Abd Aziz, N. A., Hasham, R., Sarmidi, M. R., Suhaimi, S.H., &Idris, M. K. H. (2021). A review on extraction techniques and therapeutic value of polar bioactives from Asian medicinal herbs: Case study on Orthosiphon aristatus, Eurycoma longifolia and Andrographis paniculata. Saudi Pharm J, 29(2), 143-165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2020.12.016 

Abdul Kadir, A., Nik Hussain, N. H., Wan Bebakar, W. M., Mohd, D. M., Wan Mohammad, W. M., Hassan, II, Shukor, N., Kamaruddin, N. A., & Wan Mohamud, W. N. (2012). The Effect of Labisia pumila var. alata on Postmenopausal Women:A Pilot Study. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2012, 216525. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/216525 

Abdullah, N., Chermahini, S. H., Suan, C. L., & Sarmidi, M. R. (2013). Labisia pumila: A review on its traditional, phytochemical and biological uses. World applied Science journal, 27(10), 1297-1306. https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.wasj.2013.27.10.1391 

Abdullah, S., Ahmad, M. S., Shaari, A. R., Johar, H. M., & Noor, N. F. M. (2011). Drying characteristics and herbal metabolites composition of misai kucing (Orthosiphon staminiues Benth.) leaves. International Conference on Food Engineering and Biotechnology, 

Abu Bakar, F. I., Abu Bakar, M. F., Abdullah, N., Endrini, S., & Rahmat, A. (2018). A Review of Malaysian Medicinal Plants with Potential Anti-Inflammatory Activity. Adv Pharmacol Sci, 2018, 8603602. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/8603602 

Abubakar, B. M., Salleh, F. M., Shamsir Omar, M. S., & Wagiran, A. (2018).Assessing product adulteration of Eurycoma longifolia (Tongkat Ali) herbal medicinal product usingDNA barcoding and HPLCanalysis. Pharm Biol,56(1), 368-377. https://doi.org/10.1080/13880209.2018.1479869 

Abubakar, B. M., Salleh, F. M., Wagiran, A., & Abba, M. (2021). Comparative Evaluation of Different DNA Extraction Methods from E. Longifolia Herbal Medicinal Product. eFood, 2(1), 21-26. https://doi.org/10.2991/efood.k.210202.001 

Adam, Y., Somchit, M. N., Sulaiman, M. R., Nasaruddin, A. A., Zuraini, A., Bustamam, A. A., & Zakaria, Z. A. (2009). Diuretic properties of Orthosiphon stamineus Benth. J Ethnopharmacol, 124(1), 154-158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2009.04.014 

Adnyana, I. K., Setiawan,F., & Insanu, M. (2013). From ethnopharmacology to clinical studyof Orthosiphon stamineus Benth. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1(2). 

Ahmad, F., Zaidi, M. A. S., Sulaiman, N., & Majid, F. A. A. (2015). Issues and challenges in the development of the herbal industry in Malaysia. Prosiding Perkem, 

Aladdin, N.-A., Jamal, J. A., Talip, N., Hamsani, N. A. M., Rahman, M. R. A., Sabandar, C. W., Muhammad, K., Husain, K., & Jalil, J. (2016). Comparative study of three Marantodes pumilumvarieties by microscopy, spectroscopy and chromatography. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, 26(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjp.2015.10.002 

Almadiy, A. A., Nenaah, G. E., & Albogami, B. Z. (2022). Bioactivity of Deverra tortuosa essential oil, its nanoemulsion, and phenylpropanoids against the cowpea weevil, a stored grain pest with eco-toxicological evaluations. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 29(43), 65112-65127. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022­20404-w 

Almatar, M., & Rahmat, Z. (2014). Identifying the developmental stages and optimizing the sample preparation for anatomical study of Orthosiphon stamineus. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 4(3), 066-074. 

Almatar, M., Rahmat, Z., & Salleh, F. M. (2013). Preliminary morphological and anatomical study of Orthosiphon stamineus. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Research, 1(04), 1-6. 

Amandita, F. Y., Rembold, K., Vornam, B., Rahayu, S., Siregar, I. Z., Kreft, H., & Finkeldey, R. (2019). DNA barcoding of flowering plants in Sumatra, Indonesia. Ecol Evol, 9(4), 1858-1868. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4875 

Ameer, O. Z., Salman, I. M., Asmawi, M. Z., Ibraheem, Z. O., & Yam, M. F. (2012). Orthosiphon stamineus: traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology. J Med Food,15(8), 678-690.https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2011.1973 

Amritha, N., Bhooma, V., & Parani, M. (2020). Authentication of the market samples of Ashwagandhaby DNA barcoding reveals that powders aresignificantly more adulterated than roots. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 256, 112725. 

Anantha Narayana, D. B., & Johnson, S. T. (2019). DNA barcoding in authentication of herbal raw materials, extracts and dietary supplements: a perspective. Plant Biotechnology Reports, 13(3), 201-210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11816-019­00538-z 

Anthoons, B., Karamichali, I., Schrøder-Nielsen, A., Drouzas, A. D., de Boer, H., & Madesis, P. (2021). Metabarcoding reveals low fidelity and presence of toxic species in short chain-of-commercialization of herbal products. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2020.103767 

Ariffin, S. H., I, A. W., Hassan, Y., & Abd Wahab, M. S. (2021). Adulterated Traditional-Herbal Medicinal Products and Its Safety Signals in Malaysia. Drug Healthc Patient Saf, 13, 133-140. https://doi.org/10.2147/DHPS.S305953 

Aziz, A.,Bakar, N.A., &Zakaria, Z.(2020).UnsafeIngredients IncludedinMalaysian Food Drug Interphase (FDI) Products: Toyyiban perspective. Malaysian Journal of Halal Research, 3(2), 63-68. https://doi.org/10.2478/mjhr-2020­0011 

Aziz, N. A., Ahmad, M. I., & Naim, D. M. (2015). Molecular DNA identification of medicinal plants used by traditional healers in Malaysia. Genet Mol Res, 14(4), 15937-15947. https://doi.org/10.4238/2015.December.7.5 

Badgujar, S. B., Patel, V. V., & Bandivdekar, A. H. (2014). Foeniculum vulgare Mill: a review of its botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, contemporary application, and toxicology. BioMed research international, 2014. 

