UPSI Digital Repository (UDRep)
|
|
|
Abstract : Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris |
Kajian ini dijalankan untuk menilai keberkesanan kaedah pembelajaran aktif dalam
meningkatkan pencapaian akademik, minat, motivasi dan interaksi sosial pelajar bagi
mata pelajaran Ekonomi Asas Tingkatan Empat berbanding dengan kaedah tradisional
‘chalk-and-talk’. Instrumen kajian yang digunakan ialah Ujian Pra dan Ujian
Pencapaian, rancangan mengajar harian dan soal selidik. Kajian ini dilaksanakan
dengan menggunakan reka bentuk eksperimen kuasi. Responden kajian terdiri
daripada 64 orang pelajar Tingkatan Empat di sebuah sekolah menengah Daerah
Kinta Selatan, Perak. Seramai 34 orang pelajar dari sebuah kelas dijadikan kumpulan
rawatan yang mengikuti aktiviti-aktiviti pembelajaran aktif, sementara 30 orang
pelajar dari satu kelas lagi dijadikan kumpulan kawalan yang mengikuti kaedah
tradisional ‘chalk-and-talk’. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan teknik Analisis
Kovarians (ANCOVA) dan Ujian-T Sampel Berpasangan. Hasil ANCOVA
menunjukkan terdapat kesan kaedah pembelajaran aktif yang signifikan terhadap
pencapaian akademik pelajar berbanding dengan kaedah pengajaran tradisional
‘chalk-and-talk’ bagi mata pelajaran Ekonomi Asas Tingkatan Empat. Manakala hasil
analisis Ujian-T Sampel Berpasangan menunjukkan bahawa terdapat peningkatan
minat dan motivasi para pelajar yang signifikan selepas mereka mengikuti aktivitiaktiviti
pembelajaran aktif dalam kelas Ekonomi Asas Tingkatan Empat. Namun
begitu, tiada peningkatan interaksi sosial di kalangan pelajar yang signifikan selepas
mereka mengikuti aktiviti-aktiviti pembelajaran aktif. Implikasi dapatan kajian ini
mencadangkan bahawa pihak guru, pentadbir sekolah dan KPM wajar menggalakkan
dan memperluaskan pengaplikasian kaedah pembelajaran aktif dalam proses
pengajaran dan pembelajaran mata pelajaran Ekonomi Asas Tingkatan Empat untuk
meningkatkan lagi pencapaian akademik, minat dan motivasi pelajar terbabit. |
References |
Abrami, P., Chamber, B., Poulsen, C., Simone, C.D., d’Appollania, S., & Howden, J. (1995). Classroom connections: Understanding and using cooperative learning. Toronto: Harecourt Brace Jovanovich.
Alexander, W.R.J., & McDougall, R.S. (2001). Collaborative problem solving in student learning. Economics Discussion Papers No.0110, Department of Economics, University of Otago.
Armsden, G.C., & Greenberg, M.T. (1987). The inventory of parent and peer attachment: Relationships to well-being in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 16(5), 427-454.
Ary, D., Jacob, L.C., & Razavieh, A. (2002). Introduction to research in education (6th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadswoth
Asmah Hj Ahmad (1989). Pedagogi I. Petaling Jaya: Longman Malaysia Sdn. Bhd. Atkinson, J. (Ed.). (1958). Motives in fantasy, action and society. New York: Van Nostrand.
Bartlett, R.L. (2006). The evolution of cooperative learning and economics instruction. In W.E. Becker, M. Watts & S.R. Becker (Eds.) Teaching economics: More alternatives to chalk and talk (pp. 39-58). Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Becker, W.E. (1997). Teaching economics to undergraduates. Journal of Economic Literature, 35(9), 1347-1373.
Becker, W.E. (1998). Engaging student in quantitative analysis with the academic and popular press. In W. E. Becker & M. Watts (Eds.), Teaching economics: More alternatives to chalk and talk (pp. 241-267). Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Becker, W.E., & Watts, M. (1995). A review of teaching methods in undergraduate economics. Economic Inquiry, 33(4), 692-700.
