|
UPSI Digital Repository (UDRep)
|
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Abstract : Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris |
| Kajian ini bertujuan menilai kualiti air bukit mengikut standard kualiti air minuman
yang ditetapkan oleh Jabatan Alam Sekitar (JAS) dan Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia (KKM) serta
menilai persepsi masyarakat terhadap kepenggunaan air bukit dalam kehidupan seharian. Lokasi kajian
kualiti air bukit adalah di enam lokasi di tiga negeri iaitu Bukit Putus, Kuala Pilah dan Kampung
Batu, Rembau di Negeri Sembilan, Kuala Kubu Bharu dan Ulu Yam di Selangor serta Taman Tasik,
Taiping dan Simpang Pulai, Ipoh di Perak. Kaedah yang digunakan dalam kajian ini ialah pengumpulan
data primer melalui kerja lapangan di lokasi kajian dan edaran soal selidik untuk mendapatkan
persepsi masyarakat tahap kepenggunaan air bukit. Dalam kajian ini, pengukuran kualiti air
dilakukan berdasarkan kepada parameter (KKM) dan turut dibandingkan dengan beberapa parameter lain
seperti Indeks Kualiti Air Negara (IKA) dan World Health Organization (WHO). Selain itu terdapat
beberapa parameter logam berat seperti Kalsium dan Potassium menggunakan rujukan pengkaji kualiti
air yang lain disebabkan standard yang ditetapkan oleh WHO tidak menyatakan secara spesifik untuk
parameter Kalsium dan Potassium. Pengujian kualiti air bukit dilihat kepada tiga aspek utama ialah
sifat kimia air, kandungan logam berat dan bakteriologi di dalam air. Antara parameter logam berat
yang digunakan dalam penyelidikan ini ialah Zn, Mg, K, Cu, Na, Fe, Pb dan Cal. Manakala parameter
bakteria ialah E-Coli. Pada masa yang sama, edaran borang kaji selidik digunakan untuk mendapatkan
persepsi pengguna mengenai status kualiti air bukit dan tahap serta jenis kepenggunaannya. Hasil
kajian mendapati kualiti air bukit di semua lokasi kajian berada pada standard piawai air minuman
KKM dan WHO dari segi kandungan kimia, logam berat dan kandungan bakteria di dalam air. Hal ini
bertepatan dengan persepsi penduduk yang mengatakan bahawa kualiti air bukit tersebut bersih dan
selamat digunakan untuk tujuan air minuman. Oleh itu, dicadangkan kepada pihak JAS, KKM dan Pihak
Berkuasa Tempatan (PBT) harus mengambil langkah yang proaktif dalam memelihara dan memulihara air
bukit untuk tujuan kelangsungannya di masa hadapan agar ianya selamat digunakan untuk tujuan
bekalan air minuman.
|
| References |
Afiukwa, J.N., & Eboatu, A.N. (2013). Analysis of spring water quality in Ebonyi South Zone and its health impact. URL: http://www.scihub.org, akses pada Februari 28, 2014.
Agarwala, S.P. (2008). Environmental studies. Alpha Studies: UK.
Aiken, S. R., Leigh, H., Leinbach, T. R., & Moss, M. R. (1982). Development and environment in Peninsular Malaysia. Singapore: McGraw-Hill.
Azizan, M. S. (1975). Beberapa pemikiran asas dalam penentuan perkembangan guna tanah Bandar Kangar, Perlis. Projek Penyelidikan Sarjana yang tidak diterbitkan. Jabatan Geografi UKM.
Blij, H.J, Muller, P.O., & Williams, R.S. (2004). Physical geography: The global environment. New York: Oxford University.
Bowen, R. (1982). Surface water. England: Applied Science Publisher.
Brooks, K.N., Ffolliott, P.F., & Magner, J.A. (2003). Hydrology and the management of watershed. Iowa: Blackwell Publishing.
Cech, T.V. (2005). Principles of water resources : History, development, management and policy. USA: John Wiley & Sons.
Cech, T.V. (2005). Principles of water resources: History, development, management and policy. United States of America: Wiley Publishers.
Che Mohd Lukman (2008). Analisis hidrograf dalam ladang kelapa sawit. Projek Penyelidikan Ijazah Sarjana Muda Kejuruteraan Awam yang tidak diterbitkan. Fakulti Kejuruteraan Awam UTM.
Department of Environment (2004). Malaysia environmental quality report 2004. Putrajaya: Department Of Environment, Ministry of Natural Resources And Environment.
Department of Environment (2005). Malaysia environmental quality report 2005. Kuala Lumpur: Department Of Environment, Ministry of Natural Resources And Environment.
Department of Environment (2006). Malaysia environmental quality report 2006. Kuala Lumpur: Department Of Environment, Ministry of Natural Resources And Environment.
