Abd Majid, M. Z., Hussin, M., & Norman, M. H. (2019). Kepuasan pelajar terhadap
perkhidmatan pendidikan teknikal dan latihan vokasional (TVET) di
rangkaian Universiti Teknikal Malaysia. Journal of Nusantara Studies
(JONUS), 4(2), 410-428.
Abd Rahim Romle, & Abdul Shukor Shamsudin. (2008). Kualiti perkhidmatan
berdasarkan perspektif pelajar di Institusi Pengajian Tinggi Awam Malaysia.
Jurnal Pengurusan Awam, 7(1), 99-108.
Abd Rahman, F. A., & Kutty, F. M. (2021, March). Keberkesanan pemikiran kritikal
dalam kalangan pra siswazah Fakulti Pendidikan UKM; Sejauh mana ia
membantu proses penaakulan dalam membuat keputusan. In 3rd International
Conference on Business Studies and Education (ICBE).
Abdul Halim Abdullah, & Mohini Mohamed. (2011). Penggunaan kemahiran berfikir
di kalangan pelajar dalam perisian geometri interaktif. In 1st International
Malaysian Educational Technology Convention.
Abdullah, F., & Abdul Razak, K. (2021). Tahap minat dan penerimaan pelajar terhadap
gamifikasi dalam bidang sirah: Level of interest and acceptance of students
towards gamification in Islamic history. Journal of Quran Sunnah Education
& Special Needs, 5(1), 27-38. https://doi.org/10.33102/jqss.vol5no1.95
Abdullah, N. R. B., & bin Hashim, Z. (2021). Kertas konsep hubungan kepimpinan
situasi terhadap kepuasan kerja dan komitmen organisasi dalam kalangan
guru-guru SMK di Sarawak. In Educational Management and Leadership
(APCEMaL 2021) (p. 127).
Abdullah-Al-Wadud, M., Kabir, M. H., Dewan, M. A. A., & Chae, O. (2007). A
dynamic histogram equalization for image contrast enhancement. IEEE
Transactions on Consumer Electronics, 53(2), 593-600.
Abideen, M., Mohamad, M., & Hassan, A. (2020). Mitigation strategies to fight the
COVID-19 pandemic—present, future, and beyond. Journal of Health
Research.
Abubakar, A. B., & Arshad, M. Y. (2015). Self-directed learning and skills of problem-
based learning: A case of Nigerian secondary schools chemistry students.
International Education Studies, 8(12), 70.
https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v8n12p70
Adams, J., Joo, Y. J., Sumintono, B., & Pei, C. L. (2020). Blended learning engagement
in higher education institutions: A differential item functioning analysis of
students’ backgrounds. Malaysian Journal of Learning and Instruction.
Afip, L. A. (2014). Motivating adult learners using blended learning in higher education
institution. ResearchersWorld: Journal of Arts, Science & Commerce.
Agus, A. N. A. (2021). Tahap pengetahuan dan kesediaan guru Bahasa Melayu dalam
melaksanakan pendekatan terbeza dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran di
rumah semasa tempoh perintah kawalan pergerakan (The level of knowledge
and readiness of Malay language teachers to implement different approaches
in home teaching and learning during the movement control order). Jurnal
Pendidikan Bahasa Melayu, 11(1), 75-87.
Ahmad Zaki, A., Zulazhan Ab, H., & Nurkhamimi, Z. (2020). Kesediaan pelajar
generasi Z di Universiti Malaysia Kelantan dalam pembelajaran teradun
Bahasa Arab dalam era IR4.0. Journal of Islamic Social Sciences and
Humanities, 22(1), 86-95.
Ahmad, N. L., & Azman, N. A. H. (2020). Tahap amalan pengajaran berkesan guru
prinsip perakaunan berasaskan model Slavin. Jurnal Pendidikan Malaysia,
45(1), 53-62.
Ahmad, R., & Mustaffa, M. (2008). Kesahan dan kebolehpercayaan modul program
Amar Makruf Nahi Mungkar untuk menangani penyelewengan tingkah laku
seksual pelajar.
Akkoyunlu, B., & Soylu, M. Y. (2006). A study on students’ views on blended learning
environment. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 7(3), 43-56.
https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/tojde/issue/16925/176657
Al Lily, M., Ismail, M., Abunasser, F., & Alhajhoj Alqahtani, M. (2020). Distance
education as a response to pandemics: Coronavirus and Arab culture.
Technology in Society.
Alajab, A. M., & Hussien, A. M. A. (2015). The impact of blended learning courses on
Khartoum University students’ achievement and motivation to learn scientific
English. American Journal of Social Science, 4(2), 132-158.
Alam, S., Albozeidi, H. F., Al-Hawamdeh, B. O. S., & Ahmad, F. (2022). Practice and
principle of blended learning in ESL/EFL pedagogy: Strategies, techniques,
and challenges. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning
(Online), 17(11), 225. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v17i11.29901
Aldiab, A., Chowdhury, H., Kootsookos, A., Alam, F., & Allhibi, H. (2019). Utilization
of learning management systems (LMSs) in higher education system: A case
review for Saudi Arabia. Energy Procedia, 160, 731–737.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2019.02.186
Al-Fodeh, R. S., Alwahadni, A. M., Abu Alhaija, E. S., Bani-Hani, T., Ali, K., Daher,
S. O., & Daher, H. O. (2021). Quality, effectiveness, and outcome of blended
learning in dental education during the COVID-19 pandemic: Prospects of a
post-pandemic implementation. Education Sciences, 11(12), 810.
Alforque, L. D. (2023). Flipped classroom and ManyChat delivering online-offline
(MCDOO) learning for science, technology & engineering curriculum (STEC)
students. Innovation, 1(2), 96-118.
Ali, A., & Harun, N. A. (2017). Hubungan faktor-faktor penguasaan kefahaman konsep
matematik dengan minat bagi pelajar sarjana muda pendidikan teknik dan
vokasional. Online Journal for TVET Practitioners, 2(2).
https://penerbit.uthm.edu.my/ojs/index.php/oj-tp/article/view/4773
Ali, F., Kim, W. G., & Cobanoglu, C. (2018). Application of partial least squares based
structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) in hospitality research. In
Handbook of research methods for tourism and hospitality management (pp.
344-362).
Alimohammadi, L., Zarei, F., & Mirghafourvand, M. (2020). The effect of counseling
based on Bandura’s self-efficacy theory on sexual self-efficacy and quality of
sexual life. Women & Health, 60(4), 473-486.
Almasseri, M., & AlHojailan, M. I. (2019). How flipped learning based on the cognitive
theory of multimedia learning affects students' academic achievements.
Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 35(6), 769-781.
http://proxy1.ncu.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edb&AN=139686749&site=eds-live
Alsancak Sirakaya, D., & Ozdemir, S. (2017). The effect of a flipped classroom model
on academic achievement, self-directed learning readiness, motivation, and
retention. Malaysia Online Journal of Educational Technology.
Al-Shami, S. A., Aziz, H., & Rashid, N. (2018). The adoption of MOOC utilization
among undergraduate students in Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
(UTEM). Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, 10(6S), 2634-2654.
Al-Shunnaq, Q., & Bani Dumi, H. (2010). Teachers and students' trends towards using
e-learning in Jordanian secondary schools. The University of Damascus
Journal, 26(12), 235-271.
Altınay, Z. (2017). Evaluating peer learning and assessment in online collaborative
learning environments. Behaviour and Information Technology.
Amin, A. (2023). Hubungan persekitaran pembelajaran dan pencapaian akademik
pelajar tingkatan enam. Jurnal Pemikir Pendidikan, 11(1), 23-35.
Amin, N. A. M., & Nasri, N. M. (2021). Kajian tinjauan persepsi murid sekolah
menengah terhadap pembelajaran dalam talian semasa pandemik COVID-19.
Jurnal Dunia Pendidikan, 3(2), 344-361.
Amiruddin, A. Z., Halim, Z. A., & Zainuddin, N. (2020). Kesediaan pelajar generasi Z
di Universiti Malaysia Kelantan dalam pembelajaran teradun Bahasa Arab
dalam era IR4.0. ‘Abqari Journal, 22(1), 86-95.
Ampa, A. T. (2023). The implementation of online English learning classroom by the
English teachers at SMP Islam Al-Azhar 24 Makassar. English Language
Teaching Methodology, 3(1), 143-151.
Amran, N., & Abu Seman, N. A. (2021). Hubungan antara faktor sokongan pendidikan
dan minat pelajar dalam bidang keusahawanan. Research in Management of
Technology and Business, 2(1), 1499-1508.
https://publisher.uthm.edu.my/periodicals/index.php/rmtb/article/view/1874
Andrzejewski, C. E., Davis, H. A., Shalter Bruening, P., & Poirier, R. R. (2016). Can a
self-regulated strategy intervention close the achievement gap? Exploring a
classroom-based intervention in 9th grade earth science. Learning and
Individual Differences. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2016.05.013
Anthony, B., Kamaludin, A., Romli, A., Mat Raffei, A. F., A_L Eh Phon, D. N.,
Abdullah, A., Leong Ming, G., A Shukor, N., Shukri Nordin, M., & Baba, S.
(2020). Predictors of blended learning deployment in institutions of higher
learning: Theory of planned behavior perspective. International Journal of
Information and Learning Technology, 37(4), 179-196.
Anthony, B., Kamaludin, A., Romli, A., Raffei, A. F. M., Phon, D. N. A. E., Abdullah,
A., & Ming, G. L. (2022). Blended learning adoption and implementation in
higher education: A theoretical and systematic review. Technology,
Knowledge and Learning, 1-48.
Anthony, B., Kamaludin, A., Romli, A., Raffei, A. F. M., Nincarean A/L Eh Phon, D.,
Abdullah, A., Ming, G. L., Shukor, N. A., Nordin, M. S., & Baba, S. (2019).
Exploring the role of blended learning for teaching and learning effectiveness
in institutions of higher learning: An empirical investigation. Education and
Information Technologies, 24(6), 3433-3466.
Anthony, B., Kamaludin, A., Romli, A., Raffei, A. F. M., Phon, D. N. A. L. E.,
Abdullah, A., & Ming, G. L. (2022). Blended learning adoption and
implementation in higher education: A theoretical and systematic review.
Technology, Knowledge and Learning, 27(2), 531-578.
Antin, A., & Kiflee, D. N. B. A. (2018). Pengaruh beban tugas dan motivasi terhadap
keefisienan kerja guru sekolah menengah di Sabah. Malaysian Journal of
Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 3(2), 77-84.
https://doi.org/10.47405/mjssh.v3i2.81
Apaydin, Ç., & Kaya, F. (2020). An analysis of the preschool teachers’ views on Alpha
generation. European Journal of Education Studies, 6(11), 123-141.
Arbaa, R., Jamil, H., & Abd Razak, N. (2010). Hubungan guru-pelajar dan kaitannya
dengan komitmen belajar pelajar: Adakah guru berkualiti menghasilkan
perbezaan pembelajaran antara jantina pelajar. Jurnal Pendidikan Malaysia,
35(2), 61-69.
Arifin, S., & Siew, N. M. (2023). Pembangunan instrumen ujian pemikiran kreatif
keusahawanan bagi murid tingkatan empat. International Journal of
Education, Psychology and Counseling, 8(51), 18-36.
Arumugham, K. S. (2018). Merancang, melaksana dan mentaksir dalam konteks
pentaksiran berasaskan sekolah: Kajian kes guru-guru prinsip perakaunan
(Doctoral dissertation). Universiti Utara Malaysia.
Asarta, C., & Schmidt, R. (2020). The effects of online and blended experience on
outcomes in a blended learning environment. Internet and Higher Education.
Ayob, A., & Bakar, N. A. (2018). Interpretasi hubungan pembelajaran terarah kendiri
dengan kebolehcapaian kognitif berasaskan fahaman konstruktivis.
International Journal of Education, Psychology and Counseling, 3(10), 75-87.
Ayob, A., Halim, Z., Zulkifli, Z., Zaid, N., & Mokhtar, M. (2020). Overview of blended
learning: The effect of station rotation model on students’ achievement.
Journal of Critical Reviews.
Azahari, N. S., & Rahimi, N. M. (2022). Amalan pembelajaran teradun sebagai satu
pendekatan pembelajaran norma baharu. Jurnal Dunia Pendidikan, 4(1), 186-
196.
Aziz, D. A., Ibrahim, M. A., Sidik, M. H. J., & Tajuddin, M. (2017). Accounting
students’ perception and their intention to become professionally qualified
accountants. In SHS Web of Conferences (Vol. 36, p. 00008). EDP Sciences.
Azu, F., & Osinubi, A. (2011). A survey of problem-based learning and traditional
methods of teaching anatomy to 200 level pharmacy students of the University
of Lagos, Nigeria. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology.
Azza Salsabila, & Puspitasari, D. (2020). Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi prestasi
belajar siswa sekolah dasar. Jurnal Pendidikan dan Dakwah, 2(2), 278-288.
https://ejournal.stitpn.ac.id/index.php/pandawa
Babbie, E., & Benaquisto, L. (2001). Qualitative field research. In The practice of social
research (9th ed., pp. 298-300).
Bagon, S., Gacnik, M., & Istenic Starcic, A. (2018). Information communication
technology use among students in inclusive classrooms. International Journal
of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET), 13(06), 56-72.
https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v13i06.8051
Baharan, M. F. M., Mohsin, N., Mamat, M. N., & Temyati, Z. (2019). Penggunaan
sistem persekitaran pembelajaran maya Frog di sekolah-sekolah Malaysia:
Pengalaman dan prospek masa depan. International Journal of Education,
Science, Technology, and Engineering (IJESTE), 2(2), 84-89.
https://doi.org/10.36079/lamintang.ijeste-0202.43
Bahasoan, A. N., Ayuandiani, W., Mukhram, M., & Rahmat, A. (2020). Effectiveness
of online learning in pandemic COVID-19. International Journal of Science,
Technology & Management, 1(2), 100-106.
Bahri, A., Idris, I. S., Muis, H., Arifuddin, M., & Fikri, M. J. N. (2021). Blended
learning integrated with innovative learning strategy to improve self-regulated
learning. International Journal of Instruction, 14(1), 779-794.
https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2021.14147a
Bahri, A., Idris, I. S., Nurman, R., & Ristiana, E. (2019). PBLRQA strategy potential
in enhancing metacognitive skills of students with different academic
achievement. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1317, 012199.
https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1317/1/012199
Bair, E., Hastie, T., Debashis, P., & Tibshirani, R. (2006). Prediction by supervised
principal components. Journal of the American Statistical Association,
101(473), 119-137.
Baker, A. (2003). Faculty development for teaching online: Educational and
technological issues. The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing, 34(6),
273-278.
Balaram Duwal, & Khonju, L. (2020). Factors affecting students’ academic
performance: The case of students at community colleges in Bhaktapur
district. International Research Journal of Management Science, 5(1), 23-38.
http://www.ncm.edu.np
Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. General Learning Press.
Baragash, R. S., & Al-Samarraie, H. (2018). Blended learning: Investigating the
influence of engagement in multiple learning delivery modes on students’
performance. Telematics and Informatics, 35(7), 2082-2098.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2018.07.010
Barnes, E. (2016). The minority body: A theory of disability. Oxford University Press.
Barnes, S., Benton, H. P., Casazza, K., Cooper, S. J., Cui, X., Du, X., ... & Tiwari, H.
K. (2016). Training in metabolomics research. II. Processing and statistical
analysis of metabolomics data, metabolite identification, pathway analysis,
applications of metabolomics and its future. Journal of Mass Spectrometry,
51(8), 535-548.
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in
social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical
considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173.
Barroso, C., Carrión, G. C., & Roldán, J. L. (2010). Handbook of partial least squares.
In Handbook of Partial Least Squares (pp. 427-447).
