1. Ackerman, R. and Maslin-Ostrowski, P. (2004) ‘The wounded leader and emotional learning in the schoolhouse’, School Leadership and Management, Vol. 24, pp.311–328. doi:10.1080/ 1363243042000266945.

2. Adeyemo, D.A. (2008) ‘Demographic characteristics and emotional intelligence among workers in some selected organizations in Oyo State, Nigeria’, Vision – The Journal of Business Perspective, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp.43–48.

3. Antonakis, J., Ashkanasy, N. and Dasborough, M. (2009) ‘Does leadership need emotional intelligence?’ The Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 20, pp.247–261.

4. Ashkanasy, N.M. and Daus, C.S. (2005) ‘Rumours of the death of emotional intelligence in organizational behaviour are vastly exaggerated’, Journal of Organizational Behaviour, Vol. 26, pp.441–452.

5. Awang, Z. (2012) A Handbook on Structural Equation Modelling: SEM using AMOS Graphic, 5th ed., Universiti Teknologi Mara Kelantan, Kota Baru Malaysia.

6. Bachman, W. (1988) ‘Nice guys finish first: a SYMLOG analysis of U.S. Naval commands’, in

7. Polley, R.B., Hare, A.P. and Stone, P.J. (Eds): The SYMLOG Practitioner: Applications of Small Group Research, Praeger, NY, pp.133–153.

8. Bagheri, Z., Kosnin, A.M. and Besharat, M.A. (2013) ‘The influence of culture on the functioning of emotional intelligence’, Paper presented at 2nd International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education, University Technology Malaysia, Malaysia.

9. Balci-Celik, S. and Deniz, M.E. (2008) ‘A comparison of scouts’ emotional intelligence levels with regards to age and gender variables: a cross-cultural study’, Elementary Education Online, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp.376–383. 

10. Banning, E.I. (1954) ‘Teacher attitudes toward curriculum change: the effect of personal relationships on the degree of favourableness’, The Journal of Experimental Education, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp.133–147.

11. Beatty, B. (2000) ‘The emotions of educational leadership: breaking the silence’, International Journal of Leadership in Education, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp.331–357. doi:10.1080/ 136031200750035969.

12. Beatty, B. and Brew, C. (2004) ‘Trusting relationships and emotional epistemologies: a foundational leadership issue’, School Leadership & Management, Vol. 24, No. 3, pp.329–356.

13. Berkovich, I. and Eyal, O. (2015) ‘Educational leaders and emotions: an international review of empirical evidence 1992–2012’, Review of Educational Research, Vol. 85, No. 1, pp.129–167. doi:10.3102/0034654314550046.

14. Blackmore, J. (1995) ‘Breaking out from a masculinist politics of education’, in Limerick, B. and Linguard, B. (Eds): Gender and Changing Educational Management, Hodder, Sydney, pp.44–56.

15. Blackmore, J. (2004) ‘Leading as emotional management work in high risk times: the counter intuitive impulses of performativity and passion’, School Leadership and Management, Vol. 24, No. 4, pp.439–459.

16. Blackmore, J. (2011) ‘Lost in translation? Emotional intelligence, affective economies, leadership and organizational change’, Journal of Educational Administration and History, Vol. 43, No. 3, pp.207–225.

17. Blase, J. and Blase, J. (2004) ‘The dark side of school leadership: implication for administrator preparation’, Leadership and Policy in Schools, Vol. 3, pp.245–273. doi:10.1080/15700760490503733.

18. Boyatzis, R.E. (1982) The Competent Manager: A Model for Effective Performance, John Wiley and Sons, New York.

19. Brackett, M.A. and Mayer, J.D. (2003) ‘Convergent, discriminant, and incremental validity of competing measures of emotional intelligence’, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Vol. 29, pp.1147–1158.

20. Brackett, M.A., Susan, E.R. and Salovey, P. (2011) ‘Emotional intelligence: implications for personal, social, academic, and workplace success’, Social and Personality Psychology Compass, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp.88–103.

21. Brennan, J. and Ruairc, G.M. (2011) ‘Taking it personally: examining patterns of emotional practice in leading primary schools in the Republic of Ireland’, International Journal of Leadership in Education: Theory and Practice, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp.129–150.

22. Burnes, B. (2004) Managing Change: A Strategic Approach to Organizational Dynamics, 4th ed., Pitman, London.

23. Burnes, B. and James, H. (1995) ‘Culture, cognitive dissonance, and the management of change’, International Journal of Operation and Product Management, Vol. 15, No. 8, pp.14–33.

24. Cai, Q. (2011) ‘Can principals’ emotional intelligence matter to school turnarounds?’ International Journal of Leadership in Education, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp.151–179.