Becker, W.E., & Watts, M. (1996). Chalk and talk: A national survey on teaching undergraduate economics. American Economic Review, 86 (May), 448-453.
Becker, W.E., & Watts, M. (2001). Teaching economics at the start of the 21st century: Still chalk and talk. American Economic Review, 91 (May), 446-451.
Beeby, C. (1966). The quality of education in developing countries. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Beeby, C. (1986). The stages of growth in educational systems. In S. Heyneman & D. White (Eds.) The quality of education and economic development: A World Bank Symposium (pp. 37–44). Washington, DC: World Bank.
Biggs, J.B. (1978). Individual and group differences in study processes. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 48, 266-279.
Biggs, J.B., & Moore, P.J. (1993). The process of learning (3rd ed.). New York: Prentice Hall.
Bloom, B.S. (1956). Taxonomy of educational objectives: The classification of educational goals: Handbook I, cognitive domain. New York: Longmans.
Boekaerts, M., Pintrich, P., & Zeidner, M. (2000). Handbook of self-regulation. New York: Academic Press.
Bonwell, C.C., & Eison, J.A. (1991). Active learning: Creating excitement in the classroom. ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Report No. 1. Washington, DC: The George Washington University, School of Education and Human Development.
Borg, M.O., & Shapiro, S.L. (1996). Personality type and student performance in principles of economics. The Journal of Economics Education, 27(1), 3-25.
Borsboom, D., Mellenbergh, G., & van Heerden, J. (2004). The concept of validity. Psychological Review, 111(4), 1061-1071
Brokaw, A.J., & Merz, T.E. (2004). Active learning with Monty Hall in a game theory class. Journal of Economic Education, 35(3), 259-268.
Brooks, T.B., & Khandker, A.W. (2002). A colloborative learning lab: Does the form matter?. Contemporary Economic Policy, 20(3), 330-338.
Bruner, J. (1966). Toward a theory of instruction. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Buckles, S., & Hoyt, G.M. (2006). Using active learning techniques in large lecture classes. In W.E. Becker, M. Watts & S.R. Becker (Eds.) Teaching economics: More alternatives to chalk and talk (pp. 75-88). Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Budd, J.W. (2004). Mind maps as classroom exercises. Journal of Economics Education, 35(1), 35-46.
Burden, P.R., & Byrd, D.M. (1994). Methods for effective teaching. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Carlson, J., & Schodt, D. (1995). Beyond the lecture case teaching and the learning of economic theory. Journal of Economic Education, 26(Winter), 17-28.
Carlson, J.L., & Skaggs, N.T. (2000). Learning by trial and error: A case for moot courts. Journal of Economic Education, 31(2), 145-155.
Carlson, J.A., & Velenchik, A. (2006). Using the case method in the economics classroom. In W.E. Becker, M. Watts & S.R. Becker (Eds.) Teaching economics: More alternatives to chalk and talk (pp. 59-74). Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Carpick, R.W. (2002). Who wants to be an engineer? – or better teaching through games shows. Proceedings of the 2002 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference and Exposition (session 1630). Montreal, Canada: American Society for Engineering Education.
Chee, K.M. (1996). Pandangan pelajar terhadap kaedah pengajaran guru Prinsip Akaun, Perdagangan dan Ekonomi Asas di beberapa buah sekolah menengah di Pulau Pinang. Jurnal Pendidikan GERAK, 7, 23-28.
Chickering, A.W., & Gamson, Z.F. (1987). Seven principles for good practice. AAHE Bulletin, 39 (Mac), 3-7.
Christoffersen, S. (2002). An active learning tool for the principles of economics: The allocation exercise. American Economist, 46(2), 65-68.
Chua, Y. P. (2006). Kaedah dan statistik penyelidikan: Buku 1: Kaedah penyelidikan. Kuala Lumpur: McGraw-Hill (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd.
Cohn, C.L. (1999). Cooperative learning in macroeconomics course: A team simulation. College Teaching, 47(2), 51-54.