Department of Environment (2007). Malaysia environmental quality report 2007. Kuala Lumpur: Department Of Environment, Ministry of Natural Resources And Environment.
Department of Environment (2008). Malaysia environmental quality report 2008. Kuala Lumpur: Department Of Environment, Ministry of Natural Resources And Environment.
Department of Environment (2009). Malaysia environmental quality report 2009. Kuala Lumpur: Department Of Environment, Ministry of Natural Resources And Environment.
Department of Environment (2010). Malaysia environmental quality report 2010. Kuala Lumpur: Department Of Environment, Ministry of Natural Resources And Environment.
Department of Environment (2011). Malaysia environmental quality report 2011. Kuala Lumpur: Department Of Environment, Ministry of Natural Resources And Environment.
Department of Environment (2012). Malaysia environmental quality report 2012. Kuala Lumpur: Department Of Environment, Ministry of Natural Resources And Environment.
Department of Health and Community Services Government Newfoundland and Lambrador (2002). Roadside spring water. URL: http://www.servicenl.gov.nl, akses pada Mac 3, 2016.
Department of Natural Resources Offices (2010). Iron in drinking water. URL: http://dnr.wi.gov/topic/drinkingwater, akses pada Julai 23, 2013.
Doug (2005). Reclamation managing water in the west: Seepage chemistry manual. URL: http://www.usbr.gov, akses pada Februari 10, 2016.
Foster, D.S.S., & Chilton, P.J. (2003). Groundwater: The processes and global significance of aquifer degradation. UK: Royal Society Publishing.
František, K. (2003). Health significance of drinking water calcium and magnesium. URL:http://www.szu.cz/uploads/documents/chzp/voda/pdf/hardness.pdf, akses pada Disember 24, 2012.
Githaiga, J.M., Red, R., Muchiru, A.N., & Dijk, S.V. (2003). Survey of water quality changes with land use type in the Loitokitok Area, Kajiado District, Kenya. URL: http://www.lucideastafri ca.org, akses pada April 14, 2013.
Hafizi, H. (2011). Penggunaan telaga tiub: Kajian kes di Kampung Chabang Empat, Tumpat, Kelantan. Projek Tahun Akhir Ijazah Sarjana Muda Pendidikan Geografi, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris yang tidak diterbitkan.
Hatim, E., Mustafa, A., Ikay, K., Kadir, D., Yakup, K., & Murat K. (2003). Influences of human activities and agriculture on groundwater quality of Kayseri-Incesu- Dokuzpınar Springs, Central Anatolian Part of Turkey. URL: http://download.springer.com/static/pdf, akses pada Disember 19, 2014.
Invest Bulgaria Agency (2011). Medical tourism and balneology in Bulgaria. URL: http://files.chinagoabroad.com, akses pada Disember 17, 2015.
Irwin, R.J, Mouwerik, M.V, Stevens, L, Seese, M.D, & Basham. W. (1997). General introduction and classification information. Environmental Contaminants Encyclopedia Zinc Entry. URL: http://www.nature.nps.gov, akses pada Disember, 17 2013.
Jabatan Alam Sekitar (2006). Laporan tahunan 2006. Kuala Lumpur: Jabatan Alam Sekitar, Kementerian Sumber Asli & Alam Sekitar.
Jabatan Alam Sekitar (2009). Laporan tahunan 2009. Kuala Lumpur: Jabatan Alam Sekitar, Kementerian Sumber Asli & Alam Sekitar.
Jabatan Alam Sekitar (2010). Status kualiti air sungai. URL: http://www.doe.gov.my, akses pada Jun 20, 2010.
Jabatan Alam Sekitar (2011). Pemantauan kualiti air sungai. URL: http://www.doe.gov.my/portal, akses pada Jun 20, 2011.
Jabatan Alam Sekitar (2013). Laporan tahunan 2013. Putrajaya: Jabatan Alam Sekitar, Kementerian Sumber Asli & Alam Sekitar.
Jabatan Mineral dan Geosains (2012). Peta geologi Semenanjung Malaysia. Ipoh: Jabatan Mineral dan Geosains Malaysia.
Jamaluddin, M.J., & Ismail, A. (1988). Pengantar geografi fizikal. Kuala Lumpur: Tropical Forest.
Kamus Dewan Edisi Keempat (2007). Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Katz, B.G., David Hornsby, H., Bohlke, J.F., & Mokray, M.F. (1999). Sources and chronology of nitrate contamination in spring waters, Suwannee River Basin, Florida. URL: http://fl.water.usgs.gov, akses pada Nov 28, 2013.