Belaeva, T. N., Prokopyev, A. S., Butenkova, A. N., & Astafurova, T. P. (2017). Pollination ecology and seed production of some species of the genusPedicularisL. in the highlands of Altai. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 74(5), 744-751. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207233.2017.1288546 

Bell, K. L., Loeffler, V. M., & Brosi, B. J. (2017). An rbcL reference library to aid in the identification of plant species mixtures byDNA metabarcoding. Appl Plant Sci, 5(3). https://doi.org/10.3732/apps.1600110 

Bhat, R., & Karim, A. A.(2010). Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifoliaJack): areview on its ethnobotany and pharmacological importance. Fitoterapia, 81(7), 669-679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2010.04.006 

Bhat, S., Kaushal, P., Kaur, M., & Sharma, H. K. (2014). Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.): Processing, nutritional and functional aspects. African Journal of Plant Science, 8(1), 25-33. https://doi.org/10.5897/ajps2013.1118 

Bhore, S. J. (2012). Misai Kucing (Orthosiphon stamineus Benth) -An under Journal of Sustainability Science and Management, 7(2), 121-123. 

Biesterbos, J. W. H., Sijm, D., van Dam, R., & Mol, H. G. J. (2019). A health risk for consumers: the presence of adulterated food supplements in the Netherlands. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess, 36(9), 1273­1288. https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2019.1633020 

bin Ramzi, M. I., Hazzimbin Kosnin, M., Faisal, G. G., Arzmi, M. H., Kusumawardani, A., Asm Sabere, S., Makky, E. A., & Oe Ibrahim, I. (2021). The Effect of Eurycoma Longifolia Jack (Tongkat Ali) Root Extract on salivary S. Mutans, Lactobacillus and Candida Albicans Isolated from High-Risk Caries Adult Patients. Pharmacognosy Journal, 13(3), 787-791. https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2021.13.100 

Biswas, K., & Biswas, R. (2013). Identification of medicinal plants using pcr-rflp in dasamula an ayurvedic drug. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biosciences, 94­99. 

Biswas, K., Kapoor,A., & Biswas, R.(2013). Authentication of herbal medicinal plant-Boerhavia diffusa L. using PCR-RFLP. Current Trends in Biotechnology and Pharmacy, 7(3), 716-724. 

Chan, K. L., Low, B. S., Teh, C. H., & Das, P. K. (2009). The effect of Eurycoma longifolia on sperm quality of male rats. Natural product communications, 4(10), 1331-1336. 

Chen, S., Yao, H., Han, J., Liu, C., Song, J., Shi, L., Zhu, Y., Ma, X., Gao, T., Pang, X., Luo, K., Li, Y., Li, X., Jia, X., Lin, Y.,& Leon,C. (2010). Validation of the ITS2 region as a novel DNA barcode for identifying medicinal plant species. PLoS One, 5(1), e8613. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0008613 

Cheng, X., Su, X., Chen, X., Zhao, H., Bo, C., Xu, J., Bai, H., & Ning, K. (2014). Biological ingredient analysis of traditional Chinesemedicine preparation based on high-throughput sequencing: the story for Liuwei Dihuang Wan. Sci Rep, 4, 5147. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep05147 

Chua, L. S., Lee, S. Y., Abdullah, N., & Sarmidi, M. R. (2012). Review on Labisia pumila (Kacip Fatimah): bioactivephytochemicals and skin collagen synthesis promoting herb. Fitoterapia, 83(8), 1322-1335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2012.04.002 

Colombo, F., Di Lorenzo, C., Biella, S.,Vecchio, S., Frigerio, G., & Restani, P. (2020). Adverse effects to food supplements containing botanical ingredients. Journal of Functional Foods, 72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2020.103990 

Daud, M., Jalil, J. A., Azmi, I. M. A. G., Ismail, S. F., & Safuan, S. (2017). ‘Unsafe’ nutraceuticals products on the Internet: The need for stricter regulation in Malaysia 2017 5th International Conference on Cyber and IT Service Management (CITSM),  https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8089269/ 

de Boer, H. J., Ichim, M. C., & Newmaster, S. G. (2015). DNA Barcoding and Pharmacovigilance of Herbal Medicines. Drug Saf, 38(7), 611-620. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40264-015-0306-8 

Dhivya Shanmughanandhan, Subramanyam Ragupathy, Steven G Newmaster, SaravananMohanasundaram, & Ramalingam Sathishkumar. (2016). Estimating herbal product authentication and adulteration in India using a vouchered, DNA-based biological reference material library. Drug safety, 39, 1211-1227. 

Dian-Yun, H., Jing-Yuan, S., Hui, Y., Jian-Ping, H., Xiao-Hui, P., Lin-Chun, S., Xiao-Chen, W., & Shi-Lin, C. (2013). Molecular identification of Corni Fructus and its adulterants by ITS/ITS2 sequences. Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines, 11(2), 121-127. 