Crandall, D.P. (1983). The teacher’s role in school improvement. Educational Leadership, 38, 6-9.
Cross, P.K. (1987). Teaching for learning. AAHE Bulletin, 39(April), 2-7. de Baessa, Y., Chesterfield, R., & Ramos, T. (2002). Active learning and democratic behavior in Guatemalan rural schools. Compare, 32(2), 205–218.
Dixit, A. (2006). Restoring fun to game theory. In W.E. Becker, M. Watts & S.R. Becker (Eds.) Teaching economics: More alternatives to chalk and talk (pp. 1- 20). Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Effandi Zakaria & Abd. Razak Habib (2006). Kesan pembelajaran koperatif atas pelajar matrikulasi dalam mata pelajaran matematik. Jurnal Teknologi, 45, 43- 62.
Fink, L.D. (2003). Creating significant learning experiences; an integrated approach to designing college courses. San Fransisco: Jossey Bass, A Wiley Imprint
Fraenkel, J.R. (1996). How to design and evaluate research in education (3rd ed.). United States of America: Mcgraw-Hill, Inc.
Fredericksen, E. (1998). Minority students and the learning community experience: A cluster experiment. TX: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Gay, L.R., & Airasian, P. (2003). Educational research (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill.
Ginsburg, M. (2009). Active-learning pedagogies as a reform initiative: Synthesis of case studies. Washington, DC: American Institutes for Research under the EQUIP1 LWA. Diperoleh Ogos 1, 2010, daripada http://www.equip123.net/docs.
Gordon, R.R., Rogers, A.M., Comfort, M., Gavula, N., & McGee, B.P. (2001). A taste of problem-based learning increases achievement in urban minority middle-school students. Educational Horizons, 79(4), 171-175.
Gourney, F.A. (2000). A classroom simulation based on political polling to help student understand sampling distribution. Journal of Statistic Education, 8(3). Diperoleh Mac 10, 2008, daripada http://www.amstet.org/publication/jse/secure.
Grant, S. (2006). Professional development for teachers: Teaching and assessing skills in economics. UK: Cambridge University Press.
Gremmen, H., & Potters, J. (1997). Assessing the efficacy of gaming in economic education. Journal of Economic Education, 28 (Fall), 291–303.
Gunter, M.A. (1995). Instruction to models approach. New York: Allyn & Bacon. Hake, R. (1998). Interactive-engagement vs. Traditional methods: a six-thousandstudent survey of mechanics test data for introductory Physics courses. American Journal of Physics, 66(1), 64-74.
Halimah Harun (2002). Ke arah meningkatkan profesionalisme guru. Adakah pengajaran anda berkesan? Prosiding Kebangsaan Profesion Perguruan (pp. 301-319). Bangi: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Hansen, W.L. (2001). Expected proficiencies for undergraduate economics majors. Journal of Economic Education, 32 (Summer), 231-242.
Hansen, W.L., Salemi, M.K., & Siegfried, J.J. (2002). Use it or lose it: Teaching economic literacy in the economics principles course. American Economic Review, 92(2), 463-472.
Harrison, S.D. (2003). A business simulation approach to activity based costing method in the classroom. Issues in Accounting Education, 12(3), 307-312.
Hazlett, D. (2006). Using classroom experiments to teach economics. In W.E. Becker, M. Watts & S.R. Becker (Eds.) Teaching economics: More alternatives to chalk and talk (pp. 21-38). Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Hidi, S. (2006). Interest: A unique motivational variable. Educational Research Review 1(2006), 69–82.
Hiltz, S. R. (1994). The virtual classroom: learning without limits via computer networks. Norwood, NJ USA: Ablex Publishing Corporation.
Holter, N.C. (1994). Team assignment can be effective cooperative learning techniques. Journal of Business for Education, 69, 73-76.
Institut Tadbiran Awam Negara (2003, Januari). Ilmu dan latihan teras kecemerlangan perkhidmatan awam. Teks ucapan Pengarah INTAN di Perhimpunan Bulanan JPA, Malaysia.
