UPSI Digital Repository (UDRep)
|
UPSI Digital Repository (UDRep)
|
|
|
| ||||||||||||||||
| Full Text : |
| Artikel ini membincangkan Dasar British di Asia Tenggara dan kesannya terhadap Malaysia 1967-1975. Fokus perbincangan menjurus kepada tiga aspek iaitu perubahan dasar ketenteraan British di Timur Suez, reaksi Malaysia dan kesan perubahan pimpinan Britain terhadap rantau ini khususnya Malaysia. Artikel ini turut menganalisis kesan perkembangan di Asia Tenggara terhadap dasar Britain yang turut memberi impak kepada Malaysia. Pengunduran tentera Amerika Syarikat dari Vietnam Selatan yang dikenali sebagai era Vietnamisasi, memberi kesan yang besar kepada dasar negara anggota The Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) di Asia Tenggara. Britain yang merupakan anggota pertubuhan tersebut juga tidak terkecuali daripada perubahan tersebut. Pakatan ketenteraannya dengan Malaysia yang terjalin sejak 19 September 1957 iaitu The Anglo-Malayan Defence Agreement (AMDA) mula dinilai semula berikutan perubahan dasar ketenteraan di timur Suez yang diumumkan pada 1969. Ini menimbulkan reaksi daripada negara anggota Komanwel di Asia Tenggara, khususnya Malaysia dan Singapura. Reaksi Malaysia tidak terhad kepada hal ehwal dalam negara tetapi juga melibatkan pertubuhan rantau ini iaitu, The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Perisytiharan Zon Aman Bebas dan Berkecuali (ZOPFAN), merupakan antara langkah persiapan dalam mendepani sebarang ancaman setelah pengunduran tentera Britain daripada wilayahnya. Ini menimbulkan dilema dari segi prinsipnya apabila pada suatu masa Malaysia mengisytiharkan dirinya sebagai anggota pertubuhan yang berkecuali iaitu ASEAN, manakala dari sisi lain pula ia menjalinkan hubungan ketenteraan dengan Kuasa Barat. |
| References |
1. Brands, Jr., W., Henry (May 1987). "From ANZUS to SEATO: United States strategic policy towards Australia and New Zealand, 1952-1954". The International History Review. No. 2 9.
2. Broadbent, Kieran, Supplement - Britain in Asia, East of Suez in the 70s, Far Eastern Economic Review, Vol. 65, No.39, 21/27 Sep 1969, 786.
3. Buszynski, Leszek. (1996). Soviet Foreign Policy and Southeast Asia. New York: Routledge Revivals.
4. Karnown Stanley. (1983). Vietnam: A history. New York: Viking Press.
5. Chester, Michael, supplement - Britain in Asia, Security: The five-power approach, Far Eastern Economic Review,Vol. 70, No. 49, 5 Dec 1970, 32.
6. Comber, Leon. (2009). May 13 1969 - The Darkest Day in Malaysian History. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish.
7. DEFE 4/275/1, Part 1, 2. Joint Staff Training (Special Distribution), 1973, National Archive UK, Kew.
8. Dimitrakis, Panagiotis, "The value to CENTO of UK bases on cyprus", Middle Eastern Studies, Volume 45, Issue 4,July 2009, hlm. 611–624, Hadley, Guy. (1971). CENTO: The Forgotten Alliance. ISIO Monographs, Sussex:
University of Sussex.
9. FCO 15/135, Viet-Nam: Australia Policy, 1970, National Archive UK, Kew.
10. FCO 15/1727, Association of South East Asian Nations, 1973, National Archive UK, Kew.
11. FCO 24/654, Five Power Defence Arrangement for Malaysia and Singapore, National Archive UK, Kew.
12. FCO 24/657, Five Power Defence Arrangement for Malaysia and Singapore, National Archive UK, Kew.
13. FCO 24/982, Five Power Defence Arrangement for Malaysia and Singapore, National Archive UK, Kew
14. FCO 46/1046, Five Power Defence Arrangement, 1973, National Archive UK, Kew.
15. Kelemen, Paul. (1984). Soviet strategy in Southeast Asia: The Vietnam factor. Asian Survey. Vol. 24, No. 3 (1984).
16. Lowe, Peter. (2009). Contending with nationalism and communism: British policy towards Southeast Asia, 1945–65.Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
17. Methven, Philip. (1992). ‘The five power defence arrangements and military cooperation among the ASEAN states:incompatible Models for security in Southeast Asia?’ Canberra papers on strategy and defence No. 92. Canberra:Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Research School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National University.
18. McDougall, Derek. (1997). Australia and the British military withdrawal from east of Suez, Australian Journal of International Affairs, Volume 51, Issue 2.
19. McGarry, John and O’Leary, Brendan. (1995). Explaining Northern Ireland: Broken Images, Oxford, Blackwell.
20. Millar, T.B., ‘Anglo-Australian Partnership in Defence of the Malaysian Area,’ dalam Madden, A.F. dan Morris-Jones, W.H. (ed.), (1980), Australia and Britain. London: Frank Cass And Company Limited.
21. OD 39/163, Effect of special aid to Malaysia and Singapore of Review of ‘Rast of Suez Policy’, 1970-1971,
National Archive UK, Kew,
22. Pickering, Jeffrey. (1998). Britain's withdrawal from East of Suez. Basingstoke: Macmillan
23. Pham, P.L. (2010). Ending ‘East of Suez’: The British decision to withdraw from Malaysia and Singapore, 1964–
1968. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
24. Polsky, Anthony, Southeast Asia: A twilight gathering, Far Eastern Economic Review, Vol. 72, No. 18, 1 May 1971, 51.
25. San, Khoo How, “The five power defence arrangements: If it ain’t Broke ...”, Pointer: Quarterly Journal of the
Singapore Armed Forces, Vol. 26, No. 4, October–December 2000, Internet edition.
26. Storey, Ian, Emmers, Ralf, dan Daljit Singh (eds.). (2011). Five Power Defence Arrangements at Forty. Singapore:ISEAS.
27. Tregonning, K.G. (1988). ‘The Philippine Claim to Sabah.” JMBRAS. Vol. XLIII (5).
28. Wah, Chin Kin. (1983). The Defence of Malaysia and Singapore: The transformation of a security system 1957-1971.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
29. Wah, Chin Kin. (1971). ‘The five power defence arrangements: Twenty Years After,’ The Pacific Review, vol. 4, no.3. |
| This material may be protected under Copyright Act which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. |