Diaz-Silveira, G. L., Deutsch, J., & Little, D. P. (2021). DNA Barcode Authentication of Devil's Claw Herbal Dietary Supplements. Plants (Basel), 10(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10102005 

Diguta, C. F., Vincent, B., Guilloux-Benatier, M., Alexandre, H., & Rousseaux, S. (2011). PCR ITS-RFLP: A useful method for identifying filamentous fungi isolates on grapes. Food Microbiol, 28(6), 1145-1154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2011.03.006 

Druml, B., Grandits, S., Mayer, W., Hochegger, R., & Cichna-Markl, M. (2015). Authenticity control of game meat products--a single method to detect and quantify adulteration of fallow deer (Dama dama), red deer (Cervus elaphus) and sika deer (Cervus nippon) by real-time PCR. Food Chem, 170, 508-517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.08.048 

Dzeparoski, M., & Trajkovic-Jolevska, S. (2018). Impact of regulation on advertising and promotion of traditional herbal medicines and food supplements. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Marketing, 12(1),77­90. 

Ekor, M. (2014). The growing use of herbal medicines: issues relating to adverse reactions and challenges in monitoring safety. Front Pharmacol, 4, 177. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2013.00177 

El Khoury, G., Ramadan, W., & Zeeni, N. (2016). Herbal Products and Dietary Supplements: A Cross-Sectional Survey of Use, Attitudes, and Knowledge Among the Lebanese Population. J Community Health, 41(3), 566-573. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-015-0131-0 

Emilia-Ancu.a, B., MUNTEAN, L., RUSSU, F., ONA, A. D., PORUMB, I., & FILIP, E. (2019). Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.): medicinal and therapeutic uses– review. Hop Med. Plants, 87-95. 

Fadzil, N. F., Wagiran,A., Mohd Salleh, F., Abdullah, S., & MohdIzham, N.H. (2018). Authenticity Testing and Detection of Eurycoma longifolia in Commercial Herbal Products Using Bar-High Resolution Melting Analysis. Genes (Basel), 9(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/genes9080408 

Fatma, F., Amarnath, K. P., & TB, S. (2016). DNA Fingerprinting of Medicinal plant by RAPD and RFLP of Piper nigrum. 

Galimberti, A., DeMattia, F., Losa, A., Bruni, I., Federici, S., Casiraghi, M., Martellos, S., & Labra, M. (2013). DNA barcoding as a new tool for food traceability. Food Research International, 50(1), 55-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2012.09.036 

Ganie, S. H., Upadhyay, P., Das, S., & Prasad Sharma, M. (2015). Authentication of medicinal plants by DNA markers. Plant Gene, 4, 83-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plgene.2015.10.002 

Gao, Z., Liu, Y., Wang, X., Wei, X., & Han, J. (2019). DNA Mini-Barcoding: A Derived Barcoding Method for Herbal Molecular Identification. Front Plant Sci, 10, 987. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.00987 

Gimbun, J., Pang, S. F., & Yusoff, M. M. (2019). Orthosiphon stamineus (java tea). In Nonvitamin and Nonmineral Nutritional Supplements (pp. 327-333). Elsevier. 

Girish, S., Kumar, S., & Aminudin, N. (2015). Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifolia): a possible therapeutic candidate against Blastocystis sp. Parasit Vectors, 8, 332. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-015-0942-y 

Goodarzi, M. T., Khodadadi, I., Tavilani, H., & Abbasi Oshaghi, E. (2016). The Role of Anethum graveolens L. (Dill) in the Management of Diabetes. J Trop Med, 2016, 1098916. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/1098916 

Goreja, W. (2004). Tongkat Ali: the tree that cures a hundred diseases. TNC International Inc. 

Grazina, L., Amaral, J. S., & Mafra, I. (2020). Botanical origin authentication of dietary supplements by DNA-based approaches. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf, 19(3), 1080-1109. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12551 

Hamid, J. A., & Sairah, A. (2020). Satisfaction from herbal medicines in Malaysia. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 11(1). 

Han, J., Zhu, Y., Chen, X., Liao, B., Yao, H., Song, J., Chen, S., & Meng, F. (2013). The short ITS2 sequence serves as an efficient taxonomic sequence tag in comparison with the full-length ITS. Biomed Res Int, 2013, 741476. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/741476 

Han, Y. M., Jang, M., Kim, I. S., Kim, S. H., & Yoo, H. H. (2015). Simultaneous quantitation of six major quassinoids in Tongkat Ali dietary supplements by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci,38(13), 2260­2266. https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.201500207 

Hashim, H. O., & Al-Shuhaib, M. B. (2019). Exploring the Potential and Limitations of PCR-RFLP and PCR-SSCP for SNP Detection: A Review. Journal of Applied Biotechnology Reports, 6(4), 137-144. https://doi.org/10.29252/jabr.06.04.02 

Hendra, P., Fenty, Andreani, P. R., Pangestuti, B. M. E., & Julianus, J. (2017). Evaluation of Antihyperlipidemic, Anti-Inflammatory, and AnalgesicActivities of Eurycoma Longifolia in Animal Models. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 9(3). https://doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2017v9i3.16366 

Howard, C., Hill, E., Kreuzer, M., Mali, P., Masiero, E., Slater, A., & Sgamma, T. (2019). DNA Authentication of St John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) Commercial Products Targeting the ITS Region. Genes (Basel), 10(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/genes10040286 

Ichim, M. C. (2019). The DNA-Based Authentication of Commercial Herbal Products Reveals Their Globally Widespread Adulteration. Front Pharmacol, 10, 1227. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2019.01227 

Intharuksa, A., Sasaki, Y., Ando, H., Charoensup, W., Suksathan, R., Kertsawang, K., Sirisa-Ard, P., & Mikage, M. (2020). The combination of ITS2 and psbA-trnH region is powerful DNA barcode markers for authentication of medicinal Terminalia plants from Thailand. J Nat Med, 74(1), 282-293. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11418-019-01365-w 

Ismail, S. F., Daud, M., Azmi, I. M. A. G., & Jalil, J. A. (2020). Enhancing regulation of nutraceuticalproducts in Malaysia: Lessonsfrom Japan. IIUM Law Journal, 28(S1). 