Bentinck, V. A. (2020). The transition to blended learning: Students’ perceptions of
online interaction. Open Research Online.
http://oro.open.ac.uk/72589/1/Version%20for%20ORO.pdf
Bin Mohamad Hanapi, M. H., & Zakaria, N. (2019). Pemikiran aras tinggi (KBAT)
dalam bahan multimedia untuk pengajaran bahasa Melayu. In Proceedings of
the Conference (p. 408). Seri Pacific Hotel Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Bin, A., Latif, A., Wahida, F., Mohd, B., Nazarudin, A., Bachok, F., & Othman, Z.
(2021). Issues and challenges of online learning during COVID-19. GADING,
24(04), 43–48.
Binti Abd Rahman, S., Abd Hamid, N., & Ibrahim, F. (2021). Survey on students’
perceptions and content analysis in developing virtual blended learning lab
among teacher trainees of Malaysian Institute of Teacher Education: Kajian
persepsi dan keperluan kandungan untuk membangunkan Makmal Maya
Teradun (MMT) dalam kalangan guru pelatih Institut Perguruan Malaysia
(IPG). Jurnal Pendidikan Sains dan Matematik Malaysia, 11(2), 9-25.
Birch, E., & de Wolf, M. (2020). A novel approach to medical school examinations
during the COVID-19 pandemic. Medical Education Online, 25(1), 1785680.
Boud, D., & Feletti, G. (2013). Changing problem-based learning. Introduction to the
second edition. In The Challenge of Problem-Based Learning.
Bouilheres, F., Le, L. T. V. H., McDonald, S., Nkhoma, C., & Jandug-Montera, L.
(2020). Defining student learning experience through blended learning.
Education and Information Technologies, 25(4), 3049–3069.
Boyle, T., Bradley, C., Chalk, P., Jones, R., & Pickard, P. (2003). Using blended
learning to improve student success rates in learning to program. Journal of
Educational Media, 28(2-3), 165-178.
Bozkurt, A., Jung, I. Y., Xiao, J., Vladimirschi, V., Schuwer, R., Egorov, G., Lambert,
S., Al-Freih, M., Pete, J., Olcott Jr., D., Rodes, V., Aranciaga, R., Bali, M.,
Alvarez Jr., R., Roberts, K., Pazurek, A., Raffaghelli, J., Panagiotou, N., de
Coëtlogon, P., Shahadu, I., Brown, M., Asino, T., Tumwesige, J., Ramirez
Reyes, S., Barrios Ipenza, H., Ossiannilsson, E., Bond, M., Belhamel, H.,
Irvine, V., Sharma, R., Adam, A., Janssen, J., Sklyarova, I., Olcott, D.,
Ambrosino, N., Lazou, S., Mocquet, G., Mano, V., & Paskevicius, M. (2020).
A global outlook to the interruption of education due to COVID-19 pandemic:
Navigating in a time of uncertainty and crisis. Asian Journal of Distance
Education.
Breslow, L. (2015). The pedagogy and pleasures of teaching a 21st-century skill.
European Journal of Education, 50(4), 420–439.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ejed.12159
Broadbent, J. (2017). Comparing online and blended learners' self-regulated learning
strategies and academic performance. The Internet and Higher Education, 33,
24-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2017.01.004
Broadbent, J., & Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, M. (2018). Profiles in self-regulated learning and
their correlates for online and blended learning students. Educational
Technology Research & Development, 66(6), 1435-1455.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-018-9595-9
Broadbent, J., & Poon, W. L. (2015). Self-regulated learning strategies and academic
achievement in online higher education learning environments: A systematic
review. The Internet and Higher Education, 27, 1.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2015.04.007
Brockett, R. G., & Hiemstra, R. (2018). Self-direction in adult learning: Perspectives
on theory, research, and practice. Routledge.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429457319
Brodersen, R. M., & Melluzzo, D. (2017). Summary of research on online and blended
learning programs that offer differentiated learning options. (REL 2017-228).
U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National
Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance, Regional Education
Laboratory Central. Retrieved from
http://proxy1.ncu.edu/login?url=https://search-ebscohost
com.proxy1.ncu.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=eric&AN=ED572935&site=eds-live
Brown, T. R., te Riele, K., Shelley, K., & Woodroffe, S. (2020). Learning at home
during COVID-19: Effects on vulnerable young Australians. Independent
Rapid Response Report. University of Tasmania, Peter Underwood Centre for
Educational Attainment.
Browne, E. (2005). Structural and pedagogic change in further and higher education: A
case study approach. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 29(1), 49-59.
Carpenter, J. P., & Pease, J. S. (2013). Preparing students to take responsibility for
learning: The role of non-curricular learning strategies. Journal of Curriculum
& Instruction, 7(2), 38-55. https://doi.org/10.3776/joci.2013.v7n2p38-55
Carranza, R., Díaz, E., & Martín-Consuegra, D. (2018). The influence of quality on
satisfaction and customer loyalty with an importance-performance map
analysis: Exploring the mediating role of trust. Journal of Hospitality and
Tourism Technology, 9(3), 380-396.
Caspari, S., Kranz, M., & Graulich, J. (2018). Resolving the complexity of organic
chemistry students’ reasoning through the lens of a mechanistic framework.
Chemistry Education Research and Practice.
Castro, R. (2019). Blended learning in higher education: Trends and capabilities.
Education and Information Technologies, 24, 2523–2546.
Castro-Rodríguez, M. M., Marín-Suelves, D., López-Gómez, S., & Rodríguez-
Rodríguez, J. (2021). Mapping of scientific production on blended learning in
higher education. Education Sciences.
Cepeda, M., Schoufour, J., Freak-Poli, R., Koolhaas, C. M., Dhana, K., Bramer, W. M.,
& Franco, O. H. (2017). Levels of ambient air pollution according to mode of
transport: A systematic review. The Lancet Public Health, 2(1), e23-e34.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iedeen.2016.03.001
Cerezo, R., Fernández, E., Amieiro, N., Valle, A., Rosário, P., & Núñez, J. C. (2019).
Mediating role of self-efficacy and usefulness between self-regulated learning
strategy knowledge and its use. Revista De Psicodidáctica (English Ed.),
24(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psicoe.2018.09.001
Cerna, J., & Borkovcová, M. (2018). Blended learning concept in selected tourism
management e-courses with focus on content development including
recommender system. In Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including
subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in
Bioinformatics).
Chang, K. E., & Fisher, D. L. (2001). The validation and application of a new learning
environment instrument to evaluate online learning in higher education. In
AARE Annual Conference.
Che Azmi, N., Non, A., & Aziz, N. (2020). Patterns of social reporting from an Islamic
framework and the moral legitimacy factors that influence them. Business
Ethics. https://doi.org/10.1111/beer.12293
Che Nidzam Che Ahmad, K., Osman, K., & Halim, L. (2010). Physical and
psychosocial aspects of the science laboratory learning environment. Procedia
Social and Behavioral Sciences, 9, 87-91.
Chen, J., Wang, M., Kirschner, P. A., & Tsai, C.-C. (2018). The role of collaboration,
computer use, learning environments, and supporting strategies in CSCL: A
meta-analysis. Review of Educational Research, 88(6), 799–843.
https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654318791584
Chen, N. S., Ko, H. C., Kinshuk, & Lin, T. (2005). A model for synchronous learning
using the Internet. Innovations in Education and Teaching International,
42(2), 181-194.
Chew, F. P. (2023). Hubungan antara persepsi, sikap dan pencapaian bahasa Melayu
murid-murid Cina di sekolah kebangsaan Cina pilihan. Jurnal Dunia
Pendidikan, 5(1), 41-59.
Chin, W. W. (1998). The partial least squares approach to structural equation modeling.
In Modern Methods for Business Research (pp. 295-336).
Chin, W. W., & Newsted, P. R. (1999). Structural equation modeling analysis with
small samples using partial least squares. In Statistical Strategies for Small
Sample Research (pp. 307-341).
Chizmar, J. F., & Walbert, M. S. (1999). Web-based learning environments guided by
principles of good teaching practice. Journal of Economic Education, 30(3),
248-264.
Chong, H. L. (2007). Penyelidikan Pendidikan: Pendekatan Kuantitatif dan Kualitatif.
McGraw Hill (Malaysia) Sd. Bhd.
Chow, W. S., & Chan, L. S. (2008). Social network and shared goals in organizational
knowledge sharing. Information Management, 45(7), 24–30.
Chua, Y. P. (2006). Kaedah dan Statistik Penyelidikan: Asas Statistik Penyelidikan.
McGraw-Hill.
Chuang, W., Weng, T., & Chen, C. (2018). Which students benefit most from a flipped
classroom approach to language learning? British Journal of Educational
Technology.
Chung, E., Subramaniam, G., & Dass, L. C. (2020). Online learning readiness among
university students in Malaysia amidst COVID-19. Asian Journal of
University Education, 16(2), 45-58.
Churchill, G. A., Jr. (1979). A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing
constructs. Journal of Marketing Research, 16(February), 64–73.
Chzin, D. T. J., & Surat, S. (2021). Sorotan literatur bersistematik: Faktor-faktor
mempengaruhi pencapaian akademik pelajar. Malaysian Journal of Social
Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 6(12), 137-157.
Clark, R. C., & Mayer, R. E. (2016). E-learning and the science of instruction: Proven
guidelines for consumers and designers of multimedia learning (4th ed.).
Wiley.
Clark, R., Anderson, N. B., Clark, V. R., & Williams, D. R. (1999). Racism as a stressor
for African Americans: A biopsychosocial model. American Psychologist,
54(10), 805.
Müller, C., & Mildenberger, T. (2021). Facilitating flexible learning by replacing
classroom time with an online learning environment: A systematic review of
blended learning in higher education. Educational Research Review, 34,
100394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2021.100394
Cleveland-Innes, M., Stenbom, S., & Gauvreau, S. (2017, June). Technology and
teaching in engineering education: A blended course for faculty. In
Proceedings of the 13th International CDIO Conference.
Coakes, S. J., & Steed, L. (2007). SPSS Version 14 for Windows: Analysis without
Anguish. John Wiley & Sons Australia Ltd.
Cocquyt, C., Zhu, C., Diep, A. N., De Greef, M., & Vanwing, T. (2019). Examining
the role of learning support in blended learning for adults' social inclusion and
social capital. Computers & Education, 142, 103610.
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. Lawrence
Erlbaum Associates.
Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 155–159.
Considine, J., Botti, M., & Thomas, S. (2005). Design, format, validity, and reliability
of multiple choice questions for use in nursing research and education.
Collegian, 12(1), 19-24.
Corebima, A. D. (2009). Jadikan peserta didik pembelajar mandiri (Making students as
self-regulated learners). Paper presented at the National Seminar, The State
University of Makassar.
Corry, M. (2016). Hispanic or Latino student success in online schools. International
Review of Research in Open & Distance Learning, 17(3), 251-261. Retrieved
from
http://proxy1.ncu.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ofs&AN=115486932&site=eds-live
Corujo-Vélez, A., Gómez-Del-Castillo, J., & Merla-González, R. (2020).
Constructivist and collaborative methodology mediated by ICT in higher
education using webquest. Pixel-Bit: Revista de Medios y Educación.
Crawford, C., Barker, J., & Seyam, A. (2014). The promising role of hybrid learning in
community colleges: Looking towards the future. Community, 7, 237-242.
https://doi.org/10.19030/cier.v7i3.8645
Creswell, J. W. (2011). Controversies in mixed methods research. In The Sage
Handbook of Qualitative Research (4th ed., pp. 269-284).
Curtain, R. (2002). Online delivery in the vocational education and training sector.
Retrieved from http://www.flexiblelearning.net.au.
Wilson, D., & Smilanich, E. M. (2005). The other blended learning: A classroom-
centered approach. John Wiley & Sons.
Dağal, A. B., & Bayindir, D. (2016). The investigation of the level of self-directed
learning readiness according to the locus of control and personality traits of
preschool teacher candidates. International Electronic Journal of Elementary
Education, 8(3), 391-402.
Dakhi, O., Jama, J., & Irfan, D. (2020). Blended learning: A 21st century learning
model at college. International Journal of Multi Science, 1(7), 50–65.
Darmayanti, N. (2008). Meta-analisis: Gender dan depresi pada remaja. Jurnal
Psikologi, 35(2), 164-180.
Daud, K. A. M. (2010). Kesan penggunaan sistem pembelajaran terarah kendiri secara
atas talian (E-Solms) terhadap kesediaan pembelajaran terarah kendiri dan
motivasi pembelajaran pelajar (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from
http://eprints.usm.my/41887/1/khairul_azhar_mat_daud.pdf
Dawson, J. F. (2014). Moderation in management research: What, why, when, and how.
Journal of Business and Psychology, 29(1), 1-19.
De Leng, B. A., Dolmans, D. H. J. M., Donkers, H. H. L. M., Muijtjens, A. M. M., &
Vleuten, C. P. M. (2010). Instruments to explore blended learning: Modifying
a method to analyze online communication for the analysis of face-to-face
communication. Computers & Education, 55(2), 644–651.
De Ridder, D. T., Lensvelt-Mulders, G., Finkenauer, C., Stok, F. M., & Baumeister, R.
F. (2012). Taking stock of self-control: A meta-analysis of how trait self-
control relates to a wide range of behaviors. Personality and Social
Psychology Review, 16(1), 76-99
Demming, C. L., Jahn, S., & Boztuğ, Y. (2017). Conducting mediation analysis in
marketing research. Marketing: ZFP–Journal of Research and Management,
39(3), 76-93.
DeMonbrun, M., Finelli, C. J., Prince, M., Borrego, M., Shekhar, P., Henderson, C., &
Waters, C. (2017). Creating an instrument to measure student response to
instructional practices. Journal of Engineering Education.
Dennen, V. P. (2008). Pedagogical lurking: Student engagement in non-posting
discussion behavior. Computers in Human Behavior, 24(4), 1624-1633.
Deratzou, S. (2006). A qualitative inquiry into the effects of visualization on high
school chemistry students' learning process of molecular structure.
Dewi, S. P., Zen, D., & Haryani, M. E. (2023). Literature study on concepts of
reproductive system for undergraduate students.
Dhawan, S. (2020). Online learning: A panacea in the time of COVID-19 crisis. Journal
of Educational Technology Systems.
Djamarah, S. B. (2010). Strategi belajar mengajar. PT Rineka Cipta.
Dore, L. H., Amaral, G. J., Cruz, J. T., & Wood, A. T. (2016). Bias-corrected maximum
likelihood estimation of the parameters of the complex Bingham distribution.
Duai, B., & Mohd Nasri, N. (2021). Pendekatan pembelajaran berbantukan teknologi
dari perspektif murid terpinggir sewaktu pandemik COVID-19. Jurnal
Penyelidikan Sains Sosial (JOSSR), 4(10), 134-147.
Dutt, Phelps, & Scott. (2020). Curricular change and delivery promotes teacher
development and engagement. Higher Education Research and Development.
Dwiyogo, W. D. (2018). Developing a blended learning-based method for problem-
solving in capability learning. Turkish Online Journal of Educational
Technology-TOJET, 17(1), 51-61.
Dziuban, C., Graham, C. R., Moskal, P. D., Norberg, A., & Sicilia, N. (2018). Blended
learning: The new normal and emerging technologies. International Journal
of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 15(3), 1-16.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-017-0087-5
E. Mulyasa. (2006). Menjadi guru profesional. Remaja Rosdakarya.
https://anomsblg.wordpress.com/profesi-kependidikan/peran-guru-dalam-
pembelajaran/ (Accessed April 15, 2015).
Ealangov, S., & Jamaludin, K. A. (2022). Pembelajaran teradun semasa pandemik:
Analisis tahap penerimaan pensyarah di kolej komuniti di Malaysia. Journal
of Southeast Asia Social Science and Humanities.
Edward, C. N., Asirvatham, D., & Johar, M. G. M. (2018). Effect of blended learning
and learners’ characteristics on students’ competence: An empirical evidence
in learning oriental music. Education and Information Technologies, 23, 2587-
2606.
Elias, F., Hamzah, M. I., & Razak, K. A. (2022). Elemen-elemen pembelajaran
berpusatkan murid dalam pengajaran akidah dan impaknya. Malaysian
Journal of Education, 47(1).
