UPSI Digital Repository (UDRep)
|
![]() |
|
|
Abstract : Perpustakaan Tuanku Bainun |
Kajian ini bertujuan untuk membina dan menguji item-item instrumen kewarganegaraan digital yang dibina dan diuji dalam kalangan mahasiswa universiti pengajian tinggi di daerah Tanjong Malim, Perak. Instrumen kewarganegaraan digital terdiri daripada tiga buah konstruk iaitu konstruk pengetahuan warganegara digital (hak dan tanggungjawab, penggunaan teknologi digital dan etika warganegara digital) konstruk kemahiran warganegara digital (pembelajaran dalam talian, keselamatan dalam talian dan kesejahteraan penggunaan teknologi digital) dan konstruk afektif warganegara digital (menghormati diri dan yang lain, mendidik diri dan yang lain, serta melindungi diri dan yang lain). Pembinaan instrumen kajian telah melalui penilaian kesahan pakar bagi tujuan kesahan kandungan. Pendekatan kuantitatif dengan reka bentuk tinjauan melalui instrumen soal selidik telah dilaksanakan dalam kajian ini. Sampel kajian terdiri daripada 500 orang mahasiswa Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris dari sembilan buah fakulti. Pemilihan sampel adalah menggunakan pensampelan rawak mudah berstrata. Ujian kesahan dan kebolehpercayaan konstruk warganegara digital melebihi nilai 0.70 iaitu pengetahuan warganegara digital a=.952, kemahiran warganegara digital a=.904 dan afektif warganegara digital a=.955 menyokong pengesahan konstruk kandungan instrumen. Analisis deskriptif (kekerapan, peratus, min dan sisihan piawai) digunakan untuk menjawab persoalan kajian. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan tahap pengetahuan warganegara digital (M=4.51, SP= 0.35) berada pada tahap tinggi. Tahap kemahiran warganegara digital (M=4.03, SP= 0.50) berada pada tahap tinggi. Tahap afektif warganegara digital (M=4.46, SP= 0.43) juga berada pada tahap yang tinggi. Kesimpulannya, kajian ini menunjukkan mahasiswa mempunyai tahap pengetahuan, kemahiran dan afektif warganegara digital yang baik. Ini menunjukkan asas pengetahuan dan kemahiran dalam menjadi warganegara digital yang baik semakin terpupuk dalam kalangan mahasiswa di kawasan kajian. Instrumen yang dibangunkan boleh digunakan secara meluas untuk mengukur pemahaman, kemahiran dan nilai kewarganegaraan digital di Malaysia. Implikasi kajian pembinaan dan pengujian instrumen ini memberi kesan dalam meningkatkan kualiti warganegara digital yang lebih bertanggungjawab dan memahami nilai sebagai warganegara digital yang baik. |
References |
Afinde, O. (2016). Pengetahuan, Kemahiran Dan Amalan Guru Membina Item Kemahiran Berfikir Aras Tinggi (KBAT) dalam Instrumen Pentaksiran Pembelajaran. UniversitiTun Hussein Onn Malaysia. Ahmad Mahdzan, A. (2007). Kaedah penyelidikan sosioekonomi. Edisi Ketiga. Selangor: Dawama Sdn Bhd. Akcil, U. (2018). The use of mobile learning for visually impaired learners school in tolerance education contents. Quality and Quantity, 52, 969–982. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-017-0552-1 Al-Abdullatif, A. M., & Gameil, A. A. (2020). Exploring Students’ Knowledge and Practice of Digital Citizenship in Higher Education. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, 15(19), 122–142. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v15i19.15611 Al Rashed, K. R. (2019). Future perspective to improve the level of digital citizenship among the Jordanian university students. Journal of Educational and Psychological Sciences, 3(23), 1–22. Alcaide–Muñoz, L., Rodríguez–Bolívar, M., Cobo, M., &Herrera–Viedma, E. (2017). Analysing the scientific evolution of e-government using a science mapping approach. Government Information Quarterly, 34(3), 545–555. Aldahshan. (2016). Digital citizenship as an introduction to Arab education in the digital age. Journal of Criticism and Enlightenment, 5(2), 72–104. Alhesan, A. M. (2015). For