Inter-Agency Commission (1990). World declaration on education for all. World conference on education for all: Meeting basic learning needs. New York: Inter-Agency Commission.
Ismail Daros (1987). Faktor-faktor utama yang menyebabkan pelajar-pelajar di peringkat menengah melakukan kegiatan ponteng sekolah. Kerja Ilmiah Diploma yang tidak diterbitkan. Bangi: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Jensen, E.J., & Owen, A.L. (2003). Appealing to good students in introductory economics. Journal of Economic Education, 34(4), 299-325. Johnson, D.W., & Johnson, R.T. (1994). Learning together and alone: cooperative, competitive and individualistic learning. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Johnson, D.W., Johnson, R.T., & Smith, K.A. (1998). Cooperative learning returns to college: What evidence is there that it works? Change, 30, 26-35.
Johnston, C.G., James, R.H., Lye, J.N., & McDonald, I.M. (2000). An evaluation of collaborative problem solving for learning economics. Journal of Economics, 31(1), 13-29.
Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia (KPM) (1991). Buku panduan am penilaian kendalian sekolah menengah. Kuala Lumpur: Pusat Perkembangan Kurikulum.
Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia (KPM) (2000). Sukatan pelajaran kurikulum bersepadu sekolah menengah – Ekonomi Asas. Kuala Lumpur: Pusat Perkembangan Kurikulum.
Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia (KPM) (2001). Sukatan pelajaran kurikulum bersepadu sekolah rendah – Kajian Tempatan. Kuala Lumpur: Pusat Perkembangan Kurikulum.
Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia (KPM) (2005). Amalan terbaik pembelajaran aktif dalam Ekonomi Asas. Kuala Lumpur: Pusat Perkembangan Kurikulum.
Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia (KPM) (2006). Laporan kajian rintis buku panduan pembelajaran aktif dalam Ekonomi Asas. Kuala Lumpur: Pusat Perkembangan Kurikulum.
Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia (KPM) (2010). Analisis keputusan peperiksaan SPM 2000-2009. Kuala Lumpur: Lembaga Peperiksaan Malaysia.
Kensworthy, L.S. (1962). Guide to social studies teaching. New York: Woodsworth.
Kerlinger, F.N. (1986). Foundation of behavioural research. (3rd ed.). New York: Rine Hart & Winston.
Khoo, Y. Y. (2008). Keberkesanan kaedah penyelesaian masalah secara kolaboratif dalam kalangan pelajar Ekonomi Tingkatan Enam. Tesis PhD yang tidak diterbitkan. Pulau Pinang: Universiti Sains Malaysia.
Kolb, D.A. (1981). Learning styles and disciplinary differences. In A.W. Chickering (Ed.) The Modern American College (pp. 232-255). San Francisco: Jossey- Bass Publishers.
Kolb, D.A. (1984). Experiential learning: Experiences as the source of learnig and development. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Krapp, A. (2002). Structural and dynamic aspects of interest development: Theoretical considerations from an ontogenetic perspective. Learning and Instruction, 12, 383–409.
Kurfiss, J.G. (1988). Critical thinking: Theory, research, pratice and possibilities. ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Report No. 2. Washington, DC: Association for the Study of Higher Education.
Kwan, V. N. (1989). Pencapaian murid-murid aliran sastera dalam mata pelajaran Rampaian Sains: Satu kajian sekolah di Seremban. Tesis Sarjana yang tidak diterbitkan. Bangi: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Laws, P., Sokoloff, D., & Thornton, R. (1999). Promoting active learning using the results of Physics education research. UniServe Science News, 13-20.
Lim, C. H. (2007). Penyelidikan pendidikan: Pendekatan kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Shah Alam: Mc Graw-Hill (Malaysia).
Lockheed, M., & Levin, H. (1991). Creating effective schools. In H. Levin & M. Lockheed (Eds.) Effective schools in developing countries (pp. 1–20). Washington, DC: The World Bank, Education and Employment Division, Population and Human Resources Department.