Elmaadaway, M. (2018). The effects of a flipped classroom approach on class
engagement and skill performance in a Blackboard course. British Journal of
Educational Technology.
Eltian, F., Mukhadis, A., & Paryono, P. (2017). The effect of the Jigsaw learning
method and initial ability on the learning outcomes of automotive engineering
students. Jurnal Pendidikan Teknologi dan Kejuruan, 23(4), 383-391.
Esposito Vinzi, V., & Russolillo, G. (2013). Partial least squares algorithms and
methods. WIREs Computational Statistics, 5(1), 1-19.
https://doi.org/10.1002/wics.1239
Esposito Vinzi, V., Trinchera, L., & Amato, S. (2010). PLS path modeling: From
foundations to recent developments and open issues for model assessment and
improvement. In V. Esposito Vinzi, W. W. Chin, J. Henseler, & H. Wang
(Eds.), Handbook of Partial Least Squares: Concepts, Methods and
Applications (pp. 47–82). Springer-Verlag.
Esposito Vinzi, V., Trinchera, L., Squillacciotti, S., & Tenenhaus, M. (2008). REBUS-
PLS: A response-based procedure for detecting unit segments in PLS path
modeling. Applied Stochastic Models in Business and Industry, 24(5), 439-
458. https://doi.org/10.1002/asmb.728
Ewing, L. A. (2021). Rethinking higher education post COVID-19. In The Future of
Service Post-COVID-19 Pandemic (pp. 1-12). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-
981-33-4126-5_3
Fahlevi, M. R. (2022). Kajian project based blended learning sebagai model
pembelajaran pasca pandemi dan bentuk implementasi kurikulum merdeka.
Sustainable Jurnal Kajian Mutu Pendidikan, 5(2), 230-249.
Falk, C. F., & Biesanz, J. C. (2015). Inference and interval estimation methods for
indirect effects with latent variable models. Structural Equation Modeling: A
Multidisciplinary Journal, 22(1), 24-38.
Farahiza, Z. (2010). Blended learning in higher institution in Malaysia. In Proceedings
of Regional Conference on Knowledge Integration in ICT 2010 (pp. 445-466).
Farajollahi, M., & Moenikia, M. (2010). The comparison of self-regulated learning
strategies between computer-based and print-based learning students.
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.0
Farhan, M., Hamil, S. M., Azmi, N. N., Roslid, N. U. J., Zainal, N. N., Kamaruddin, N.
B., ... & Husin, M. R. (2020). Masalah pembelajaran untuk pelajar pendidikan
khas: Dana dan prasarana. International Journal of Humanities, Management
and Social Science (IJ-HuMaSS), 3(1), 1-10.
Fatihah Osman, S. (2023). Faktor bahan bantu mengajar yang menyokong pengamalan
pemikiran kritis guru pendidikan Islam dalam meningkatkan kemahiran
pembelajaran abad ke-21: Factors in teaching aids that support Islamic
education teachers' critical thinking practice in improving 21st century
learning skills. Sains Insani, 8(1), 51-57.
https://doi.org/10.33102/sainsinsani.vol8no1.428
Fazzlijan, M. A. K. (2020). Amalan kepimpinan digital pengetua guru besar terhadap
efikasi kendiri dan efikasi kolektif guru. Jurnal Pengurusan Dan Kepimpinan
Pendidikan, 33(1).
Febra, N. F., Zulkefly, N. R., Sofian, M. I., & Hasif, M. H. (2022). Pencapaian STEM
di kalangan murid pintar berbakat melalui interaksi rakan sebaya dan strategi
pembelajaran.
Fernandes, J., Costa, R., & Peres, P. (2016). Putting order into our universe: The
concept of blended learning—a methodology within the concept-based
terminology framework. Education Sciences, 6(1), 15.
Feyzi Behnagh, R., & Yasrebi, A. (2020). An examination of constructivist educational
technologies: Key affordances and conditions. British Journal of Educational
Technology.
Fisher, H. A. (2014). Measuring students' engagement and learning during problem-
solving in introductory genetics: The effects of problem-solving and self-
regulated learning prompts (Doctoral dissertation, University of British
Columbia).
Fisher, M. J., & King, J. (2010). The self-directed learning readiness scale for nursing
education revisited: A confirmatory factor analysis. Nurse Education Today,
30(1), 44-48.
Fisher, M. J., & Marshall, A. P. (2009). Understanding descriptive statistics. Australian
Critical Care, 22(2), 93-97.
Fisher, M., King, J., & Tague, G. (2001). Development of a self-directed learning
readiness scale for nursing education. Nurse Education Today, 21(7), 516-525.
Fitria, R. (2016). Perkembangan moral siswa SMP terhadap permasalahan lingkungan
pendulangan intan melalui penyelesaian masalah. In Proceeding Biology
Education Conference: Biology, Science, Environmental, and Learning (Vol.
13, No. 1, pp. 145-150).
Fitriani Saragih, & Sinambela, E. (2017). Development of cooperative learning model
for introduction to accounting subject in Islamic private public university in
Medan City. Universitas Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara, Indonesia.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable
variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics. Journal of Marketing
Research, 18(3), 382-388. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800313
Furdu, I., Tomozei, C., & Kose, U. (2017). Pros and cons gamification and gaming in
classroom. BRAIN: Broad Research in Artificial Intelligence and
Neuroscience, 8(2), 56-62.
Gabriella Pretto, & Curró, G. (2017). An approach for doctoral students conducting
context-specific review of literature in IT, ICT, and educational technology.
New Review of Academic Librarianship, 23(1), 60-83.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13614533.2016.1227861
Galvis, A. (2018). Supporting decision-making processes on blended learning in higher
education: Literature and good practices review. International Journal of
Educational Technology in Higher Education.
Gambari, A. L., Shitu, A. T., Ogundele, O. O., & Osunlade, O. R. (2017). Effectiveness
of blended learning and e-learning modes of instruction on the performances
of undergraduates in Kwara State, Nigeria. Malaysian Online Journal of
Educational Science, 5(1), 25-36.
Gaol, N. T. L. (2020). Teori kepemimpinan: Kajian dari genetika sampai skill. Benefit:
Jurnal Manajemen dan Bisnis, 5(2), 158-173.
Garnjost, J., & Brown, J. (2018). Undergraduate business students’ perceptions of
learning outcomes in problem-based and faculty-centered courses.
International Journal of Management Education.
Garrison, D. R. (1997). Self-directed learning: Toward a comprehensive model. Adult
Education Quarterly, 48(1), 18-33.
Garrison, D. R. (2016). E-learning in the 21st century: A community of inquiry
framework for research and practice. Taylor & Francis.
Garrison, D. R., & Kanuka, H. (2004). Blended learning: Uncovering its transformative
potential in higher education. Internet and Higher Education, 7(2), 95-105.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2004.02.001
Garrison, D. R., Anderson, T., & Archer, W. (2000). Critical inquiry in a text-based
environment: Computer conferencing in higher education. The Internet and
Higher Education, 2(2–3), 87-105.
Garrison, J. (1999). John Dewey's theory of practical reasoning. Educational
Philosophy and Theory, 31(3), 291-312.
Gay, L. R., Mills, G. E., & Airasian, P. W. (2019). Educational research: Competencies
for analysis and applications (10th ed.). Pearson Education, Inc.
Geng, S., Law, K. M. Y., & Niu, B. (2019). Investigating self-directed learning and
technology readiness in a blended learning environment. International Journal
of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 16(1), 1-22.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-019-0147-0
Ghani, E. K., & Muhammad, K. (2019). Industry 4.0: Employers’ expectations of
accounting graduates and its implications on teaching and learning practices.
International Journal of Education and Practice, 7(1), 19–29.
https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.61.2019.71.19.29
Ghani, M. T. A., Daud, W. A. A. W., & Jaffar, M. N. (2019). Penerimaan pelajar kursus
bahasa Arab di Universiti Malaysia Kelantan terhadap pembelajaran teradun
berteraskan model penerimaan teknologi (TAM). Asian People Journal (APJ),
2(1), 84-94.
Ghazal, S., Al-Samarraie, H., & Aldowah, H. (2018). “I am still learning”: Modeling
LMS critical success factors for promoting students’ experience and
satisfaction in a blended learning environment. IEEE Access, 6, 77179-77201.
Ghazali, D., & Sufean, H. (2016). Metodologi penyelidikan dalam pendidikan (2nd ed.).
Penerbit UM.
Gili, A., & Ambotang, A. S. (2020). Pembelajaran terarah kendiri dan pengaruhnya
terhadap tanggapan kebolehgajian diri pelajar vokasional di Sabah. Malaysian
Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 5(11), 127-140.
Gillham, B. (2008). Developing a questionnaire. A&C Black.
Goh, S. L., & Blake, C. (2021). E-readiness measurement tool: Scale development and
validation in a Malaysian higher educational context. Cogent Education.
Gold, A. H., & Malhotra, A. (2001). Knowledge management: An organizational
capabilities perspective. Journal of Management Information Systems, 18(1),
185-214.
González-Gómez, D., Jeong, J. S., Rodríguez, D. A., & Cañada-Cañada, F. (2016).
Performance and perception in the flipped learning model: An initial approach
to evaluate the effectiveness of a new teaching methodology in a general
science classroom. Journal of Science and Education Technology, 25(3), 450–
459. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10956-016-9605-9
Gopal, R., Singh, V., & Aggarwal, A. (2021). Impact of online classes on the
satisfaction and performance of students during the pandemic period of
COVID-19. Education and Information Technologies, 26(6), 6923-6947.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10523-1
Graham, C. R. (2006). Blended learning systems: Definition, current trends, and future
directions. In C. J. Bonk & C. R. Graham (Eds.), The handbook of blended
learning: Global perspectives, local designs (pp. 3–21). Pfeiffer.
Graham, C. R., Woodfield, W., & Harrison, J. B. (2013). A framework for institutional
adoption and implementation of blended learning in higher education. The
Internet and Higher Education, 18, 4-14.
Guglielmino, L. M. (1977). Development of the self-directed learning readiness scale.
University of Georgia.
Gulosino, C., & Miron, G. (2017). Growth and performance of fully online and blended
K-12 public schools. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 25(124). Retrieved
from
http://proxy1.ncu.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=eric&AN=EJ1164375&site=eds-live
Habidin, N. F., Chik, T. W. T., Muhamad, U. A., Ong, S. Y. Y., & Malim, T. (2021).
Cabaran semasa dan inovasi dalam sistem pembelajaran dan pendidikan.
Kaizentrenovation Sdn Bhd.
Habidin, N. F., Muhamad, U. A., Ong, S. Y. Y., Chik, T. W. T., & Malim, T. (2021).
Pembangunan penyelidikan dan inovasi dalam teknologi, pendidikan dan
sains sosial. Kaizentrenovation Sdn Bhd.
Hafizah Abdul Razak. (2015). Hubungan antara Big Five terhadap pencapaian
akademik pelajar, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS).
Haider, A. S., & Al-Salman, S. (2023). Jordanian university instructors' perspectives
on emergency remote teaching during COVID-19: Humanities vs sciences.
Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education, 15(1), 98-112.
Haijian, C., Hexiao, H., Wang, L., Chen, W., & Kunru, J. (2011). Research and
application of blended learning in distance education and teaching reform.
International Journal of Education and Management Engineering, 1(3), 67-
72.
Hainey, T., Kelly, L. J., & Green, A. (2017). A blended learning approach to teaching
CVAD care and maintenance. British Journal of Nursing, 26, S4–S12.
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A primer on partial
least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) (2nd ed.). Sage
Publications.
Hair, J. F., Matthews, L. M., Matthews, R. L., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). PLS-SEM or CB-
SEM: Updated guidelines on which method to use. International Journal of
Multivariate Data Analysis, 1(2), 107-123.
Hair, J. F., Gabriel, M., & Patel, V. (2014). AMOS covariance-based structural equation
modeling (CB-SEM): Guidelines on its application as a marketing research
tool. Brazilian Journal of Marketing, 13(2).
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., Danks, N. P., & Ray, S. (2021).
Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) using R: A
workbook. Springer International Publishing.
Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a silver bullet.
Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 139-151.
Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to
report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2-24.
Hair, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., & Gudergan, S. P. (2018). Advanced issues in
partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Sage
Publications.
Hair, J., Black, W., Babin, B., & Anderson, R. (2010). Multivariate data analysis: A
global perspective (7th ed.). Pearson.
Hair, J., Hollingsworth, C. L., Randolph, A. B., & Chong, A. Y. L. (2017). An updated
and expanded assessment of PLS-SEM in information systems research.
Industrial Management & Data Systems, 117(3), 442-458.
https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-04-2016-0130
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data
analysis (7th ed.). Pearson Prentice Hall.
Hairan, S. M. A. B., Othman, N. B., & Zulkifly, Z. (2015, November). Korelasi gaya
pengajaran guru, gaya pembelajaran murid prinsip perakaunan dan minat
dalam keusahawanan. In Proceeding: 7th International Seminar on Regional
Education.
Halim Tamuri, A. (2007). Islamic education teachers' perceptions of the teaching of
akhlāq in Malaysian secondary schools. Journal of Moral Education, 36(3),
371-386. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057240701405119
Halim, F. H. B. A., & Aris, N. S. B. (2016). Persepsi pelajar terhadap pembelajaran
teradun (blended learning). Journal on Technical and Vocational Education,
1(2), 53-63.
Halimah Maalip, Azizi Yahaya, Koay Ting Yin, Balan Rathakrishnan, Ismail Maakip,
Hanun Ahmad, Zaliha Mohammad Ali, & Norlaily Ahmad. (2020).
Pembentukan modal insan: Hubungan konsep kendiri, personaliti dan
pencapaian akademik pelajar sekolah menengah. Southeast Asia Psychology
Journal, 8(2), 103-122. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/346717898
Halimatus Saadiah Kariya. (2020). Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pencapaian
akademik pelajar Politeknik METrO Betong Sarawak. Jurnal Dunia
Pendidikan, 2(4), 9-18. http://myjms.mohe.gov.my/index.php/jdpd
Hamzah, M., & Yeop, M. A. (2016). Frog VLE (persekitaran pembelajaran maya)
dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran: Penerimaan dan kaedah pelaksanaannya.
Journal of Research, Policy & Practice of Teachers and Teacher Education,
6(2), 67-77.
Han, S., Capraro, R. M., & Capraro, M. M. (2016). How science, technology,
engineering, and mathematics project-based learning affects high-need
students in the U.S. Learning and Individual Differences, 51, 157-166.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2016.08.045
Harkins, M. J., & Singer, S. (2009). The conundrum of large-scale standardized testing:
Making sure every student counts. Journal of Thought, 44(1), 77-90.
https://doi.org/10.2307/jthought.44.1-2.77
Haniza, N. H. (2017). Penggunaan kit asas membaca bahasa Melayu untuk kanak-kanak
pemulihan khas (Doctoral dissertation, University of Malaya, Malaysia).
Hasanah, H., & Malik, M. N. (2020). Blended learning in improving students’ critical
thinking and communication skills at university. Cypriot Journal of
Educational Sciences, 15(5), 1295-1306.
Hashim, F., Rosli, F. F., Elias, F., Mat, M. R. L., & Yusof, C. N. M. (2020). Pengajaran
dan pembelajaran dalam talian dan impaknya terhadap guru novis pendidikan
Islam [Online teaching and learning by novice teachers of Islamic education
and its impact]. BITARA International Journal of Civilizational Studies and
Human Sciences, 3(4), 151-162.
Hashim, N. A., & Shaari, N. D. (2020). Malaysian teachers’ perception and challenges
toward the implementation of flipped learning approach. Asian People
Journal, 3(2), 62–76.
Hayes, A. F. (2018). Partial, conditional, and moderated moderated mediation:
Quantification, inference, and interpretation. Communication Monographs,
85(1), 4-40. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2017.1352100
Hayes, A. F., Preacher, K. J., & Myers, T. A. (2011). Mediation and the estimation of
indirect effects in political communication research. In Sourcebook for
political communication research: Methods, measures, and analytical
techniques (pp. 434-465).
Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing
discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal
of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115-135.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sinkovics, R. R. (2009). The use of partial least squares
path modeling in international marketing. Advances in International
Marketing, 20, 277-320. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1474-
7979(2009)0000020014
Herrington, J., Reeves, T., & Oliver, R. (2005). Online learning as information delivery:
Digital myopia. Journal of Interactive Learning Research, 16(4), 353-367.
Hill, J. (1998). Book reviews. International Small Business Journal, 16(4), 113-115.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242698164009
Hill, T., Chidambaram, L., & Summers, J. D. (2017). Playing ‘catch up’ with blended
learning: Performance impacts of augmenting classroom instruction with
online learning. Behavior & Information Technology, 36(1), 54-66.
https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2016.1173911
Höffler, T. N., & Leutner, D. (2011). The role of spatial ability in learning from
instructional animations–Evidence for an ability-as-compensator hypothesis.
Computers in Human Behavior, 27(1), 209-216.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.07.028
Hrastinski, S. (2019). What do we mean by blended learning?. TechTrends, 63(5), 564-
569. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-019-00375-5
Hu, J., Peng, Y., Chen, X., & Yu, H. (2021). Differentiating the learning styles of
college students in different disciplines in a college English blended learning
setting. PLoS One, 16(5), e0251545.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251545
Huang, C.-H. (2021). Using PLS-SEM model to explore the influencing factors of
learning satisfaction in blended learning. Education Sciences, 11(5), 249.
https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci11050249
Hudson, T., & Ramamoorthy, N. (2009). Self-directed learning readiness,
individualism–collectivism and adult student learning in online environment:
Development and test of a causal model. In Real Learning Opportunities at
Business School and Beyond (pp. 71-79).
Hushaini, N. H., Osman, Z., Sarudin, A., & Redzwan, H. F. M. (2022). Tahap minat
dan penerimaan murid terhadap bahan pengajaran dan pembelajaran
gamifikasi dalam subjek bahasa Melayu sekolah rendah [Level of interest and
acceptance of students toward gamification teaching and learning material
Malay language subjects in primary school]. Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa
Melayu, 12(2), 72-81.
Husin, M. R., Hassan, N. M., Sheng, V. Y. Z., Tormizi, A. S. M., Zulkapli, N. S. A.,
George, M., ... & Adampai, C. S. (2021). Perspektif guru terhadap
pembelajaran pelajar remaja. Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 3(1),
40-49.
Husin, N. S. M. (2023). Minat pelajar sekolah menengah rendah terhadap penggunaan
bahan pembelajaran gamifikasi dalam mata pelajaran bahasa Melayu [The
interest of junior secondary school students in using gamification learning
materials in Malay language subject]. Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Melayu,
13(2), 89-108.
Iranzo, E. (2020). Philosophy and science in logical positivism: A retrospective.
Contrastes.
Isaac, S., & Michael, W. B. (1995). Handbook in research and evaluation: A collection
of principles, methods, and strategies useful in the planning, design, and
evaluation of studies in education and the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). EdITS
Publishers.
Ishak, R., & Rusman, S. N. F. (2018). Prestasi kerja guru dan hubungannya dengan
faktor beban tugas, persekitaran kerja dan personal: Kajian kes di sebuah
sekolah di Sabah. JuPiDi: Jurnal Kepimpinan Pendidikan, 5(1), 1-15.
Ishak, R., Wahi, M. K., & Azlan, N. N. N. (2021). Penggunaan video bagi
meningkatkan minat dan kemahiran murid dalam subjek penyediaan dan
pembuatan makanan KSSMPK [The use of video to enhance students’ interest
and skills in the KSSMPK food preparation and manufacturing subject].
Journal of Information and Communication Technology in Education, 8(4),
104-112.
Ismail, H. (2019). Bukan generasi remote control: Melawan stereotaip dalam
pendidikan awal kanak-kanak abad ke-21. Kata-Pilar Books.
Ismail, M. H., & Sofwani, A. (2016). Konsep dan kajian teori perumusan kebijakan
publik. JRP (Jurnal Review Politik), 6(2), 195-224
Jaafar, A. (2015). Penilaian pelaksanaan kurikulum pendidikan Islam sekolah
menengah berasaskan model context-input-process-product (CIPP)
[Unpublished doctoral thesis]. Universiti Utara Malaysia.
Jalil, N. (2014). Kecenderungan pelajar cemerlang akademik terhadap pemilihan
bidang PTV [Doctoral dissertation, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia].
Jalil, N. A. (2015). Hubungan antara perspektif masa, kawalan kendiri dan pencapaian
akademik pelajar aliran sains tingkatan empat di daerah Hulu Langat,
Selangor [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Universiti Putra Malaysia.
http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/59259/1/FPP%202015%2010IR.pdf
Jamaluddin, J., Mahali, M., Mohd Din, N., Nias Ahmad, M. A., Mohamad Fadzillah,
N. S., & Abdul Jabar, F. (2020). Students’ motivation level in gamification of
accounting teaching and learning–A case of ‘Accounting on the Block’. Social
and Management Research Journal (SMRJ), 17(1), 17-34.
Jamaludin, A., & Hung, D. (2017). Problem-solving for STEM learning: Navigating
games as narrativized problem spaces for 21st century competencies. Research
and Practice in Technology Enhanced Learning, 12(1), 1-14.
James, H. M. (2010). Understanding and evaluating educational research (4th ed.).
Virginia Commonwealth University.
Janet, J. J. T., & Christina, A. (2020). Peranan aktif pelajar pengajian perniagaan dalam
membentuk kemahiran pembelajaran terarah kendiri melalui pembelajaran
berasaskan masalah. International Journal of Education and Pedagogy, 2(1),
23-42.
Johnson, B., & Christensen, L. (2012). Educational research: Quantitative, qualitative,
and mixed approaches (4th ed.). SAGE Publications Inc.
Johnson, C. S. (2017). Collaborative technologies, higher order thinking and self-
sufficient learning: A case study of adult learners. Research in Learning
Technology, 25, 1–17.
Jonassen, D. H. (1999). Designing constructivist learning environments. In C. M.
Reigeluth (Ed.), Instructional-design theories and models: A new paradigm of
instructional theory (Vol. II, pp. 215-239). Routledge.
Jones, S. (2019). The implications of blended learning in today’s classroom: A look
into the history, views, impacts, and research. Educational Technology
Commons.
Jovanovic, J., Mirriahi, N., Gašević, D., Dawson, S., & Pardo, A. (2019). Predictive
power of regularity of pre-class activities in a flipped classroom. Computers
& Education, 128, 255-269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2019.02.011
Jumelan, J. E. (2014). Penguasaan kemahiran insaniah pelajar dalam penglibatan
aktiviti kokurikulum badan beruniform di UTHM [Doctoral dissertation,
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia].
Kachmarchyk, S., Khrystiuk, S., & Shanaieva-Tsymbal, L. (2019). Using blended
learning technology in foreign language communicative competence forming
of future international relations specialists. Revista Românească pentru
Educație Multidimensională, 11(4), 84-99.
Kadir, N. A., & Jamaludin, K. A. (2022). Cabaran guru dalam pelaksanaan
pembelajaran berasaskan projek mod teradun dalam konteks sekolah di
Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH),
7(12), e001998.
Kadir, N. N., & Yusoff, M. Z. (2023). Hubungan antara cabaran-cabaran terhadap e-
pembelajaran dan efikasi kendiri (self-efficacy) dalam kalangan pelajar
sarjana muda tahun satu UTHM. Research in Management of Technology and
Business, 4(1), 122-134.
Kalaivaanan, A., Kandasamy, L., & Jaafar, H. (2023). Kesahan dan kebolehpercayaan
modul Mahir PK dalam penyediaan penyata kewangan. ATTARBAWIY:
Malaysian Online Journal of Education, 7(1), 1-9.
Kamary, N. M., & Hamzah, M. B. (2019). Kesediaan guru matematik Daerah Kuala
Langat dalam melaksanakan pembelajaran abad ke-21. In Seminar
Antarabangsa Isu-Isu Pendidikan (ISPEN 2019) (pp. 110-130).
Kamis, A., Bakar, A. R., Hamzah, R., & Asmiran, S. (2014). Kesahan dan
kebolehpercayaan instrumen kompetensi rekaan fesyen pakaian (RFP). Jurnal
Pendidikan Malaysia, 37(2), 11-19.
Karataş, K., & Başbay, M. (2014). Predicting self-directed learning readiness level in
terms of critical thinking disposition, general self-efficacy, and academic
achievement. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 14(2), 773-787.
Kariya, H. S. (2020). Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pencapaian akademik pelajar
Politeknik METrO Betong Sarawak. Jurnal Dunia Pendidikan, 2(4), 9-18.
Karyono, H., & Subandowo, M. (2019). Buana Pendidikan: Jurnal FKIP Unipa
Surabaya Tahun XV, No. 28. Oktober 2019. Buana Pendidikan: Jurnal FKIP
Unipa Surabaya, 15(27), 35-54.
Kaushik, M., & Mathur, B. (2014). Data analysis of students' marks with descriptive
statistics. International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in
Computing and Communication, 2(5), 1188-1190.
Kaviza, M. (2020). Amalan kemahiran pembelajaran terarah kendiri dalam mata
pelajaran sejarah: Perspektif murid tingkatan dua. Malaysian Journal of Social
Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 5(1), 109-115.
Kaviza, M., Saad, S., & Dahaman, A. (2021). Kesan pembelajaran abad ke-21 melalui
aplikasi Google Classroom terhadap penguasaan pengetahuan sejarah. Journal
of Information and Communication Technology in Education, 8(1), 92-103.
Kayalar, F. (2020). The importance of blended learning approach during COVID-19
pandemic all over the world. In Proceedings of IAC in Vienna (pp. 24-28).
Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia. (2013). Malaysia Education Blueprint 2013-2025.
Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia.
Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia. (2014a). Buku dasar elemen kemahiran berfikir
aras tinggi (Kurikulum). Bahagian Pembangunan Kurikulum.
Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia. (2014b). Buku dasar elemen kemahiran berfikir
aras tinggi (Pedagogi). Bahagian Pembangunan Kurikulum.
Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia. (2014c). Buku dasar elemen kemahiran berfikir
aras tinggi (Pentaksiran). Bahagian Pembangunan Kurikulum.
Kenny, D. A., & Judd, C. M. (2014). Power anomalies in testing mediation.
Psychological Science, 25(2), 334-339.
Kerlinger, F. N., Lee, H. B., & Bhanthumnavin, D. (2000). Foundations of behavioral
research. Journal of Social Development, 13, 131-144.
Khalid Khan, D. R. Q. M., Shahid, A. U., Raza, I., & Humayon, A. A. (2015). Effect
of intrinsic rewards on task performance of employees: Mediating role of
motivation. International Journal of Organizational Leadership, 4, 33-46.
Khaliza A. Wahid, & Norazrena Abu Samah. (2020). Pembelajaran teradun
berbantukan streaming video bagi meningkatkan pencapaian, minat dan
persepsi pelajar dalam pembelajaran topik ruang. Innovative Teaching and
Learning Journal, 3(2), 61–79.
Khan, B. H. (2001). A framework for web-based learning. In B. H. Khan (Ed.), Web-
based training (pp. 75-98). Educational Technology Publications.
Khan, M., Haleem, M., & Javaid, M. (2020). Analysing COVID-19 pandemic through
cases, deaths, and recoveries. Journal of Oral Biology and Craniofacial
Research.
Kingi, J., & Kalai, J. (2018). Effects of teachers’ participation in management of
physical and material resources on their motivation. European Scientific
Journal.
Kintu, M. J., & Zhu, C. (2016). Student characteristics and learning outcomes in a
blended learning environment intervention in a Ugandan university.
Electronic Journal of eLearning, 14(3), 181-195. Retrieved from
http://proxy1.ncu.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ehh&AN=117018540&site=eds-live
Kiprawi, S. N., Razak, A. Z. A., & Kamaluddin, M. A. (2020). Pembinaan model
cadangan kecerdasan emosi, pengurusan kualiti dan kompetensi kepimpinan
pengetua. JuPiDi: Jurnal Kepimpinan Pendidikan, 7(3), 1-19.
Kirschner, P. A., Sweller, J., Kirschner, F., & Zambrano, J. R. (2018). From cognitive
load theory to collaborative cognitive load theory. International Journal of
Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, 13(2).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11412-018-9277-y
Kitchener, K. S. (2004). Logical positivism, naturalistic epistemology, and the
foundations of psychology. Behavior and Philosophy.
Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.).
The Guilford Press.
Kolandan, S., Raman, A., & Yusof, F. (2020). The influence of business studies
teachers’ competency on students’ academic achievement. International
Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, 24(6), 7822-7835.
Kolb, D. A., Boyatzis, R. E., & Mainemelis, C. (2014). Experiential learning theory:
Previous research and new directions. In Perspectives on Thinking, Learning,
and Cognitive Styles.
Koppen, G., Azqueta, A., Pourrut, B., Brunborg, G., Collins, A. R., & Langie, S. A.
(2017). The next three decades of the comet assay: A report of the 11th
International Comet Assay Workshop. Mutagenesis, 32(3), 397-408.
Koutsakas, P., Chorozidis, G., Karamatsouki, A., & Karagiannidis, C. (2020). Research
trends in K-12 MOOCs: A review of the published literature. International
Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 21(3), 285-303.
https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v21i3.4650
KPM. (2013). Malaysia Education Blueprint 2013 - 2025. Education, 27(1), 1–268.
http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0742051X10001435
Krause, F. G., Gathmann, S., & Gorschewsky, O. (2008). The use of intramedullary
helix wire for the treatment of proximal humerus fractures. Journal of
Orthopaedic Trauma, 22(2), 96-101.
Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research
activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30, 607-610.
https://home.kku.ac.th/sompong/guest_speaker/KrejcieandMorgan_article.pdf
Krishnan, S. K. (2018). Keberkesanan pembelajaran teradun terhadap kesediaan
pembelajaran terarah kendiri murid dalam subjek ekonomi asas. Jurnal
Kurikulum, 30.
Krishnan, S. K. (2021). Keberkesanan pembelajaran teradun terhadap kesediaan
pembelajaran terarah kendiri dan pencapaian murid dalam subjek ekonomi
asas [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Universiti Sains Malaysia.
http://eprints.usm.my/47947/1/Sashi_Kala_Krishnan_Keberkesanan_Pembelajaran_Teradun.Pdf
Krismadinata, U., Verawardina, N., Jalinus, N., Rizal, F., Sukardi, P. S., Ramadhani,
D., Lubis, A. L., Friadi, J., Arifin, A. S. R., & Novaliendry, D. (2020). Blended
learning as instructional model in vocational education: Literature review.
Universal Journal of Educational Research, 8(11B), 5801–5815.
https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2020.082214
Laer, S., & Elen, J. (2017). In search of attributes that support self-regulation in blended
learning environments. Education & Information Technologies, 22(4), 1395.
Retrieved from EBSCOhost
Lai, C. S., Hamisu, M. A., Salleh, K. M., & Adamu, B. Y. (2019). TVET teachers'
perceptions on competencies: An application of Malaysian human resource
development practitioners competency model. International Journal of
Economics and Business Research, 18(3), 304-313.
Lai, C., & Hwang, G. (2016). A self-regulated flipped classroom approach to improving
students’ learning performance in a mathematics course. Computers &
Education, 100, 126-140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2016.05.006
Lai, C., Zhang, W., & Chang, Y. (2020). Differentiated instruction enhances sixth-
grade students' mathematics self-efficacy, learning motives, and problem-
solving skills. Social Behavior & Personality: An International Journal, 48(6),
1-13. Retrieved from EBSCOhost
Lai, M., Lam, K. M., & Lim, C. P. (2016). Design principles for the blend in blended
learning: A collective case study. Routledge.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2016.1183611
Lai, Y. H., Huang, F. F., & Yang, H. H. (2012). The effect of nutrition education system
for elementary school students in nutrition knowledge. Software Engineering
Perspectives and Application in Intelligent Systems, 1-9.
