Abdullah Alina. (2020). Wabak Dalam Beberapa Babak. Malaysia Art Now-28, Balai Seni Visual Negara, Malaysia, 7. https://www.artgallery.gov.my/ebook/ 

Abdullah, S., & Elham, S. K. (2019). Culture and Identity in Selected New Media Artworks in Malaysia 1993-2007. Journal of Visual Art and Design, 11(1), 19–34. https://doi.org/10.5614/J.VAD.2019.11.1.2 

Ali, F., Ghaznavi, Z, Q. and Khan, S. (2021) "Impact of Technology on Traditional Journalism in Pakistan," Global Social Sciences Review, VI(II),p. 112-120. Available at: https://doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2021(vi-ii).12 

Altshuler, B. (2009). Biennials and beyond: exhibitions that made art history: 1962-2002. Phaidon Press. 

Andersen, C. U., & Pold, S. B. (2015). Aesthetics of the Banal — ‘New Aesthetics’ in an Era of Diverted Digital Revolutions. In Postdigital Aesthetics (pp. 271–288). Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137437204_21 

Arnheim, R. (1974). Art and Visual Perception: A Psychology of the Creative Eye.  University of California Press. 

Attride-Stirling, J. (2001). Thematic networks: an analytic tool for qualitative research. Qualitative Research, 1(3), 385–405. 

Azoulay, A. (2008). The Civil Contract of Photography. New York: Zone Books. 

Badrolhisham, T. (2003). Polimik Lagi! In R.A. Aminullah (Ed.) (Ed.), Contemporary Visual Arts Discourse (p. 81). Yayasan Kesenian Perak. 

Bakri, N. (2010). Dimensi Budaya Teknologi Dalam Era Globalisasi. Penerbit UTM Press Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. 

Bao, W., Yang, T., Huang, T., Xu, J., & Li, H. (2020). COVID-19 and online teaching in higher education: A case study of Peking University. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 2(2), 113-115. 

Barthes, R. (1977). Image, music, text. Hill and Wang. 

Barthes, R. (1981). Camera Lucida: Reflections on Photography. New York: Hill and Wang. 

Barthes, R. (1982). Camera Lucida: Reflections on Photography [Camera Lucida: Reflexiones sobre la fotografía]. 119. 

Batchen, G. (2008). Photography degree zero: Reflections on Roland Barthes's Camera Lucida. MIT Press. 

Batchen, G. (2014). Emanations: The art of the cameraless photograph. Prestel Publishing. 

Batchen, G. (2016). Emanations: The Art of the Cameraless Photograph (Vol. 1). DelMonico Books-Prestel. 

Bate, D. (2016). Photography: The Key Concepts (2nd ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing. 

Bazin, A. (1967). What is Cinema?. University of California Press. 

Bazin, A. (1967). What is Cinema? (H. Gray, Trans.). University of California Press. (Original work published 1945) 

Beeston, A. (2018). From early photography to the Instagram age | OUPblog. Oxford University Press’s Academic Insights for the Thinking World. https://blog.oup.com/2018/04/women-early-photography-instagram/ 

Benjamin, W. (1931). Little history of photography. In M. W. Jennings, H. Eiland, &  G. Smith (Eds.), Walter Benjamin: Selected writings, Volume 2: 1927-1934 (pp. 507-530). Harvard University Pre 

Benjamin, W. (1936). The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction. Schocken Books. 

Benjamin, W., & Leslie, E. (2015). On photography (E. Leslie, Ed.). Reaktion Book Ltd. 

Berger, J. (1972). Ways of seeing. British Broadcasting Corporation and Penguin Books. 

Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works. (1979). World Intellectual Property Organization. Retrieved from https://wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/berne/ 

Bertolini, M. (2015). The “Pictorial Turn” as Crisis and the Necessity of a Critique of Visual Culture. Philosophy Study, 5(3), 121–130. https://doi.org/10.17265/2159-5313/2015.03.001 

Bishop, C. (2012). Artificial hells: Participatory art and the politics of spectatorship. Verso Books. 

Bishop, C. (2015). Decentralization and its Discontents. Artforum, 53(10), 1-2. 

Blakeney, K. (2009). An Analysis of Film Critic Andre Bazin’s Views on Expressionism and Realism in Film.e. Inquiries Journal, 1(2). http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/a?id=86 

Boden, M. A., & Edmonds, E. A. (2009). What is generative art?. Digital Creativity, 20(1-2), 21-46. 

Bolton, R. (2012). The contest of meaning: Critical histories of photography. MIT Press. 