Lundwall, B. (2000). Towards a learning society. Innovation and competence building with social cohesion for Europe. The Seminar On Socio-Economic Research and European Policy. Lisbon.
Maier, M.H., & Keenan, D. (1994). Cooperative learning in economics. Economic Inquiry, 32 (April), 358-361.
Manning, L.A., & Riordan, C.A. (2000). Using groupware software to support collaborative learning in economics. Journal of Economic Education, 31(3), 244-252.
Maslow, A. (1968). Toward a psychology of being. New York: Litton Educational Publishing.
Maxwell, J.A. (1996). Qualitative research design: An interactive approach. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Md. Yusoff Mohamed (1998). Persepsi pelajar tingkatan empat sekolah menengah kebangsaan Munshi Abdullah Kulai terhadap pengajaran dan pembelajaran Ekonomi Asas. Tesis Sarjana yang tidak diterbitkan. Kuala Lumpur: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Mergendoller J.R, Maxwell, N.L., & Bellisimo Y. (2002). The effectiveness of problem based instruction: A comparative study of instructional methods and student characteristics. Human Investment Research and Education (HIRE) Center: California State University.
Meyers, C., & Jones, T.B. (1993). Promoting active learning: Strategies for the college classroom. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Mitchell, M. (1993). Situational interest: Its multifaceted structure in the secondary school mathematics classroom. Journal of Educational Psychology, 85, 424– 436.
Mohamad Zakaria (1997). Persepsi pelajar terhadap mata pelajaran Ekonomi. Kajian di sekolah menengah daerah Bachok, Kelantan. Tesis Sarjana yang tidak diterbitkan. Kuala Lumpur: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Mohd Majid Konting (2004). Kaedah penyelidikan pendidikan. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Mohd Yahya Mohamed Ariffin (2001). Bidang ekonomi: Pelbagai sektor tawar pekerjaan. Diperoleh pada Oktober 10, 2008, daripada http://www.tutor.com/my/tutor/dunia.
Mok, S. S. (2005). Nota ulangkaji dan latihan PTK: Kompetensi khusus/ fungsi. Puchong: Multimedia-ES Resources Sdn. Bhd.
Mook, D. G. (1986). Motivation: The organization of action. New York: Norton.
Neuman, W.L. (2000). Social research methods: Quantitative and qualitative approaches (4th ed.). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
Niemi, H. (1997). Active learning by teachers. In D. Stern & G.L. Huber (Eds.) Active learning for students and teachers. Reports from eight countries (pp. 174-182). OECD. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
Niemi, H. (2002). Active learning – a cultural change needed in teacher education and schools. Teaching and Teacher Education, 18, 763-780.
Nor Azian Ahmad (2008). Kaedah pembelajaran dan pengajaran koperatif bagi tajuk Ikatan Kovalen Tingkatan Empat. Tesis Sarjana yang tidak diterbitkan. Tanjong Malim: Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris.
Oliver, P. (Ed.). (1999). Monitoring change in education. Lifelong and continuing education. What is a learning society. Aldershot: Ashgate, Arena.
Omar Hassan (1975). An investigation into factors effecting science interest of secondary school students. Journal of Research on Science Teaching, 23, 255- 268.
Othman Lebar (2007). Penyelidikan kualitatif: Pengenalan kepada teori dan metod. Tanjong Malim: Penerbit Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris.
Paul, R.B., & David, M.B. (1999). Method of effective teaching. Needham Heights, MA: Ally & Bacon.
Piaget, J. (1969). Science of education and the psychology of the child. London: Longman.
Pintrich, R.R., & DeGroot, E.V. (1990). Motivational and self-regulated learning components of classroom academic performance. Journal of Educational Psychology, 82, 33-40.
Prince, M. (2004). Does active learning work? A review of the research. Journal of Engineering Education, 93(3), 223-231.