a safe intellectual balance: the foundations of digital citizenship in your classroom. Journal of Knowledge, 9. Alhosary, K. D. (2016). The level of knowledge of a social studies teacher with the dimensions of digital citizenship and its relationship to some variables. The Arab Journal for Educational and Social Studies, 8, 89–141. Aljazzar, H. H. (2014). The roleof the educational institution in inculcating the values of digital citizenship: a proposed vision. Journal of Arabic Studies in Education and Psychology, 36(2933), 1–34. Almasry, M. W., & Shaath, M. W. (2013). The level of digital citizenship of a sample of Palestine university students from their point of view. Palestine University Journal for Research and Studies, 7(2), 171–203. Almeslemani, L. E. (2014). Learning and digital citizenship: a proposed vision. Education World Journal, 2(47), 15–94. Alselehat, Y. R., Alfalloh, F. R., &Alsarhan,A. K. (2018). The degree of awareness of the concept of digital citizenship for undergraduate students in the Faculty of Educational Sciences at the Universityof Jordan. Dirasat: Educational Sciences, 45(3), 19–33. Area, M., & Ribeiro, M. (2012). From Solid to Liquid: New Literacies to the Cultural Changes of Web 2.0. Comunicar, 38, 13–20. Atep, S., & Dewi, R. (2019). Literasi digital abad 21 bagi mahasiswa PGSD : apa , mengapa , dan bagaimana. Current Research in Education: Conference Series Journal, 1(1), 1–7. Babbie, E. (1992). The Practice of Social Research. ThomsomWadsworth. Balqis Jazimah, Z. (2017,November9).6,275 Aduan Salah GunaMedia Baharu. Berita Harian. Basarmak, U., Yakar, H., Günes, E., & Kus, Z. (2019).Analysis of digital citizenship subject contents of secondary education curricula. Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry, 10(1), 26–51. BBC News. (2005). Have Your Say -Are you a digital citizen? BBC News. bbc.co.uk. Bennett, L., &Fessenden, J. (2006). Citizenshipthrough onlinecommunication. Social Education, 70(3), 144–147. Bennett, W. L. (2008). Changing citizenship in the digital age. Civic Life Online: Learning How Digital Media Can Engage Youth, 1, 1–24. Bennett, W. L., Wells, C., & Rank, A. (2009). Young citizens and civic learning: Two paradigms of citizenship in the digital age. Citizenship Studies, 13(2), 105–120. Beqiri, M., Chase, M. N., &Bishka, A. (2009). Online Course Delivery: An Empirical Investigation of Factors AffectingStudent Satisfaction. The Journal of Education for Business, 85(2), 95–100. Bhattacherjee, A. (2012). Social science research: Principles, methods and practices. Biladeau, S. (2009). Technologyand Diversity: Perceptions of Idaho’s Digital Natives. Teacher Librarian, 36, 1–3. Bittman, M., Rutherford, L., Brown, J., & Unsworth, L. (2011). Digital Natives? New and Old Media and Children’s Outcomes. Australian Journal of Education, 55, 161–175. Blevins, B., LeCompte, K., &Wells, S. (2014). Citizenship education goesdigital. The Journal of Social Studies Research, 38(1), 33–44. Board,A. S. I. (2012). Social inclusion in Australia: How Australia is faring. Bouhnik, D., & Deshen, M. (2013). Unethical Behavior of Youth in the Internet Environment. The International Journal of Technology, Knowledge, and Society, 9, 109–124. Brian, H. B. (2011). Rights, Responsibilities, and Roles: A Comment on Waldron. 43 Ariz. St. L.J, 1137. http://scholarship.law.umn.edu/faculty_articles/198 Brown, A. (2020). Digital Ethics & Privacy: Doing the Right Thing with Data. Resources Global Professionals. https://rgp.com/human-insight/digital-ethicsprivacy-doing-the-right-thing-with-data/. Brown, S. (2006). I can read you like a book! Novel thoughts on consumer behaviour. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, 8(2), 219–237. Büchi, M., Lutz, C., & Micheli, M. (2017). Life online: The digital footprint gap. Digital Divide 2017 International Conference, 2–6. Cambridge Assessment. (2013). What is literacy? An investigation into definitions of English as a subject and the relationship between English, literacy and “being literate.” www.cambridgeassessment.org.uk/images/130433-what-is-literacy-aninvestigation-into-definitions-of-english-asa-%0Asubject-and-the-relationshipbetween-english-literacy-and-being-literate-.pdf Chen, H., Islam, A.Y. M.A., Gu, X.,Teo,T., & Peng, Z. (2019).Technology-enhanced learning and research using databases in higher education: The application of the ODAS model. An International Journal of Experimental Educational Psychology, 40(9), 1056–1075. Choi, M. (2015). Development of a Scale to Measure Digital Citizenship among Young Adults for Democratic Citizenship Education [The Ohio State University]. https://doi.org/10.1145/3132847.3132886 Choi, M., Glassman, M., & Cristol, D. (2017). What it means to be a citizen in the internet age : Development of a reliable and valid digital citizenship scale. Computer & Education, 107, 100–112. Chua, Y. P. (2009). Statistik penyelidikan lanjutan ujian regresi, analisis factor dan analisis SEM. Mc Graw-Hill. Chua, Y. P. (2011). Kaedah dan statistik penyelidikan: kaedah penyelidikan (Kedua). Mcgraw-Hill Education. Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Marrison, K. (2000). Research methods in education (Fifth). Routledge Falmer. Collier, A. (2009). A definition of digital literacy & citizenship. Common Sense Media. (2009). Digital Literacy and Citizenship in the 21st Century Educating, Empowering, and Protecting America’s Kids A Common Sense Media White Paper / Common Sense Media. http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2008/09/future-of-online-video.html Comrey, A. L., & Lee, H. B. (1992). A first course in factor analysis (Second Edi). Erlbaum. Costa, P. .,&McCrae, R. . (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PIR) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) professional manual. Psychological Assessment Resources. Council of Europe. (2018). Reference Framework of Competences For Democratic Culture (French Edi, Vol. 1). Council of Europe. Couros, A., & Hildebrandt, K. (2015). A Policy Planning Guide for School Divisions and Schools to Implement Digital Citizenship Education from Kindergarten to Grade 12 Digital Citizenship Education in Saskatchewan Schools. Creswell, J. W., & Clark, V. L. P. (2010). Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research (Second). SAGE Publications, Inc. Crowe, A. . (2006). Technology, citizenship, and the social studies classroom: Education for democracy in a technological age. International Journal of Social Education, 21(1), 111–121. Crowley, S. ., &Fan, X. (1997). Structural equation modeling. In G. Curtis &J. Shinka (Eds.). In Emerging Issues and Methods in Personality Assessment (pp.285–308). Lawrance Erlbaum. Darwin, P. . (2003). The Concept of Knowledge and How To Measure It. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 4(1), 100–113. Davis, F. D., Bagozzi, R. P., & Warshaw, P. R. (1989). User acceptance of computer technology: Acomparison of two theoretical models. Management Science, 35(8), 982–1003. Dede, C. (2009). Determining, developing, and assessing the capabilities of “futureready” students. In Harvard University. Friday Institute White Paper Series, Number Two. Elcicek, M., Erdemci, H., &Karal, H. (2018). Examiningthe relationship between the levels of Digital Citizenship and Social Presence for thegraduate students having online education. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 19(1), 203–214. Emejulu, A., & McGregor, C. (2019). Towards a radical digital citizenship in digital education. Critical Studies in Education, 60(1), 131–147. https://doi.org/10.1080/17508487.2016.1234494 Fallis, A. . (2013). ..No Title No Title. In Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling (Vol. 53, Issue 9). https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004 Fani, A. (2015). Harmful digital footprint impacts that parents should know about. www.fosi.org/good-digital-parenting/harmful-digital-footprint-impacts-teens/ Feenberg,A. (1991). Critical theory of technology. Oxford University Press. Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Fuller, M. T. (2020). ISTE standards forstudents, digital learners, and online Learning. In Handbook of Research on Digital Learning (pp.284–290). IGI Global. Gay, L. ., & Airasian, P. (2003). Education research: Competencies for analysis (Seventh). Merril Publishing. Gay, L. R., Mills, G. E., & Airasian, P. (2012). Educational Research: Competencies For Analysis and Applications (Tenth). Pearson. hk=ED9C9491B4&Itemid=218&lang=fa&tmpl=component Gaytan, J. (2015). Comparing faculty and student perceptions regarding factors that affect student retentions in online education. American Journal of Distance Education, 29(1), 56–66. Gazi, Z.A. . (2016). Internalization of digital citizenship for the future of all levels of education. Education and Science, 41(186), 137–148. Ghamrawi, N.A. . (2018). SchoolingforDigital Citizens. Open Journal of Leadership, 7, 209–224. Gleason, B., & von Gillern, S. (2018). Digital citizenship with social media: Participatory practices of teaching and learning in secondary education. Educational Technology and Society, 21(1), 200–212. .. ..... . ......http://www.ghbook.ir/index.php?name= e=73&chkhas&option=com_dbook&task=readonline&book_id=13650&pag.... Gorman, G. (2015). What’s missing in the digital world? Access, digital literacy and digital citizenship. Online Information Review, 39(2). https://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/full/10.1108/OIR-02-%0A2015-0053 Greenhow, C.,Robelia, B., & Hughes,J. E. (2009).Learning,teaching, andscholarship in a digital age Web 2.0 and classroom research: What path should we take now? Educational Researcher, 38(4), 246–259. Habibah, L., & Punitha, M. (2002). Amalan pengajaran pendidikan alam sekitar di Institut Pendidikan Guru, Kampus Pulau Pinang. GEOGRAFIA Malaysian Journal of Society and Space, 8(2), 1–6. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2006). Multivariate data analysis (6th.ed). Upper Saddle Rive. Hajli, M. . (2014).Astudy of the impact of social media on consumers. International Journal of Market Research, 56(3), 387–404. Hammouri, Q., & Abu-Shanab, E. (2018). Exploringfactors affectingusers’satisfaction toward Elearning systems. International Journal of Information and Communication Technology Education, 14(1), 44–57. Harsasi, M. (2015). The use of open educational resources in online learning: Astudy of students’perception. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 16(3), 74– 87. Henderson, M., Selwyn, N., Finger, G., & Aston, R. (2015). Students’ everyday engagement with digital technology in university: exploring patterns of use and ‘usefulness.’Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 37(3), 1–12. Hermes, J. (2006). Citizenship in the age of the internet. European Journal of Communication, 21(3), 295–309. Hill, V. (2015). Digital citizenship through game design in Minecraft. New Library World, 116(7/8), 369–382. Hollandsworth, R., Dowdy, L., & Donovan, J. (2011). Digital citizenship in K-12: It takes a village. TechTrends, 55(4), 37–47. Hui, B., & Campbell, R. (2018). Discrepancy between Learning and Practicing Digital Citizenship. Journal of Academic Ethics, 16(2), 117–131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10805-018-9302-9 Ibrahim, G. . (1995). Knowledge, attitude and practice the three pillars of excellence and wisdom: a place in the medical profesion. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 1(1), 8–16. Islam, A. Y. M. A., Leng, C. H., & Singh, D. (2015). Efficacy of the Technology Satisfaction Model (TSM): An empirical study. International Journal of Technology and Human Interaction, 11(2), 45–60. Isman,A., & Gungoren, O. C. (2014). Digital citizenship. The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 13(1), 73–77. Israelashvili, M., Kim, T., & Bukobza, G. (2012). Adolescents’ over-use of the cyber world–Internet addiction or identity exploration? Journal of Adolescence, 35(2), 417–424. ISTE. (2016). ISTE standards students. International Society for Technology in Education. http://www.iste.org/docs/pdfs/20-14_ISTE_Standards-S_PDF.pdf James, C, Davis, K., Flores, A., Francis, J. M., Pettingill, L., Rundle, M., & Garnder, H. (2010). Young People, Ethics, and the New Digital Media , 2, 215-284. Contemporary Readings in Law and Social Justice, 2, 215–284. James, Carrie, Zero Emily Weinstein, P., Zero Kelly Mendoza, P., Pritchett, J., Vertiz, E., &Yang, C. (2019). Teaching Digital Citizens in Today’s World: Research and Insights Behind the Common Sense K-12 Digital Citizenship Curriculum. Common Sense Media. Jamilah, A., Hasrina,M., Hamidah, A.., &Juliana, A. .(2011). Pengetahuan,Sikap dan Amalan Masyarakat Malaysia terhadap Isu Alam Sekitar. Akademika, 81(3), 103– 115. Jones, L. M., & Mitchell, K. J. (2016). Defining and measuring youth digital citizenship. New Media & Society, 18(9), 2063–2079. Jung, H. . (2014). Ubiquitous learning: Determinants impacting learners’ satisfaction and performancewith smartphones. Language Learning & Technology,18(3), 97– 119. Kara, N. (2018). Understanding University Students’ Thoughts and Practices about Digital Citizenship: AMixed Methods Study. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 21(1), 175–185. Kemp, S. (2018). Digital in 2018 : Essential Insights inti Internet, Social Media, Mobile and EcommerseUseAround TheWorld. In Global Digital. Kerlinger, F. N. (1986). Foundations of behavioral research. Holt, Rhinehart and Winston, Inc. Kim, M., & Choi, D. (2018). Development of Youth Digital Citizenship Scale and Implication for Educational Setting. Journal of Educational Technology &Society, 21(1), 155–171. Kirmizi, Ö. (2015). The influence of learner readiness on student satisfaction and academic achievement in an online program at higher education. The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 14(1), 133–142. Krutka, D. G., & Carpenter, J. P. (2017). Digital Citizenship in the Classroom. Journal of the Department of Supervision and Curriculum Development, November, 50– 55. Kuntoro, R. D., & Al-Hawamdeh, S. (2003). E-learning in higher educational institutions in Indonesia. Journal of Information and Knowledge Management, 2(4), 361–374. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219649203000553 Lambiotte, R., & Kosinski, M. (2014). Tracking the ditigal footprints of personality. Proceeding of the IEEE, 1934–1939. Lenhart,A., Madden, M., Smith, A., Purcell, K., Zickuhr, K., Rainie, L., & Project, A. L. (2011). Teens , Kindness and Cruelty on Social Network Sites. PewResearchCenter, 1–86. https://doi.org/378 Logan, A. G. (2016). Digital Citizenship in 21st Century Education. Dominican University of California. Lynn, M. R. (1986). Determination and quantification of content validity. Nursing Research, 35, 382–385. Mahdi, H. R. (2018). Theawareness of the digital citizenship amongthe users of social networks and its relation to some variables. International Journal of Learning Management Systems, 6(1), 11–25. Manzuoli, C. H., Sánchez, A. V., & Bedoya, E. D. (2019). Digital Citizenship: A Theoretical Review of the Concept and Trends. Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology -TOJET, 18(2), 10–18. Marshall, T. H. (1950). The Problem Stated with theAssistance ofAlfred Marshall. In In Citizenship and Social Class (pp. 1–9). Martin, A., &Grudziecki, J. (2016). DigEuLit : Concepts and Tools forDigital Literacy Development.Innovation in Teaching and Learning in Information and Computer Sciences, 5(4), 1–19. McMillan, J. H., & Schumacher, S. (1997). Research in Education : a Conceptual Introduction. Longman. Meyers, L. S., Gamst, G., & Guarino, A. J. (2006). Applied Multivariate Research: Design and Interpretation. SAGE Publications. Microsoft Fostering. (2013). Fostering digital citizenship. http://www.oaesv.org/wpcontent/ uploads/2013/02/Fostering_Digital_Citizenship.pd Mohamad Sahari, N. (2015). Self-Regulated Digital Citizen: A Survey of Malaysian Undergraduates. Research Journal of Social Sciences, 8(11), 20–24. http://www.aensiweb.com/ Mohamad Sahari, N., Tunku Badariah, T.A.,Ainol Madziah, Z., NikAhmad Hisham, I., Abdul Hamid, R., Abdul, Fuad, A. A. T., & Mohd Burhan, I. (2016). Psychometric Properties of a Digital Citizenship Questionnaire. International Education Studies, 9(3), 72–80. Mossberger, K. (2009). Toward digital citizenship: Addressing inequality in the information age. In Routledge handbook of Internet politics (pp. 173–185). Mossberger, K, Tolbert, C. J., & McNeal, R. S. (2011). Digital Citizenship: The Internet, Society, and Participation. The MIT Press. Mossberger, Karen, Tolbert, C., &Hamilton, A. (2012).MeasuringDigital Citizenship : Mobile Access and Broadband MeasuringDigital Citizenship : Mobile Access and Broadband. International Journal of Communication, 6, 2492–2528. Mossberger, Karen, Tolbert, C. J. .,&McNeal, R. S. . (2007). Digital Citizenship -The Internet, Society & Participation. MIT Press. Murphy, R. K., & Davidshofer, C. O. (2005). Psychological testing: Principles and applications (Sixth Edit). Pearson. Nor Aslamiah, A. (2015). Digital Citizens: Adab dan Tanggungjawab. Dimensikoop, 47, 11–20. https://ikkm.edu.my/images/dokumen/penerbitan/demensi/demensikoop-47/47-2.pdf Norizan, E., Nordin, A. R., &Mohd Ali, S. (2010). Kajian tinjauan (secarakuantitatif). In Penyelidikan dalam pendidikan (pp. 196–214). Mc Graw-Hill. Nosko, A., & Wood, E. (2011). Learning in the digital age with SNSs. In Creating a profile Social media tools and platforms in learning environments (pp. 399–418). Springer. O’Brien, J. (2020). Digital Ethics in Higher Education: 2020. EDUCAUSE. https://er.educause.edu/articles/2020/5/digital-ethics-in-higher-education-2020 Ohler, J. (2011). Digital citizenship means character education for the digital age. Kappa Delta Pi Record, 47, 25–27. Orth, D., & Chen, E. (2013). The Strategy for Digital Citizenship: Guiding Our Children in aDigital World. National Association of Independent Schools, 72, 56– 63. Pallant, J. (2010). A step by step guide to data analysis using the SPSS Program (4th. ed.). Mc Graw-Hill. Rapoport, A. (2010).Wecannot teach what wedon’t know: Indianateachers talk about global citizenship education [JOUR]. Education, Citizenship and Social Justice, 5(3), 179–190. Rheingold, H. (2012). Net Smart: How to thrive online. MIT Press. Ribble, M. ., Bailey, G. ., & Ross, T. . (2004). Digital citizenship: Addressing appropriate technology behavior. Learning & Leading with Technology, 32(1), 7– 12. Ribble, M. (2008). Passport to digital citizenship. Learning &Leading with Technology, 36(4), 14–17. Ribble, M, & Bailey, G. . (2007). Digital Citizenship in Schools. ISTE. Ribble, Michael, Bailey, G., & Ross, T. (2004). Digital Citizenship: Addressing Appropriate Technology Behavior. Learning & Leading with Technology, 32(1), 6. Ribble, Mike. (2015). Digital Citizenship in Schools: Nine Elements All Students Should Know (Third Edition). International Societyfor Technology in Education. Richards, R. (2010). Digital citizenship and web 2.0 tools. Journal of Online Learning and Teaching, 6(2), 516–522. Richmond, J. M., & Morgan, R. F. (1977). A national survey of the environment knowledge & attitudes of fifth year pupils in England University. England: Information Reference CentreThe Ohio State. Rogers-Estable, M. (2014). No Title. European Journal of Open, Distance and E-Learning, 17(2), 130–142. Rosenberg, M. J., & Hovland, C. I. (1960). Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Components Of Attitudes. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Sabitha, M. (2006a). Penyelidikan sains sosial : Pendekatan pragmatik. Edusystem Sdn. Bhd. Sabitha, M. (2006b). Penyelidikan Sains Sosial : Pendekatan Pragmatik. Edusystem Sdn. Bhd. Sampedro, V., Sánchez, J., & Poletti, M. (2013). Ciudadanía y tecnopolítica electoral. Ideales ylímites burocráticos ala participación digital. Co-Herencia,10(18), 105– 136. Saputra, M., & Al Siddiq, I. H. (2020). Social media and digital citizenship: The urgency of digital literacy in the middle of a disrupted society era. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, 15(7), 156–161. Schermerhorn. (2005). Management Eight Edition. John Wiley& Sons. Searson, M., Hancock, M., Soheil, N., & Shepherd, G. (2015). Digital citizenship within global contexts. Education and Information Technologies, 20(4), 729–741. Sekaran, U, & Bougie, R. (2009). Research methods for business: A skill building approach (Fifth). John Wiley& Sons. Sekaran, Uma, & Bougie, R. (2003). Research methodology for business. New York: John Wiley& Sons, Inc. Shal, T., El Kibbi, I., & Ghamrawi, N. A. . (2018). Principals’Differentiated Learning through Social Media: Practices and Obstacles. International Journal of Education and Applied Research, 8, 19–29. Simsek, E., &Simsek, A. (2013). New Literacies for Digital Citizenship. Contemporary Educational Technologu, 4(2), 126–137. Singgih, S. (2007). Structural Equation Modelling : Konsep dan aplikasi dengan AMOS. PT Elex Media Komputindo. Sullivan, C. (2016). Digital citizenship and the right to digital identity under international law. Computer Law & Security Review, 32(3), 474–481. Susanty, R., Yunos, Z.,Ahmad, M., & Razali, N. (2019). Instilling Digital Citizenship Skills Through Education :AMalaysian Perspective. European Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security, Jul, 819–827. Tan, T. (2011). Educating Digital Citizens. Leadership, 41, 30–32. Tengku Siti Mariam, T. W., Hazura, M., Siti Fadzilah, M. N., Zurina, M., & Intan Yusrina, Z.(2019). Awareness of Digital FootprintManagement in the New Media Amongst Youth. Malaysian Journal of Communication, 35(3), 407–421. Thomas, S. N. (2018). Promoting digital citizenship in first-year students: Framing information literacyas atoolto help peers. College and Undergraduate Libraries, 25(1), 52–64. https://doi.org/10.1080/10691316.2017.1329675 Thompson, R. L., Higgins, C. A., &Howell, J. M. (1991). Personal Computing: Toward a Conceptual Model of Utilization. MIS Quarterly, 15(1), 125–143. UKCES. (2011). The supply and demand for high-level STEM skills, Briefing Paper, December 2011. UNESCO. (2006). Education for All Global Monitoring Repot 2006: Understanding of Literacy. Wineburg, S., &McGrew, S. (2016). Why students can’t Google their way to the truth. Education Week. Yacine,A., &Chien, C. (2018). Digital Citizenship: Innovations in Education, Practice, and Pedagogy. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 21(1), 152–154. Yilmaz, R. (2017). Exploring the role of e-learning readiness on student satisfaction and motivation in flipped classroom. Computers in Human Behavior, 70, 251– 260. Zainuddin, H. . (2010). Research metodology for business & social science. University Publication Centre, UiTM.
|
This material may be protected under Copyright Act which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. |