25. Carli, L.L. (2002) ‘Gender and social influence’, Journal of Social Issues, Vol. 57, pp.725–741.

26. Carmeli, A. (2003) ‘The relationship between emotional intelligence and work attitudes, behaviour and outcomes: an examination of senior managers’, Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol. 18, Nos. 7/8, pp.788–811.

27. Carstensen, L.L., Fung, H.H. and Charles, S.T. (2003) ‘Socioemotional selectivity theory and the regulation of emotion in the second half of life’, Motivation and Emotion, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp.103–123.

28. Carstensen, L.L., Pasupathi, M., Mayr, U. and Nesselroade, J.R. (2000) ‘Emotional experience in everyday life across the adult life span’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 79, pp.644–655. 

29. Cherkowski, S. (2012) ‘Teacher commitment in sustainable learning communities: a new “ancient” story of educational leadership’, Canadian Journal of Education, Vol. 35, pp.56–68.

30. Cherniss, C. and Goleman, D. (2001) The Emotionally Intelligent Workplace, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco.

31. Cotton, K. (2003) Principals and Student Achievement: What Research Says? Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, Alexandria, VA.

32. Das, G.M.A. (2011) ‘Emotional intelligence and personality in students pursuing professional and non-professional courses: the influence of personal correlates’, Prabandhan: Indian Journal of Management, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp.43–49.

33. Das, R.P. and Sahu, L.T. (2014) ‘Relationship between age and emotional intelligence of bank employees: an empirical study’, SUMEDHA Journal of Management, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp.103–110.

34. Deloitte & Touche (1996) Executive Survey of Manufacturers. Available online at: http://www.dtcg.co/research

35. Denzin, N. (1984) On Understanding Emotion, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco.

36. Devi, U. and Rayal, U.T.R. (2004) ‘Adolescent’s perception about family environment and emotional intelligence’, Indian Psychological Review, Vol. 62, No. 3, pp.157–167.

37. Dewi, Z.L., Halim, M.S. and Derksen, J. (2017) ‘Emotional intelligence competences of three different ethnic groups in Indonesia’, Asian Ethnicity. doi:10.1080/14631369.2017.1310615

38. Eagly, A.H. (1983) ‘Gender and social influence: a social psychological analysis’, American Psychologist, Vol. 38, pp.971–981. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.38.9.971.

39. Elfenbein, H.A., Marsh, A.A. and Ambady, N. (2002) ‘Emotional intelligence and the recognition of emotion from facial expressions’, in Barrett, L.F. and Salovey, P. (Eds): The Wisdom in Feeling: Psychological Processes in Emotional Intelligence, Guilford Press, New York, pp.37–59.

40. Fornell, C. and Larcker, D. (1981) ‘Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: algebra and statistics’, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 18, August, pp.382–388.

41. Fraenkel, J.R. and Wallen, N.E. (2009) How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education, 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.

42. Friedman, I. (2002) ‘Burnout in school principals: role related antecedents’, Social Psychology of Education, Vol. 5, pp.229–251. doi:10.1023/A:1016321210858.

43. Fullan, M. and Hargreaves, A. (1996) What’s Worth Fighting for in Your School? Teachers College Press, New York, NY.

44. George, J.M. (2000) ‘Emotions and leadership: the role of emotional intelligence’, Human Relations, Vol. 53, pp.1027–1055.

45. Gmelch, W.H. and Gates, G. (1998) ‘The impact of personal, professional and organizational characteristics on administrator burnout’, Journal of Educational Administration, Vol. 36, pp.146–159. doi:10.1108/09578239810204363.

46. Goldenberg, I., Matheson, K. and Mantler, J. (2006) ‘The assessment of emotional intelligence: a comparison of performance-based and self-report methodologies’, Journal of Personality Assessment, Vol. 86, No. 1, pp.33–45.

47. Goleman, D. (1998) Working with Emotional Intelligence, Bantam Books, New York, NY.

48. Gowdhaman, K. and Murugan, M.B. (2009) ‘Emotional intelligence among the B.Ed. teacher trainees’, Psycho-lingua, pp.187–190.

49. Gronn, P. and Lacey, K. (2004) ‘Positioning oneself for leadership: feelings of vulnerability among aspirant school principals’, School Leadership and Management, Vol. 24, pp.405–424. doi:10.1080/13632430410001316516.

50. Gunkel, M., Schlagel, C. and Engle, R.L. (2014) ‘Culture’s influence on emotional intelligence: an empirical study of nine countries’, Journal of International Management, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp.256–274. 