Boyatzis, R. E. (1998). Transforming qualitative information : thematic analysis and code development ; coding as a process for transforming qualitative information. Sage. 

Boyd, D. M., & Ellison, N. B. (2007). Social network sites: Definition, history, and scholarship. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13(1), 210-230. 

Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706QP063OA 

Bridgeman, L. (2015). The rise of the professional Instagrammer. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/media/2015/jun/08/rise-of-the-professional-instagrammer 

Bruns, A. (2008). Blogs, Wikipedia, Second Life, and Beyond: From Production to Produsage. Peter Lang. 

BSLN. (2008). Timeline of Art Malaysia Joint Center for Talented 50 Year Awards. National Art Gallery Malaysia. 

Burgess, J., & Green, J. (2009). YouTube: Online video and participatory culture. Polity. 

Caldwell, J. T. (2014). Production Culture: Industrial Reflexivity and Critical Practice in Film and Television. Duke University Press. 

Carroll, N. (2000). Art and the domain of the aesthetic. The British Journal of Aesthetics, 40(2), 191–208. https://doi.org/10.1093/BJAESTHETICS/40.2.191 

Carvalho, S., & White, H. (1997). Combining the Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches to Poverty Measurement and Analysis: The Practice and the Potential (Issue v. 23-366). World Bank. 

Castells, M. (2000). The Rise of the Network Society. Wiley-Blackwell. 

Castells, M. (2011). The rise of the network society: The information age: Economy, society, and culture (Vol. 1). John Wiley & Sons. 

Chalfen, R. (2011). Photography's Discursive Spaces: Landscape/View. Art Journal, 42(4), 311-315. 

Chau, P. Y. K., & Hu, P. J. H. (2002). Investigating healthcare professionals’ decisions to accept telemedicine technology: An empirical test of competing theories. Information and Management, 39(4), 297–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7206(01)00098-2 

Chen, J. (2021). The rise of NFTs and their impact on digital art markets. Arts Management 

Cicconi, M. (2013). Narrative, meaning, interpretation: An enactivist approach to the study of interactive digital narratives. Journal of Gaming & Virtual Worlds, 5(1), 13-29. 

Cicconi, M. (2014). Vygotsky Meets Technology: A Reinvention of Collaboration in the Early Childhood Mathematics Classroom. Early Childhood Education Journal, 42(1), 57–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10643-013-0582-9/METRICS 

Clark, A. M. (2016). Why qualitative research needs more and better systematic review. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 15(1), 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406916672741 

Clement, J. (2020). Digital advertising spending worldwide from 2019 to 2024 (in billion U.S. dollars). Statista. Retrieved from https://www.statista.com/statistics/237974/online-advertising-spending-worldwide/ 

Cohen, D., & Crabtree, B. (2006). Qualitative Research Guidelines Project. http://www.qualres.org/HomeInte-3516.html  

Cohen Jehoram, H. (2007). Copyright protection of photographs in the digital environment. Intellectual Property Quarterly, 4, 379-396. 

Communications and Multimedia Act. (1998). Laws of Malaysia. Retrieved from https://www.mcmc.gov.my/skmmgovmy/media/General/pdf/Act588_200401.pdf 

Copyright Act 1987. (1987). Laws of Malaysia. Retrieved from https://www.myipo.gov.my/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Copyright-Act-1987.pdf 

Cramerotti, A., & Serpieri, A. (2020). The New Digital Museums: Aesthetic and Curatorial Questions. Museological Review, 24, 1-14. 

Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2011). Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research (2nd ed.). Sage Publications. 

Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (4th ed.). Sage Publications.  

Cruz, E. G., & Meyer, E. T. (2012). Creation and control in the photographic process: Iphones and the emerging fifth moment of photography. Photographies, 5(2), 203–221. https://doi.org/10.1080/17540763.2012.702123 

Curtis, A. (2011). Photography and sustainability. Sustainability in Photography, 1(1), 1-6. 

Davis, D. (1995). The Work of Art in the Age of Digital Reproduction (An Evolving Thesis: 1991-1995). Leonardo, 28(5), 381. https://doi.org/10.2307/1576221 

Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS Quarterly, 13(3), 319-340. 

De Iulio, S. (2003). Lev Manovich, The Language of New Media. Questions de Communication. https://doi.org/10.4000/questionsdecommunication.5949 

Debord, G. (2022). The Society of the Spectacle (Web Edition). https://unredacted-word.pub/spectacle/ 

Denzin, N. K. (1978). The Research Act: A Theoretical Introduction to Sociological Methods (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill.  