Ismail, S. F., Daud, M., Jalil, J. A., Azmi, I. M. A. G., & Safuan, S. (2018). Protecting consumers from misleading online advertisement for herbal and traditional medicines in Malaysia: Are the laws sufficient? International Conference on Cyber and IT Service Management, 

Ivanova,N. V.,Kuzmina, M. L., Braukmann, T.W., Borisenko, A. V.,& Zakharov,E. V. (2016). Authentication of Herbal Supplements Using Next-Generation Sequencing. PLoS One, 11(5), e0156426. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0156426 

Jiang, C., Jin, Y., Zhao, X., Yuan, Y., Zhao, Y., & Huang, L. (2018). Rapid and robust authentication of deer antler velvet product by fast PCR-RFLP analysis. Mitochondrial DNA A DNA Mapp Seq Anal, 29(2), 266-272. https://doi.org/10.1080/24701394.2016.1275599 

Kachuei,R., Yadegari, M. H., Safaie,N., Ghiasian,A., Noorbakhsh,F.,Piranfar, V., & Rezaie, S. (2015). PCR -RFLP patterns for the differentiation of the Fusarium species in virtue of ITS rDNA. Curr Med Mycol, 1(1), 4-11. https://doi.org/10.18869/acadpub.cmm.1.1.4 

Kamarudin, N. A.,Markom, M., & Latip, J. (2016). Effects of Solvents and Extraction Methods on Herbal Plants Phyllanthus niruri, Orthosiphon stamineus and Labisia pumila. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 9(21). https://doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i21/95235 

Karimi, E., & Jaafar, H. Z. (2011). HPLC and GC-MS determination of bioactive compounds in microwave obtained extracts of three varieties of Labisia pumila Benth. Molecules, 16(8), 6791-6805. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16086791 

Kartini, K., Dewi, E. R., Achmad, F., EkaJayani, N. I., Arbi Hadiyat, M., & Avanti, C. (2020). Thin Layer Chromatography Fingerprinting and Clustering of Orthosiphon stamineus Benth. from Different Origins. Pharmacognosy Journal, 12(1), 79-87. https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2020.12.13 

Kazi, T.,Hussain, N., Bremner, P., Slater, A.,& Howard, C. (2013).Theapplication of a DNA-based identification technique to over-the-counter herbal medicines. Fitoterapia, 87, 27-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2013.03.001 

Kellogg, J. J., Paine, M. F., McCune, J. S., Oberlies, N. H., & Cech, N. B. (2019). Selection and characterization of botanical natural products forresearch studies: a NaPDI center recommended approach. Nat Prod Rep, 36(8), 1196-1221. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8np00065d 

Kinyanjui, G., Khamis, F. M., Mohamed, S., Ombura, L. O., Warigia, M., & Ekesi, S. (2016). Identification of aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) species of economic importance in Kenya using DNA barcodes and PCR-RFLP-based approach. Bull Entomol Res, 106(1), 63-72. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485315000796 

Kshirsagar, P., Umdale, S., Chavan, J., & Gaikwad, N. (2015). Molecular Authentication of Medicinal Plant, Swertiachirayitaand its Adulterant Species. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences, 87(1), 101-107. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40011-015-0556-3 

Kwan, L. S., Tan, S. Y., Hirata, Y., Chan, L.-K., Nagaoka, Y., Uesato, S., & Boey, P. 

L. (2021). Biotic elicitation at different feedingtime in cellsuspension cultures of Eurycoma longifolia Jack, a valuable medicinal plant, for enhancement of cytotoxic activity of bioactivecompoundsagainsthuman colon cancer cellline. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology -Plant, 58(1), 15-27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11627-021-10189-x 

Lin, T. C., Yeh, M. S., Cheng, Y. M., Lin, L. C., & Sung, J. M. (2012). Using ITS2 PCR-RFLP to generate molecular markers for authentication of Sophora flavescens Ait. J Sci Food Agric, 92(4), 892-898. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.4667 

Liow, H. L., Tarmizi, A. A. A., Jahari, P. N. S., Ihsan, N., & Salleh, F. M. (2021). DNA Barcoding for authentication of Orthosiphon stamineus herbal medicinal product using ITS2 nuclear marker originating from Malaysia. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 736(1), 012034. 

Little, D. P., & Jeanson, M. L. (2013). DNA barcode authentication of saw palmetto herbal dietary supplements. Sci Rep,3, 3518. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep03518 

Liu, C., Guo, D. A., & Liu, L. (2018). Quality transitivity and traceability system of herbal medicine products based on quality markers. Phytomedicine, 44, 247­257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2018.03.006 

Low, T. Y., Wong, K. O., Yap, A. L. L., De Haan, L. H. J., & Rietjens, I. (2017). The Regulatory Framework Across International Jurisdictions forRisks Associated with Consumptionof Botanical Food Supplements. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf, 16(5), 821-834. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12289 

Lv, Y. N., Yang, C. Y., Shi, L. C., Zhang, Z. L., Xu, A. S., Zhang, L. X., Li, X. L., & Li, H. T. (2020). Identification of medicinal plants within the Apocynaceae family using ITS2 and psbA-trnH barcodes. Chin J Nat Med, 18(8), 594-605. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1875-5364(20)30071-6 