51. Hale, E. and Moorman, H. (2003) ‘Preparing School Principals: A National Perspective on Policy and Program Innovations, Institute for Educational Leadership, Washington, DC.

52. Hemalatha, S. (2014) ‘An empirical study on impact of demographic factors on emotional intelligence’, International Journal of Commerce and Business Management, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp.413–416.

53. Hosseini, A. and Ananda Rao, T.V. (2013) ‘Effects of demographic characteristics on trait emotional intelligence with respect to Azad University in Iran’, National Monthly Refereed Journal of Research in Commerce and Management, Vol. 2, No. 7, pp.10–19.

54. Humphrey, R.H. (2002) ‘The many faces of emotional leadership’, The Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 13, No. 5, pp.493–504.

55. Hunt, N. and Evans, D. (2004) ‘Predicting traumatic stress using emotional intelligence’, Behaviour Research and Therapy, Vol. 42, No. 7, pp.791–798.

56. Jacques, E.T. (2009) The relationship between emotional intelligence and the academic performance and selection of a major of college students, Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Trident University, California.

57. Jansen, J.D. (2006) ‘Leading against the grain: the politics and emotions of leading for social justice in South Africa’, Leadership and Policy in Schools, Vol. 5, pp.37–51. doi:10.1080/15700760500484027.

58. Johnsen, B.H., Meeus, P., Meling, J., Rogde, T., Eid, J., Esepevik, R., Olsen, O.K. and Sommerfelt-Pettersen, J. (2012) ‘Cultural differences in emotional intelligence among top officers on board merchant ships’, International Maritime Health, Vol. 63, No. 2, pp.90–95.

59. Jordan, P.J. and Troth, A.C. (2002) ‘Emotional intelligence and conflict resolution: implications for human resource development’, in Callahan, J.L. and McCollum, E.E. (Eds): Advances In Developing Human Resources, Special Edition Perspectives of Emotion and Organisational Change, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp.62–79.

60. Jorfi, H. and Jorfi, M. (2012) ‘Management: a study of organizational culture and the relationship between emotional intelligence and communication effectiveness’, Journal of Management Research, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp.1–14.

61. Jorfi, H., Yaccob, H.F. and Mad Shah, I. (2011) ‘The relationship between demographics variables, emotional intelligence, communication effectiveness, motivation, and job satisfaction’, International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp.38–58.

62. Joseph, D.L. and Newman, D.A. (2010) ‘Emotional intelligence: an integrative meta-analysis and cascading model’, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 95, pp.54–78.

63. Kafetsior, K. (2004) ‘Attachment and emotional intelligence abilities across the life course’, Personality and Individual Differences, Vol. 37, No. 1, pp.129–145.

64. Karani, A., Rajout, H. and Panda, R. (2017) ‘Determining relationship between emotional intelligence and demographic variables’, Asian Journal of Research in Social Sciences and Humanities, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp.908–918.

65. Kokkinos, C.M. (2007) ‘Job stressor, personality and burnout in primary school teachers’, British Journal of Educational Psychology, Vol. 77, pp.229–243. doi:10.1348/000709905X90344.

66. Kumar, J.A. and Muniandy, B. (2014) ‘The influence of demographic profiles on emotional intelligence: a study on polytechnic lecturers in Malaysia’, International Online Journal of Educational Sciences, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp.62–70.

67. Leithwood, K. (2005) ‘Understanding successful principal leadership: progress on a broken front’, Journal of Educational Administration, Vol. 43, No. 6, pp.619–629.

68. Leithwood, K., Louis, K.S., Anderson, S. and Wahlstrom, K. (2004) How Leadership Influences Student Learning, The Wallace Foundation, New York.

69. Markus, H.R. and Kitayama, S. (1994) ‘Cultures and selves: a cycle of mutual constitution’, Perspectives on Psychological Science, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp.420–430. 

70. Roffey, S. (2007) ‘Transformation and emotional literacy: the role of school leaders in developing a caring community’, Leading and Managing, Vol. 13, pp.16–30.

71. Sachs, J. and Blackmore, J. (1998) ‘You never show you can’t cope: women in school leadership roles managing their emotions’, Gender and Education, Vol. 10, pp.265–280. doi:10.1080/09540259820899.

72. Salovey, P. and Mayer, J.D. (1990) ‘Emotional intelligence’, Imagination, Cognition, and Personality, Vol. 9, pp.185–211.

73. Salovey, P., Mayer, J.D. and Caruso, D. (2002) ‘The positive psychology of emotional intelligence’, in Synder, C.R. and Lopez, S.J. (Eds): The Handbook of Positive Psychology, pp.159–171.