Lalima, D., & Dangwal, K. L. (2017). Blended learning: An innovative approach.
Universal Journal of Educational Research, 5(1), 129–136.
Lapammu, S., & Mahamod, Z. (2018). Tahap pengetahuan, sikap dan kesediaan pelajar
tingkatan 4 terhadap penggunaan pembelajaran persekitaran maya VLE Frog
dalam pembelajaran bahasa Melayu. Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Melayu, 8(2),
53-62.
Laporan Analisis Keputusan Peperiksaan SPM, KPM Tahun 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022
Larsen. (2012). Teacher and student perspectives on a blended learning intensive
English program writing course. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses.
Lawless, H. T., Heymann, H., Lawless, H. T., & Heymann, H. (2010). Descriptive
analysis. In Sensory evaluation of food: Principles and practices (pp. 227-
257).
Le Roux, C., & Nagel, L. (2018). Seeking the best blend for deep learning in a flipped
classroom – Viewing student perceptions through the Community of Inquiry
lens. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education.
Le Yee, C., & Mohamed, S. (2021). Kemahiran guru dalam mengintegrasi teknologi
maklumat dan komunikasi dalam pembelajaran di prasekolah. Jurnal Dunia
Pendidikan, 3(2), 44-53.
Lee, H. Y., Nor, N. M., & Wong, Y. S. (2022). Need analysis of a collaborative-
constructivist approach in primary school visual arts education: Analisis
keperluan pengajaran dan pembelajaran pendidikan seni visual berasaskan
kolaboratif-konstruktivis di sekolah rendah. Kupas Seni, 10, 90-103.
Lee, J., Hong, N. L., & Ling, N. L. (2002). An analysis of students’ preparation for the
virtual learning environment. Internet and Higher Education, 5(3), 231-242.
Lee, S., & Zeidler, D. L. (2020). Examining tensions in the socioscientific issues
classroom: Students’ border crossings into a new culture of science. Journal
of Research in Science Teaching.
Lee, M. R. A., & Amat, S. (2022). Hubungan efikasi kendiri dengan pembelajaran
regulasi kendiri murid sekolah menengah. Malaysian Journal of Social
Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 7(3), e001342-e001342.
Leontyeva, E. (2018). Modern distance learning technologies in higher education:
Introduction problems. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and
Technology Education.
Leppink, J. (2017). Cognitive load theory: Practical implications and an important
challenge. Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences, 12(5).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtumed.2017.05.003
Lewis, J., & Clarke, A. (2009). Synchronous learning and web-based communication
with Adobe Acrobat. Multimedia Information & Technology, 35(4), 8-9.
Li, K. (2019). MOOC learners’ demographics, self-regulated learning strategy,
perceived learning, and satisfaction: A structural equation modeling approach.
Computers & Education. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2019.01.00
Lian, L. H., & Cheng, G. P. (2018). Keprihatinan guru terhadap pelaksanaan tugasan
projek pentaksiran berasaskan sekolah (PBS) Prinsip Perakaunan Sijil
Pelajaran Malaysia (SPM). JuKu: Jurnal Kurikulum & Pengajaran Asia
Pasifik, 6(2), 1-10.
Liana, N. I., Ivada, A. C., Azaria, T., Ningsih, S., & Windarti, T. (2021). Hambatan dan
solusi dalam proses pembelajaran daring di masa pandemi COVID-19.
Journal of Education and Technology, 1(2), 62-68.
Lim, C. P. (2002). A theoretical framework for the study of ICT in schools: A proposal.
British Journal of Educational Technology, 33(4), 415–426.
Lima, E. F., & Siebra, C. A. (2021). Design of learning objects for collaboration
promotion and their effects on students’ behaviour. Informatics in Education,
20(1), 85-106. https://doi.org/10.15388/infedu.2021.05
Lin, Y. W., Tseng, C. L., & Chiang, P. J. (2017). The effect of blended learning in
mathematics course. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and
Technology Education, 13(3), 741–770.
https://doi.org/10.12973/eurasia.2017.00641a
Lindel, T., Jensen, P. R., Fenical, W., Long, B. H., Casazza, A. M., Carboni, J., &
Fairchild, C. R. (1997). Eleutherobin, a new cytotoxin that mimics paclitaxel
(Taxol) by stabilizing microtubules. Journal of the American Chemical
Society, 119(37), 8744-8745.
Ling, L. H. (2007). Community of inquiry in an online undergraduate information
technology course. Journal of Information Technology Education, 6, 153–168.
Liu, X., & Wachira, P. (Eds.). (2015). Assessment in online and blended learning
environments. IAP.
Lo, Lie, & Hew. (2018). Applying “First Principles of Instruction” as a design theory
of the flipped classroom: Findings from a collective study of four secondary
school subjects. Computers and Education.
Loeffler, S. N., Bohner, A., Stumpp, J., Limberger, M. F., & Gidion, G. (2019).
Investigating and fostering self-regulated learning in higher education using
interactive ambulatory assessment. Learning and Individual Differences.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2019.03.006
Loes, N. (2019). Applied learning through collaborative educational experiences. New
Directions for Higher Education.
Lu, D. (2021). Students' perceptions of a blended learning environment to promote
critical thinking. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 696845.
Lutz, S. T., & Huitt, W. G. (2004). Connecting cognitive development and
constructivism: Implications from theory for instruction and assessment.
Constructivism in the Human Sciences, 9, 67-82.
Lynn, M. R. (1986). Determination and quantification of content validity. Nursing
Research, 35, 382–385.
Lytras, M. D., Visvizi, A., Daniela, L., Sarirete, A., & De Pablos, P. O. (2018). Social
networks research for sustainable smart education. Sustainability
(Switzerland).
Ma, L., & Lee, C. S. (2021). Evaluating the effectiveness of blended learning using the
ARCS model. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 37(5), 1397-1408.
Maalip, H., Yahaya, A., Yin, K. T., Rathakrishnan, B., Maakip, I., Ahmad, H., ... &
Ahmad, N. (2020). Pembentukan modal insan: Hubungan konsep kendiri,
personaliti dan pencapaian akademik pelajar sekolah menengah. Southeast
Asia Psychology Journal, 8(2), 103-122.
Macías Villegas, I., Hernández Varona, C., & Sánchez Gutiérrez, A. (2020). Student
teachers’ identity construction: A socially-constructed narrative in a second
language teacher education program. Teaching and Teacher Education.
Mahalingam, N., & Jamaludin, K. A. (2021). Impak dan cabaran pelaksanaan
pengajaran dan pembelajaran atas talian semasa perintah kawalan pergerakan.
Jurnal Dunia Pendidikan, 3(4), 104-115.
Mahalli, N., Nurkamto, M., Mujiyanto, S., & Yuliasri, Y. (2019). The implementation
of station rotation and flipped classroom models of blended learning in EFL
learning. English Language Teaching.
Mahmud, M. M. (2018). Technology and language–what works and what does not: A
meta-analysis of blended learning research. Journal of Asia TEFL, 15(2), 365-
384.
Mahyuddin, R., Lope Pihie, Z. A., Elias, H., & Konting, M. M. (2004). The
incorporation of thinking skills in the school curriculum. Kajian Malaysia,
22(2), 23-33.
Maimunah Nasir, & Hashimah Mohd Yunus. (2017). Peranan guru tingkatan enam
dalam membentuk pelajar terarah kendiri dan meningkatkan kemahiran abad
ke-21. Jurnal Dunia Pendidikan, 3(1), 66-74.
Maimunah Nasir. (2016). Pembelajaran berasaskan masalah dan amalan pembelajaran
arah kendiri ke arah perubahan kefahaman murid tingkatan enam dalam
konsep genetik [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Universiti Sains
Malaysia. Retrieved from USM Eprints
Majir, A. (2019). Blended learning dalam pengembangan pembelajaran: Suatu tuntutan
dalam memperoleh keterampilan abad ke-21. Seminar Nasional.
Malaysia Institute of Accountant (MIA). (2021). Report on a study of emerging
technology adoption within the accounting programmes by the higher learning
institutions in Malaysia. Retrieved from MIA
Mamat, H. S., & Sukarman, S. (2020). Manfaat inovasi teknologi sumberdaya lahan
pertanian dalam mendukung pembangunan pertanian. Jurnal Sumberdaya
Lahan, 14(2), 115-132.
Mamat, S., Ladin, C. A., Kamaruddin, A. Y., Omar, I. M., & Ismail, N. A. (2021).
Covid-19: Cabaran dan inisiatif dalam mendepani pelaksanaan pengajaran dan
pembelajaran teradun. Sains Insani, 6(2).
Marican, S. (2005). Sexual harassment victims at workplace: A guide for industrial
social workers. Malaysian Journal of Social Policy and Society, 2, 108-125.
Mat, S., Chin, L. V., Sean, L. P., Peng, T. W., Xin, T. M., Nordin, N. A. M., ... & Singh,
D. K. A. (2021). Preferences, perception of readiness and satisfaction towards
online distance learning among undergraduates in Malaysia during COVID-
19 pandemic. ASEAN Journal of Teaching & Learning in Higher Education,
13(2), 151-171.
Mat, S., Jieh, I. L. S., Zulkiply, A. N. B., Amaluddin, B., Najmi, A., Yusof, B. M., ...
& Singh, D. K. A. (2021). Depression, anxiety, and stress related to online
distance learning (ODL) does not influence academic performance: Findings
from an online survey among undergraduates in Malaysia. ASEAN Journal of
Teaching & Learning in Higher Education, 13(2), 99-112.
Maulyda, Annizar, Hidayati, & Mukhlis. (2020). Analysis of students’ verbal and
written mathematical communication error in solving word problem. In
Journal of Physics: Conference Series.
Mayer, R. E. (2001). Multimedia learning. Cambridge University Press.
Mayer, R. E. (2003). Nine ways to reduce cognitive load in multimedia learning.
Educational Psychologist, 38(1), 43-52.
https://doi.org/10.1207/S15326985EP3801_6
Mayer, R. E. (2009). Multimedia learning (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Mayer, R. E. (2011). Does styles research have useful implications for educational
practice? Learning and Individual Differences, 21(3), 319-320.
Mayer, R. E. (2014). Incorporating motivation into multimedia learning. Learning and
Instruction, 29, 171-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2013.04.003
Mayer, R. E., & Estrella, G. (2014). Benefits of emotional design in multimedia
instruction. Learning and Instruction, 33, 12-18.
McLeod, S. A. (2008). Likert scale. Retrieved from Simply Psychology
Means, B., Toyama, Y., Murphy, R., & Baki, M. (2014). The effectiveness of online
and blended learning: A meta-analysis of the empirical literature. Teachers
College Record, 115, 1-47.
Mehat, N., Abdullah, N., & Hassan, K. (2021). Hubungan antara beban tugas dan tahap
kesejahteraan guru wanita. International Journal of Education, Islamic Studies
and Social Science Research, 6(1), 112-123.
Memon, M. A., Ramayah, T., Cheah, J. H., Ting, H., Chuah, F., & Cham, T. H. (2021).
PLS-SEM statistical programs: A review. Journal of Applied Structural
Equation Modeling, 5(1), 1-14.
MIA Education Board. (2020). Competency.
Malaysian Institute of Accountants (MIA). (2018). MIA digital technology blueprint:
Preparing the Malaysian accountancy profession for the digital world.
Retrieved from MIA
Michele. (2019). Philosophy and logical positivism. Academicus International
Scientific Journal.
Minarni, & Napitupulu. (2020). The role of constructivism-based learning in improving
mathematical high order thinking skills of Indonesian students. Infinity
Journal.
Misirli, A. T., Bayrak, M., & Cakir, R. (2021). The views of science teachers regarding
differentiated instruction. Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Sciences,
9(1), 50-63.
Mitropoulos, A., Nathanail, M., Yatskiv, I., & Kabashkin, I. (2016). Developing an
educational program for transportation across regions: The case for intermodal
connections for Latvia and the region. 96th Annual Meeting of TRB (Paper
submitted for consideration for presentation).
Mohamad, A. M. (2022). Analisis pola penggunaan portal e-pembelajaran dan
pencapaian subjek. Journal of ICT in Education, 9(1), 100-116.
https://doi.org/10.37134/jictie.vol9.1.9.2022
Mohamad, M. Z., & Abdullah, A. H. (2018, November). Analisis tematik dalam
pembelajaran dan pemudahcaraan (PDPC) proses penulisan karangan
argumentatif berasaskan KBAT: Pemahaman dan amalan pedagogi guru
Bahasa Melayu tingkatan empat. In Prosiding Seminar Kebangsaan Majlis
Dekan Pendidikan Universiti Awam (Vol. 7, p. 8).
Mohamed, R., Jusoh, S., & Sulaiman, Z. (2022). Cabaran pembelajaran secara dalam
talian dalam kalangan bakal guru. In Collaboration, 2, 268.
Mohd Syaubari, O., & Ahmad Yunus, K. (2016). Keberkesanan permulaan pengajaran
menerusi amalan kemahiran berfikir aras tinggi (KBAT) di dalam mata
pelajaran Pendidikan Islam sekolah rendah Negeri Perak. Online Journal of
Islamic Education, 4(1), 23-35.
Mohd Syaubari, O., & Ahmad Yunus, K. (2017a). Isu dan permasalahan (PDP)
perlaksanaan kemahiran berfikir aras tinggi (KBAT) dalam amalan pengajaran
guru menurut pandangan Ibnu Khaldun. Journal of Human Capital
Development, 10(1), 1-18.
Mohd Syaubari, O., & Ahmad Yunus, K. (2017b). Amalan penggunaan bahan bantu
mengajar (BBM) menerusi pengintegrasian kemahiran berfikir aras tinggi
(KBAT) dalam kalangan guru Pendidikan Islam sekolah rendah Negeri Perak.
Journal of Islamic Educational Research (JIER), 2(1), 114.
Mohd Erfy Ismail et al. (2019). Factors that influence students’ learning: An
observation on vocational college students. Journal of Technical Education
and Training, 11(1), 93-99. https://doi.org/10.30880/jtet.2019.11.01.12
Mohd Hadafi, S., Ahmad Zamil, A. K., Mohd. Amir, M. S., Muhammad Syahir, A. W.,
& Rahaiza, M. R. (2017). Gamification in accounting education: A literature
review. In International Conference on Accounting Studies (ICAS) 2017.
Mohd Hashim, M. H., & Tasir, Z. (2020). An e-learning environment embedded with
sign language videos: Research into its usability and the academic
performance and learning patterns of deaf students. Educational Technology
Research and Development, 68(6), 2873-2911.
Mohd Majid Konting. (1990). Kaedah penyelidikan pendidikan. Dewan Bahasa dan
Pustaka.
Moore, J., Dickson-Deane, C., & Galyen, K. (2011). E-learning, online learning and
distance learning environments: Are they the same? The Internet and Higher
Education, 14(2), 129-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2010.10.001
Moore, N., & Gilmartin, M. (2010). Teaching for better learning: A blended learning
pilot project with first-year geography undergraduates. Journal of Geography
in Higher Education, 34(3), 327-344.
Mortera-Gutiérrez, F. (2006). Faculty best practices using blended learning in e-
learning and face-to-face instruction. International Journal on E-Learning,
5(3), 313-337.
Mousena, & Raptis. (2020). Beyond teaching: School climate and communication in
the educational context. In Education at the Intersection of Globalization and
Technology [Working Title].