Malik, S., Priya, A., & Babbar, S. B. (2019). Employing barcoding markers to authenticate selected endangered medicinal plants traded in Indian markets. Physiol Mol Biol Plants, 25(2), 327-337. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-018­0610-8 

Masada, S. (2016). Authentication of the botanical origin of Western herbal products using Cimicifuga and Vitex products as examples. J Nat Med, 70(3), 361-375. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11418-016-1006-0 

Meiklejohn, K. A., Damaso, N., & Robertson, J. M. (2019). Assessment of BOLD and GenBank -Their accuracy and reliability for the identification of biological materials. PLoS One, 14(6), e0217084. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0217084 

Meyer, R., Hofelein, C., Luthy, J., & Candrian, U. (1995). Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis: A simple method for species identification in food. Journal of Aoac Europe Section 4th International Symposium, 78(6). 

Mohamad, M., Ali, M. W., Ripin, A., & Ahmad, A.(2013). Effect of extraction process parameters on the yield of bioactive compounds from the roots of Eurycoma longifolia. Jurnal Teknologi, 60(1), 51-57. 

Mohamed, A. N., Vejayan, J., & Yusoff, M. M. (2015). Reviewon Eurycoma longifolia pharmacological and phytochemical properties. Journal of Applied Sciences. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.1154.0006 

Mohammed Abubakar, B., Mohd Salleh, F., Shamsir Omar, M. S., & Wagiran, A. (2017). Review: DNA Barcoding and Chromatography Fingerprints for the Authentication of Botanicals in Herbal Medicinal Products. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2017, 1352948. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/1352948 

Movahedi, A., Basir, R., Rahmat, A., Charaffedine, M., & Othman, F. (2015). Orthosiphon stamineus: an Asian tea with substantial anticancer properties. Journal of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, 44-52. 

Moyo, M., Amoo, S., Bairu, M., Finnie, J., &Van Staden, J. (2008). Optimising DNA isolation formedicinal plants. South African Journal of Botany,74(4), 771-775. 

Nadia, M. E., Nazrun, A. S., Norazlina, M., Isa, N. M., Norliza, M., & Ima Nirwana, S. (2012). The Anti-Inflammatory, Phytoestrogenic, and Antioxidative Role of Labisia pumila in Prevention of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis. Adv Pharmacol Sci, 2012, 706905. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/706905 

Nehal, N., Choudhary, B., Nagpure, A., & Gupta, R. K. (2021). DNA barcoding: A modern age tool for detection of adulteration in food. Critical reviews in biotechnology, 41(5), 767-791. 

Newmaster, S. G., Grguric, M., Shanmughanandhan, D., Ramalingam, S., & Ragupathy, S. (2013). DNA barcoding detects contamination and substitution in North American herbal products. BMC medicine, 11, 1-13. 

Nik Hussain, N. H., & Kadir, A. A. (2013). Potential Role of Labisia pumila in the Prevention and Treatment of ChronicDiseases. Journal of Food Research,2(4). https://doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v2n4p55 

Noh, P., Kim, W. J., Yang, S., Choi, G., & Moon, B. C. (2021). PCR-based rapid diagnostic tools for the authentication of medicinal mistletoe species. Phytomedicine, 91, 153667. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153667 

NPRA. (2022). Annual Report 2021. 

Osathanunkul, M., Suwannapoom, C., Osathanunkul, K., Madesis, P., & de Boer, H. (2016). Evaluation of DNA barcoding coupled high resolution melting for discrimination of closely related species in phytopharmaceuticals. Phytomedicine, 23(2), 156-165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2015.11.018 

Pan, S. Y., Litscher, G., Gao, S. H., Zhou, S. F., Yu, Z. L., Chen, H. Q., Zhang, S. F., Tang, M. K., Sun, J. N., & Ko, K. M. (2014). Historical perspective of traditional indigenous medical practices: the current renaissance and conservation of herbal resources. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2014, 525340. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/525340 

Pan, Y., Abd-Rashid, B. A., Ismail, Z., Ismail, R., Mak, J. W., Pook, P. C., Er, H. M., & Ong, C. E. (2011). In vitro modulatory effects of Andrographis paniculata, Centella asiatica and Orthosiphon stamineus on cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19). Journal of ethnopharmacology, 133(2), 881-887. 

Pang, X., Song, J., Zhu, Y., Xu, H., Huang, L., & Chen, S. (2011). Applying plant DNA barcodes for Rosaceae species identification. Cladistics, 27(2), 165-170. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2010.00328.x 

Parveen, I., Gafner, S., Techen,N., Murch, S. J., & Khan, I.A. (2016). DNA Barcoding for the Identification of Botanicals in Herbal Medicine and Dietary Supplements: Strengths and Limitations. Planta Med, 82(14), 1225-1235. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-111208 

Pauzi, N. A. M., Cheema, M. S., Ismail, A., Ghazali, A. R., & Abdullah, R. (2022). Safety assessment of natural products in Malaysia: current practices, challenges, and new strategies. Rev Environ Health, 37(2), 169-179. https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2021-0072 

Pentinsaari, M., Ratnasingham, S., Miller, S. E., & Hebert, P. D. N. (2020). BOLD and GenBank revisited -Do identification errors arise in the lab or in the sequence libraries? PLoS One, 15(4), e0231814. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231814 

Pferschy-Wenzig, E. M., & Bauer, R. (2015). The relevance of pharmacognosy in pharmacological research on herbal medicinal products. Epilepsy Behav, 52(Pt B), 344-362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.05.037 

Pourmohammad, A. (2013). Application of molecular markers in medicinal plant studies. Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Agriculture and Environment, 5(1), 80­90. https://doi.org/10.2478/ausae-2014-0006 

Raclariu, A. C., Heinrich, M., Ichim, M. C., & de Boer, H. (2018). Benefits and limitations of DNA barcoding and metabarcoding in herbal product authentication. Phytochemical Analysis, 29(2), 123-128. 

