. A voucher specimen (SA21-16) was deposited at UKMB Herbarium. The fresh leaf (250 g) was subjected to hydrodistillation in a Clevenger-type apparatus for 4 h. The essential oil obtained was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and stored at 4–6°C. The oil yield (w/w) was 0.12% (w/w) based on the fresh weight. GC-FID analysis was performed on an Agilent Technologies 7890B and an Agilent 7890B FID equipped with an HP-5MS capillary column. Diluted samples (1:100 in diethyl ether) of 1.0 μL were injected manually (split ratio 50:1). The calculation of peak area percentage was carried out by using the GC HP Chemstation software (Agilent Technologies). GC-MS chromatograms were recorded using Agilent Technologies 7890A and Agilent 5975 GC MSD equipped with an HP-5MS capillary column. For GC-MS detection, an electron ionization system, with an ionization energy of 70 eV was used. A scan rate of 0.5 s (cycle time: 0.2 s) was applied, covering a mass range from 50–400 amu [6]. For the identification of essential oil components, co-injection with the standards was used, together with correspondence of retention indices and mass spectra with respect to those occurring in Adams [7]. Semi-quantification of essential oil components was made by peak area normalization considering the same response factor for all volatile components. The identified components are listed in Table 1. Analysis of the essential oil had successfully characterized 33 components, accounting for 93.2% of the total composition. Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were the most dominant components constituting 14 components and accounting for 60.6% of the total composition. The most abundant components in the essential oil were β-caryophyllene (18.2%), germacrene D (15.6%), globulol (5.4%), ar-curcumene (5.0%), and bicyclogermacrene (5.0%). |
| References |
K. M. Wong, Hypericaceae, in: Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak, Sabah Forestry Department, FRIM & Sarawak Forestry Department, Kuala Lumpur, 1995. L. H. D. Nguyen and L. J. Harrison, Phytochemistry, 50, 471 (1998). M. Iinuma, H. Tosa, T. Ito, T. Tanaka, and D. A. Madulid, Phytochemistry, 42, 1195 (1996). G. C. L. Ee, V. Y. M. Jong, M. A. Sukari, T. K. Lee, and A. Tan, Pertanika J. Sci. Technol., 18, 77 (2010). T. M. Wong, A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers, Malaysian Forest Records, Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, 1982. W. M. N. H. W. Salleh, F. Ahmad, H. M. Sirat, and K. H. Yen, Excli J., 11, 399 (2012). R. P. Adams, Identification of Essential Oil Components by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, 4th ed. Carol Stream (IL), Allured Publishing Corporation, 2017. D. N. Dai, T. D. Thang, and I. A. Ogunwande, Chem. Nat. Compd., 50, 158 (2014). Z. Na, J. Plant Res. Environ., 16 (2), 75 (2007). W. M. N. H. W. Salleh, F. Ahmad, and K. H. Yen, Bol. Latinoam. Caribe Plantas Med. Aromat., 13, 488 (2014). |
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