Muhamad Shafiq, & Noraini. (2018). Mengenalpasti faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi
pencapaian akademik pelajar sarjana muda psikologi, Kolej Universiti Islam
Melaka (KUIM). Jurnal Sains Sosial, 7, 77-87.
https://kuim.edu.my/journal/index.php/JSS/article/view/466
Muhamad Suhaimi Taat, Mohd Yusof Abdullah, & Roslee Talip. (2014). Motivasi
sebagai ‘mediator’ antara proses pengajaran dan bimbingan guru dengan
pembelajaran terarah kendiri (PTK) pelajar: Satu kajian menggunakan model
SEM/AMOS. Sains Humanika, 2(4). https://doi.org/10.11113/sh.v2n4.479
Muhammad Shafiq Mohd Razali & Noraini Abdul Raop. (2018). Mengenal pasti
faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pencapaian akademik pelajar sarjana muda
psikologi, Kolej Universiti Islam Melaka (KUIM). Jurnal Sains Sosial, 3, 77-
87.
Muhammad, N., & Kutty, F. M. (2021). Hubungan antara pembelajaran regulasi kendiri
dan motivasi terhadap pencapaian akademik. Malaysian Journal of Social
Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 6(9), 215-229.
Muhayyang, M., Limbong, S., & Ariyani, A. (2021). Students' attitudes on blended
learning-based instruction in Indonesian EFL classroom. GNOSI: An
Interdisciplinary Journal of Human Theory and Praxis, 4(2), 146-162.
Müller, J. A., Groß, R., Conzelmann, C., Krüger, J., Merle, U., Steinhart, J., ... &
Kleger, A. (2021). SARS-CoV-2 infects and replicates in cells of the human
endocrine and exocrine pancreas. Nature Metabolism, 3(2), 149-165.
Munir, H. (2022). Reshaping sustainable university education in post-pandemic world:
Lessons learned from an empirical study. Education Sciences, 12(8), 524.
https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci12080524
Murat, N. C., Din, R., & Alias, M. H. (2020). Kesediaan pelajar tingkatan 6
menggunakan aplikasi mudah alih pendidikan. Journal of Personalized
Learning, 3(1), 79-86.
Mustaffa, F., Hassan, K. A., & Pit, S. (2021). Pelaksanaan pengajaran dan
pemudahcaraan dalam talian pensyarah IPGK PM semasa pandemik COVID-
19. Jurnal Dunia Pendidikan, 3(1), 465-474.
Mustapha, M., & Hassan, M. H. A. (2012). Accounting students' perception on pursuing
professional examination. International Journal of Education, 4(4), 1.
Nadara, S., & Chew, F. P. (2018, October). Implementation of critical and creative
thinking skills in the teaching and learning of literature component in
secondary school. In International Academic Research Conference in Vienna
(pp. 1-4).
Nasir, M., & Yunus, H. M. (2017). Peranan guru tingkatan enam dalam membentuk
pelajar terarah kendiri dan meningkatkan kemahiran abad ke-21. JuKu: Jurnal
Kurikulum & Pengajaran Asia Pasifik, 5(1), 1-6.
Nasir, Z. M., & Hamzah, Z. A. Z. (2014). Sikap dan motivasi pelajar terhadap
pembelajaran bahasa Melayu. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 134,
408-415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.04.263
Nathanael, A. P. (Ed.). (2021). Kuliah Kok Daring? SCU Knowledge Media.
National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). Retrieved from NCES
Nawi, M. Z. M. (2020). Transformasi pengajaran dan pembelajaran multimedia dalam
pendidikan Islam: Satu perbincangan. Journal of ICT in Education, 7(2), 14-
26.
Nazri Atoh, Saipolbarin Ramli, & Mohd Zawawi A. H. (2016). Ciri-ciri guru bahasa
Arab yang berkualiti. In Z. Ariffin (Ed.), Kualiti pengajaran dan
pembelajaran bahasa Arab (pp. xx-xx). Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin.
Nehring, J., Charner-Laird, M., & Szczesiul, S. (2019). Redefining excellence:
Teaching in transition, from test performance to 21st century skills. NASSP
Bulletin.
Nelson, S. J., & Thompson, G. W. (2005). Barriers perceived by administrators and
faculty regarding the use of distance education technologies in pre-service
programs for secondary agricultural education teachers. Journal of
Agricultural Education, 46(4), 36-48.
Ni, X., & Branch, R. M. (2008). Complexity theory. In J. M. Spector, M. D. Merrill, J.
v. Merriënboer, & M. P. Driscoll (Eds.), Handbook of research on educational
communications and technology (3rd ed., pp. 30–32). Lawrence Erlbaum
Associates.
Nias Ahmad, M. A., Nik Wan, N. Z., & Sayd Idris, S. I. Z. (2010). Pandangan pelajar
terhadap matapelajaran prinsip perakaunan di daerah Maran, Pahang.
Nitzl, C., Roldan, J. L., & Cepeda, G. (2016). Mediation analysis in partial least squares
path modeling: Helping researchers discuss more sophisticated models.
Industrial Management & Data Systems, 116(9), 1849-1864.
https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-07-2015-0302
Noor Lela Ahmad, Sho, S. L., Hariyaty Ab. Wahid, & Rohaila Yusof. (2019).
Kepentingan amalan pengajaran dan pembelajaran abad ke-21 terhadap
pembangunan pelajar. International Journal of Education, Psychology and
Counseling, 4(28), 28-51.
Noor Lela, A., & Suraini Mohd, R. (2016). Kemahiran profesional graduan perakaunan:
antara jangkaan majikan dan keperluan pelajar dalam kurikulum perakaunan.
Jurnal Pendidikan Malaysia (Malaysian Journal of Education), 41(1), 7–17.
Nor Aziah Abdul Aziz & Mohd Taufik Ahmad. (2016). E-Pembelajaran dalam
pengajaran dan pembelajaran Bahasa Melayu di IPG Kampus Ipoh. Jurnal
Penyelidikan Dedikasi, 11, 116-130.
Nordin, A. S. M., Alias, B. S., & Mahamod, Z. (2023). Pendigitalan Pendidikan. Jurnal
Penyelidikan Pendidikan dan Teknologi Malaysia, 1(1), 66-73.
Nortvig, A., Petersen, A. K., & Balle, S. (2018). A literature review of the factors
influencing E-learning and blended learning in relation to learning outcome,
student satisfaction, and engagement. Electronic Journal of E-Learning, 16(1),
46–55.
Nunn. (2020). In Search of Deeper Learning: The Quest to Remake the American High
School. Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews.
Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory. New York: McGraw-
Hill.
Oh, S. P., & Chua, Y. P. (2021). Relationship Between Computer-Mediated
Communication Competence and Attitude Toward Using Frog VLE Among
Secondary School Teachers. International Journal of Web-Based Learning
and Teaching Technologies (IJWLTT), 17(3), 1-16.
Othman, M. S. (2020). Isu Dan Permasalahan (Pdp) Kemahiran Berfikir Aras Tinggi
(Kbat) Dalam Amalan Pengajaran Guru Menurut Pandangan Ibn Khaldun.
Malaysian Journal Of Islamic Studies (MJIS), 4(1), 94-106.
https://doi.org/10.37231/mjis.2020.4.1.135
Othman, M. S., & Kassim, A. Y. (2018). Kesahan dan kebolehpercayaan instrumen
komposisi pengajaran guru pendidikan Islam sekolah rendah yang
mengintegrasikan Kemahiran Berfikir Aras Tinggi (KBAT) menerusi
pengajaran Akidah. Sains Humanika, 10(3).
Owston, R., York, D. N., & Malhotra, T. (2019). Blended learning in large enrolment
courses: Student perceptions across four different instructional models.
Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 35(5), 29-45.
Ożadowicz. (2020). Modified blended learning in engineering higher education during
the COVID-19 lockdown-building automation courses case study. Education
Sciences.
Pace, J. R., & Mellard, D. F. (2016). Reading achievement and reading efficacy changes
for middle school students with disabilities through blended learning
instruction. Journal of Special Education Technology, 31(3), 156-169.
doi:10.1177/0162643416660837
Padzil, M. R. (2020). PAK 21: Pembelajaran berasaskan projek dalam mata pelajaran
reka bentuk dan teknologi (RBT). Jurnal Refleksi Kepemimpinan, (JILID III).
Pai, J. C., & Tu, F. M. (2011). The acceptance and use of customer relationship
management (CRM) systems: An empirical study of distribution service
industry in Taiwan. Expert Systems with Applications, 38(1), 579-584.
Paidal, M., & Talip, R. (2022). Kesediaan Murid Generasi-Z di SMK Badin Tuaran
dalam Pembelajaran Teradun Bahasa Melayu dalam Era Covid-19. Malaysian
Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 7(3), e001352-e001352.
Pallant, J. (2020). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using
IBM SPSS. McGraw-Hill Education (UK).
Palloff, R. M., & Pratt, K. (1999). Building learning communities in cyberspace:
Effective strategies for the online classroom. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Panigrahi, Srivastava, & Sharma. (2018). Online learning: Adoption, continuance, and
learning outcome—A review of literature. International Journal of
Information Management.
Park, B., Plass, J. L., & Brünken, R. (2014). Cognitive and affective processes in
multimedia learning. Learning and Instruction, 29, 125-127.
Parvin. (2020). Dynamic Learning Platform for Dynamic EFL Learners: A New
Journey to Navigate Effective E-Learning Program for English Education at
the University Level. International Journal of English Linguistics.
Pathak, Manohar. (2020). COVID-19 research in India: A quantitative analysis.
Phang, F. A., Abu, M. S., Ali, M. B., & Salleh, S. (2014). Faktor penyumbang kepada
kemerosotan penyertaan pelajar dalam aliran sains: satu analisis sorotan tesis.
Sains Humanika, 2(4).
Piaget, J. (1936). The Origins of Intelligence in Children. Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Piaw, C. Y. (2014). Kaedah Penyelidikan (2nd ed.). Kuala Lumpur: McGraw Hill.
Pilla, B. S., Nakayama, M. K., & Nicholson, P. (2006). Characterizing e-learning
practices. In Proceedings of WCC2002, Santiago, Chile, July 2006. New York,
NY: Springer.
Poirier, M., Law, J. M., & Veispak, A. (2019). A spotlight on lack of evidence
supporting the integration of blended learning in K-12 education: A systematic
review. International Journal of Mobile & Blended Learning, 11(4), N.PAG-
N.PAG. Retrieved from EBSCOhost
Polit, D. F., Beck, T., & Owen, S. V. (2007). Focus on research methods is the CVI an
acceptable indicator of content validity? Appraisal and recommendations.
Research in Nursing and Health, 30, 459–467. http://doi.org/10.1002/nur
Pontoa. (2020). Methods of learning the concept of basic electric circuits: A
comparative study between lecture, discussion, and collaboration.
International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change.
Poobalan, N., Zaharudin, R., & Voon, Y. T. (2019). Penggunaan bahan multimedia
interaktif 3D animasi (‘scratch’) dalam kaedah pembelajaran teradun terhadap
minat dan pencapaian murid Tahun 5 bagi mata pelajaran Sains. Jurnal
Pendidikan Sains dan Matematik Malaysia, 9(1), 49-56.
Poon, J. (2012). Use of blended learning to enhance the student learning experience and
engagement in property education. Property Management, 30(2), 129-156.
Popescu, Gh, C. R., Verma, & Rahul. (2021). Sustainable and responsible
entrepreneurship and key drivers of performance. IGI Global.
Porter, W. W., Graham, C. R., Bodily, R., & Sandberg, D. (2016). A qualitative analysis
of institutional drivers and barriers to blended learning adoption in higher
education. Internet and Higher Education, 28(1), 17–27. doi:
10.1016/j.iheduc.2015.08.003
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Assessing mediation in communication
research. In The Sage sourcebook of advanced data analysis methods for
communication research (pp. 13-54). London: The Sage sourcebook of
advanced data analysis methods for communication research.
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for
assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models.
Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879-891.
Purwanto, A., Asbari, M., & Santoso, T. I. (2021). Analisis Data Penelitian Marketing:
Perbandingan Hasil antara Amos, SmartPLS, WarpPLS, dan SPSS Untuk
Jumlah Sampel Besar. Journal of Industrial Engineering & Management
Research, 2(4), 216-227.
Puteh, S. N., & Abd Salam, K. A. (2011). Tahap kesediaan penggunaan ICT dalam
pengajaran dan kesannya terhadap hasil kerja dan tingkah laku murid
prasekolah. Jurnal Pendidikan Malaysia, 36(1), 25-34.
Puteri, I., Mokhtar, E. S., & Alim, M. M. (2022). Isu Pelaksanaan dan Inovasi E-
Pembelajaran Pendidikan Seni Visual Sekolah Luar Bandar di Fasa Pandemik
Covid 19. Journal of Engineering, Technology, and Applied Science (JETAS),
4(3), 131-139.
PwCMalaysia. (2020). Digital resilience in a new world (Issue July).
Quieng, M. C., Lim, P. P., & Lucas, M. R. D. (2015). 21st century-based soft skills:
Spotlight on non-cognitive skills in a cognitive-laden dentistry program.
European Journal of Contemporary Education, 11(1), 72-81.
Raflee, S. S. M., & Halim, L. (2021). The Effectiveness of Critical Thinking in
Improving Skills in KBAT Problem Solving: Keberkesanan Pemikiran Kritis
dalam Meningkatkan Kemahiran dalam Penyelesaian Masalah KBAT. Jurnal
Pendidikan Sains dan Matematik Malaysia, 11(1), 60-76.
https://doi.org/10.37134/jpsmm.vol11.1.6.2021
Rahim, M. A., & Jani, M. N. M. (2023). Keberkesanan Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran
Secara Atas Talian ketika Pandemik Covid-19 dalam Kalangan Pelajar di
Politeknik Melaka [The Effectiveness of Online Teaching and Learning during
The Covid-19 Pandemic among Students at Polytechnic Melaka]. BITARA
International Journal of Civilizational Studies and Human Sciences (e-ISSN:
2600-9080), 6(1), 151-162.
Rahim, R. A., Noor, N. M., & Din, H. M. (2021). Penerimaan sistem e-pembelajaran
bagi menyokong pembelajaran teradun di Institut Pendidikan Guru. Innovative
Teaching and Learning Journal, 5(1), 83-98.
Rahimah Wahid. (2019). Kaedah Gamifikasi Sebagai Alternatif Pengajaran Dan
Pembelajaran Dalam Kursus Berkaitan Alam Sekitar. Journal of Education
and Social Sciences, 12(2), 50-53.
Rahman, A. A. (2017). Kesan kaedah flipped classroom menerusi pembelajaran
berasaskan projek ke atas pencapaian dan gaya pembelajaran pelajar.
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
Rahman, N. F. A., & Rosli, N. J. (2021, December). Cabaran dan Impak Pembelajaran
Dalam Talian kepada Mahasiswa Pengajian Islam Ukm semasa Pandemik
Covid 19. In Proceeding Antasari International Conference (Vol. 2, No. 1).
Rahmatullah, A. S., Mulyasa, E., Syahrani, S., Pongpalilu, F., & Putri, R. E. (2022).
Digital era 4.0: The contribution to education and student psychology.
Linguistics and Culture Review, 6(S3), 89-107.
Raime, S., Shamsudin, M. F., Hashim, R. A., & Rahman, N. A. (2020). Students’ self-
motivation and online learning students’ satisfaction among unitar college
students. Asian Journal of Research in Education and Social Sciences, 2(3),
62-71.
Ramayah, T., Cheah, J., Chuah, F., Ting, H., & Memon, M. A. (2018). Partial least
squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) using SmartPLS 3.0: An
updated guide and practical guide to statistical analysis (2nd ed.). Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia: Pearson.
Ramlan, M., Ishak, R., & Yusof, M. (2020). Factors influencing accounting
undergraduates' career choice in chartered accountancy.
Ramlee, M. (1999). The role of vocational and technical education in the
industrialization of Malaysia. Paper for presentation at the International
Vocational Education and Training Association Annual Conference, Ana
Hotel, Sydney, Australia, August 11-13, 1999.
Ranasinghe, Damunupola, Wijesundara, Karunarathna, Nawarathna, Gamage,
Ranaweera, & Idroos. (2020). Tourism after Corona: Impacts of Covid 19
Pandemic and Way Forward for Tourism, Hotel and Mice Industry in Sri
Lanka. SSRN Electronic Journal.