Raclariu, A. C., Paltinean, R., Vlase, L., Labarre, A., Manzanilla, V., Ichim, M. C., Crisan, G., Brysting, A. K., & de Boer, H. (2017). Comparative authentication of Hypericum perforatumherbal products usingDNA metabarcoding, TLC and HPLC-MS. Sci Rep, 7(1), 1291. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-01389-w 

Raclariu, A. C., Tebrencu, C. E., Ichim, M. C., Ciuperca, O. T., Brysting, A. K., & de Boer, H. (2018). What’s in the box? Authentication of Echinacea herbal products using DNA metabarcoding and HPTLC. Phytomedicine, 44, 32-38. 

Ramirez, L. I., Kanwugu, O. N., & Ivantsova, M. N. (2022). Impact of herbal supplements nowadays: an overview. Chimica Techno Acta, 9(2S). https://doi.org/10.15826/chimtech.2022.9.2.S4 

Rasmussen, H. B. (2012). Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis of PCR-Amplified Fragments (PCR-RFLP) and Gel Electrophoresis – Valuable Tool for Genotyping and Genetic Fingerprinting. In Gel Electrophoresis – Principles and Basics. 

Reynaud, D. T. H., Mishler, B. D., Neal-Kababick, J., & Brown, P. N. (2015). The capabilities and limitationsof DNA barcoding of botanical dietary supplements. AuthenTechnologies. 

Rohman, A., Nugroho, A., Lukitaningsih, E., & Sudjadi. (2014). Application of Vibrational Spectroscopy in Combination with Chemometrics Techniques for Authentication of Herbal Medicine. Applied Spectroscopy Reviews, 49(8), 603­613. https://doi.org/10.1080/05704928.2014.882347 

Roslan, N. S., Yusof, Y. A., Azhar Ali, M., Chin, N. L., Anuar, M. S., & Pin, K. Y. (2021). Compaction, flowability, and dissolution kinetics of Andrographis paniculata, Eurycoma longifolia, Labisia pumila, and Orthosiphon stamineus powders. Journal of Food Process Engineering, 44(7), e13729. 

Ruzicka, J., Schmiderer, C., & Novak, J. (2016). DNA-Based Identification of Valeriana officinalis s.l.: a Multiplexed Amplification Refractory Mutation System (MARMS) and High Resolution Melting Curve Analysis (HRMA). Plant Molecular Biology Reporter, 34(5), 909-922. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11105-015-0967-6 

Rydberg, A. (2010). DNA barcoding as a tool for the identification of unknown plant material: A case study on medicinal roots traded in the medina of Marrakech. 

Saleh, M. S., Shahaaruddin, S., Sarker, M. M. R., & Ming, L. C. (2016). Safety and efficacy of labisia pumila containing products. Archives of Pharmacy Practice, 7. 

Salehan, N. A. M., Sulaiman, A. Z., & Ajit, A. (2016). Effect of temperature and sonication on the extraction of gallic acid from LabisiaPumila (Kacip Fatimah). Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 11(4), 2193-2198. 

Santhosh Kumar, J. U., Ramakrishan, M., Seethapathy, G. S., Krishna, V., Uma Shaanker, R., & Ravikanth, G. (2020). DNA barcoding of Momordica species and assessment of adulteration in Momordica herbal products, an anti-diabetic drug. Plant Gene, 22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plgene.2020.100227 

Sarin, B., Clemente, J. P. M., & Mohanty, A. (2013). PCR–RFLP to distinguish three Phyllanthus sp., commonly used in herbal medicines. South African Journal of Botany, 88, 455-458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2013.09.011 

Särkinen, T., Staats, M., Richardson, J. E., Cowan, R. S., & Bakker, F. T. (2012). How to open the treasure chest? Optimising DNA extraction from herbarium specimens. 

Seethapathy, G. S., Raclariu-Manolica, A.-C., Anmarkrud, J. A., Wangensteen, H., & deBoer, H. J. (2019). DNAmetabarcoding authentication of Ayurvedic herbal products on the European market raises concerns of quality and fidelity. Frontiers in plant science, 10, 68. 

Segaran, A., Chua, L. S., & Ismail, N. I. M. (2021). A narrative review on pharmacological significance of Eurycoma longifolia jack roots. Longhua Chinese Medicine. doi, 10. 

Shanmughanandhan, D., Ragupathy, S., Newmaster, S. G., Mohanasundaram, S., & Sathishkumar, R. (2016). Estimating Herbal Product Authentication and Adulteration in India Using a Vouchered, DNA-Based Biological Reference Material Library.Drug Saf,39(12), 1211-1227.https://doi.org/10.1007/s40264­016-0459-0 

Shaw, D., Graeme, L., Pierre, D., Elizabeth, W., & Kelvin, C. (2012). Pharmacovigilance of herbal medicine. J Ethnopharmacol, 140(3), 513-518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2012.01.051 

Shen, J.-Y., Yan, L.-C., Landrein, S., Ma, X.-D., Xi, H.-C., Zhang, S.-H., & Shi, J.-P. (2018). Salacia menglaensis(Celastraceae), anew species from China. Annales Botanici Fennici, 

Shi, Y., Zhao, M., Yao, H., Yang, P., Xin, T., Li, B., Sun, W., & Chen, S. (2017). Rapidly discriminate commercial medicinal Pulsatilla chinensis (Bge.) Regel from its adulterants using ITS2 barcoding and specific PCR-RFLP assay. Sci Rep, 7, 40000. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep40000 

Simmler, C., Graham, J. G., Chen, S.-N., & Pauli, G. F. (2018). Integrated analytical assets aid botanical authenticity and adulteration management. Fitoterapia,129, 401-414. 