Denzin, N. K. (2017). The Research Act: A Theoretical Introduction to Sociological Methods. Routledge. 

Descartes, R. (1641/1996). Meditations on First Philosophy (J. Cottingham, Trans.). Cambridge University Press. 

Dhawan, S. (2020). Online learning: A panacea in the time of COVID-19 crisis. Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 49(1), 5-22. 

Digital Millennium Copyright Act. (1998). United States Copyright Office. Retrieved from https://www.copyright.gov/legislation/dmca.pdf 

Doerr, N., Mattoni, A., & Teune, S. (2013). Toward a visual analysis of social movements, conflict, and political mobilization. In Research in Social 

Movements, Conflicts and Change. https://doi.org/10.1108/S0163-786X(2013)0000035004 

Elgammal, A., Liu, B., Elhoseiny, M., & Mazzone, M. (2017). CAN: Creative Adversarial Networks, Generating “Art” by Learning About Styles and Deviating from Style Norms. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computational Creativity, ICCC 2017. https://arxiv.org/abs/1706.07068v1 

Elgammal, A., Liu, B., Elhoseiny, M., & Mazzone, M. (2017). CAN: Creative adversarial networks generating "art" by learning about styles and deviating from style norms. arXiv preprint arXiv:1706.07068. 

Elkins, J. (2016). Is Art History Global? Routledge. 

Emerling, Jae. (2012). Photography : History and Theory. Routledge. 

Faizal, S. (2012). Faizal Sidik: Mahu Kemana Sejarah dan Masa Depan Fotografi Malaysia Kini? http://faizalsidik.blogspot.com/2012/12/mahu-kemana-sejarah-dan-masa-depan.html 

Farid, H. (2012). Digital image forensics. Scientific American, 306(6), 66-71. 

Farid, H. (2016). Photo Forensics. MIT Press. 

Farman, J. (2014). The Mobile Story: Narrative Practices with Locative Technologies. Routledge. 

Favero, P. (2013). Getting our hands dirty (again): Interactive documentaries and the meaning of images in the digital age. Journal of Material Culture, 18(3), 259–277. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359183513492079 

Favero, P. (2014). Learning to look beyond the frame: Reflections on the changing meaning of images in the age of digital media practices. Visual Studies, 29(2), 166–179. https://doi.org/10.1080/1472586X.2014.887269 

Favero, P. (2018). The Present Image: Visible Stories in a Digital Habitat. Palgrave Macmillan. 

Fineman, M. (2013). Photography and Its Violations. Columbia University Press. 

Flew, T. (2002). Educational media in transition: Braodcasting, digital media and lifelong learning in the knowledge economy. International Journal of Instructional Media, 29(1), 47–60. https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/educational-media-transition-braodcasting-digital/docview/204262314/se-2?accountid=40705 

Flew, T. (2008). New Media: An introduction (3rd Edition). http://www.oup.com.au/titles/higher_ed/media_studies/9780195551495 

Flusser, V. (1983). Towards A Philosophy Of Photography. Reaktion Books (October 2000). 

Flusser, V. (2012). Towards a theory of techno-imagination. Philosophy of Photography, 2(2), 195–201. https://doi.org/10.1386/POP.2.2.195_7 

Flusser, V., & Roth, N. A. (2011). The gesture of photographing. Journal of Visual Culture, 10(3), 279–293. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470412911419742 

Fogg, B. J., Soohoo, C., Danielsen, L., Marable, L., Stanford, J., & Tauber, E. R. (2018). How to recognize and combat fake news: A guide for navigating the media landscape. Medium. Retrieved from https://medium.com/@bjfogg/how-to-recognize-and-combat-fake-news-a-guide-for-navigating-the-media-landscape-13d9f1d89957 

Freedman, K., Goodrich, R. A., Art, L., & Freedman, K. (2016). Teaching Visual Culture : Curriculum , Aesthetics. 2029(April), 95–100. https://doi.org/10.1386/jvap.7.1.95 

French, L. (2014). Researching Social Media and Visual Culture. In Social Media in Social Research: Blogs on Blurring the Boundaries. 

Friedman, S. (2021). How NFTs are changing the art market. Apollo Magazine. Retrieved from https://www.apollo-magazine.com/nfts-art-market/ 

General Data Protection Regulation. (2018). European Union. Retrieved from https://gdpr.eu/ 

Gere, C. (2021). Digital Culture. Reaktion Books. 

Gernsheim, H. (1991). Creative photography : aesthetic trends, 1839-1960. Dover Publications. 