Rapanta, Botturi, Goodyear, Guàrdia, & Koole. (2020). Online University Teaching
During and After the Covid-19 Crisis: Refocusing Teacher Presence and
Learning Activity. Postdigital Science and Education.
Rashid, N. A., Said, M. N. H. M., & Abdullah, Z. (2021). Persepsi Penerimaan Pelajar
Pascasiswazah UTM Terhadap Pendekatan Heutagogi Dalam Pembelajaran.
Innovative Teaching and Learning Journal, 5(1), 31-48.
Rasmitadila, Widyasari, Humaira, M. A., Tambunan, A. R. S., Rachmadtullah, R., &
Samsudin, A. (2020). Using blended learning approach (BLA) in inclusive
education course: A study investigating teacher students’ perception.
International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, 15(2), 72–85.
https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v15i02.9285
Rasoolimanesh, S. M., Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., & Olya, H. (2021). The combined
use of symmetric and asymmetric approaches: Partial least squares-structural
equation modeling and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis.
International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 33(5), 1571-
1592. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-10-2020-1164
Reiser, M., Yao, L., Wang, X., Wilcox, J., & Gray, S. (2017). A comparison of
Bootstrap confidence intervals for multi-level longitudinal data using Monte-
Carlo simulation. Monte-Carlo simulation-based statistical modeling, 367-
403.
Remedio, & Da Silva. (2017). The big data monopolistic use by technology companies:
Public policies for sustainable development in smart cities in a scenario of
creative economy and free competition. Revista Brasileira de Políticas
Públicas.
Richter, N. F., Cepeda-Carrión, G., Roldán Salgueiro, J. L., & Ringle, C. M. (2016).
European management research using partial least squares structural equation
modeling (PLS-SEM). European Management Journal, 34(6), 589-597.
Rickles, Zeiser, Yang, O’Day, & Garet. (2019). Promoting Deeper Learning in High
School: Evidence of Opportunities and Outcomes. Educational Evaluation
and Policy Analysis.
Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2016). Gain more insight from your PLS-SEM results:
The importance-performance map analysis. Industrial Management & Data
Systems, 116(9), 1865-1886.
Ringle, C. M., Wende, S., & Becker, J.-M. (2022). SmartPLS 4. Oststeinbek: SmartPLS
GmbH. http://www.smartpls.com
Ringle, Christian M., Wende, Sven, & Becker, Jan-Michael. (2022). SmartPLS 4.
Oststeinbek: SmartPLS. Retrieved from SmartPLS
Ristanto, R. H., Djamahar, R., Heryanti, E., & Ichsan, I. Z. (2020). Enhancing students’
biology-critical thinking skill through CIRC-Based scientific approach
(Cirsa). Universal Journal of Educational Research, 8(4A), 1-8.
https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2020.081801
Romero Martínez, S. J., Ordóñez Camacho, X. G., Guillén-Gamez, F. D., & Bravo
Agapito, J. (2020). Attitudes toward technology among distance education
students: Validation of an explanatory model. Online Learning, 24(2), 59-75.
Rosipal, R., & Krämer, N. (2006). Overview and recent advances in partial least
squares. In C. Saunders et al. (Eds.), Subspace, Latent Structure and Feature
Selection (Vol. 3940, pp. 34-51). Springer-Verlag.
Rosnidar Mansor, Haeidatul Nashrah Hassan, Norazilawati Abdullah, & Nik Azmah
Nik Yusof. (2015). Keberkesanan penggunaan i-Think terhadap pencapaian
dan minat murid dalam tajuk sifat bahan, Sains tahun 4. Jurnal Pendidikan
Sains & Matematik Malaysia, 2(5), 98-116.
Rucker, D. D., Preacher, K. J., Tormala, Z. L., & Petty, R. E. (2011). Mediation analysis
in social psychology: Current practices and new recommendations. Social and
Personality Psychology Compass, 5(6), 359-371.
Ryan, S., Kaufman, J., Greenhouse, J., She, R., & Shi, J. (2016). The effectiveness of
blended online learning courses at the community college level. Community
College Journal of Research and Practice, 40(4), 285–298.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10668926.2015.1044584
Saat, I., & Hidayat, M. M. (2024). Strategi guru PAI dalam meningkatkan motivasi
belajar peserta didik di SMP Islam Al Madinah Tambakrejo. Al-Furqan:
Jurnal Agama, Sosial, Dan Budaya, 3(1), 1-20.
Saedah Siraj & Mohammed Sani Ibrahim. (2012). Standard kompetensi guru Malaysia.
Prosiding Seminar Kebangsaan MAJLIS DEKAN PENDIDIKAN IPTA 2012.
Saichaie, K. (2020). Blended, flipped, and hybrid learning: Definitions, developments,
and directions. TechTrends, 64(2), 95–104. https://doi.org/10.1002/tl.20428
Said, C. S., Umar, I. N., Muniandy, B., & Desa, S. (2019). Aplikasi teknologi
multimedia dalam pembelajaran sains biologi: Kesan terhadap pelajar berbeza
tahap keupayaan spatial. Journal of ICT in Education, 2, 12-25.
https://ojs.upsi.edu.my/index.php/JICTIE/article/view/2597
Salameh, H. A. (2005). Blended learning: The natural development of e-learning. A
Paper Presented at South Valley University, College of Education in Sohaj.
Samsuddin, S. N., Chandrashekar, R., & Salahudin, S. N. (2020). Penerimaan teknologi
radio-frequency identification (RFID) di plaza tol dalam kalangan pengguna
jalan raya di Lembah Klang. Research in Management of Technology and
Business, 1(1), 170-180.
Samsuri, A. S. B., Arifin, T. R. B. T., & Hussin, S. B. (2016). Perception of
undergraduate accounting students towards professional accounting career.
International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and
Management Sciences, 6(3), 78-88.
Sari, D. K., Amelia, R., Dharmajaya, R., Sari, L. M., & Fitri, N. K. (2021). Positive
correlation between general public knowledge and attitudes regarding
COVID-19 outbreak 1 month after first cases reported in Indonesia. Journal
of Community Health, 46, 182-189.
Sari, F. M., & Oktaviani, L. (2021). Undergraduate students’ views on the use of online
learning platform during COVID-19 pandemic. Teknosastik, 19(1), 41-47.
Sarstedt, M., Henseler, J., & Ringle, C. M. (2011). Multi-group analysis in partial least
squares (PLS) path modeling: Alternative methods and empirical results.
Advances in International Marketing, 22, 195-218.
Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., & Hair, J. F. (2017). Treating unobserved heterogeneity in
PLS-SEM: A multi-method approach. In Partial Least Squares Path
Modeling: Basic Concepts, Methodological Issues and Applications (pp. 197–
217). Springer.
Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., & Hair, J. F. (2021). Partial least squares structural equation
modeling. In Handbook of Market Research (pp. 587-632). Springer.
Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., Smith, D., Reams, R., & Hair, J. F. (2014). Partial least
squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM): A useful tool for family
business researchers. Journal of Family Business Strategy, 5(1), 105–115.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfbs.2014.01.002
Sarudin, A., Osman, Z., Redzwan, H. F. M., Zahari, M. A. M., & IDRS, M. (2020).
Analisis pelaksanaan elemen kemahiran berfikir aras tinggi dalam kalangan
guru bahasa Melayu di sekolah menengah orang asli. Jurnal Pendidikan
Bahasa Melayu, 10(1), 48-63.
Scagnoli, N. (2009). A review of online learning and its evolution in Latin America.
Policy Futures in Education, 7(5), 555–565.
https://doi.org/10.2304/pfie.2009.7.5.555
Schaber, P., Wilcox, K. J., Whiteside, A. L., Marsh, L., & Brooks, D. C. (2010).
Designing learning environments to foster affective learning: Comparison of
classroom to blended learning. International Journal for the Scholarship of
Teaching and Learning, 4(2), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.20429/ijsotl.2010.0402
Schmidt, D. L. (2020). Nanotechnology and education. In Women in Nanotechnology:
Contributions from the Atomic Level and Up (pp. 29-41).
Sefriani, R., Sepriana, R., Wijaya, I., Radyuli, P., & Menrisal. (2021). Blended learning
with Edmodo: The effectiveness of statistical learning during the COVID-19
pandemic. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education,
10(1), 293–299. https://doi.org/10.11591/IJERE.V10I1.20826
Seham Elashhab. (2020). Motivational teaching strategies within Saudi university EFL
classrooms: How to improve students’ achievement? International Journal of
Language and Literary Studies, 2(1), 124-141. http://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls
Sekaran, U. (2003). Research methods for business: A skill building approach. Journal
of Educational Business, 68(5), 316–317.
Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2010). Research methods for business: A skill building
approach (5th ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2011). Research methods for business: A skill building
approach (5th ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
Sevima. (2020). 6 Metode pembelajaran paling efektif di masa pandemi menurut para
pakar. Retrieved from https://sevima.com/6-metode-pembelajaran-paling-
efektif-di-masa-pandemi-menurut-para-pakar/
Sevima.com. (2021). Perbedaan komunikasi daring sinkron dan asinkron beserta
contohnya. Retrieved from https://sevima.com/perbedaan-komunikasi-daring-
sinkron-dan-asinkron-beserta-contohnya/
Shafii, S. F., & Jaafar, H. (2018). Kesan pelaksanaan pembelajaran berasaskan masalah
terhadap pemikiran kritis pelajar tingkatan empat dalam mata pelajaran prinsip
perakaunan. Management Research Journal, 7, 175-187
Shahaimi, S., & Fariza, K. (2016). Pengintegrasian blended learning dalam
pembelajaran persekitaran maya Frog (VLE FROG). Pendidikan Abad Ke-21:
Peranan Teknologi Maklumat Dan Komunikasi Serta Cabarannya, 52–71.
Shahaimi, S., & Khalid, F. (2016). Pengintegrasian blended learning dalam
pembelajaran persekitaran maya Frog (VLEFROG). Fakulti Pendidikan,
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600.
Shamsuddin, & Kaur. (2020). Students’ learning style and its effect on blended
learning, does it matter? International Journal of Evaluation and Research in
Education.
Shamsuddin, N. F., & Nasri, N. M. (2022). Kajian tinjauan penggunaan jenis peranti
dan status capaian internet terhadap kesediaan pelajar mengikuti PdPR semasa
penularan pandemik COVID-19. Jurnal Dunia Pendidikan, 4(1), 70-76.
Shapley, P. (2000). On-line education to develop complex reasoning skills in organic
chemistry. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 4(2). Retrieved from
http://www.sloan-c.org/publications/jaln/v4n2/index.asp
Siemens, G. (2005). Connectivism: A learning theory for the digital age. International
Journal of Instructional Technology and Distance Learning.
Sim, S. P. L., Sim, H. P. K., & Quah, C. S. (2020). Online learning: A post COVID-19
alternative pedagogy for university students. Asian Journal of University
Education, 16(4), 137–151.
Sing, C. F. (2021). Pencapaian murid menggunakan Modul CAFÉ melalui pendekatan
konstruktivism dalam subjek Fizik musim pandemik COVID-19. Borneo
International Journal of Education (BIJE), 3.
Singh, J. (2021). Applying lean methodology to curriculum revision and internship
placement process—a case study. Journal of Research in Innovative Teaching
& Learning, 14(2), 288–305. https://doi.org/10.1108/JRIT-05-2019-0055
Singh, J., Matthees, B., & Odetunde, A. (2021). Leaning online education during
COVID-19 pandemic—attitudes and perceptions of non-traditional adult
learners. Quality Assurance in Education, ahead-of-print.
https://doi.org/10.1108/QAE-12-2020-0147
Singh, H. (2003). Building effective blended learning programs. Educational
Technology, 43(6), 51–54.
Singh, J., Steele, K., & Singh, L. (2021). Combining the best of online and face-to-face
learning: Hybrid and blended learning approach for COVID-19, post vaccine,
& post-pandemic world. Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 50(2),
140–171. https://doi.org/10.1177/00472395211047865
Siti Fatimah, A. R., Md Yunus, M., & Hashim, H. (2019). An overview of flipped
learning studies in Malaysia. Arab World English Journal, 10(4), 194–203.
Smith, M. (2001). John Dewey on education, experience and community. The
Encyclopedia of Informal Education.
Smith, T. E., Rama, & Helms. (2018). Teaching critical thinking in a GE class: A
flipped model. Thinking Skills and Creativity.
Snijders, T. A. B., & Bosker, R. J. (2012). Multilevel analysis: An introduction to basic
and advanced multilevel modeling. Sage Publishing.
So, H. J., & Brush, T. A. (2008). Student perceptions of collaborative learning, social
presence, and satisfaction in a blended learning environment: Relationships
and critical factors. Computers & Education, 51(1), 318-336.
Song, L. (2005). Adult learners' self-directed learning in online environments: Process,
personal attribute, and context. (Unpublished dissertation). The University of
Georgia, Athens, GA.
Song, L., & Hill, J. R. (2007). A conceptual model for understanding self-directed
learning in online environments. Journal of Interactive Online Learning, 6(1),
27-42.
Song, L., Singleton, E. S., Hill, J. R., & Koh, M. H. (2004). Improving online learning:
Student perceptions of useful and challenging characteristics. Internet &
Higher Education, 7(1), 59-70.
Soon Tan, C., Zakuan, N., & Ismail Abd Aziz, M. (2022). Recent trends of blended
learning and flipped classroom in Malaysia. Arab World English Journal
(AWEJ) 2nd Special Issue on Covid, 19.
Spybrook, J. (2008). Power, sample size, and design. In A. A. O’Connell & D. B.
McCoach (Eds.), Multilevel modeling of educational data (pp. 273–311).
Information Age Publishing Inc.
Sriwichai. (2020). Students’ readiness and problems in learning English through
blended learning environment. Asian Journal of Education and Training.
Stapa, M. A., Ibrahim, M., & Yusoff, A. (2017). Kolaborasi dalam pendidikan
vokasional: Mewujudkan pembelajaran teradun melalui teknologi Web 2.0.
Journal of Information and Communication Technology in Education, 4, 35-
51.
Su Ping, R. L., Verezub, E., Adi Badiozaman, I. F. bt, & Chen, W. S. (2020). Tracing
EFL students’ flipped classroom journey in a writing class: Lessons from
Malaysia. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 57(3), 305–
316.
Subri, I. M., Razal, W. M. F. A. W., Said, W. M., Ahmad, N. M., Shaharuddin, A.,
Aziz, M. A. A., ... & Jailani, B. (2016). Kefahaman akidah di pusat
pemindahan mangsa banjir: Kajian perintis di daerah Temerloh dan Maran,
Pahang. Journal of Fatwa Management and Research.
Sun, Z., Xie, K., & Anderman, L. H. (2018). The role of self-regulated learning in
students' success in flipped undergraduate math courses. The Internet and
Higher Education, 36, 41-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2017.11.004
Surianti, M. (2020). Development of accounting curriculum model based on industrial
revolution approach. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting, 11(2),
116–123. https://doi.org/10.7176/rjfa/11-2-12
Sweeney, M. R., Kirwan, A., Kelly, M., Corbally, M., O'Neill, S., Kirwan, M., ... &
Hussey, P. (2016). Transition to blended learning: Experiences from the first
year of our blended learning Bachelor of Nursing Studies programme.
Contemporary Nurse, 52(5), 612-624.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10376178.2016.1207547
Sweller, J. (2020). Cognitive load theory and educational technology. Educational
Technology Research and Development, 68(1), 1-16.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-019-09701-3
Sylviana, M., & Siti Mistima, M. (2020). The effect of 21st-century learning (PAK21)
on students' interest in teaching and learning mathematics: A systematic
review. Jurnal Dunia Pendidikan, 2(1), 82-91.
http://myjms.moe.gov.my/index.php/jdpd/article/view/7864
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics (4th ed.). Allyn
and Bacon.
Takaria, & Talakua. (2018). The ability of statistical literacy student teacher candidates
in terms of prior ability on mathematics. Journal of Mathematics Education,
11(2), 25-36.