Singh, D. P., Kumar, A., Rodrigues, V., Prabhu, K. N., Kaushik, A., Mani, D. N., Shukla, A. K., & Sundaresan, V. (2020). DNA barcoding coupled with secondary structure information enhances Achyranthes species resolution. Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 19, 100269. 

Singh, W. A., Singh, N. S., Devi, E. J., Handique, P. J., & Devi, H. S. (2021). Collection and characterization of banana gene pools (Musa spp.) in Manipur (N.E. India) using PCR–RFLP and RAPD and ISSR markers. Brazilian Journal of Botany, 44(3), 671-684. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40415-021-00722-y 

Singtonat, S., & Osathanunkul, M. (2015). Fast and reliable detection of toxic Crotalaria spectabilis Roth. in Thunbergia laurifolia Lindl. herbal products using DNA barcoding coupled with HRM analysis. BMC Complement Altern Med, 15, 162. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-015-0692-6 

Skalicka-Wozniak, K., Georgiev, M. I., & Orhan, I. E. (2017). Adulteration of herbal sexual enhancers and slimmers: The wish for better sexual well-being and perfect body can be risky. Food and chemical toxicology, 108, 355-364. 

Steinhoff, B. (2019). Review: Quality of herbal medicinal products: State of the art of purity assessment. Phytomedicine, 60, 153003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2019.153003 

Syafiqah Nabilah, S., Farah Fazwa, M., Norhayati,S., Mohd Zaki, A., & Mohamad, O. (2014). Propagation of fivehigh yielding clones ofLabisiapumila var.alataand evaluation of their growth performances at nursery stage. Int J Agric Sci Res, 3(7), 121-125. 

Talbott, S. M. (2013). Human performance and sports applications of tongkat ali (Eurycoma longifolia). In Nutrition and Enhanced Sports performance. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-396454-0.00053-910.1155/2012/429268 

Tambi, I. (2021). Herbal medicine used to treat andrological problems:Asiaand Indian subcontinent: Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifolia jack). In Herbal Medicine in Andrology (pp. 107-111). Elsevier. 

Tambi, M. I., & Imran, M. K. (2010). Eurycoma longifoliaJack in managing idiopathic male infertility. Asian J Androl, 12(3), 376-380. https://doi.org/10.1038/aja.2010.7 

Tan, T. Y. C., Lee, J. C., Mohd Yusof, N. A., Teh, B. P., & Syed Mohamed, A. F. (2020). Malaysian herbal monograph development and challenges. Journal of Herbal Medicine, 23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hermed.2020.100380 

Tarmizi, A. A. A.,Wagiran, A., MohdSalleh, F., Chua, L. S., Abdullah, F. I.,Hasham, R., & BinteMostafiz, S. (2021). Integrated Approach forSpecies Identification and Quality Analysis for Labisia pumila Using DNA Barcoding and HPLC. Plants (Basel), 10(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10040717 

Techen, N., Parveen, I., Pan, Z., & Khan, I. A. (2014). DNA barcoding of medicinal plant material for identification. Curr Opin Biotechnol, 25, 103-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2013.09.010 

Teh, B. P., Ahmad, N., Ibnu Rasid, E. N., Zolkifli, N. A., Sastu Zakaria, U. R., Mohamed Yusoff, N., Zulkapli, A., Japri, N., Lee, J. C., & Muhammad, H. (2021). Herbal-Based Formulation Containing Eurycoma longifoliaandLabisia pumila Aqueous Extracts: Safe for Consumption? Pharmaceuticals (Basel), 14(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14020142 

Tengku Mohamad, T. A. S., Islahudin, F., Jasamai, M., & Jamal, J. A. (2019). Preference, Perception And Predictors Of Herbal MedicineUseAmong Malay Women In Malaysia. Patient Prefer Adherence, 13, 1829-1837. https://doi.org/10.2147/PPA.S227780 

Tnah, L. H., Lee, S. L., Tan, A. L., Lee, C. T., Ng, K. K. S., Ng, C. H., & Nurul Farhanah, Z. (2019). DNA barcode database of common herbal plants in the tropics: a resource for herbal product authentication. Food Control, 95, 318­326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.08.022 

Unnikrishnan, R., Dev, S. A., & Jayaraj, R. (2020). Pitfalls and promises of raw drug identification techniques in the ayurvedic industry: an overview. 3 Biotech, 10(11), 497. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-020-02482-0 

Urumarudappa, S. K. J., Tungphatthong, C., Jaipaew, J., Pornputtapong, N., Pakdeesattayapong, D., Vimolmangkang, S., & Sukrong, S. (2022). Development of a DNA barcode library of plants in the Thai Herbal Pharmacopoeia and Monographs forauthentication of herbal products. Sci Rep, 12(1), 9624. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-13287-x 

Urumarudappa, S. K. J., Tungphatthong, C., Prombutara, P., & Sukrong, S. (2020). DNA metabarcoding to unravel plant species composition in selected herbal medicines on the National Listof Essential Medicines (NLEM)of Thailand. Sci Rep, 10(1), 18259. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-75305-0 

Vassou, S. L., Kusuma, G., & Parani, M. (2015). DNA barcoding for species identification from dried and powdered plant parts: a case study with authentication of the raw drug market samples of Sida cordifolia. Gene, 559(1), 86-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2015.01.025 

Vassou, S. L.,Nithaniyal,S., Raju, B., & Parani, M. (2016).Creation of referenceDNA barcode library and authentication of medicinal plant raw drugs used in Ayurvedic medicine. BMC Complement Altern Med, 16 Suppl 1(Suppl 1), 186. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-016-1086-0 

Vejayan, J., Iman, V., Siew-Liang, F., & Ibrahim, H. (2013). Protein markers useful in authenticating Eurycoma longifolia contained herbal aphrodisiac products. Malaysian Journal  of Science, 32(1), 15-23. 