Giannini, T., & Bowen, J. P. (2019). Digital photography: An introduction. Routledge. 

Giannini, T., & Bowen, J. P. (2019). Transforming Education for Museum Professionals in the Digital Age. In Springer Series on Cultural Computing (pp. 457–480). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97457-6_23 

Gibson, S. (2016). Too many photographs: Overcoming the paradox of digital abundance. Journal of Visual Culture, 15(1), 71-76. 

Gómez Cruz, E., & Meyer, E. T. (2012). Creation and control in the photographic process: iPhones and the emerging fifth moment of photography. Photographies, 5(2), 203-221. 

Gordon, R. (2004). Digital journalism: emerging media and the changing horizons of journalism. In Choice Reviews Online (Vol. 41, Issue 09, pp. 41-5111-41–5111). Lanham, MD Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.41-5111 

Graaf, d, v, S. (2018) "In Waze We Trust: Algorithmic Governance of the Public Sphere," media and Communication, 6(4),p. 153-162. Available at: https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v6i4.1710. 

Graham, M., & Smith, M. (2019). Geographies of Platial Data: The Politics of Proxies. In M. Graham & M. Zook (Eds.), Digital Representations of Place: Urban Overlays and Digital Justice (pp. 15-38). Routledge. 

Graham, P. (2016). The digital dark age: Are we losing the battle to preserve photography's past? Time. Retrieved from https://time.com 

Grau, O. (2003). Virtual Art: From Illusion to Immersion. MIT Press. 

Grau, O. (2014). MediaArtHistories. MIT Press. 

Gronlund, M. (2017). Contemporary Art and Digital Culture. In Routledge: Taylor & Francis. Taylor & Francis. 

Hale, L., & Guan, S. (2015). Screen time and sleep among school-aged children and adolescents: A systematic literature review. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 21, 50-58. 

Hall, G. (2013). Toward a Postdigital Humanities: Cultural Analytics and the Computational Turn to Data-Driven Scholarship. American Literature, 85(4), 781–809. https://doi.org/10.1215/00029831-2367337 

Hall, S. (1997). Representation: Cultural representations and signifying practices. Sage. 

Han, H.-C. (Sandrine), & Martyniuk, S. (2017). Art Education in the Era of Digital Visual Culture (pp. 79–90). 

Hand, M. (2012). Ubiquitous photography. Polity Press. 

Hand, M. (2018). Ubiquitous photography. John Wiley & Sons. 

Heidegger, M. (1977). The Question Concerning Technology and Other Essays. 

Heijden, H. Van Der. (2003). Factors influencing the usage of websites: the case of a generic portal in The Netherlands. 40, 541–549. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7206(02)00079-4 

Hepp, A. (2012). Cultures of mediatization. Polity. 

Highfield, T., & Leaver, T. (2016). Instagrammatics and digital methods: Studying visual social media, from selfies and GIFs to memes and emoji. Communication Research and Practice, 2(1), 47-62. 

Hillman, J. (2018). The Soul's Code: In Search of Character and Calling. Random  House. 

Hjorth, L., & Pink, S. (2014). New visualities and the digital wayfarer: Reconceptualizing camera phone photography and locative media. Mobile Media and Communication, 2(1), 40–57. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050157913505257 

Hjorth, L., Horst, H., Galloway, A., & Bell, G. (2020). The Routledge Companion to Digital Ethnography. Routledge. 

Hochman, N., & Schwartz, R. (2012). Visualizing Instagram: Tracing Cultural Visual Rhythms. 

Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G. J., & Minkov, M. (2010). Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind, Third Edition. McGraw-Hill Education. 

Hu, Y., Manikonda, L., & Kambhampati, S. (2014). What we Instagram: A first analysis of Instagram photo content and user types. Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Weblogs and Social Media, ICWSM 2014. 

Huang, R. H., & Chen, G. (2021). The integration of AI and VR in art and design education. In M. Khosrow-Pour (Ed.), Advanced Methodologies and Technologies in Artificial Intelligence, Computer Simulation, and Human-Computer Interaction (pp. 255-270). IGI Global. 

Hurworth, R. (2009). Doing Visual Ethnography: Images, Media and Representation in Research [Book Review]. In Qualitative Research Journal (Vol. 7, Issue 2). Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.3316/qrj0702100 

Ismail, N. A. (2012). Copyright protection of photographs in Malaysia: A critical appraisal. International Journal of Arts & Sciences, 5(6), 11-23. 

Jenkins, H. (2006). Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide. New York University Press. 