Kaustubh, M., & Devdutt, U. (2013). Spring: A common source of a common resource. URL: http://sikkimsprings.org/dv/research/299.pdf, akses pada Jun 25, 2013.
Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia (2010). Drinking water quality standard. URL: http://kmam.moh.gov.my, akses pada Disember 29, 2013.
Kementerian Tenaga, Teknologi Hijau dan Air (2012). URL: http://www.kettha.gov.my/portal/index.php?r=kandungan/parlimen_view&menu 1_id=5&menu2_id=19&parlimen_id=238#.V1ZHuOSnFXU, akses pada April 20, 2016.
Kitt, F.P. (2000). Water quality & monitoring. URL: https://extension.arizona.edu, akses pada Oktober 13, 2014. akses pada Oktober 13, 2014.
Koh, H.L., Lee, H.L., Teh, S.Y., Saw, S.K., & Ahmad Izani, M.I. (2008) Biomathematics: From daphnia to dengue. Malaysian Journal of Mathematical Science, 2-4.
Llamas, M.R., & Martinez Santos, P. (2005). Intensive groundwater use: Silent revolution and potential source of social conflicts. Spain: ASCE Editorial.
McCall Outdoor Science School (2012). Dissolve Oxygen and Biological Oxygen Demand. URL: http://adventurelearningat.com, akses pada November 12, 2012.
Michighan (2014). Total Suspended Solids (TSS). URL: http://www.michigan.gov, akses pada November 11, 2014.
Mohamad Ali, H. (1989). Hidrologi air tanah. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Mohd Hairy, I., Mohmadisa, H., & Nasir, N. (2009). Kesan pembangunan terhadap persekitaran fizikal di Bandaraya Ipoh. Laporan Akhir Penyelidikan UPSI: 08- 06-16-05.
Mohd Nor, J. (1990). Pencemaran air dan impak kepada industri perikanan: Satu kajian kes di Kampung Kuala Juru, Seberang Perai Tengah, Pulau Pinang. Projek Penyelidikan Sarjana yang tidak diterbitkan, Jabatan Geografi UKM.
Mohd Raihan, T., Wan Zuhairi, W.Y., Abd Rahim, S., & Jasni, Y. (2011). Groundwater quality at two landslide in Selangor, Malaysia. URL: http://www.gsm.org.my, akses pada Jun 5, 2016.
Mohd Rozali, O., Mohd Talib, H.L., Abdullah, S., & Muhamad Sanusi, S. (2006). Kesan aktiviti penanaman padi terhadap kualiti air. The Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences, 10(2), 233-242.
Monroe, S.J., & Wicander, R. (2012). The changing earth: Exploring geology and evolution. USA: Cengage Learning.
Mutewekil, M.O., Muheeb, W., & Hussein, A.M. (2008). Impact of domestic wastewater treatment plant on groundwater pollution, North Jordan. URL: http://www.scielo.org, akses pada September 10, 2014.
Nasiman, S., Raja Zanariah, R.A., & Hisyam, J. (2010). Quantity and quality of groundwater in fractured metasedimentary rocks of the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Department of Civil Engineering: Universiti Teknologi Petronas.
Nasir, N., Mohmadisa, H., Mohd Hairy, I., & Mohamad Suhaily Yusri, C.N. (2009). Perubahan guna tanah dan tahap kualiti air sungai di Bandar raya Ipoh. Malaysian Journal of Environmental Management, 10(2), 115-134.
Nestle (2015). Bottled Water Quality Report. URL: http://www.nestle-watersna.com, akses pada November 11, 2015.
Nevill, J. C., Hancock, P. J., Murray, B. R., Ponder, W. F., Humphreys, W. F., Phillips, M. L., & Groom, P. K. (2010). Groundwater-dependent ecosystems and the dangers of groundwater overdraft: A review and an Australian perspective. Pacific Conservation Biology, 16(3), 187-208.
Nor Azman, K. (2006). Kualiti air sungai berdasarkan analisis kimia dan kepelbagaian alga. Tidak Diterbitkan. UTM: Fakulti Kejuruteraan Awam.
Noraini, J. (1994). Kejuruteraan alam sekitar. Johor: Penerbit UTM.
Nova Scotia Environment (2008). Natural and roadside springs. URL: http://www.gov.ns.ca, akses pada Oktober 12, 2012.
Nurain, M., & Ang, K.H. (2015). Kualiti air Sungai UTM: Satu penilaian awal berpandukan enam parameter Indeks Kualiti Air. Geografia Online, 107-115.
Pieter (2008). Urban groundwater extraction in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. URL: http://essay.utwente.nl, akses Jun 5, 2012.
Raymond, J. (1988). Groundwater contamination. URL: http://www.regionofwaterloo.ca, akses Julai 7, 2011.