Talib, N. S. A., Awang, M. M., Ghani, K. A., & Yusuff, N. A. (2019). Penggunaan
multimedia dalam mata pelajaran sejarah. International Online Journal of
Language, Communication, and Humanities, 2(2), 86-98.
Tamblyn, R., Barrows, H. S., & Gliva-McConvey, G. (1980). An initial evaluation of
learning units to facilitate problem solving and self-directed study (portable
patient problem pack). Medical Education, 14(5), 345-351.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2923.1980.tb01032.x
Tan Cheng Rui, & Zaidatun Tasir. (2022). Kesan penggunaan aplikasi Plickers dalam
pembelajaran topik imbuhan berasaskan gamifikasi terhadap pelajar tahun
tiga. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 7(3), 1-15.
Tayebinik, M., & Puteh, M. (2013). Blended learning or e-learning? International
Magazine on Advances in Computer Science and Telecommunications
(IMACST), 3(1), 103–110. https://arxiv.org/abs/1306.4085v1
Taylor, L. (2017). Blended learning for a 21st-century classroom. TribTalk: Perspective
on Texas, A publication of Texas Tribune. Retrieved from
https://www.tribtalk.org/2017/05/01/blended-learning-in-a-21st-century-
classroom/
Tangkui, R. (2023). Penggunaan Powtoon dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran sains:
Kesan terhadap pencapaian dan minat murid. Juku: Jurnal Kurikulum &
Pengajaran Asia Pasifik, 11(3), 15-31.
Taylor. (2014). Evidence of deeper learning outcomes: Findings from the study of
deeper learning. Society for Research on Educational Effectiveness.
Tezci, E., Sezer, F., Aktan, S., & Gurgan, U. (2016). Do lifestyles shape self-regulated
learning strategies? Eurasian Journal of Educational Research (EJER), (65),
239-258. https://doi.org/10.14689/ejer.2016.65.14
The Partnership for 21st Century Skills. (2008). 21st century skills, education, and
competitiveness: A resource and policy guide. Retrieved from
http://www.p21.org/storage/documents/21st_century_skills_education_and_competitiveness_guide.pdf
Thohir, M., & Achmad, A. (2021). Virtual flipped classroom: Solusi alternatif model
belajar di tengah pandemi. Syaikhuna: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pranata Islam,
12(1), 26-40. https://doi.org/10.30631/syaikhuna.v12i1.750
Thomas Cochrane. (2011). mLearning: Why? What? Where? How? Centre for
Learning and Teaching (CfLAT) /AUT University. Retrieved from
http://www.ascilite.org/conferences/hobart11
Ting, K., & Chao, M. (2013). The application of self-regulated strategies to blended
learning. English Language Teaching, 6(7), 26-32. Retrieved from
http://proxy1.ncu.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=eric&AN=EJ1077097&site=eds-live
Tinjol, J., & Andin, C. (2020). Peranan aktif pelajar pengajian perniagaan dalam
membentuk kemahiran pembelajaran terarah kendiri melalui pembelajaran
berasaskan masalah. International Journal of Education and Pedagogy, 2(1),
22-42. https://myjms.mohe.gov.my/index.php/ijeap/article/view/8426
Titov, S., Kurilov, A., Titova, N., & Brikoshina, I. (2019). Integrative assessment
framework in blended learning. TEM Journal, 8(3), 768-774.
https://doi.org/10.18421/TEM83-34
Toharoh, L., Suyoto, S., & Khaq, M. (2021). Analisis deskriptif pelaksanaan program
adiwiyata di SDN Brenggong. Jurnal Kualita Pendidikan, 2(1), 43-49.
https://doi.org/10.25273/jkpd.v2i1.7311
Tom Boyle, Claire Bradley, Peter Chalk, Ray Jones, & Poppy Pickard. (2003). Using
blended learning to improve student success rates in learning to program.
Journal of Educational Media, 28(2-3), 165-178.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1358165032000153160
Toppin, I. N., & Toppin, S. M. (2016). Virtual schools: The changing landscape of K-
12 education in the U.S. Education and Information Technologies, 21(6),
1571–1581. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-015-9402-8
Tsai, M.-H., & Tang, Y.-C. (2017). Learning attitudes and problem-solving attitudes
for blended problem-based learning. Library Hi Tech, 35(4), 615–628.
https://doi.org/10.1108/LHT-03-2017-0042
Tullis, J. G., & Benjamin, A. S. (2012). The effectiveness of updating metacognitive
knowledge in the elderly: Evidence from metamnemonic judgments of word
frequency. Psychology and Aging, 27(3), 683-692.
https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026438
Tunmibi, S., Aregbossola, A., Adejobi, P., & Ibrahim, O. (2018). Impact of e-learning
and digitalization in primary and secondary schools. Journal of Education and
Practice, 6(17), 34-41. https://doi.org/10.7176/jep/6-17-06
Ulfa, M., & Puspaningtyas, N. D. (2020). The effectiveness of blended learning using
a learning system in network (SPADA) in understanding of mathematical
concepts. Matematika Dan Pembelajaran, 8(1), 47-60.
Ulfah, R., Jaharadak, A., & Khatibi, A. (2019). Motivational factors influencing MSU
accounting students to become a certified public accountant (CPA).
Management Science Letters, 9(10), 1675-1684.
https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2019.7.018
Unding, I. R., & Mydin Kutty, F. (2023). Hubungan antara strategi pengajaran guru dan
autonomi pelajar terhadap kesediaan pembelajaran terarah kendiri. Malaysian
Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 8(2), e002101.
https://doi.org/10.47405/mjssh.v8i2.2101
Urbach, N., & Ahlemann, F. (2010). Structural equation modeling in information
systems research using partial least squares. Journal of Information
Technology Theory and Application, 11(2), 5-40.
Usman, T., Saadu, I., & Saadu, B. (2023). The blended teaching and learning methods
& practices effect of blended learning teaching strategy on the academic
performance of pupils in social studies. Journal of Education and Practice,
14(4), 45-56.
Ustunel, H. H., & Tokel, S. T. (2018). Distributed scaffolding: Synergy in technology-
enhanced learning environments. Technology, Knowledge and Learning, 23,
129-160. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10758-018-9357-7
Utami, I. G. L. P. (2016). Teori konstruktivisme dan teori sosiokultural: Aplikasi dalam
pengajaran bahasa Inggris. Prasi: Jurnal Bahasa, Seni, dan Pengajarannya,
11(01), 1-13.
Van Teijlingen, E., & Hundley, V. (2002). The importance of pilot studies. Nursing
Standard, 16(40), 33-36. https://doi.org/10.7748/ns2002.06.16.40.33.c3192
Vanslambrouck, S., Zhu, C., Pynoo, B., Lombaerts, K., Tondeur, J., & Scherer, R.
(2019). A latent profile analysis of adult students’ online self-regulation in
blended learning environments. Computers in Human Behavior, 99, 126–136.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.05.021
Vebriyanti, D. A., & Mukhadis, A. (2013). Problem based learning, motivasi belajar,
kemampuan awal, dan hasil belajar siswa SMK. Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan,
19(2), 187-195. https://doi.org/10.17977/jip.v19i2.1282
Vinzi, V. E., Chin, W. W., Henseler, J., & Wang, H. (2010). Handbook of partial least
squares: Concepts, methods and applications. Springer Science & Business
Media.
Voon, S. H., & Amran, M. S. (2021). Pengaplikasian teori pembelajaran
konstruktivisme dalam pembelajaran matematik. Jurnal Pendidikan
Matematik, 1(1), 1-14.
Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological
processes. Harvard University Press.
Vygotsky, L. S., & Cole, M. (1978). Mind in society: Development of higher
psychological processes. Harvard University Press.
Wahid, K. A., & Samah, N. A. (2019). Pembelajaran teradun berbantukan streaming
video bagi meningkatkan pencapaian, minat dan persepsi pelajar dalam
pembelajaran topik ruang. Innovative Teaching and Learning Journal (ITLJ),
3(2), 61-79. https://doi.org/10.3233/ITLJ19007
Wahid, K. A., & Samah, N. A. (2019). Pembelajaran teradun berbantukan streaming
video bagi meningkatkan pencapaian, minat dan persepsi pelajar dalam
pembelajaran topik ruang. Innovative Teaching and Learning Journal (ITLJ),
3(2), 61-79. https://doi.org/10.3233/ITLJ19007
Wahyuni, L., Fahada, R., & Atmaja, B. (2019). The effect of business strategy,
leverage, profitability and sales growth on tax avoidance. Indonesian
Management and Accounting Research, 16(2), 66-80.
https://doi.org/10.25104/imar.v16i2.1203
Wallen, N. E., & Fraenkel, J. R. (2013). Educational research: A guide to the process
(4th ed.). Routledge.
Wang, M. J. (2010). Online collaboration and offline interaction between students using
asynchronous tools in blended learning. Australasian Journal of Educational
Technology, 26(6), 830–846. https://doi.org/10.14742/ajet.1050
Wang, S. (2011). Benefits and challenges of e-learning: University students’
perspective. Information Science Reference. Retrieved from http://www.igi-
global.com/chapter/benefits-challenges-learning/53285?camid=4v1
Wang, Y., Han, X., & Yang, J. (2015). Revisiting the blended learning literature: Using
a complex adaptive systems framework. Educational Technology & Society,
18(2), 380–393. https://www.jstor.org/stable/jeductechsoci.18.2.380
Wee, B. S., Poh, B. K., Bulgiba, A., Ismail, M. N., Ruzita, A. T., & Hills, A. P. (2011).
Risk of metabolic syndrome among children living in metropolitan Kuala
Lumpur: A case control study. BMC Public Health, 11(1), 1-7.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-6
Wendhie, P. (2014). Implementasi blended learning dalam pembelajaran pada
pendidikan dasar dan menengah. Widyaiswara LPMP.
Westner, M., & Strahringer, S. (2010). Determinants of success in IS offshoring
projects: Results from an empirical study of German companies. Information
& Management, 47(5-6), 291-299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2010.01.002
Wijayanto, Z., Mutiara, H., & Pardimin, P. (2022). Implementation of the flipped
classroom learning model to improve students’ self-regulated learning. Jurnal
Pendidikan MIPA, 23(3), 1123-1134.
https://doi.org/10.24815/jpm.v23i3.27984
Wilson, K. (2019). Ten quick tips for delivering programming lessons. PLoS
Computational Biology, 15(6), e1006925.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006925
World Wide Learn. (2003). E-learning and technical terms. Retrieved March 14, 2005,
from http://www.worldwidelearn.com/elearning/elearning-glossary.htm
Xu, C. (2013). Classroom flipping as the basis of a teaching model for the course
Mobile Application Development. World Transactions on Engineering and
Technology Education, 11(4), 537–540.
Yaghmaie, F. (2003). Content validity and its estimation. Journal of Medical
Education, 3(1), 25–27. Retrieved from
http://www.journals.sbmu.ac.ir/index.php/jme/article/view/870
Yang, E. M., Andre, T., Greenbowe, T. J., & Tibell, L. (2003). Spatial ability and the
impact of visualization/animation on learning electrochemistry. International
Journal of Science Education, 25(3), 329-349.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09500690210145795
Yang, P., Wang, G., Jiang, X., Xu, J., Sun, X., & Chang, L. (2020). The deadly
coronaviruses: The 2003 SARS pandemic and the 2020 novel coronavirus
epidemic in China. Journal of Autoimmunity.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102434
Yasin, M., Rosaliana, R., & Habibah, S. R. N. (2023). Peran guru di sekolah dan
masyarakat. DIAJAR: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pembelajaran, 2(3), 382-389.
https://doi.org/10.35799/diaj.2.3.2023.128
Yeop, M. A. (2016). Pembelajaran teradun: Satu tinjauan literatur terhadap faktor-
faktor penerimaan guru melalui model-model penerimaan. Journal of
Research, Policy & Practice of Teachers and Teacher Education, 6(1), 67-85.
Yeop, M. A., Wong, K. T., & Goh, P. S. C. (2016). Blended learning: Pedagogy,
learning styles, and assessment activities in the classroom. International
Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences, 33(11), 36-39.
https://doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2016.011
You, Y. (1993). What we can learn from chaos theory? An alternative approach to
instructional systems design. Educational Technology Research and
Development, 41(3), 17–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02297051
Yu, Z. (2015). Blended learning over two decades. International Journal of Information
and Communication Technology Education, 11(3), 1–19.
https://doi.org/10.4018/IJICTE.2015070101
Yu, Z., Xu, W., & Sukjairungwattana, P. (2022). Meta-analyses of differences in
blended and traditional learning outcomes and students' attitudes. Frontiers in
Psychology, 13, 926947. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.926947
Yulia, H. (2017). Readiness for blended learning viewed from the students' attitude
towards learning aspects. International Journal of Active Learning, 2(1), 15-
26.
Yung-hsun Cheng, & Chia-wen Weng. (2017). Factors influencing the digital media
teaching of primary school teachers in a flipped class: A Taiwan case study.
South African Journal of Education, 37(1), 1-12.
https://doi.org/10.15700/saje.v37n1a1293
Yusof, A., Aziz, K., Kamarudding, H., Hamid, N., Ariffin, A., Hassan, M., Hassim, S.,
Ahmad, N., Syed, S., & Nma, J. (2004). Problem based learning in engineering
education: A viable alternative for shaping graduates for the 21st century? In
Conference on Engineering Education (pp. 1-10). Kuala Lumpur.
Yusuf, M., Fitria, H., & Mulyadi, M. (2020). The influence of teacher’s supervision
and professionalism on teacher’s performance. Journal of Social Work and
Science Education, 1(3), 234-240. https://doi.org/10.46966/jswse.v1n3a5
Yusup, H. (2012). Penggunaan e-pembelajaran dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran
yang berkesan (Doctoral dissertation, Asia e University).
Zacharis, N. Z. (2015). A multivariate approach to predicting student outcomes in web-
enabled blended learning courses. Internet and Higher Education, 27, 44–53.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2015.05.002
Zainal Abidin Bin Zainuddin. (2008). Keberkesanan kaedah konstruktivisme dalam
pengajaran dan pembelajaran matematik. Fakulti Pendidikan, Universiti
Teknologi Malaysia.
Zainuddin, H., Muluk, N., & Keumala, R. (2019). How do students become self-
directed learners in the EFL flipped-class pedagogy? A study in higher
education. Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 9(1), 141-149.
https://doi.org/10.17509/ijal.v9i1.18191
Zakaria, N. A., & Khalid, F. (2016). Kesan pembelajaran multimedia terhadap
perkembangan kognitif mahasiswa. In International Conference on Education
and Regional Development 2016 (pp. 680-693).
Zakaria, N. S. (2018). Exploring challenges of women doctoral students: A conceptual
paper. In Graduate Research in Education Seminar (GREduc) 2018 (pp. 130-
140).
Zhao, X., Lynch Jr, J. G., & Chen, Q. (2010). Reconsidering Baron and Kenny: Myths
and truths about mediation analysis. Journal of Consumer Research, 37(2),
197-206. https://doi.org/10.1086/651257
Zhu, M., Bonk, C. J., & Doo, M. Y. (2020). Self-directed learning in MOOCs:
Exploring the relationships among motivation, self-monitoring, and self-
management. Educational Technology Research and Development, 68, 2073-
2093. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-020-09705-4
Zimmerman, B. J. (2002). Becoming a self-regulated learner: An overview. Theory Into
Practice, 41(2), 64-70. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15430421tip4102_2
Zimmerman, B. J., & Schunk, D. H. (2011). Self-regulated learning and performance:
An introduction and an overview. In Handbook of self-regulation of learning
and performance (pp. 15-26). Routledge.
Zulkflee, Z., Azmi, N. N., Kamaruzaman, S. S. S., Prakas, J., Ng, M. M., & Jeyaraja,
S. S. B. (2022). Issues and challenges of Malaysian primary school teachers in
incorporating blended learning in ESL classroom. International Journal of
Advanced Research in Education and Society, 4(4), 117-130.
https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3636798