Jenkins, H., Ito, M., & Boyd, d. (2016). Participatory culture in a networked era: A conversation on youth, learning, commerce, and politics. Polity. 

Jennings, Wicheal w., Eiland, H., & Smith, G. (2005). Walter Benjamin Selected Writings 1927-1934. In Tensions Journal (Vol. 2, Issue 1). Belknap Press (June 15, 2005). 

Kaplan, A. M., & Haenlein, M. (2010). Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of social media. Business Horizons, 53(1), 59-68. 

Kaur, K. (2015). Freedom of expression in Malaysia: Chilling effect on the Internet. International Journal of Law and Information Technology, 23(1), 1-21. 

Kemp, M. (2014). The digital revolution: Art in the age of electronic media. In S. Felleman (Ed.), Art in the Age of Emergence (pp. 203-219). Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 

Kepes, G. (2018). Language of Vision. Dover Publications. 

Kress, G., & Leeuwen, T. V. (2006). Reading images: The grammar of visual design. Routledge. 

Kwon, S., Cha, M., Jung, K., Chen, W., & Wang, Y. (2018). Fake news detection on social media: A data mining perspective. ACM SIGKDD Explorations Newsletter, 20(1), 22-36. doi: 10.1145/3239570.3239574 

La Grange, A. (2017). Basic critical theory for photographers. Routledge. 

Lecun, Y., Bengio, Y., & Hinton, G. (2015). Deep learning. Nature, 521(7553), 436–444. https://doi.org/10.1038/NATURE14539 

Leon, S. (2017). The Semiotics of Photography: Towards Objective Hermeneutics. Philosophy Study, 7(12), 634–644. https://doi.org/10.17265/2159-5313/2017.12.002 

Lester, P. M., & California State University, F. (2014). Visual communication : images with messages / Paul Martin Lester, California State University, Fullerton. - Version details - Trove (Sixth edit). Cengage Learning. 

Lévy, P. (2017). The creative potential of digital photography. In B. U. Seidl-Fox (Ed.), The digital condition: New paths for the humanities (pp. 135-148). De Gruyter. 

Lina. (2007). Pengaruh Perbedaan Individu dan Karateristik Sistem Informasi Pada Penerimaan Pengguna Teknologi Informasi Dalam e-library. In Journal of Indonesian Economy and Business (Vol. 22, Issue 4). Universitas Gadjah Mada, Faculty of Economics and Business. https://doi.org/10.22146/jieb.6490 

Lister, M. (2007). A sack in the sand: Photography in the age of information. Convergence, 13(3), 251–274. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354856507079176 

Lister, M. (2013). The Photographic Image in Digital Culture, Second Edition. In Routledge: Taylor & Francis (2nd Editio). Rouledge. 

Lister, M. (2013). The Photographic Image in Digital Culture. Routledge. 

Lister, M., Dovey, J., Giddings, S., Kelly, K., & Grant, I. (2009). New Media: A Critical Introduction (Second Edi). Routledge. 

Literat, L., & Glaveanu. (2016). Same but Different? Distributed Creativity in the Internet Age. Creativity. Theories – Research – Applications, 3(2), 330–342. https://doi.org/10.1515/ctra-2016-0020 

Livingstone, S., & Helsper, E. J. (2008). Parental mediation of children's internet use. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 52(4), 581-599. 

Lok, L. (2019). Art market malaysia 2019 survey report. Art Market Malaysia. Retrieved from https://artmarketmalaysia.com/art-market-malaysia-2019-survey-report/ 

Lombard, M., & Jones, M. T. (2018). Virtual reality and the new communication experience: An introduction to the special issue. Journal of Communication, 68(5), 823-829. 

López, F. (2017). Post-photography and digital culture: The renewal of photographic aesthetics. Journal of Aesthetics & Culture, 9(2), 1-10. 

Love, G. C. (2006). Technological and logical conversions of digital cultures. 10th World Multi-Conference on Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics, WMSCI 2006, Jointly with the 12th International Conference on Information Systems Analysis and Synthesis, ISAS 2006, 1, 114–118. 

Love, N. (2006). Digital current: Photography in the era of Photoshop. New York: Aperture. 

Lozano-Hemmer, R. (2018). Augmented Reality and Artistic Practice. Leonardo, 51(2), 177-179. 

Lughi, G. (2015). Digital Media and Contemporary Art. In Mimesis Journal MJ: Vol. I (Issue 2). 

Manghani, S. (2018). Photography and Culture: A Reader. Routledge. 