Veldman, S., Ju, Y., Otieno, J. N., Abihudi, S., Posthouwer, C., Gravendeel, B., van Andel, T. R., & de Boer, H. J. (2020). DNA barcoding augments conventional methods for identification of medicinal plant species traded at Tanzanian markets. J Ethnopharmacol, 250, 112495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2019.112495 

Vincze, T., Posfai, J., & Roberts, R. J. (2003). NEBcutter: A program to cleave DNA with restriction enzymes. Nucleic Acids Res, 31(13), 3688-3691. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkg526 

Wang, C. Z., Li, P., Ding, J. Y., Peng, X., & Yuan, C. S. (2007). Simultaneous identification of Bulbus Fritillariae cirrhosae using PCR-RFLP analysis. Phytomedicine, 14(9), 628-632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2006.09.008 

Wang, X.-y., Zheng, S.-h., Liu, Y., & Han, J.-p. (2016). ITS2, a Better DNA Barcode than ITSin Identification of Speciesin Artemisia L. Chinese Herbal Medicines, 8(4), 352-358. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1674-6384(16)60062-x 

WHO, W. H. O. (2017). WHO guidelines for selecting marker substances of herbal origin for quality control of herbal medicines. WHO Expert Committee on Specification for Pharmaceutical Preparations: Fifty-first report. Geneva: World Health Organization. 

Wright, C., Van-Buren, L., Kroner, C., & Koning, M. (2007). Herbal medicines as diuretics: a review of the scientific evidence. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 114(1), 1-31. 

Wu, K., Liu, Y., Yang, B., Kung, Y., Chang, K., & Lee, M. (2022). Rapid discrimination of the native medicinal plant Adenostemma lavenia from its adulterants using PCR-RFLP. PeerJ, 10, e13924. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13924 

Xin, T., Xu,Z., Jia,J., Leon, C., Hu, S., Lin, Y., Ragupathy, S., Song, J., & Newmaster, 

S. G. (2018). Biomonitoring for traditional herbal medicinal products using DNA metabarcoding and single molecule, real-time sequencing. Acta pharmaceutica sinica B, 8(3), 488-497. 

Yeong, S. W., & Choong, Y. C. (2017). Knowledge and characteristics of herbal supplement usage among community pharmacy customers in a Malaysian population. Complement Ther Med, 35, 92-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2017.09.005 

Yu, J., Wu, X., Liu,C., Newmaster, S., Ragupathy, S., & Kress, W. J. (2021). Progress in the useof DNAbarcodes in the identification and classification of medicinal plants. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf, 208, 111691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111691 

Zhang, D., Mo, X., Xiang, J., & Zhou, N. (2016). Molecular identification of original plants of Fritillariae cirrhosae bulbus, a Tradtional Chinese Cedicine (TCM) using plant DNA barcoding. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines, 13(6), 74-82. 

Zhang, G., Liu, J., Gao, M., Kong, W., Zhao, Q., Shi, L., & Wang, Q. (2020). Tracing the edible and medicinal plant Pueraria montana and its products in the marketplaceyields subspecies level distinction using DNA barcoding and DNA metabarcoding. Frontiers in pharmacology, 11, 336. 

Zheng, L., Jia, D., Fei, X., Luo, X., & Yang, Z. (2009). An assessment of the genetic diversity within Ganoderma strains with AFLP and ITS PCR-RFLP. Microbiol Res, 164(3), 312-321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2007.02.002 

Zheng, M., Liu, D., Zhang, H., & Zhang, Y. (2021). Molecular authentication of medicinal and edible plant Gnaphalium affine (cudweed herb, “Shu-qu-cao”) based on DNA barcode marker ITS2. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 43(8). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-021-03293-3 

Zhokhova, E.V., Rodionov, A. V.,Povydysh, M. N., Goncharov,M. Y.,Protasova, Y. A., & Yakovlev, G. P. (2019). Current State and Prospects of DNA Barcoding 

and DNA Fingerprinting in the Analysis of the Quality of Plant Raw Materials and Plant-Derived Drugs. Biology Bulletin Reviews, 9(4), 301-314. https://doi.org/10.1134/s2079086419040030 

Zhou, Y., Du, X.-L., Zheng, X., Huang, M., Li, Y., & Wang, X.-M. (2017). ITS2 barcode for identifying theofficinal rhubarb source plants from its adulterants. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 70, 177-185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bse.2016.12.004 

Zhu, S., Liu,Q., He, J., Nakajima, N., Samarakoon, S. P., Swe, S.,Zaw, K., & Komatsu, 

K.(2021). Geneticidentification of medicinally used Salaciaspecies bynrDNA ITS sequences and a PCR-RFLP assay for authentication of Salacia-related health foods. J Ethnopharmacol, 274, 113909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2021.113909 

Zulfahmi, Parjanto, Purwanto, E., & Yunus, A. (2021). Themorphology and density of pasak bumi (Eurycoma longifolia, Jack) leaf trichomes in six natural populations in Indonesia. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 637, 012031.