Repetto, R. (1994). The “second India” revisited: Population, poverty, and environmental stress over two decades. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.
Rossana, S. (2012). Understanding water quality parameters to better manage your pond. URL: http://aces.nmsu.edu, akses pada November 12, 2012.
Satri, M.S. (2000). Hidrologi. Jabatan Kejuruteraan: POLIMAS SDWF (Safe Drinking Water Foundation) (2014). Bottle Water. URL : http://www.safewater.org, akses pada 28 Februari 2016.
Sharifah, M. (2008). Kualiti air semulajadi sebagai air minuman: Kajian kes di Bukit Soga, Batu Pahat, Johor. UTHM: Fakulti Pengurusan Teknologi.
Simiyu, G.M., Ngetich, J., & Esipila, T.A. (2009). Assessment of spring water quality and quantity, and health implications in Tongaren division, Nzoia River Catchment, Kenya. Moi University: Kenya.
Spellman, F.R. (1998). The science of water: Concept and application. Kuala Lumpur: Universiti Malaya.
Spellman, F.R. (2010). The science of water: Concept and applications. CRC Press: London.
Struths, D.B. (2000). Florida’s springs strategies for protection and restoration. URL: https://www.dep.state.fl.us/springs, akses pada Jun 7, 2015.
Sulong, M., Mohd Ekhwan, T., Kadaruddin, A., & Mokhtar, J. (2005). Sungai & pembangunan: Tebingan sungai bandar Malaysia. Bangi: Penerbit UKM.
Swistock, B., Clark, J., Boser, S., Oleson, D., Galford, A., Micsky, G., & Madden, M. (2015). Issues associated with the use of untreated roadside springs as a source of drinking water. Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education, 156(1), 78-85.
Tayong, A. (2012). Spring water tapping. URL: http://www.samsamwater.com, akses pada Disember 4, 2012.
Thompson, S.A. (1999). Hydrologhy for water management. Netherlands: AA Balkena.
Todd, K.T. (1976). Groundwater hydrology. United States Copyright: America.
Tomar, M. (1999). Quality assessment of water and wastewater. Lewis Publisher: United States of America.
Tomar, M. (1999). Quality assessment of water and wastewater. New York: Library of Congress Cataloging.
Tshibalo (2011). Health spa tourism: A potential use of sagole thermal spring in Limpopo Province, South Africa. University Of South Africa: Africa.
UNESCO (2004). Groundwater resources of the world and their use. URL: http://unesdoc.unesco.org, akses pada Disember 4, 2012.
Unit Perancang Ekonomi (2006). Rancangan Malaysia ke Sembilan 2006-2010. Putrajaya: Unit Perancang Ekonomi, Jabatan Perdana Menteri.
Unit Perancangan Ekonomi (2010). Rancangan Malaysia Kesepuluh 2011-2015. Putrajaya: Unit Perancangan Ekonomi Jabatan Perdana Menteri.
United Nation Environment Programme (2011). Water issues in the democratic Republic of the Congo: Challenges and opportunities. Kenya: UNEP.
United Nations (2003). Groundwater management: The search for practical approaches. Rome: United Nations.
United Nations (2007). Coping with water scarcity: A strategic issue and priority for system-wide action. Rome: United Nations.
United State of Department Agriculture (2007). Technical guide to managing groundwater resources. United State of America: USDA.
United States Geological Survey (2014). National field manual for the collection of water quality data-dissolved oxygen. URL:http://water.usgs.gov, akses pada Februari 21, 2014.
Virginia, T. (1999). A homeowners guide to the development, maintenance, and protection of spring as a drinking water source. Virginia: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
Wade, J.C., & Heady, E.O. (1978). Measurement of sediment control impacts on agriculture. Water Resources Research, 14(1),1-8.
Wan Ruslan, I. (1994). Pengantar hidrologi. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Winter, T.C., Harvey, J.W., Franke, O.L., & Alley, W.M. (1998). Ground water and surface water a single resource. Colorado U.S. Department Of The Interior.
World Health Organization (2006). Guidelines for drinking water quality: First addendum to third edition volume 1 recommendations. WHO Library: Geneva.
World Health Organization (2009). Potassium in drinking-water: Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. WHO Library: Geneva.
World Health Organization (2011). Manganese in drinking-water: Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. WHO Library: Geneva.
Younger, L.P. (2007). Groundwater in the environment: An introduction. Blackwell Publishing: Australia.
Yusof, B., & Mohd Musa, S. (2011). Kepimpinan guru besar dalam perlaksanaan Pentaksiran Berasaskan Sekolah (PBS) di sekolah kebangsaan Daerah Kota Tinggi, Johor. UTM: Fakulti Pendidikan.
|
| This material may be protected under Copyright Act which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. |