Manovich, L. (1995). The paradoxes of digital photography. Photography after Photography, 57–65. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199411173312001 

Manovich, L. (2001). The language of new media. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 

Manovich, L. (2013). Software Takes Command. Bloomsbury Academic. 

Marwick, A., & boyd, D. (2011). The drama! Teen conflict, gossip, and bullying in networked publics. A Decade in Internet Time: Symposium on the Dynamics of the Internet and Society, 91-112. 

Matarasso, F. (2019). A restless art: How participation changes people and communities. Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation. 

Maxwell, R., & Miller, T. (2012). Greening the media. Oxford University Press. 

McCormack, J., Gifford, T., & Hutchings, P. (2019). Autonomy, Authenticity, Authorship and Intention in computer generated art. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Including Subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 11453 LNCS, 35–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16667-0_3 

McCosker, A., & Wilken, R. (2020). AI Art: Machine Visions and Warped Dreams. Springer. 

McLuhan, M., & Gordon, W. T. (2015). Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man (Critical E). Calif: Gingko Press. 

McQuire, S., & Radywyl, N. (2010). From Object to Platform: Art, digital technology and time. Time & Society, 19(1), 5–27. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463X09354934 

Milk, C. (2015). How virtual reality can create the ultimate empathy machine. Retrieved from https://www.ted.com/talks/chris_milk_how_virtual_reality_can_create_the_ultimate_empathy_machine 

Mirzoeff, N. (2011). The Right to Look: A Counterhistory of Visuality. Duke University Press. 

Mirzoeff, N. (2015). How to see the world. Pelican Books. 

Mitchell, W. J. (1998). The reconfigured eye : visual truth in the post-photographic era. MIT Press. 

Mokhtar, M. (2013). A Conceptual and Technical Discussion on Digital Painting as New Media Art: Introducing Some Malaysian Works. ITB Journal of Visual Art and Design, 4(1), 67–83. https://doi.org/10.5614/itbj.vad.2013.4.1.8 

Moxey, K. (2008). Visual studies and the iconic turn. Journal of Visual Culture, 7(2), 131–146. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470412908091934 

Munster, A. (2011). An aesthetics of ambiguity: Circuit bending, chiptunes, and the audiovisual apparatus. Leonardo, 44(2), 162-167. 

Munster, A. (2011). Materializing new media: Embodiment in information aesthetics. In Materializing New Media: Embodiment in Information Aesthetics. Dartmouth College Press. 

Murray, D. C. (2020). Life in a pandemic: The impact of COVID-19 on the photographic community. Visual Communication Quarterly, 19(1), 99-106. 

Murray, S. (2018). The digital vernacular: A new language for photography. In S. Murray (Ed.), Digital Photography and Everyday Life: Empirical Studies on Material Visual Practices (pp. 11-27). Routledge. 

Mustaffa Halabi Azahari. (2006). A Critical Study of Photographic Education in Malaysia [University of Central England Birmingham]. In University of Central England Birmingham (Issue March). https://doi.org/424018 

Nasir Baharuddin, M., Mohd Salehuddin, A., Qamaruz Zaman, F., & Shukri Muhammad Noor, A. (2018). The convergence of art and sciences in digital age: some perspectives from nyawa exhibition in malaysia. 5, 62–68. https://doi.org/10.17501/23572744.2018.5106 

Negroponte, N. (1995). Being Digital. Alfred A. Knopf. 

Newhall, B. (1982). The History of Photography. The Museum of Modern Art. 

Newton, J. (2011). The Burden of Visual Truth: The Role of Photojournalism in Mediating Reality. Routledge. 

Nordin, S., & Mokhtar, M. (2015). Discussion: Diversity in Malaysia New Media Art. International Journal of Business and Administrative Studies, 1(3), 94–98. https://doi.org/10.20469/ijbas.10003-3 

Othman, M. A., & Elisha, O. (2015). Intellectual property law in Malaysia. In K. Sengupta (Ed.), Intellectual Property Issues (pp. 69-90). Springer. 

Paglen, T. (2016). Invisible images (your pictures are looking at you). The New Inquiry. Retrieved from https://thenewinquiry.com/invisible-images-your-pictures-are-looking-at-you/ 

Pariser, E. (2011). The filter bubble : what the Internet is hiding from you. Penguin Press. 

Parkinson, M. (2015). The Power of Visual Communication. Billion Dollar Graphics, 1–7. https://doi.org/5982-7488ENUS, 07/2004 (T7B) 4 

Patton, M. Q. (1999). Enhancing the quality and credibility of qualitative analysis. Health Services Research, 34(5 Pt 2), 1189-1208. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1089059/  

Paul, C. (2008). Digital Art (2nd ed.). Thames & Hudson. 