74. Schermuly, C.C., Schermuly, R.R. and Meyer, B. (2011) ‘Effects of vice-principals’ psychological empowerment on job satisfaction and burnout’, International Journal of Educational Management, Vol. 25, pp.252–264. doi: 10.1108/09513541111120097.

75. Schmidt, M.J. (2010) ‘Is there a place for emotions within leadership preparation programmes?’ Journal of Educational Administration, Vol. 48, No. 5, pp.626–641. doi:10.1108/ 09578231011067776.

76. Shipley, N., Jackson, M. and Segrest, S. (2010) ‘Effects of emotional intelligence, age, work experience, and academic performance’, Research in Higher Education Journal, Vol. 9, pp.1–18.

77. Shukla, A. and Srivastava, R. (2016) ‘Examining the effect of emotional intelligence on sociodemographic variable and job stress among retail employees’, Cogent Business & Management, Vol. 3. doi:10.1080/23311975.2016.1201905.

78. Singh, U., Mahato, B. and Runda, A. (2015) ‘Impact of gender, ethnicity and place of residence on emotional intelligence among college students’, Journal for Research in Education, Vol. 4, No. 6, pp.1–4.

79. Srivastava, K.B.L. and Bharamanaikar, S.R. (2004) ‘Emotional intelligence and effective leadership behaviour’, Psychological Studies, Vol. 49, pp.107–113.

80. Steele, C.M. (1997) ‘A threat in the air: how stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance’, American Psychologist, Vol. 52, pp.613–629. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.52.6.613.

81. Tai, M.K. and Omar, A.K. (2013) ‘Principals change leadership competencies: a study in Malaysian high performing secondary school’, Journal of Education and Practice, Vol. 4, No. 27, pp.101–116.

82. Tai, M.K., Omar, A.K., Mohamad Sahari, N. and Khuan, W.B. (2015) ‘Teacher change beliefs: validating a scale with structural equation modeling’, School Leadership and Management, Vol. 35, No. 3, pp.266–299.

83. Tai, M.K. and Omar A.K. (2016) ‘Teacher attitudes toward Change: a comparison between highand mediocre- performing secondary schools in Malaysia’, International Studies in Educational Administration, Vol. 41, No. 1, pp.105–128.

84. Tett, R., Guterman, H., Bleier, A. and Murphy, P. (2000) ‘Development and content validation of a ‘hyperdimensional’ taxonomy of managerial competence’, Human Performance, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp.205–251.

85. Thomas, P. and Arjunan, N.K. (2016) ‘Differential effect of socio-demographic factors on emotional intelligence of secondary school students in Ernakulam District’, The International Journal of Indian Psychology, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp.75–85.

86. Tompkins, D.S, Galbraith, D. and Bas, B. (2011) ‘Comparison of emotional intelligence in American and Turkish university students’, Journal of International Business & Cultural Studies, Vol. 5, pp.1–15.

87. Tschannen-Moran, M. and Gareis, C.R. (2004) ‘Principals’ sense of efficacy: assessing a promising construct’, Journal of Educational Administration, Vol. 42, pp.573–585. doi:10.1108/ 09578230410554070. 

88. Vanishree, P. (2014) ‘Impact of role ambiguity, role conflict and role overload on job stress in small and medium scale industries’, Journal of Management Science, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp.10–13.

89. Vijaykumar, R. and Govinda, R. (2012) ‘Creativity and emotional intelligence of high school students’, Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, Vol. 38, No. 1, pp.138–143.

90. Wong, C.S., Wong, P. and Peng, K.Z. (2010) ‘Effect of middle-level leader and teacher emotional intelligence on school teachers’ job satisfaction’, Educational Management Administration & Leadership, Vol. 38, pp.59–70. doi:10.1177/1741143209351831.

91. Yamani, N., Shahabi, M. and Haghani, F. (2014) ‘The relationship between emotional intelligence and job stress in the faculty of medicine in Isfahan University of Medical Sciences’, Journal of Advanced Medical Education and Profession, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp.20–26.

92. Yariv, E. (2009) ‘The appraisal of teachers’ performance and its impact on the mutuality of principal-teacher emotions’, School Leadership and Management, Vol. 29, pp.445–461. doi:10.1080/13632430903152302.

93. Yogun, A.E. and Miman, M. (2016) ‘Impact of the demographic factors on the emotional intelligence level: a research of the food and beverage sector’, International Journal of Business and Management Invention, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp.17–25.

94. Zembylas, M. (2010) ‘The emotional aspects of leadership for social justice: Implications for leadership preparation programs’, Journal of Educational Administration, Vol. 48, No. 5, pp.611–625. doi:10.1108/09578231011067767.