Toxicological effect and Biochemical Analysis of extracts of sapindus Saponaria Linnaeus and piper hancei Maxim against fruit fly

This research aimed to study Sapindus saponaria ethanol extract and Piper hancei petroleum ether extract for their toxicological effects on fruit flies (Bactrocera dorsalis) through contact toxicity, ingestion toxicity, and oviposition deterrence in the laboratory, alongside the field evaluation using male annihilation (MAT) and bait application (BAT) technologies. Compound profiling was conducted via HPLC-TOF-MS and GCMS. In contact toxicity experiments, P. hancei extract (10 mg/mL) achieved 98.33% mortality in 36 hours, while S. saponaria extract (40 mg/mL) reached 75%. The lowest LC50 values at 36 hours were 3.77 mg/mL (P. hancei) and 26.20 mg/mL (S. saponaria). In ingestion toxicity tests, P. hancei extract showed a 91.41% mortality rate, while S. saponaria extract reached 89.69% at 72 hours. The lowest LC50 values at 72 hours were 2.11 mg/mL (P. hancei) and 42.09 mg/mL (S. saponaria). Oviposition deterrence was higher in S. saponaria extract (98.15%) than P. hancei extract (94.57%). Field evaluations showed that under MAT, S. saponaria extract had higher captures (16.68) but lower population suppression rate (PSR) and control effect (CE, 11.79%) than P. hancei extract (CE, 43.43%). In BAT, S. saponaria had higher captures (5.67) but lower PSR and CE (25.93%) than P. hancei (CE, 71.76%). Both extracts reduced fruit fly abundance over time. Phytochemical analysis revealed that S. saponaria extract contained saponins, glycosides, and triterpenoids, while P. hancei extract had alkaloids and volatiles with pesticidal properties. Overall, both plant extracts exhibited certain contact toxicity, ingestion toxicity, and oviposition deterrence against fruit flies, with P. hancei extract demonstrating superior effects. This suggests that both plants have potential as botanical pesticides.