Paul, C. (2016). Digital Art. Thames & Hudson. 

Paul, J. (2015). Digital Art. Thames & Hudson. 

Personal Data Protection Act 2010. (2010). Laws of Malaysia. Retrieved from https://www.pdp.gov.my/images/pdf_folder/PDPA.pdf 

Phillips, C. (1982). The Judgment Seat of Photography. October, 22, 27. https://doi.org/10.2307/778362 

Phillips, J. A. (2011). Educational Research Methodology. Open University Malaysia. 

Pink, S. (2011). Amateur photographic practice, collective representation and the constitution of place. Visual Studies, 26(2), 92–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/1472586X.2011.571884 

Pink, S., Horst, H. A., Postill, J., Hjorth, L., Lewis, T., & Tacchi, J. (2016). Digital Ethnography: Principles and Practice. SAGE. 

Popova, M. (2013). Susan Sontag, photography, and social networking. Future Tense. https://slate.com/technology/2013/10/susan-sontag-photography-and-social-networking.html 

Prince, S. (1996). True Lies: Perceptual Realism, Digital Images, and Film Theory. Film Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1525/fq.1996.49.3.04a00040 

Rahman, F. A. (2016). The Personal Data Protection Act 2010: Data protection in the digital era. Journal of the Malaysian Judiciary, 6(2), 55-82. 

Rahmawati, A. et al. (2022) "Transmediation of Local Production in the Global Entertainment," International Journal of Social Science Research and Review, 5(10),p. 481-488. Available at: https://doi.org/10.47814/ijssrr.v5i10.676. 

Ritchin, F. (2010). AFTER PHOTOGRAPHY. W.W. Norton, 2010. 

Ritchin, F. (2013). Bending the Frame: Photojournalism, Documentary, and the Citizen. Aperture. 

Ritchin, F. . (2008). After photography. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. 

Rojas, A, T. (2019) "Transmedia Storytelling and Construction of Fictional Worlds: Aliados Series as Case Study," Correspondencias & Análisis,p. 37-50. Available at: https://doi.org/10.24265/cian.2019.n9.02. 

Rosenblum, N. (2007). A World History of Photography. Abbeville Press. 

Rubinstein, D. (2020). Fragmentation of the Photographic Image in the Digital Age. In D. Rubinstein (Ed.), Fragmentation of the Photographic Image in the Digital Age (Routledge). Routledge Taylor & Francis Group. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351027946 

Rubinstein, D., & Sluis, K. (2008). A life More Photographic: Mapping the Networked Image. Photographies, 1(1), 9–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/17540760701785842 

Rubinstein, D., & Sluis, K. (2008). A life more photographic: Mapping the networked image. Photographies, 1(1), 9-28. 

Rubinstein, D., & Sluis, K. (2013). The digital image in photographic culture: algorithmic photography and the crisis of representation. In P. M. Lester (Ed.), The Photographic Image in Digital Culture (p. 19). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203797563 

Russo, A., Watkins, J., Kelly, L., & Chan, S. (2020). Digital Cultural Communication: Audience and Remediation. Routledge. 

Serafinelli, E. (2017). Analysis of Photo Sharing and Visual Social Relationships: Instagram as a case study. Photographies, 10(1), 91–111. https://doi.org/10.1080/17540763.2016.1258657 

Seymour, R. (2021). The environmental impact of NFTs. ArtReview. Retrieved from https://artreview.com/the-environmental-impact-of-nfts/ 

Shin, D., & Biocca, F. (2018). Exploring immersive experience in journalism. New Media & Society, 20(8), 2800–2823. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444817733133 

Shirky, C. (2010). Cognitive surplus: Creativity and generosity in a connected age. Penguin. 

Shohat, E. (2019). Provocation in Contemporary Visual Arts. Routledge. 

Sliwinska, J. (2017). Network society and the new forms of engagement. Adeptus, 0(10), 12. https://doi.org/10.11649/a.1494 

Smith, K. (2020). Remote teaching and online learning in higher education during the COVID-19 pandemic: Challenges and opportunities for photography education. Journal of Visual Art Practice, 19(3), 239-252. 

Sontag, S. (1973). On Photography. In On Photography. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13398-014-0173-7.2 

Sontag, S. (1977). On Photography. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux 

Sontag, S. (2018). Against Interpretation and Other Essays. Picador. 