Ramlee Ismail (2003). Pengaruh Matematik dan Ekonomi Asas sebagai prasyarat ke atas pencapaian Prinsip Ekonomi di UPSI. Laporan Penyelidikan Jangka Pendek. Tanjong Malim: UPSI.
Raymond, F., Raymond, A., & McCrickard, M. (2008). Stuck behind the Math: Just how helpful can one expect technology to be in the Economics classroom? International Review of Economics Education, 7(1), 62-102.
Redish, E., Saul, J., & Steinberg, R. (1997). On the effectiveness of activeengagement microcomputer-based laboratories. American Journal of Physics, 65(1), 45-50.
Renninger, K. A., & Hidi, S. (2002). Student interest and achievement: Developmental issues raised by a case study. In A. Wigfield & J. S. Eccles (Eds.), Development of achievement motivation (pp. 173–195). San Diego: Academic Press.
Rosziah Salleh, Abidah A. Bakar & Rashida Abdul Raffar (2005). Keberkesanan pembelajaran koperatif dalam meningkatkan penguasaan pelajar hayat terhadap isi kandungan mata pelajaran Biologi serta mempengaruhi pencapaian pelajar. Dalam Seminar Penyelidikan Pendidikan Program Matrikulasi Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia. Johor Bahru: Kolej Matrikulasi Melaka.
Roziah Hj. Md. Amin (2007). Pembangunan perisian isi rumah sebagai pengguna bagi pengajaran dan pembelajaran berbantukan komputer Ekonomi Asas Tingkatan 4. Tesis Sarjana yang tidak diterbitkan. Kuala Lumpur: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Ruckstad, M.G. (1992). Macroeconomic decision making in the world economy text and cases, (3rd ed.). Fort Worth: Tex Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Rusell, J.D. (1974). Modular instruction. Minnepolis: Burgess Publishing Company.
Salemi, M.K. (2002). An illustrated case for active learning. Southern Economic Journal, 68(3), 721-731.
Sarantakos, S. (1997). Social research. South Melbourne, Australia: MacMillan Education.
Sax, L.J., Astin, A., Arredondo, M., & Korn, W. (1996). The American college teacher: National norms for the 1995–96 HERI faculty survey. CA: Higher Education Research Institute, University of California.
Sazali Yusoff (1996). Peningkatan prestasi Matematik bagi pelajar-pelajar Tingkatan 2 sekolah luar bandar: Suatu tinjauan terhadap keberkesanan pembelajaran koperatif. Seminar Kebangsaan Penilaian KBSM. Kuala Lumpur: Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia.
Schiefele, U. (2009). Situational and individual interest. In K. R. Wentzel & A. Wigfield (Eds.), Handbook of motivation in school (pp. 197–223). New York: Taylor Francis.
Schloss, P.J., & Smith, M.A. (1999). Conducting research. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merril Prentice Hall.
Schmidt, S. J. (2003). Active and cooperative learning using web-based simulations. Journal of Economic Education, 34(2), 151-167.
Schumann, L., Rogers, R.P., & Reitzes, J.D. (1992). Case studies on the price effects of horizontal mergers. Washington, DC: Federal Trade Commission.
Shadish, W.R., Cook, T.D., & Campbell, D.T. (2002). Experimental and quasiexperimental designs for generalized causal inference. Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin.
Shahril Marzuki, Quek, A. H., & Chang, L. H. (1994). Ekonomi Asas strategi pengajaran dan pembelajaran. Kuala Lumpur: Utusan Publications & Distributors Sdn. Bhd.
Siegfried, J.J., Bartlett, R., Hansen, W.L., Kelley, A.C., McClosky, D.N., & Tietenberg, T.H. (1991). The status and prospects of the economics major. Journal of Economic Education, 22(3), 195-224.
Silberman, M.L. (2004). Pembelajaran Aktif: 101 Strategi untuk mengajar apa jua subjek (Zainab Ahmad, Terjemah). Kuala Lumpur: Institut Terjemahan Negara Malaysia Berhad. (Karya asli diterbitkan 1996).
