UPSI Digital Repository (UDRep)
Start | FAQ | About
Menu Icon

QR Code Link :

Type :thesis
Subject :QK Botany
Main Author :Obaid, Ahmed Kareem
Title :Secondary metabolites from three species of annonaceae plants and their biological activities
Place of Production :Tanjong Malim
Publisher :Fakulti Sains dan Matematik
Year of Publication :2019
Corporate Name :Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
PDF Guest :Click to view PDF file

Abstract : Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
The study aimed to investigate the chemical constituents from Polyalthia lateriflora, Alphonsea elliptica and Alphonsea cylindrica as well as their cytotoxic, antioxidant and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities. These samples were collected from Peninsular Malaysia and then extracted sequentially using hexane, dichloromethane and methanol. The chemical compounds were isolated and purified by various chromatographic techniques and their structures were elucidated via spectroscopic method especially Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Mass Spectrometry, Infrared, Ultraviolet and comparison with literature. Cytotoxic activity was analysed on MCF-7 human breast cancer cells while antioxidant activity was measured using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Study on P. lateriflora has yielded six compounds which were lupeol, stigmasterol, Omethylmoschotaline, atherospermidine, lysicamine and liriodenine. Meanwhile, five compounds namely kinabaline, atherospermidine, liriodenine, N-methylouregidione and cepharadione A were obtained from the barks of A. elliptica. In addition, study on the barks of A. cylindrica has found eleven compounds in which two are new namely iraqiine and kareemine. Other compounds were identified as isoursuline, cyathocaline, kinabaline, muniranine, isooncodine, atherospermidine, O-methylmoschatoline, Nmethylouregidione, and stigmasterol. Antioxidant activity was tested on six compounds in which iraqiine, muniranine and kinabaline showed the highest activity with IC50 values of 48.77, 44.51 and 64.28mg/ml, respectively. Thirteen compounds were tested against MCF- 7 human breast cancer cells of which isoursuline possessed the most potent inhibitory activity with IC50 value of 33 μg/ml. Ten compounds displayed moderate xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity. As a conclusion, 22 compounds were successfully isolated from three plant species and two of them are new derivatives of oxoaporphine and bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids. Some compounds have been identified as potentially cytotoxic, antioxidant and xanthine oxidase inhibitor. The findings of this study can enhance the understanding of the chemotaxonomy aspect and potential of the Annonaceae family in traditional and modern medicine.

References

Adaramola, B., Otuneme, O., Onigbinde, A., Orodele, K., Aleshinloye, A., David, J., and

Adewumi, A. (2017). Phytochemical Analysis and in vitro Antioxidant Activity of

Fractions of Methanol Extract of Polyalthia longifolia var. Pendula Leaf. European

Journal of Medicinal Plants, 21(1), 1–10.

 

Ahmad, W., Jantan, I., Kumolosasi, E., Haque, M. A., & Bukhari, S. N. A. (2018).

Immunomodulatory effects of Tinospora crispa extract and its major compounds

on the immune functions of RAW 264.7 macrophages. International

Immunopharmacology, 60, 141–151.

 

Ahmed Kareem Obaid, Mohanad Mousa Kareem, Saadon Abdulla Aowda and A.

Krishnam Raju (2016). Synthesis and Characterization of New Prodrug Polymers

and Study of Their Biological Activity. International Journal of ChemTech

Research, 9 (8) 398-413.

 

Albarracin, L. T., Delgado, W. A., Cuca, L. E., & Ávila, M. C. (2017). Chemical

Constituents of The Bark of Endlicheria oreocola (Lauraceae) from Colombia.

Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 74, 60–62.

 

Alencar, D. C. De, Silva, F. M. A., De, R. A., Costa, E. V, Dutra, L. M., Barison, A., and

Pinheiro, M. L. B. (2018). Antileishmanial Activity of a New ent -Kaurene

Diterpene Glucoside Isolated from Leaves of Xylopia excellens (Annonaceae).

Records of Natural Products, 2(4), 190–194.

 

Alhassan, A. M., Ahmed, Q. U., Latip, J., & Shah, S. A. A. (2018). A new sulphated

flavone and other phytoconstituents from the leaves of Tetracera indica Merr. and

their alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Natural Product Research, 6419, 1–8.

 

Almeida-apolonio, A. A. De, Gomes, F., Rodrigues, B., Andréa, C., Cardoso, L., Negri,

M and Pires, K. M. (2018). Antifungal activity of Annona coriacea Mart. ethanol

extracts against the aetiological agents of cryptococcosis. Natural Product

Research, 6419, 1–5.

 

Alonso, D., Castro, A., & Martinez, A. (2005). Marine compounds for the therapeutic

treatment of neurological disorders. Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents,

15(10), 1377–1386.

 

Al-Rifai, A. (2018). Identification and evaluation of in-vitro antioxidant phenolic

compounds from the Calendula tripterocarpa Rupr. South African Journal of

Botany, 116, 238–244.

 

Ameyaw, E. O., Asmah, K. B., Biney, R. P., Henneh, I. T., Owusu-Agyei, P., Prah, J., &

Forkuo, A. D. (2018). Isobolographic analysis of co-administration of two

plantderived antiplasmodial drug candidates, cryptolepine and xylopic acid, in

Plasmodium berghei. Malaria Journal, 17(1), 1–11.

 

Amin, A., Radji, M., Mun’im, A., Rahardjo, A., & Suryadi, H. (2018). Antimicrobial

Activity of Ethyl Acetate Fraction from Stelechocarpus burahol Fruit against Oral

Bacteria and Total Flavonoids Content. Journal of Young Pharmacists, 10(2s),

S97–S100.

 

Angelini, A., Di Ilio, C., Castellani, M. L., Conti, P., & Cuccurullo, F. (2010).

Modulation of multidrug resistance p-glycoprotein activity by flavonoids and

honokiol in human doxorubicin- resistant sarcoma cells (MES-SA/Dx-5):

Implications for natural sedatives as chemosensitizing agents in cancer therapy.

Journal of Biological Regulators and Homeostatic Agents, 24(2), 197–205.

 

Angerhofer, C. K., & Corporation, A. (2001). Biological screening of rain forest plot

trees from Palawan Island ( Philippines ). Phytomedicine, 8(September 2017), 71–

81.

 

Annan, K., Ekuadzi, E., Asare, C., Sarpong, K., Pistorius, D., Oberer, L., and Ofori, M.

(2015). Antiplasmodial constituents from the stem bark of Polyalthia longifolia var

pendula. Phytochemistry Letters, 11, 28–31.

 

Apinega, L. A., Dlama, S., Ladan, Z., Inusa, K. B., Adejoke, A. S., Dauda, G., & Aliyu,

M. (2018). Isolation and Characterisation of Lup-20 ( 29 ) -en-3 β -ol from the

Methanol Stem Bark Extract of Bombax costatum pv (Bombacacea). Tropical

Journal of Natural Product Research, 2(June), 290–292.

 

Arango, G. J., Cortes, D., Cassels, B. K., Cavé, A., & Mérienne, C. (1987).

Azafluorenones from Oxandra cf. major and biogenetic considerations.

Phytochemistry, 26(7), 2093–2098.

 

Asano, N., Kuroi, H., Ikeda, K., Kizu, H., Kameda, Y., Kato, A., … Fleet, G. W. J.

(2000). New polyhydroxylated pyrrolizidine alkaloids from Muscari armeniacum:

Structural determination and biological activity. Tetrahedron Asymmetry, 11(1), 1–

8.

 

Attiq, A., Jalil, J., & Husain, K. (2017). Annonaceae: Breaking the wall of inflammation.

Frontiers in Pharmacology, 8(OCT).

 

Avula, B., Bae, J.-Y., Majrashi, T., Wu, T.-Y., Wang, Y.-H., Wang, M., … Khan, I. A.

(2018). Targeted and non-targeted analysis of annonaceous alkaloids and

acetogenins from Asimina and Annona species using UHPLC-QToF-MS. Journal

of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 10, 548-566

 

Awodiran, M. O., Adepiti, A. O., & Akinwunmi, K. F. (2017). Assessment of the

cytotoxicity and genotoxicity properties of Uvaria chamae P. Beauv (Annonaceae)

and Morinda lucida Benth ( Rubiaceae ) in mice. Drug and Chemical Toxicology,

0(0), 1–6.

 

Aziz, A., Taha, H., Ismail, N. H., Zuraina, F., Yusof, M., Zukiflee, M., & Bakar, A.

(2016). Therapeutic Potential of Plant Species Derived from Some Annonaceae

Genus. International Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 6(6), 214–221.

 

Bailey, A. L., Campbell, C. L., & Smyth, S. S. (2010). Aspirin for the Primary Prevention

of Cardiovascular Disease in Women. Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports, 4(3),

209–215.

 

Bakri, Y. M., Talip, M. A., Salbiah, S. A. (2017). A Mini Review on

Alphonsea sp. (Annonaceae): Traditional uses, Biological Activities and

Phytochemistry. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 7(10), 200–203.

 

Balandrin, M. F., Kinghorn, A. D., & Farnsworth, N. R. (1993). Plant-Derived Natural

Products in Drug Discovery and Development, 2–12.

 

Balci, M. (2005). 13-13C Chemical Shifts of Organic Compounds. 293-324

Banjerdpongchai, R., Khaw-on, P., & Ristee, C. (2013). Caspase-8- and -9-mediated

Apoptosis in Human Cancer Cells, 14, 2637–2641.

 

Barda, C., Ciric, A., Sokovi?, M., Tsoukalas, M., & Skaltsa, H. (2018). Phytochemical

investigation of Crepis incana Sm. (Asteraceae) endemic to southern Greece.

Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 80(June), 59–62.

 

Barman, H., Roy, A., Das, S. K., Singh, N. U., Dangi, D. K., & Tripathi, A. K. (2016).

Antifungal properties of some selected plant extracts against leaf blight (Alternaria

alternata) in tomato. Res. on Crops 17(1), 151–156.