Sulaiman, S. (2013). Ruang Media Baru Malaysia. In nur hanim Khairuddin & B. Yong (Eds.), Reaksi Strategi Kritikal Baru (2nd ed., pp. 283–298). RogueArt. 

Sundar, S. S., & Limperos, A. M. (2013). Uses and grats 2.0 : New gratifications for new media. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 57(4), 504-525. 

Sundar, S. S., & Limperos, A. M. (2013). Uses and Grats 2.0: New Gratifications for New Media. Https://Doi.Org/10.1080/08838151.2013.845827, 57(4), 504–525. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2013.845827 

Sundara Rajan, M. T. (2004). Copyright and creative freedom: A study of post-socialist law reform. Routledge. 

Tapscott, D. (1998). Growing Up Digital: The Rise of the Net Generation. McGraw-Hill. 

The Star. (2020). Virtual art galleries offer a new way to enjoy art. Retrieved from https://www.thestar.com.my/lifestyle/culture/2020/11/27/virtual-art-galleries-offer-a-new-way-to-enjoy-art 

Thelander, Å., & Cassinger, C. (2017). Brand New Images? Implications of Instagram Photography for Place Branding. Media and Communication, 5(4), 16–14. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v5i4.1053 

Thomson, I. D., Agamben, G., Badiou, A., Baudrillard, J., Blanchot, M., Cavell, S., Deleuze, G., Derrida, J., Dreyfus, H., Irigaray, L., Lacan, J., Levinas, E., 

Marcuse, H., Rancière, J., Rorty, R., & Taylor, C. (1976). Thomson - Heidegger art and postmodernity. 

Timmermans, S., & Tavory, I. (2012). Theory construction in qualitative research: From grounded theory to abductive analysis. Sociological Theory, 30(3), 167–186. https://doi.org/10.1177/0735275112457914 

Twenge, J. M., Joiner, T. E., Rogers, M. L., & Martin, G. N. (2017). Increases in depressive symptoms, suicide-related outcomes, and suicide rates among U.S. adolescents after 2010 and links to increased new media screen time. Clinical Psychological Science, 6(1), 3-17. 

Vaismoradi, M., Turunen, H., & Bondas, T. (2013). Content analysis and thematic analysis: Implications for conducting a qualitative descriptive study. Nursing and Health Sciences, 15(3), 398–405. https://doi.org/10.1111/nhs.12048 

Van Dijck, J. (2013). The Culture of Connectivity: A Critical History of Social Media. Oxford University Press. 

Viera, A. J., & Garrett, J. M. (2005). Understanding interobserver agreement: the kappa statistic. Family Medicine, 37 5, 360–363. 

Vorderer, P., Klimmt, C., & Ritterfeld, U. (2016). Enjoyment: At the heart of media entertainment. Communication Theory, 14(4), 388-408. 

Vorderer, P., Krömer, N., & Schneider, F. M. (2016). Permanently online – Permanently connected: Explorations into university students’ use of social media and mobile smart devices. Computers in Human Behavior, 63, 694–703. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHB.2016.05.085 

Wang, C., Horby, P. W., Hayden, F. G., & Gao, G. F. (2021). A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern. The Lancet, 395(10223), 470-473. 

Wells, L. (2009). Photography: A Critical Introduction. Routledge 

Wells, L. (2015). Photography: A Critical Introduction. Routledge. 

Willette Jeanne. (2010). Marxism, Art and the Artist | Art History Unstuffed. Art History Unstuffed. https://arthistoryunstuffed.com/marxism-art-artist/ 

WIPO Copyright Treaty. (1996). World Intellectual Property Organization. Retrieved from https://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/wct/ 

Wubin, Z. (2013). Menyongsong Bebutir Granul, atau Menongkah Arus: Praktis-praktis Seni Fotogrfi di Malaysia sejak 1950-an. Reaksi Strategi Kritikal Baru, 237–256. 

Wubin, Z. (2016). Photography in Southeast Asia: A Survey. NUS Press. 

Yaacob, M., et al. (2013). Photography in Malaysia: Past, Present, and Future. Malaysian  Journal of Media Studies. 

Yang, G. (2011). The power of the Internet in China: Citizen activism online. Columbia University Press. 

Zappavigna, M. (2016). Social media photography: construing subjectivity in Instagram images. Visual Communication, 15(3), 271–292. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470357216643220 

Zulhuda, S. (2013). Legal issues arising from photography activities in Malaysia: An overview. In Seminar on Legal Issues in Photography (pp. 1-12). Malaysian Centre for Photography. 

Zylinska, J. (2017). Nonhuman photography. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.