Simon, P.R.J. (1997). Definitions and theories of active learning. In D. Stern & G.L. Huber (Eds.) Active learning for students and teachers. Reports from eight countries (pp. 19-39). OECD. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
Siti Asiah Nor @ Moh Nor (2006). Keberkesanan kaedah permainan ke atas pencapaian, sikap dan minat pelajar terhadap mata pelajaran Prinsip Perakaunan Tingkatan IV. Tesis Sarjana yang tidak diterbitkan. Bangi: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Slavin, R.E. (1990). Research on co-operative learning: Consensus and controversy. Educational Leadership, 47(4), 52-54.
Slavin, R.E. (1995). Cooperative learning: Theory, research and practice. Massachusetts: Allyn & Bacon.
Slavin, R.E. (1997). Co-operative learning among students. In D. Stern & G.L. Huber (Eds.) Active learning for students and teachers. Reports from eight countries (pp. 159-173). OECD. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
Slavin, R.E., & Hansell, S. (1983). Cooperative learning and intergroup relations: Contact theory in the classroom. In J.L., Epstein & N., Karweit (Ed.) Friend in school: Pattern of selection and influence in secondary schools (pp. 93-114). New York: Academic Press.
Stipek, D. (1998). Motivation to learn: From theory to practice (3rd ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Strow, B.K., & Strow, C.W. (2006). A rent-seeking experiment for the classroom. Journal of Economic Education, 37 (3), 323-330.
Subahan Mohd Merah (1997). Strategi pengajaran untuk meningkatkan prestasi Sains dan Matematik. Prosiding Seminar Kebangsaan Pendidikan Sains dan Matematik. Bangi: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Suhaida Abdul Kadir (2002). Perbandingan pembelajaran koperatif dan tradisional terhadap prestasi, atribusi pencapaian, konsep kendiri akademik dan hubungan sosial dalam pendidikan Perakaunan. Tesis PhD yang tidak diterbitkan. Serdang: Universiti Putra Malaysia.
Syarifah Alwiah Alsagoff (1986). Ilmu pendidikan pedagogi. Kuala Lumpur: Heineman Asia.
Thorndike, E. (1913). Educational psychology: The psychology of learning. New York: Teachers College Press.
Toh, W. S. (2008). Pedagogi pembelajaran aktif dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran Ekonomi ke arah membangunkan modal insan. Seminar Inovasi Pedagogi IPBL 2008 (pp. 117-129). Kuching, Sarawak: Institut Perguruan Batu Lintang.
Trigwell, K., Prosser, M., & Waterhouse, F. (1999). Relations between teachers? Approaches to teaching and students? Approaches to learning. Higher Education, 39, 57-70.
Ueckert, C.W., & Gess-Newsome, J. (2008). Active learning strategies. Science Teacher, 75(9), 47-52.
UNESCO (2000). The Dakar framework for action: Education for all: Meeting our collective commitments. World Education Forum. Dakar, Senegal: UNESCO Publishing.
UNESCO (2008). EFA global monitoring report, 2008: Education for all by 2015. Will we make it? Oxford University Press & UNESCO Publishing.
USAID (2005). Education strategy: improving lives through learning. Washington, DC: USAID.
Velenchik, A.D. (1995). The case method as a strategy for teaching policy analysis to undergraduates. Jounal of Economic Education, 26 (Winter), 29-38.
White Paper on Education and Training (1995). Brussels: Commission of the European Communities.
Whiting, C. (2006). Data-based active learning in the principles of Macroeconomics course: A mock FOMC meeting. Journal Economics of Education, 37(2), 171- 177.
Wollman (1969). Dictionary of behaviour science. New York: Reinhold.
Zaharatul Laili Abdul Rahim & Ramlee Mustapha (2007). Pembelajaran berasaskan masalah bagi subjek elektronik: Satu kajian tindakan di sekolah teknik. Seminar Pendidikan Kejuruteraan dan Alam Bina (pp. 230-251). Bangi: Penerbitan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. |
This material may be protected under Copyright Act which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. |