 

Bele, M. Y., Focho, D. A., Egbe, E. A., & Chuyong, B. G. (2011). Ethnobotanical survey

of the uses of Annonaceae around mount Cameroon. African Journal of Plant

Science, 5(4), 237–247.

 

Bero, J., Frederich, M., & Quetin-Leclercq, J. (2009). Antimalarial compounds isolated

from plants used in traditional medicine. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology,

61(11), 1401–1433.

 

Bersch, V. P., Osvaldt, A. B., Edelweiss, M. I. A., Schumacher, R. D. C. A., Wendt, L. R.

R., Abreu, L. P., … Rohde, L. (2009). Effect of nicotine and cigarette smoke on an

experimental model of intraepithelial lesions and pancreatic adenocarcinoma

induced by 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene in mice. Pancreas, 38(1), 65–70.

 

Biri, H., Öztürk, H. S., Kaçmaz, M., Karaca, K., Tokuço?lu, H., & Durak, I. (1999).

Activities of DNA turnover and free radical metabolizing enzymes in cancerous

human prostate tissue. Cancer Investigation, 17(5), 314–319.

 

Boonphong, S., Baramee, A., & Kittakoop, P. (2007). Antitubercular and Antiplasmodial

Prenylated Flavones from the Roots of Artocarpus altilis. Chiang Mai J. Sci. 34(3),

339–344.

 

Bosso, T. (2001). Weedy Plants of Ayer Hitam Forest Reserve, Selangor. Pertanika

Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science. 24 (3) 1

 

Boyom, F. F., Fokou, P. V. T., Yamthe, L. R. T., Mfopa, A. N., Kemgne, E. M.,

Mbacham, W. F. and Rosenthal, P. J. (2011). Potent antiplasmodial extracts from

Cameroonian Annonaceae. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 134(3), 717–724.

 

Br, P. N. E., & Piperaceae, F. (2010). Isolation of chemical constituents from

Enicosanthum cupulare (King) Airy-Shaw. Natural Product Research, 24 (17),

1630–1636

 

Burkill, I. H. (1935). A Dictionary of the Economic Product of the Malaya Peninsula

London: Published on behalf of the governments of the Straits settlements and

Federated Malay states by the Crown agents for the colonies. volum II (1-2).

 

Bussmann, R. W., Malca-García, G., Glenn, A., Sharon, D., Chait, G., Díaz, D. and

Benito, M. (2010). Minimum inhibitory concentrations of medicinal plants used in

Northern Peru as antibacterial remedies. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 132(1),

101–108.

 

Butterfield, D. A., & Lauderback, C. M. (2002). Lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation

in Alzheimer’s disease brain: potential causes and consequences involving amyloid

β-peptide-associated free radical oxidative stress. Free Radical Biology and

Medicine, 32(11), 1050–1060.

 

Camargo, C. A., Eleonora, M., Silva, F., Rodrigo, A., Justo, G. Z., Gomes-marcondes, M.

C. C., & Aoyama, H. (2011). Biochemical and Biophysical Research

Communications Inhibition of tumor growth by quercetin with increase of survival

and prevention of cachexia in Walker 256 tumor-bearing rats. Biochemical and

Biophysical Research Communications, 406(4), 638–642.

 

Carlos Lopez, Manuel Pastrana, Alexandra Ríos, Alvaro Cogollo and Adriana Pabon.

(2018). Huberine , a New Canthin-6-One Alkaloid from the Bark of Picrolemma

huberi. Molecules 2–6.

 

Carpi, S., Polini, B., Poli, G., Barata, G. A., Fogli, S., Romanini A and Di Giuseppe, G.

(2018). Anticancer activity of euplotin C, isolated from the marine ciliate euplotes

crassus, against human melanoma cells. Marine Drugs, 16(5).

 

Chauhan, S., Sharma, A., Upadhyay, N. K., Singh, G., Lal, U. R., & Goyal, R. (2018).

InVitro Osteoblast Proliferation And In-Vivo Anti-Osteoporotic Activity Of

Bombax Ceiba With Quantification Of Lupeol , Gallic Acid And Β -Sitosterol By

HPTLC and HPLC. Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 1–12.

 

Chaves, R. P., Silva, S. R. da, Nascimento Neto, L. G., Carneiro, R. F., Silva, A. L. C. da,

Sampaio, A. H., … Nagano, C. S. (2018). Structural characterization of two

isolectins from the marine red alga Solieria filiformis (Kützing) P.W. Gabrielson

and their anticancer effect on MCF-7 breast cancer cells. International Journal of

Biological Macromolecules, 107(PartA), 1320–1329.

 

Chen, B., Feng, C., Li, B. G., & Zhang, G. L. (2003). Two new alkaloids from Miliusa

cuneata. Natural Product Research, 17(6), 397–402.

 

Chen, C. Y., Kao, C. L., Li, W. J., Chen, H. C., & Li, H. T. (2018). A New Aporphine

Alkaloid from the Stems of Liriodendron chinense. Chemistry of Natural

Compounds, 54(3), 509–511.

 

Chen, H. C., Kao, C. L., Chen, C. T., Li, H. T., & Chen, C. Y. (2018). Chemical

Constituents of the Leaves of Michelia figo. Chemistry of Natural Compounds,

54(2), 407–410.

 

Chen, J., Shao, J., Zhao, C., Shen, J., & Dong, Z. (2018). Chemical constituents from

Viburnum fordiae Hance and their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities.

Archives of Pharmacal Research, 41(6), 625–632.

 

Chen, X. X., Liang, G., Chai, W. M., Feng, H. L., Zhou, H. T., Shi, Y., & Chen, Q. X.

(2014). Antioxidant and antityrosinase proanthocyanidins from Polyalthia

longifolia leaves. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 118(5), 583–587.

 

Chong, H. W., Rezaei, K., Chew, B. L., & Lim, V. (2018). Chemometric profiling of

Clinacanthus nutans leaves possessing antioxidant activities using ultravioletvisible

spectrophotometry. Chiang Mai Journal of Science, 45(3), 1519–1530.

 

Choucry, M. A., Khalil, M. N. A., & El Awdan, S. A. (2018). Protective action of

Crateva nurvala Buch. Ham extracts against renal ischaemia reperfusion injury in

rats via antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Journal of

Ethnopharmacology, 214(November 2017), 47–57.

 

Chow?ski, S., Adamski, Z., Marciniak, P., Rosi?ski, G., Büyükgüzel, E., Büyükgüzel, K.,

… Bufo, S. A. (2016). A review of bioinsecticidal activity of Solanaceae alkaloids.

Toxins, 8(3), 1–28.

 

Chudobova, D., Dostalova, S., Blazkova, I., Michalek, P., Ruttkay-Nedecky, B., Sklenar,

M., … Adam, V. (2014). Effect of ampicillin, streptomycin, penicillin and

tetracycline on metal resistant and non-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 11(3), 3233–

3255.

 

Cochrane, C. B., Nair, P. K. R., Melnick, S. J., Resek, A. P., & Ramachandran, C. (2008).

Anticancer Effects of Annona glabra Plant Extracts in Human Leukemia Cell

Lines, 972, 965–971.

 

Connolly, J. D., Haque, E., & Kadir, A. A. (1996). Two 7,7’-bisdehydroaporphine

alkaloids from Polyalthia Bullata. Phytochemistry, 43(1), 295–297.

 

Costa, E. V, Soares, L. N., Pinheiro, M. L. B., Maia, B. H. L. N. S., Marques, F. A.,

Barison, A., … Koolen, H. H. F. (2018). Phytochemistry Guaianolide sesquiterpene

lactones and aporphine alkaloids from the stem bark of Guatteria friesiana.

Phytochemistry, 145, 18–25.

 

Costa, E. V., da Cruz, P. E. O., de Lourenço, C. C., de Souza Moraes, V. R., de Lima

Nogueira, P. C., & Salvador, M. J. (2013). Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities

of aporphinoids and other alkaloids from the bark of Annona salzmannii A. DC.

(Annonaceae). Natural Product Research, 27(11), 1002–1006.

 

Costa, E. V., De Assis Marques, F., Pinheiro, M. L. B., Braga, R. M., Delarmelina, C.,

Duarte, M. C. T., … Maia, B. H. L. N. S. (2011). Chemical constituents isolated

from the bark of Guatteria blepharophylla (Annonaceae) and their antiproliferative

and antimicrobial activities. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 22(6),

1111–1117.

 

Costa, E. V., Pinheiro, M. L. B., Barison, A., Campos, F. R., Salvador, M. J., Maia, B. H.

L. N. S., Eberlin, M. N. (2010). Alkaloids from the bark of Guatteria hispida and

their evaluation as antioxidant and antimicrobial agents. Journal of Natural

Products, 73(6), 1180–1183.

 

Costa, E. V., Pinheiro, M. L. B., De Souza, A. D. L., Barison, A., Campos, F. R., Valdez,

R. H., Nakamura, C. V. (2011). Trypanocidal activity of oxoaporphine and

pyrimidine-carboline alkaloids from the branches of annona foetida mart.

(annonaceae). Molecules, 16(11), 9714–9720.

 

Costa, R. A., Pitt, P. O., Pinheiro, M. L. B., Oliveira, K. M. T., Salome, K. S., Barison,

A., & Costa, E. V. (2017). Spectroscopic investigation, vibrational assignments,

HOMO-LUMO, NBO, MEP analysis and molecular docking studies of

oxoaporphine alkaloid liriodenine. Spectrochimica Acta - Part A: Molecular and

Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 174, 94–104.

 

Couvreur, T. L. P., Pirie, M. D., Chatrou, L. W., Richard, M., Saunders, K., Su, Y. C. F.,

… Erkens, R. H. J. (2011). Early evolutionary history of the flowering plant family

Annonaceae : steady diversification and boreotropical geodispersal, 664–680.

 

Cruz-Vega, D., Verde-Star, M. J., Salinas-Gonzalez, N. R., Rosales-Hernandez, B.,

Estrada-Garcia, I., Mendez-Aragon, P., … Castro-Garza, J. (2009). Review of

pharmacological effects of Glycyrrhiza radix and its bioactive compounds.

China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica, 22(4), 557–559.

 

Alessandro, M., Erb, M., Ton, J., Brandenburg, A., Karlen, D., Zopfi, J., S.Guzmán-

Trampe, D. Lemus, O. Jiménez1, B. Ruiz-Villafán1, A. García-Carrancá, R.

Hernández-Fernández, E. García-Zepeda, R. Rodríguez-Sanoja, M. L. M.-R. and S.

S. (2003). A family of multicyclic indolosesquiterpenes from a bacterial endophyte.

Plant, Cell and Environment, 67(4), 39–62.

 

da Silva, F. M. A., da Silva-Filho, F. A., de Souza, C. A. S., Maciel, J. B., Costa, E. V.,

Barison, A. and Pinheiro, M. L. B. (2018). Isoquinoline-derived alkaloids from

leaves of Unonopsis stipitata Diels (Annonaceae). Biochemical Systematics and

Ecology, 79(May), 69–71.

 

Dai, D. N., Thang, T. D., & Ogunwande, I. A. (2014). Chemical composition of essential

oils from the leaves and stem barks of Vietnamese species of Polyalthia harmandii

Polyalthia jucunda and Polyalthia thorelii. Natural Product Research. 28(8), 555-

562

 

de Souza Araújo, C., de Oliveira, A. P., da Conceição Santos, A. D., Guimarães, A. L.,

dos Santos Silva, N. D., Queiroz, M. A. Á., … da Silva Almeida, J. R. G. (2018).

Total content of kaurene diterpenes in Annona vepretorum stems via 1 H NMR: A

method for speeding the identification of bioactive extracts. Phytochemical

Analysis,(3), 1–6

 

Deng, Y., Bao, M.-F., Shi, B.-B., Wu, bullet Jing, & Cai, X.-H. (2018). Three New

Indole Alkaloids from Tabernaemontana divaricata. Natural Products and

Bioprospecting, 8(3), 183–188.

 

Doddapaneni, S. J. D. S., Amgoth, C., Kalle, A. M., Suryadevara, S. N., & Alapati, K. S.

(2018). Antimicrobial and anticancer activity of AgNPs coated with Alphonsea

sclerocarpa extract. Biotech, 8(3), 1–9.

 

Dogan, O., Cubukcu, H. C., Durak, Z. E., Kocaoglu, H., & Durak, ?. (2017). Effects of

garlic extract on adenosine deaminase, 5’ nucleoditase, and xanthine oxidase

enzymes in cancerous gastric tissues. Biomedical Research (India), 28(13), 6080–

6084.

 

Donald Wicklow, Dean Gray, James D. McChesney, A. Douglas Kinghorn and Ikhlas A.

Khan and Aruna Weerasooriya. (2006). Book Reviews. Journal of Natural

Products (12), 859–861.

 

dos Santos, A. R., Pires, C., Marques, F. A., Lobao, A. Q., & Maia, B. H. L. N. S. (2017).

Isoquinoline alkaloids isolated from three Guatteria species. Biochemical

Systematics and Ecology, 73, 1–2.

 

Doshi, G. M., Chaskar, P. K., & Une, H. D. (2015). Elucidation of β-sitosterol from

Benincasa hispida Seeds, Carissa congesta Roots and Polyalthia longifolia Leaves

by High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography. Pharmacognosy Journal, 7(4),

221–227.

 

Dsd, S. J., Amgoth, C., S, S. N., Ch, P., Madhavi, J., & A, K. S. (2018). Antioxidant and

anticancer activities of an Aporphine alkaloid isolated from Alphonsea sclerocarpa.

Journal of Phytopharmacology, 7(1), 51–55.

 

Ebelle Etame, R., Mouokeu, R. S., Cidjeu Pouaha, C. L., Voukeng Kenfack, I.,

Tchientcheu, R., Assam Assam, J. P. and Ngono Ngane, R. A. (2018). Effect of

Fractioning on Antibacterial Activity of Enantia chlorantha Oliver (Annonaceae)

Methanol Extract and Mode of Action. Evidence-Based Complementary and

Alternative Medicine, 2018, 1–13.

 

Ee, G.C.L., S.K. Lim, C.M. L Im And K. D Zulkefly. (2008). Alkaloids and Carboxylic

Acids from Piper nigrum. Asian Journal of Chemistry, 20, 8, 5931-5940

 

Ehimwenma S.Omoregie and Ehigbai I. Oikeh (2015). Comparative Studies on the

Phytochemical Composition , Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activities of

Methanol Leaf Extracts of Spondias mombin and Polyathia longifolia. Jordan

Journal of Biological Sciences, 8(2), 145–149.

 

Ekor, M. (2014). The growing use of herbal medicines: Issues relating to adverse

reactions and challenges in monitoring safety. Frontiers in Neurology, 4

(1), 1–10.

 

Faizi, S., Khan, R. A., Azher, S., Khan, S. A., Tauseef, S., & Ahmad, A. (2003a). New

Antimicrobial Alkaloids From The Roots Of Polyalthia longifolia var. pendula.

Planta Medica, 69(4), 350–355.

 

Faizi, S., Khan, R. A., Mughal, N. R., Malik, M. S., Sajjadi, K., & Ahmad, A. (2008).

Antimicrobial Activity of Various Parts of Polyalthia longifolia var . pendula :

Isolation Berries, 912(4), 907–912.

 

Faizi, S., Mughal, N. R., Khan, R. A., Khan, S. A., Ahmad, A., Bibi, N., & Ahmed, S. A.

(2003b). Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Property of Polyalthia longifolia var.

Pendula: Isolation of a Lactone as the Active Antibacterial Agent from the Ethanol

Extract of the Stem. Phytotherapy Research, 17(10), 1177–1181.

 

Ferreira, C., Passos, C. L. A., Soares, D. C., Costa, K. P., Rezende, M. J. C., Lobão, A.

Q., Saraiva, E. M. (2017). Leishmanicidal activity of the alkaloid-rich fraction from

Guatteria latifolia. Experimental Parasitology, 172, 51–60.

 

Gbedema, S. Y., Bayor, M. T., & Wright, C. W. (2015). Clerodane diterpenes from

Polyalthia longifolia ( Sonn ) Thw . var . pendula : Potential antimalarial agents for

drug resistant Plasmodium falciparum infection, Journal of Ethnopharmacology

169, 176–182.

 

Ghani, N. A., Ahmat, N., Ismail, N. H., & Zakaria, I. (2011). Flavonoid constituents from

the stem bark of Polyalthia cauliflora var . Cauliflora. Australian Journal of Basic

and Applied Sciences, 5(8), 154–158.

 

Ghani, N. a., Ahmat, N., Ismail, N. H., Zakaria, I., & Zawawi, N. K. N. a. (2012).

Chemical Constituents and Cytotoxic Activity of Polyalthia cauliflora var.

cauliflora. Research Journal of Medicinal Plant, 6(1), 74–82.

 

Ghosh, G., Subudhi, B. B., Badajena, L. D., Ray, J., Mishra, M. K., & Mishra, S. K.

(2011). Antibacterial activity of Polyalthia longifolia var. angustifolia stem bark

extract. International Journal of PharmTech Research, 3(1), 256–260.

 

Guo, Y. G., Ding, Y. H., Wu, G. J., Zhu, S. L., Sun, Y. F., Yan, S. K., … Zhang, W. D.

(2018). Three new alkaloids from Xylopia vielana and their antiinflammatory

activities. Fitoterapia, 127(12), 96–100.

 

Gupta, D. Das, Haque, M. E., Islam, M. N., Rahman, S., Hasan, A. M., & Shibib, B. A.

(2012). Alkaloid and Steroid from the Stem Bark of Jatropha curcas

(Euphorbiaceae). Dhaka University Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 10(1), 9–

11.

 

Guy, G., Gole, C., Anthelme, S., Bi, N., Zahoui, O. S., & Traore, F. (2018). Comparative

study of Annona senegalensis (Annonaceae) and Hallea ledermannii (Rubiacaceae)

effects on glycemia in rats. Journal of Intercultural Ethnopharmacology, 7(1), 1–7.

 

Hadj, A. H. A. (1965). Phytochemical Survey of Malaysian Plants Preliminary Chemical

and Pharmacological Screening. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 49–55.

 

Hamidah, A., Azizan, S., & Hadi, A. H. A. (2014). Chemical Constituents Of Mitrella

Kentii ( Annonaceae ). Open Conference Proceedings Journal 24–26.

 

Hamonnière, M., Leboeuf, M., & Cavé, A. (1977). Alcaloides Aporphiniques Et

Composfis Terpfiniques Du Polyalthia Oliveri. Phytochemistry, 16(7), 1029–1034.

 

Hampton, T. (2013). Report reveals scope of US antibiotic resistance threat. JAMA -

Journal of the American Medical Association, 310(16), 1661–1663.

 

Hao, X., & Yang, X. (1995). Clerodane Diterpenes From Polyalthia cheliensis.

Phytochemistry, 39(2), 447–448.

 

Harrigan, G. G., Gunatilaka, A. A. L., Kingston, D. G. I., Chan, G. W., & Johnson, R. K.

(1994). Isolation Of Bioactive And Other Oxoaporphine Alkaloids From Two

Annonaceous Plants, Xylopia Aethiopica And Miliusa Cf. Banacea. Journal of

Natural Products, 57(1), 68–73.

 

Harvey, a L., Clark, R. L., Mackay, S. P., & Johnston, B. F. (2010). Current strategies

for drug discovery through natural products. Expert Opin Drug Discov, 5(6), 559–

568.

 

Hashmi, A., Ali, M. S., Latif, M., Ahmed, Z., & Ngoupayo, J. (2018). Phenolic Ester

From Leaves Of Ocimum Viride. Chemistry of Natural Compounds 54(4), 564–566.

 

Hocquemiller, R., Bories, C., Waechter, A., & Mun, V. (1999). Antiprotozoal activity of

aporphine alkaloids isolated from Unonopsis buchtienii (Annonaceae) - Waechter -

1999 - Phytotherapy Research - Wiley Online Library, 177, 175–177.

 

Hoffman, M. J., Stafford, G. I., & Makunga, N. P. (2018). The role of alkaloids in

chemical defence in Clivia miniata (Amaryllidaceae) against herbivory by Brithys

crini. South African Journal of Botany, 115, 319–320.

 

Hospital, T. M. (1973). Vincristine neuropathy, 69–86.

 

Houghton, P. J., & Raman, A. (2012). Laboratory Handbook for the Fractionation of

Natural Extracts, 204.

 

Hsu, S., Lu, J., Kuo, C., Yang, J., Lin, M., Chen, G., … Chung, J. (2008). Crude Extracts

of Solanum lyratum Induced Cytotoxicity and Apoptosis in a Human Colon

Adenocarcinoma Cell Line( Colo 205 ). Anticancer Research 28, 1045–1054.

 

Hu, Y. K., Wang, L., Li, Y. Y., Li, M. J., Xu, W., Zhao, Y., … Zhao, Y. (2018). Five new

triterpenoids from Syzygium samarangense (Bl.) Merr. et Perry. Phytochemistry

Letters, 25(4), 147–151.

 

Huang, C.-T., Chen, S.-J., Wu, H.-M., Kang, Y.-F., Chen, H.-L., Li, W.-J., … Chen, C.-

Y. (2014). Chemical Constituents of the Stems of Michelia champaca. Chemistry of

Natural Compounds, 50(6), 912–914.

 

Iio, M., Moriyama, A., Matsumoto, Y., Takaki, N., & Fukumoto, M. (1985). Inhibition of

xanthine oxidase by flavonoids. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, 49(7),

2173–2176.

 

Indrani, V., Madhuri, T., Lakshmi, B., & P, S. D. (2015). Invitro Comparative Antifungal

studies of Alphonsea sclerocarpa with Local herbal shampoo against clinically

isolated Aspergillus flavus. Vulasi Indrani IJSRM 3(2), 2103–2105.

 

Issn, P. (2007). Azafluorenonas En Corteza De Oxandra Longipetala R . E . Fr . Synthese,

(33), 177–178.

 

Jachak, S. M., & Saklani, A. (2004). Challenges and opportunities in drug discovery from

plants. Current Science, 1251–1257.

 

Jain, T., & Sharma, K. (2011). Available online through Antibacterial Activity of the

Stem bark Extracts of Polyalthia longifolia Benth . & Hook . Against Selected

Microbes, 4(3), 815–817.

 

Jantan, I. (2004). Medicinal plant research in Malaysia: scientific interests and advances.

Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia, 2(2), 27–46.

 

Jaspars, F. F. M., & Diederich, M. D. M. (2010). Photosynthetic marine organisms as a

source of anticancer compounds. Phytochem Rev, 9, 557–579.

 

Ji-hong, W., Ming-hui, J. I., Huo-ming, S. H. U., Guang-ying, C., Xiao-ping, S., & Jing,

W. (2012a). Chemical constituents from the roots of Polyalthia obliqua. Chinese

Journal of Natural Medicines, 10(4), 303–306.

 

Jin, Q., Yang, D., Dai, Z., Khan, A., Wang, B., Wei, X., … Luo, X. D. (2018). Antitumor

aporphine alkaloids from Thalictrum wangii. Fitoterapia, 128(5), 204–212.

 

Jin, Y., Wu, Y., Li, Y., Zhang, C., Sun, W., & Dong, L. (2018). Litsine A : A New

Aporphine Alkaloid from the Root Barks of Litsea glutinosa and Xiaopo Zhang.

Recods of Natural Products,1307-6167

 

Jing, Y., Li, X. M., Shang, M. Y., Yu, J., Liu, G. X., Li, Y. L., … Cai, S. Q. (2017).

Phenanthrene derivatives from roots and rhizomes of Asarum heterotropoides var.

mandshuricum. Fitoterapia, 117, 101–108.

 

Johnson, T. A., Sohn, J., Ward, A. E., Cohen, T. L., Lorig-Roach, N. D., Chen, H., …

Bjeldanes, L. F. (2013). (+)-Altholactone exhibits broad spectrum immune

modulating activity by inhibiting the activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines in

RAW 264.7 cell lines. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, 21(14), 4358–4364.

 

Jothy, S. L., Aziz, A., Chen, Y., & Sasidharan, S. (2012). Antioxidant Activity and

Hepatoprotective Potential of Polyalthia longifolia and Cassia spectabilis Leaves

against Paracetamol-Induced Liver Injury. Hindawi, 2012, 1-10

 

Jothy, S. L., Choong, Y. S., Saravanan, D., Deivanai, S., Latha, L. Y., Vijayarathna, S., &

Sasidharan, S. (2013). Polyalthia longifolia Sonn: An ancient remedy to explore for

novel therapeutic agents. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and

Chemical Sciences, 4(1), 714–730.

 

Jothy, S. L., Saito, T., Kanwar, J. R., Chen, Y., Aziz, A., Yin-hui, L., & Sasidharan, S.

(2015). Radioprotective activity of Polyalthia longifolia standardized extract

against X-ray radiation injury in mice. Physica Medica. 1-12

 

Jothy, S. L., Saito, T., Kanwar, J. R., Kavitha, S., Chiuan, L., Chen, Y., … Sasidharan, S.

(2017). Bioassay-Guided Isolation and Antioxidant Evaluation of Rutin from Leaf

of Polyalthia longifolia. Asian Journal of Applied Sciences, 05(01), 138-148

 

Kamboj, A., & Saluja, A. K. (2011). Isolation Of Stigmasterol And β-Sitosterol From

Petroleum Ether Extract Of Aerial Parts Of Ageratum Conyzoides (Asteraceae).

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 3(1), 4–6.

 

Kang, H. K., Choi, M. C., Seo, C. H., & Park, Y. (2018). Therapeutic properties and

biological benefits of marine-derived anticancer peptides. International Journal of

Molecular Sciences, 19(3).

 

Kanokmedhakul, S., Kanokmedhakul, K., & Lekphrom, R. (2007). Bioactive

Constituents of the Roots of Polyalthia cerasoides. Journal of Natural Product 2,

1536–1538.

 

Kanokmedhakul, S., Kanokmedhakul, K., Kantikeaw, I., & Phonkerd, N. (2006). 2-

Substituted furans from the roots of Polyalthia evecta. Journal of Natural Products,

69(1), 68–72.

 

Kanokmedhakul, S., Kanokmedhakul, K., Yodbuddee, D., & Phonkerd, N. (2003). New

antimalarial bis-dehydroaporphine alkaloids from Polyalthia debilis. Journal of

Natural Products, 66(5), 616–619.

 

Kar, a, Borthakur, S. K., Goswami, N. K., Saharia, D., Energy, T., & Centre, N. R.

(2013). Wild Edible Plant Resources Used by the Mizos of Mizoram, India.

 

Kathmandu University Journal Of Science, Engineering and Technology, 9(1),

106–126.

 

Kaur, R., & Kaur, H. (2017). Plant Derived Antimalarial Agents. Journal of Medicinal

Plants Studies 5(1), 346–363.

 

Kaya, G. I., Unver, N., Gözler, B., & Bastida, J. (2004). (-)-Capnoidine and (+)-

bulbocapnine from an Amaryllidaceae species, Galanthus nivalis subsp. cilicicus.

Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 32(11), 1059–1062.

 

Kc, S., Juan, M. C., & Golde, D. W. (2006). Antioxidants prevent oxidative DNA

damage and cellular transformation elicited by the over-expression of c-MYC.

Fundamental And Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, 593, 64–79.

 

Khan, A., Tak, H., Nazir, R., & Lone, B. A. (2015). Flora of Kashmir with Antimicrobial

Activity-A Review. International Journal of Medical Microbiology and Tropical

Diseases 1(1), 30–33.

 

Kimia, K. (2015). The Chemical Constituents of Ellipeia cuneifolia and Their

Antibacterial Activity. Sains Malaysiana, 44(8), 1125–1128.

 

Koay, Yen Chin, E. Al. (2014). Chemical Constituents and Biological Activities of

Zanthoxylum limonella (Rutaceae): A Review, Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical

Research, 13 (12): 2119-2130.

 

Kosti?, D. A., Dimitrijevic, D. S., Stojanovic, G. S., Palic, I. R., Dordevic, A. S., &

Ickovski, J. D. (2015). Xanthine oxidase: Isolation, assays of activity, and

inhibition. Journal of Chemistry, 1-8

 

Kouam, S. F., Ngouonpe, A. W., Lamshöft, M., Talontsi, F. M., Bauer, J. O., Strohmann,

C., … Spiteller, M. (2014). Indolosesquiterpene alkaloids from the Cameroonian

medicinal plant Polyalthia oliveri (Annonaceae). Phytochemistry, 105, 52–59.

 

Koudokpon, H., Armstrong, N., Dougnon, T. V, Loko, F., Chabrière, E., & Rolain, J. M.

(2018). Antibacterial Activity of Chalcone and Dihydrochalcone Compounds from

Uvaria chamae Roots against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria. BioMed Research

International, 1-10.

 

Kowithayakorn, T., & Ishibashi, M. (2016). Cerasoidine, a Bis-aporphine Alkaloid

Isolated from Polyalthia cerasoides during Screening for Wnt Signal Inhibitors.

Journal of Natural Products, 11–16.

 

Krueger, R. (2011). Review of Drugs of Natural Origin. A Treatise of Pharmacognosy.

6th Revised Edition. Journal of Natural Products, 74(4), 910–910.

 

Kumar, V., Tiwari, N., Gupta, P., Verma, S., & Pal, A. (2016). Phytomedicine A

clerodane diterpene from Polyalthia longifolia as a modifying agent of the

resistance of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Phytomedicine, 23(6),

654–661.

 

Kuo, P., Hung, H., Liao, Y., Chan, Y., & Wu, T. (2018). Chemical Constituents from

Kalanchoe hybrida and their Cytotoxicity. Chinese Herbal Medicines, (18)1674-

6384.

 

Lajimia, A. A., Rezaie-Tavirani, M., Mortazavi, S. A., Barzegar, M., Moghadamnia, S.

H., & Rezaee, M. B. (2010). Study of anti cancer property of Scrophularia striata

extract on the human astrocytoma cell line (1321). Iranian Journal of

Pharmaceutical Research, 9(4), 403–410.

 

Lathifah, U. Z., Rahim, R. A., Sudrajat, H., & Khairi, S. (2010). Antiplasmodial ativity of

akaloids from Garcinia Parvifolia Miq . Stem Bark. Journal of the Iranian

Chemical Research, 59–63.

 

Latiff, A., Hanum, I. F., Ibrahim, A. Z., Goh, M. W. K., Loo, A. H. B., & Tan, H. T. W.

(1999). On the vegetation and flora of Pulau Tioman, Peninsular Malaysia. Raffles

Bulletin of Zoology, 47(6), 11–72.

 

Lee, K., Chuah, C., & Goh, S. (1997). seco-Benzyltetrahydroisoquinolines from

Polyalthia insignis (Annonaceae). Tetrahedron Letters, 38(7), 1253–1256.

 

Lee, S., Xiao, C., & Pei, S. (2008). Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants at periodic

markets of Honghe Prefecture in Yunnan Province , SW China. Journal of

Ethnopharmacology, 117, 362–377

 

Lee, T. H., Wang, M. J., Chen, P. Y., Wu, T. Y., Wen, W. C., Tsai, F. Y., & Lee, C. K.

(2009). Constituents of Polyalthia longifolia var. pendula. Journal of Natural

Products, 72(11), 1960–1963.

 

Leena Gupta, B. S. P., Archna Talwar, B. S. P., & Prem M.S. Chauhan, B. S. P. (2007).

Bis and Tris Indole Alkaloids from Marine Organisms: New Leads for Drug

Discovery. Current Medicinal Chemistry, 14(16), 1789–1803.

 

Lekphrom, R., Kanokmedhakul, K., Schevenels, F., & Kanokmedhakul, S. (2018).

Fitoterapia Antimalarial Polyoxygenated Cyclohexene Derivatives From The Roots

of Uvaria cherrevensis. Fitoterapia, 127(11), 420–424.

 

Letha Mathews1 & Jesse M. Ehrenfeld (2018). Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs and

Postoperative Pulmonary Complications. Current Anesthesiology Reports, 14(4).

 

Lewis. J. R. (1991). Muscarine, Oxazole, Imidazole, Thiazole, and Peptide Alkaloids, and

Other Miscellaneous Alkaloids. Natural Product Reports, 8, 171.

 

Li, H. T., Kao, C. L., Tsai, C. R., Li, W. J., & Chen, C. Y. (2017). Isoquinoline Alkaloids

from Michelia fuscata. Chemistry of Natural Compounds, 53(3), 504–507.

 

Li, J. W. H., & Vederas, J. C. (2009). Drug discovery and natural products: End of an era

or an endless frontier? Science, 325(5937), 161–165.

 

Li, Z., Gao, J., Hu, P., & Xiong, J. (2017). Anticancer effects of liriodenine on the cell

growth and apoptosis of human breast cancer MCF-7 cells through the upregulation

of p53 expression. Oncology Letters, (12), 1979–1984.

 

Lima, M. A., Barbosa-Filho, J. M., Merlic, C. A., Doroh, B. C., Maia, J. G. S., Silva, M.

S., & Da-Cunha, E. V. L. (2004). Alkaloids and volatile constituents from

Guatteria poeppigiana. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 32(3), 347–349.

 

Lin, C. L., Kao, C. L., Li, W. J., Li, H. T., & Chen, C. Y. (2018). Chemical Constituents

of the Roots of Michelia champaca. Chemistry of Natural Compounds, 54(2), 324–

326.

 

Liu, B., Jian, L., Chen, G., Song, X., Han, C., & Wang, J. (2014). Chemical constituents

and in vitro anticancer cytotoxic activities of Polyalthia plagioneura. Chemistry of

Natural Compounds, 49(6), 1172–1174.

 

Liu, B., Wang, L., Chen, G., Han, C., & Wang, J. (2010). Isolation and crystal structure

of Marcanine A from Polyalthia plagioneura. Molecules, 15(9), 6349–6356.

 

Long, S. Y., Li, C. L., Hu, J., Zhao, Q. J., & Chen, D. (2018). Indole alkaloids from the

aerial parts of Kopsia fruticosa and their cytotoxic, antimicrobial and antifungal

activities. Fitoterapia, 129(6), 145–149.

 

Lopes, J. C., Chatrou, L. W., Mello-Silva, R., Rudall, P. J., & Sajo, M. G. (2018).

Phylogenomics and evolution of floral traits in the Neotropical tribe Malmeeae

(Annonaceae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 118(8), 379–391.

 

Lopez-angulo, G., Montes-avila, J., Díaz-camacho, S. P., Vega-avina, R.,

Lopezvalenzuela, J. Á., & Delgado-vargas, F. (2018). Comparison of terpene and

phenolic profiles of three wild species of Echeveria ( Crassulaceae ). Journal of

Applied Botany and Food Quality, 154, 145–154.

 

Lopez-Perez, J. L., Theron, R., del Olmo, E., & Diaz, D. (2007). NAPROC-13: A

database for the dereplication of natural product mixtures in bioassay-guided

protocols. Bioinformatics, 23(23), 3256–3257.

 

Lucio, A. S. S. C., Almeida, J. R. G. da S., da-Cunha, E. V. L., Tavares, J. F., & Barbosa

Filho, J. M. (2015). Alkaloids of the Annonaceae: Occurrence and a Compilation of

Their Biological Activities. Alkaloids: Chemistry and Biology, 74, 233-409

 

Ma, Q., Wei, R., Wang, Z., Liu, W., Sang, Z., Li, Y., & Huang, H. (2017). Bioactive

alkaloids from the aerial parts of Houttuynia cordata. Journal of

Ethnopharmacology, 195, 166–172.

 

Machana, S., Weerapreeyakul, N., & Barusrux, S. (2012). Anticancer effect of the

extracts from Polyalthia evecta against human hepatoma cell line ( HepG2 ). Asian

Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2(5), 368–374.

 

Machana, S., Weerapreeyakul, N., Barusrux, S., Thumanu, K., & Tanthanuch, W. (2012).

Synergistic anticancer effect of the extracts from Polyalthia evecta caused

apoptosis in human hepatoma (HepG2) cells. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical

Biomedicine,

2(8), 589–596.

 

Majid, N. A., & Hashim, N. M. (2015). Liriodenine , an aporphine alkaloid from Enico -

of human ovarian cancer cells through induction of apoptosis via the mitochondrial

signaling pathway and blocking cell cycle progression. Drug Design, Development

and Therapy, 10(3), 1437–1448.

 

Manogna, C., Rao, K. N. V, & Banji, D. (2018). Partial Review On The Content of

Plants Of Indian Materia Medica . Indo American Journal of Pharmacy, 4(1), 370–

397.

 

Mansour, H. H., Elkady, A. A., Elrefaei, A. H., & Hafez, H. F. (2018). Radioprotective ,

antioxidant and antitumor efficacy of Annona muricata leaf extract. Indian Journal

of Biochemistry & Biophysics, 55(7), 205–214.

 

Marie Lavault, Helene Guinaudeau, Jean Bruneton, Thierry Sevenet And Hamid A.

Hadis . (1990). (-)-Thaipetaline, A Tetrahydroprotoberberine From A Malayan

Annonaceae. Phytochemistry, 29(12), 3845–3847.

 

Marino, L. B., Levy, S. M., & Ph, D. (1986). Primary and Secondary Prevention of

Cancer in Children and Adolescents : Current Status and Issues. Prevention in

Primary Care, 33(4), 975–993.

 

Massotte, D., & Kieffer, B. L. (1998). A molecular basis for opiate action. Essays in

Biochemistry, 33, 65–78.

 

Mayan, K., Samarakoon, S. R., & Tennekoon, K. H. (2016). Evaluation of Selected

Natural Compounds for Cancer Stem Cells Targeted Anti-cancer Activity : A

Molecular Docking Study. European Journal of Medicinal Plants 15(4), 1–21.

 

Mcarthur, H. L. (2007). Has first-line therapy had an impact on general outcome in

metastatic breast cancer ?. Future Science Group, 3, 411–418.

 

McChesney, J. D., Venkataraman, S. K., & Henri, J. T. (2007). Plant natural products:

Back to the future or into extinction?. Phytochemistry, 68(14), 2015–2022.

 

McClatchey, W. C., Mahady, G. B., Bennett, B. C., Shiels, L., & Savo, V. (2009).

Ethnobotany as a pharmacological research tool and recent developments in

CNSactive natural products from ethnobotanical sources. Pharmacology and

Therapeutics, 123(2), 239–254.

 

Md Roduan, M. R., Hamid, R. A., Cheah, Y. K., & Mohtarrudin, N. (2018). Cytotoxicity,

antitumor-promoting and antioxidant activities of Annona muricata in vitro.

Journal of Herbal Medicine.

 

Medina, R. P., de Moura, V. M., da Silva, C. C., de Oliveira, C. M. A., Kato, L., Pomini,

A. M., … Santin, S. M. O. (2018). Anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative

activities of Ixora brevifolia Benth. (Rubiaceae). Natural Product Research, 32(11),

1357–1360.

 

Min, H., Hee, S., Eom, J., Lee, D., Kim, S., Sung, K., … Kim, K. H. (2018). Bioactivity

evaluations of betulin identified from the bark of Betula platyphylla var . japonica

for cancer therapy. Archives of Pharmacal Research, 14(8).

 

Mithöfer, A., & Boland, W. (2012). Plant Defense Against Herbivores: Chemical

Aspects. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 63(1), 431–450.

 

Moghadamtousi, S. Z., Fadaeinasab, M., Nikzad, S., Mohan, G., Ali, H. M., & Kadir, H.

A. (2015). Annona muricata (Annonaceae): A review of its traditional uses,

isolated acetogenins and biological activities. International Journal of Molecular

Sciences, 16(7), 15625–15658.

 

Monggoot, S., Pichaitam, T., Tanapichatsakul, C., & Pripdeevech, P. (2018).

Antibacterial potential of secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus sp., an

endophyte of Mitrephora wangii. Archives of Microbiology, 200(6), 951–959.

 

Montenegro, H., Gutierrez, M., Romero, L. I., Ortega-Barría, E., Capson, T. L., &

Cubilla-Rios, L. (2003). Aphorphine alkaloids from Guatteria sp. with

Leshmanicidal activity. Planta Medica, 69, 677–679.

 

Moskovitz, J., Yim, M. Bin, & Chock, P. B. (2002). Free Radicals and Disease 1, 397(2),

354–359.

 

Moylan, J. S., & Reid, M. B. (2007). Oxidative stress, chronic disease, and muscle

wasting. Muscle & Nerve, 35(4), 411–429.

 

Mueller, D., Davis, R. A., Duffy, S., Avery, V. M., Camp, D., & Quinn, R. J. (2009).

Antimalarial activity of azafluorenone alkaloids from the Australian tree

Mitrephora diversifolia. Journal of Natural Products, 72(8), 1538–1540.

 

Mukai, R., Horikawa, H., Fujikura, Y., Kawamura, T., & Nemoto, H. (2012). Prevention

of Disuse Muscle Atrophy by Dietary Ingestion of 8-Prenylnaringenin in

Denervated Mice. Plos One, 7(9), 1–11.

 

Mukherjee, S., Ray, S., & Ray, A. (2006). Environmental contaminants in pathogenesis

of breast cancer. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 44(8), 597–617.

 

Murray, C. J. L., Laakso, T., Shibuya, K., Hill, K., & Lopez, A. D. (2015). Can we

achieve Millennium Development Goal 4 ? New analysis of country trends and

forecasts of under-5 mortality to 2015. 370 (9), 1040-1054

 

Murthy, M. M., Subramanyam, M., Bindu, M. H., & Annapurna, J. (2005). Antimicrobial

activity of clerodane diterpenoids from Polyalthia longifolia seeds. Fitoterapia, 76,

336–339.

 

Mustapha, A. A. (2013). Annona senegalensis Persoon : A Multipurpose shrub , its

Phytotherapic , Phytopharmacological and Phytomedicinal Uses. International

Journal of Science and Technology, 2(12), 862–865.

 

Na, Z., Feng, Y. L., & Xu, Y. K. (2012). Chemical constituents from aerial parts of

Eupatorium odoratum. Chin Tradit Herb Drugs, 43(4), 1896–1900.

 

Nahata A. (2017). A Review of Relevant Information on Important Herbal Drugs.

International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, 6, 250–255.

 

Negbenebor, H. E., Makanjuola, W. A., Denloye, A. A., & Nura, S. (2018). Toxicity of

powdered and ethanolic extracts of Uvaria chamae (Annonaceae) Bark on selected

stored product insect pests. African Journal of Biotechnology, 17(11), 350–355.

 

Negi R S. And Sharma B. (2010). In Vitro Antibacterial Activity Of Plants Available In

Semiarid Region Of Rajasthan.II. J. Phytol. Rres. 23(l), 41-45

 

Nelson, P., & Hector, H. M. (2016). Positive Electrospray Ionization Ion Trap Mass

Spectrometry And Ab Initio Computational Studies Of The Multi-Pathway

Fragmentation Of Oxoaporphine Alkaloids. International Journal of Mass

Spectrometry, (16),1387-3806.

 

Newman, D. ., Cragg, G. ., & Snader, K. . (2003). Natural Products as sources of New

Drugs over the Period 1981 - 2002. Journal of Natural Products, 66(7), 1022–

1037.

 

Ngantchou, I., Nyasse, B., Denier, C., Blonski, C., & Hannaert, V. (2010). Bioorganic &

Medicinal Chemistry Letters Antitrypanosomal alkaloids from Polyalthia

suaveolens ( Annonaceae ): Their effects on three selected glycolytic enzymes of

Trypanosoma brucei. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 20(12), 3495–

3498.

 

Ngbolua, K., Inkoto, C. L., Bongo, G. N., Moke, L. E., Lufuluabo, L. G., Ashande, C.

M., … Mpiana, P. T. (2018). Phytochemistry and Bioactivity of Annona reticulata

L. ( Annonaceae ): A Mini-review. South Asian Research Journal of Natural

Products, 1(10), 1–11.

 

Nik Abdullah Zawawi, N. K., Ahmat, N., Ahmad, R., Jaafar, F. M., & Ghani, N. A.

(2012). Oxoaporphine alkaloids and flavonols from Xylopia ferruginea

(Annonaceae). Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 43, 7–9.

 

Nobsathian, S., Bullangpoti, V., Kumrungsee, N., Wongsa, N., & Ruttanakum, D. (2018).

Larvicidal effect of compounds isolated from Maerua siamensis (Capparidaceae)

against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae. Chemical and Biological

Technologies in Agriculture, 5(1), 4–10.

 

Nor Hadiani Ismail, Asmah Alias and Che Puteh Osman (2018). Alkaloids and

Anthraquinones. Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia Intech Open, 2, 64.

 

Norhayati, I., Getha, K., Muhd Haffiz, J., Mohd Ilham, A., Lili Sahira, H., Siti Syarifah,

M. M., & Muhd Syamil, A. (2013). In vitro antitrypanosomal activity of Malaysian

plants. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 25(1), 52–59.

 

Novaes, P., Ferreira, M. J. P., & Santos, D. Y. A. C. dos. (2018). Flavonols from Annona

coriacea Mart. (Annonaceae). Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 78(3),

77–80.

 

Ogunlaja, O. O., Moodley, R., Singh, M., Baijnath, H., & Jonnalagadda, S. B. (2018).

Cytotoxic activity of the bioactive principles from Ficus burtt-davyi. Journal of

Environmental Science and Health - Part B Pesticides, Food Contaminants, and

Agricultural Wastes, 53(4), 261–275.

 

Okhale, S., Akpan, E., Fatokun, O., Esievo, K., & Kunle, O. (2016). Annona senegalensis

Persoon (Annonaceae): A review of its ethnomedicinal uses, biological activities

and phytocompounds. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 5(2), 211–

219.

 

Oladimeji, A. O., Oladosu, I. A., Ali, S., & Lateef, M. (2017). Dioclins A and B , new

antioxidant flavonoids from Dioclea reflexa. Natural Product Research,

6419(8), 1-8.

 

Olivar, J. E., Sy, K. A., Villanueva, C. V., Alejandro, G. J. D., & Tan, M. A. (2018).

Alkaloids as chemotaxonomic markers from the Philippine endemic Uncaria

perrottetii and Uncaria lanosa f. philippinensis. Journal of King Saud University -

Science, 30(2), 283–285.

 

Omar, H., Hashim, N. M., Zajmi, A., Nordin, N., Abdelwahab, S. I., Azizan, A. H. S., …

Ali, H. M. (2013). Aporphine alkaloids from the leaves of Phoebe grandis (Nees)

Mer. (Lauraceae) and their cytotoxic and antibacterial activities. Molecules, 18(8),

8994–9009.

 

Ononiwu, F. O., Banwo, A. S., Akintokun, O. A., & Obaseki, O. S. (2017). Antimicrobial

activities and phytochemical properties of Annona muricata leaf. Covenant Journal

of Physical & Life Sciences, 5(2), 40–49.

 

Orozco-Castillo, J. A., Cruz-Ortega, R., Martinez-Vázquez, M., & González-Esquinca,

A. R. (2016). Aporphine alkaloid contents increase with moderate nitrogen supply

in Annona diversifolia Saff. (Annonaceae) seedlings during diurnal periods. Natural

Product Research, 30(19), 2209–2214.

 

Paarakh, P. M. (2009). Phytoconstituents from the genus Polyalthia – a review. Journal

of Pharmacy Research, 2(4), 594–605.

 

Pandey, G. (2009). An Overview On Certain Anticancer Natural Products. Journal of

Pharmacy Research, 2(12), 1799–1803.

 

Panidthananon, W., Chaowasku, T., Sritularak, B., & Likhitwitayawuid, K. (2018). A

new benzophenone C-glucoside and other constituents of Pseuduvaria fragrans and

their α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Molecules, 23(7), 6–13.

 

Parkin, D. M., Bray, F., Ferlay, J., & Pisani, P. (2002). Global Cancer Statistics , 2002.

A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 55(2), 74–105.

 

Patocka, J. (2003). Biologically active pentacyclic triterpenes and their current medicine

signification. J Appl Biomed, 1(1), 7–12.

 

Pavia, D. L., Lampman, G. M., & Kriz, G. S. (2001). 3rd ed. Introduction to

spectroscopy: A guide for students of organic chemistry. United States:

Thomson Brooks.

 

Perumal Samy, R., & Gopalakrishnakone, P. (2010). Therapeutic potential of plants as

anti-microbials for drug discovery. Oxford University Press, 7(3), 283–294.

 

Pezzuto, J. M. (1997). Plant-derived anticancer agents. Biochemical Pharmacology,

53(2), 121–133.

 

Pierre, L. L., & Moses, M. N. (2015). Isolation and Characterisation of Stigmasterol and

β -Sitosterol from Odontonema Strictum ( Acanthaceae ). Journal of Innovations in

Pharmaceuticals and Biological Sciences, 2, 88–95.

 

Pimenta, L. P. S., Garcia, G. M., Gonçalves, S. G. D. V., Dionísio, B. L., Braga, É. M., &

Mosqueira, V. C. F. (2014). In vivo antimalarial efficacy of acetogenins, alkaloids

and flavonoids enriched fractions from Annona crassiflora Mart. Natural Product

Research, 28(16), 1254–1259.

 

Pompermaier, L., Marzocco, S., Adesso, S., Monizi, M., Schwaiger, S., Neinhuis, C. and

Lautenschläger, T. (2018). Medicinal plants of northern Angola and their

antiinflammatory properties. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 216(11), 26–36.

 

Prachayasittikul, S., Buttrawong, K., Worachartcheewan, A., Ruchirawat, S., &

Prachayasittikul, V. (2009). Isolation of bioactive metabolites from root extracts of

Polyalthia debilis. European Journal of Scientific Research, 38(4), 596–603.

 

Pratheema, P., Gurupriya, S., Banu, K. S., Cathrine, L., Nadu, T., Nadu, T., … Nadu, T.

(2017). Isolation And Characterization Of Stigmasterol From Methanolic Extract of

Rhizomes of Alpinia Calcarata. World Journal of Pharmacy And Pharmaceutical

Sciences, 6(12), 1872–1885.

 

Puvanendran, S., Manoranjan, T., Wickramasinghe, A., Karunaratne, D. N., Kumar, V.,

Wijesundara, S., … Karunaratne, V. (2010). Alkaloids from Xylopia parvifolia and

Xylopia nigricans (Annonaceae). Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri

Lanka, 38(1), 75–76.

 

Puvanendran, S., Wickramasinghe, A., Karunaratne, D. N., Carr, G., Wijesundara, D. S.

A., Andersen, R., & Karunaratne, V. (2008). Antioxidant constituents from Xylopia

championii. Pharmaceutical Biology, 46(5), 352–355.

 

Quílez, A. M., Fernnndez-Arche, M. A., García-Gimenez, M. D., & De la Puerta, R.

(2018). Potential therapeutic applications of the genus Annona: Local and

traditional uses and pharmacology. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 225, 244–270.

 

Rabovsky, A.B. and J. Ivie (2011). Antioxidant dietary supplement compositions

comprising tocopherol and carotene. Melaleuca, Inc., USA . p. 14pp.

 

Rahman, M. M., Lopa, S. S., Sadik, G., Harun-Or-Rashid, Islam, R., Khondkar, P., …

Rashid, M. A. (2005). Antibacterial and cytotoxic compounds from the bark of

Cananga odorata. Fitoterapia, 76(7–8), 758–761.

 

Raj, V. K., Sharma, A. K., & Lariya, S. K. (2018). Evaluation Of Bioactive Compounds

of Poly Herbal Formulation For Its Anti-Acne Activity. World Journal Of

Pharmacy And Pharmaceutical Sciences, 7(6), 1388–1412.

 

Rajca Ferreira, A. K., Lourenço, F. R., Young, M. C. M., Lima, M. E. L., Cordeiro, I.,

Suffredini, I. B., … Moreno, P. R. H. (2018). Chemical composition and biological

activities of Guatteria elliptica R. E. Fries (Annonaceae) essential oils. Journal of

Essential Oil Research, 30(1), 69–76.

 

Ram Bahor Saket and SB Singh (2017). Phytochemical and antimicrobial study of

Rauwolfia serpentina. International Journal of Botany Studies, 2(2), 13–16.

 

Raquel, M., Lima, F. De, Souza, J. De, Feitosa, A., Ca, M. C., & Ana, S. (2006). Antibacterial

activity of some Brazilian medicinal plants. Journal of

Ethnopharmacology, 105, 137–147.

 

Ravikumar, Y. S., Mahadevan, K. M., Kumaraswamy, M. N., Vaidya, V. P., Manjunatha,

H., Kumar, V., & Satyanarayana, N. D. (2008). Antioxidant, cytotoxic and

genotoxic evaluation of alcoholic extract of Polyalthia cerasoides (Roxb) Bedd.

Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 26, 142–146.

 

Ravikumar, Y. S., Mahadevan, K. M., Manjunatha, H., & Satyanarayana, N. D. (2010).

Phytomedicine Antiproliferative , apoptotic and antimutagenic activity of isolated

compounds from Polyalthia cerasoides seeds. Phytomedicine, 17(7), 513–518.

 

Rivera, A. I. G., & Álvarez, G. E. G. (2018). Rollinia mucosa (Jacq.) Baillon

(Annonaceae) active metabolites as alternative biocontrol agents against the lace

bug Corythucha gossypii (Fabricius): An insect pest. Universitas Scientiarum,

23(1), 21–34.

 

Saleem, R., Ahmed, M., Ahmed, S. I., Azeem, M., Khan, R. A., Rasool, N., … Faizi, S.

(2005). Hypotensive Activity and Toxicology of Constituents from Root Bark of

Polyalthia longifolia var . pendula. Phytotherapy Research, 884(June), 881–884.

 

Sanchez-Burgos, J. A., Ramírez-Mares, M. V., Gallegos-Infante, J. A., Gonzalez-Laredo,

R. F., Moreno-Jimenez, M. R., Chairez-Ramírez, M. H., Rocha-Guzman, N. E.

(2015). Isolation of lupeol from white oak leaves and its anti-inflammatory activity.

Industrial Crops and Products, 77, 827–832.

 

Sant, D. G., Tupe, S. G., Ramana, C. V., & Deshpande, M. V. (2016). Fungal cell

membrane-promising drug target for antifungal therapy. Journal of Applied

Microbiology, 121(6), 1498–1510.

 

Saqib, F., Mushtaq, Z., Janbaz, K. H., Imran, I., Deawnjee, S., Zia-ul-haq, M., & Dima,

L. (2018). Pharmacological Basis For The Medicinal Use of Michelia Champaca In

Gut , Airways And Cardiovascular Disorders. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical

Medicine 11(4).

 

Sárosi, S. and Bernáth J. (2012). Fattori Che Influenzano L’ Accumulo Di Antiossidanti

In Piante Aromatiche. Italus Hortus, 19(1), 51–64.

 

Sashidhara, K. V, Singh, S. P., & Shukla, P. K. (2009). Antimicrobial Evaluation of

Clerodane Diterpenes from Polyalthia longifolia var . pendula. Nat Prod Commun,

4(3), 3–6.

 

Sashidhara, K. V, Singh, S. P., Kant, R., Maulik, P. R., Sarkar, J., Kanojiya, S., &

Kumar, K. R. (2010). Cytotoxic cycloartane triterpene and rare isomeric

bisclerodane diterpenes from the leaves of Polyalthia longifolia var . pendula.

Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 20(19), 5767–5771.

 

Sashidhara, K. V, Singh, S. P., Srivastava, A., Puri, A., Chhonker, Y. S., Bhatta, R. S., …

Imran, M. (2011). Discovery of a new class of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor from

Polyalthia longifolia as potential lipid lowering agent q. European Journal of

Medicinal Chemistry, 46(10), 5206–5211.

 

Savithramma, N., Rao, M. L., & Suhrulatha, D. (2011). Screening of Medicinal Plants for

Secondary Metabolites. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 8(3), 579–584.

 

Sawai, S., & Saito, K. (2011). Triterpenoid Biosynthesis and Engineering in Plants.

Frontiers in Plant Science, 2(6), 1–8.

 

Schafer, H., & Wink, M. (2009). Medicinally important secondary metabolites in

recombinant microorganisms or plants: Progress in alkaloid biosynthesis.

Biotechnology Journal, 4(12), 1684–1703.

 

Sesang, W., Punyanitya, S., Pitchuanchom, S., Udomputtimekakul, P., Nuntasaen, N.,

Banjerdpongchai, R., and Pompimon, W. (2014). Cytotoxic aporphine alkaloids

from leaves and twigs of Pseuduvaria trimera (Craib). Molecules, 19(7), 8762–

8772.

 

Sevenet, T. (1991). Looking for new drugs: what criteria?. Journal of

Ethnopharmacology, 32(1–3), 83–90.

 

Shahidi, F. (2005). Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods in Health Promotion and Disease

Prevention. Traditional Medicine & Nutraceuticals, 6, 13–24.

 

Shahnaz Sultana, Mohammed Ali and Showkat Rassol Mir (2018). Chemical

Constituents from the Aerial Parts of Jasminum auriculatum Vahl and Seeds of

Holarrhena pubescens Wall . ex G . Don. Acta Scientific Pharmaceutical Sciences

2(3), 4–9.

 

Shami, A. M. (2017). The Effect of Alkaloid Fraction from Annona squamosa L .

against Pathogenic Bacteria with Antioxidant Activities. Tabriz University of

Medical Sciences, 23(4), 301–307.

 

Sharma, S. K., Ali, M., Kumar, N., & Sultana, S. (2018). Chemical Constituents from the

Stem Barks of Plumeria rubra L . Research Journal of Pharmacognosy (5), 69–78.

 

Shoemaker, R. H. (2006). The NCI60 human tumour cell line anticancer drug screen.

Nature Rev., 6(10), 813–823.

 

Silva, L. B. D. E., & Kingston, G. I. (1995). Cyathocaline , An Azafluorenone Alkaloid

From Cyathocalyx Zeylanica. Jourtlrrl of Natural Prdcts 58(3), 459–462.

 

Simo, M. K., Nguepi, M. D., Sameza, M. L., Toghueo, R. K., Fekam, F. B., & Froldi, G.

(2018). Cameroonian medicinal plants belonging to Annonaceae family: radical

scavenging and antifungal activities. Natural Product Research, 32(17), 2092–

2095.

 

Singh, R. (2015). Chemical Constituents From The Seeds of Embelia Ribes. IJCMS (1),

166–167.

 

Sisodiya, P. S. (2013). Plant Derived Anticancer Agents: A Review. International

Journal of Research and Development in Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 2(2), 293–

308.

 

Skytte, D. M., Frydenvang, K., Hansen, L., Nielsen, P. G., & Jaroszewski, J. W. (2010).

Synthesis and characterization of an epimer of tacrolimus, an immunosuppressive

drug. Journal of Natural Products, 73(4), 776–779.

 

Soobrattee, M. A., Neergheen, V. S., Luximon-Ramma, A., Aruoma, O. I., & Bahorun, T.

(2005). Phenolics as potential antioxidant therapeutic agents: Mechanism and

actions. Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, 579(1–2), 200–

213.

 

Srivastava, G., & Mehrotra, R. C. (2013). First Fossil Record of Alphonsea Hk. f. & T.

(Annonaceae) from the Late Oligocene Sediments of Assam, India and Comments

on Its Phytogeography. PLoS ONE, 8(1), 1–6.

 

Stévigny, C., Block, S., De Pauw-Gillet, M. C., De Hoffmann, E., Llabrès, G., Adjakidjé,

V., & Quetin-Leclercq, J. (2002). Cytotoxic aporphine alkaloids from Cassytha

filiformis. Planta Medica, 68(11), 1042–1044.

 

Subramanion Lachumy Jothy, Tamio Saito, Jagat Rakesh Kanwar, Subramaniam

Kavitha, Leow Chiuan Herng, Yeng Chen, Leong Yin-Hui, and Sreenivasan

 

Sasidharan. (2017). Bioassay-Guided Isolation and Antioxidant Evaluation of Rutin

from Leaf of Polyalthia longifolia. Asian Journal of Applied Sciences, 5(1), 138-

148

 

Suman Joshi DSD, Venkata Rao G, Satya Prasad M, Kishore Babu M, Surya Narayana S

and Krishna Satya A. (2017). Phytochemical screening and evaluation of

antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal activity of medicinal plant Alphonsea

sclerocarpa Thaw. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 6(4), 1280–

1286.

 

Tadic, D., Cassels, B. K., & Cavé, A. (1988). Spectral properties of ring-c-oxygenated 4-

azafluorenes and 4-azafluorenones. The structures of natural onychine derivatives.

Heterocycles, 27(2), 407–421.

 

Tadic, D., Cassels, B. K., Leboeuf, M., & Cavé, A. (1987). Kinabaline and the

aporphinoid biogenesis-of azaanthracene and azafluorene alkaloids.

Phytochemistry, 26(2), 537–541.

 

Taha, H., Arya, A., Khan, A. K., Shahid, N., Noordin, M. I. Bin, & Mohan, S. (2018).

Effect of Pseuduvaria macrophylla in attenuating hyperglycemia mediated

oxidative stress and inflammatory response in STZ-nicotinamide induced diabetic

rats by upregulating insulin secretion and glucose transporter-1, 2 and 4 proteins

expression. Journal of Applied Biomedicine, 1–11.

 

Talip, M. A., Azziz, S. S. S. A., Wong, C. F., Awang, K., Naz, H., Bakri, Y. M., …

Litaudon, M. (2017). New Azafluorenone derivative and antibacterial activities of

Alphonsea cylindrica barks. Natural Product Sciences, 23(3), 151–156.

 

Tan, A. C., Hons, M., Konczak, I., & Sze, D. M. (2010). Short Communication Towards

the discovery of novel phytochemicals for disease prevention from native

Australian plants : an ethnobotanical approach. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 19(6), 330–

334.

 

Tan, G., Gyllenhaal, C., & Soejarto, D. D. (2006). Biodiversity as a Source of Anticancer

Drugs. Current Drug Targets, 265–277.

 

Tang, Y., Long, J., & Liu, J. (2014). Hyperglycemia-Associated Oxidative Stress Induces

Autophagy: Involvement of the ROS-ERK/JNK-p53 Pathway. Autophagy: Cancer,

Other Pathologies, Inflammation, Immunity, Infection, and Aging. Elsevier Inc.

1, 105-115.

 

Taveira, M., Carlos, R., Martins, D., Paula, A., Moura, G., Lira, A., … Medeiros, D. P.

(2018). Antitumor activity and toxicity of volatile oil from the leaves of Annona

leptopetala. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, (2017), 4–11.

 

Taylor, P., Brophy, J. J., Goldsack, R. J., Forster, P. I., Brophy, J. J., Goldsack, R. J., &

Forster, P. (2001). Leaf Oils of the Australian Species of Polyalthia Leaf Oils of the

Australian Species of Polyalthia (Annonaceae). J. Essent. Oil Res, 13, 5-7.

 

Thang, T. D., Huong, L. T., Dai, D. N., & Ogunwande, I. A. (2013). Natural Product

Research : Formerly Natural Product Letters Essential oil compositions of

Alphonsea philastreana (Pierre) Pierre ex Finet & Gagnep . and Alphonsea

gaudichaudiana (Baill.) Finet & Gagnep. from Vietnam. Natural Product

Research, 27(21), 2022–2026.

 

Thenmozhi, M., & Sivaraj, R. (2010). Phytochemical Analysis And Antimicrobial

Activity Of Polyalthia Longifolia Materials And Methods : International

Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences, 1(3), 1–7.

 

Thi, N., Hang, M., Thi, N., Oanh, T., Hue, C. T., Tung, T. H., … Minh, C. Van. (2015).

Eupolauridine alkaloids of Polyalthia nemoralis. Vietnam Journal Of Chemistry,

53(4), 73–76.

 

Thomas, A., Rajesh, E. K., & Kumar, D. S. (2016). The Significance of Tinospora crispa

in Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus. Phytother. Res. 30, 357–366.

 

Treeratanapiboon, L., Worachartcheewan, A., Suksrichavalit, T., Kiatfuengfoo, R.,

Prachayasittikul, S., Ruchirawat, S., … Technology, A. (2011). Bioactive 4-

Hydroxycinnamide And Bioactivities Of Polyalthia Cerasoides. Excli Journal, 3,

16–22.

 

Tuchinda, P., Munyoo, B., Pohmakotr, M., Thinapong, P., Sophasan, S., & Herbarium, T.

F. (2006). Cytotoxic Styryl-Lactones from the Leaves and Twigs of Polyalthia

crassa. J. Nat. Prod., 79, 1728–1733.

 

Tuchinda, P., Pohmakotr, M., & Munyoo, B. (2000). An azaanthracene alkaloid from

Polyalthia suberosa. Phytochemistry, 53, 1079–1082.

 

Turner, I. M., & Utteridge, T. M. A. (2015). A new species of Alphonsea (Annonaceae)

from Peninsular Malaysia. Blumea, 59(3), 206–208.

 

Turner, I. M., & Utteridge, T. M. A. (2016). Whither Polyalthia ( Annonaceae ) in

Peninsular Malaysia ? Synopses of Huberantha , Maasia , Monoon and Polyalthia s.

s. European Journal of Taxonomy, 183, 1–26.

 

Van Hoorn, D. E. C., Nijveldt, R. J., Van Leeuwen, P. A. M., Hofman, Z., M’Rabet, L.,

De Bont, D. B. A., & Van Norren, K. (2002). Accurate prediction of xanthine

oxidase inhibition based on the structure of flavonoids. European Journal of

Pharmacology, 451(2), 111–118.

 

Verma, M., Singh, S. K., Bhushan, S., Sharma, V. K., Datt, P., Kapahi, B. K., & Saxena,

A. K. (2008). In vitro cytotoxic potential of Polyalthia longifolia on human cancer

cell lines and induction of apoptosis through mitochondrial-dependent pathway in

HL-60 cells. Chemico-Biological Interactions, 171, 45–56.

 

Vijayarathna, S., Oon, C. E., Chen, Y., Kanwar, J. R., & Sasidharan, S. (2017).

Polyalthia longifolia Methanolic Leaf Extracts (PLME) induce apoptosis, cell cycle

arrest and mitochondrial potential depolarization by possibly modulating the redox

status in hela cells. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapie, 89, 499–514.

 

Wang, L. K., Zheng, C. J., Li, X. B., Chen, G. Y., Han, C. R., Chen, W. H., & Song, X.

P. (2014). Two new lanostane triterpenoids from the branches and leaves of

Polyalthia oblique. Molecules, 19(6), 7621–7628.

 

Wang, T., Wu, X., Liu, Y., Luo, Y., Li, X., Zhou, Y., … Jiao, X. (2018). Chemical

constituents from ethanol extract of Polyalthia rumphii branches and their

cytotoxicity evaluation. Brazilian Journal of Pharmacognosy, 28(2), 235–238.

 

Wang, T., Yuan, Y., Wang, J., Han, C., & Chen, G. (2012). Anticancer activities of

constituents from the stem of Polyalthia rumphii. Pakistan Journal of

Pharmaceutical Sciences, 25(2), 353–356.

 

Wang, Y. (2008). Needs for new plant-derived pharmaceuticals in the post-genome era:

An industrial view in drug research and development. Phytochemistry Reviews,

7(3), 395–406.

 

Wijeratne, E. M. K., Hatanaka, Y., Kikuchi, T., Tezuka, Y., & Gunatilaka, A. A. L.

(1996). A dioxoaporphine and other alkaloids of two Annonaceous plants of sri

lanka. Phytochemistry, 42(6), 1703–1706.

 

Wild, G. (2018). Polar Constituents of Salvia willeana (Holmboe) Hedge, Growing Wild

in Cyprus. Plants, 7, (18)

 

Wirasathien, L., Boonarkart, C., Pengsuparp, T., & Suttisri, R. (2006). