UPSI Digital Repository (UDRep)
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UPSI Digital Repository (UDRep)
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| Abstract : Perpustakaan Tuanku Bainun |
| This study examines the influence of economic and non-economic factors on happiness in Malaysia. Non-economic factors include demographic and political variables, while the economic determinants focus on Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and government expenditure. Non-economic data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics, generalized ordered logit regression (gologit2), and marginal effect tests; whereas economic factors were examined by using descriptive and multiple regression analyses. The results show that health, financial situation, importance of God, income, number of children, employment status, and leisure time are positively and significantly associated with happiness. In contrast, age and education are negatively related to happiness, with the negative effect of education attributed to higher expectations and frustration. Political and social factors such as freedom of choice, democracy, trust in government, and incumbent voting also positively influence happiness. Apart of the findings, government expenditure is positively associated with happiness, whereas GDP per capita shows a negative relationship. This finding confirmed the Easterlin Paradox that hypothesized economic growth alone does not guarantee greater happiness. The positive role of government spending highlights the importance of investments in education, healthcare, infrastructure, and social welfare in improving life satisfaction. In conclusion, happiness in Malaysia is shaped by a combination of economic and non-economic factors, with non-economic aspects such as health, social trust, and political confidence playing a more critical role than GDP growth. As the implication, this study highlights the need for policymakers to adopt a holistic approach to improve well-being by emphasizing social and political dimensions alongside economic development. Efforts should focus on enhancing healthcare accessibility, strengthening trust in government, promoting social cohesion, and maintaining public spending on welfare-related sectors to sustain and improve happiness levels. |
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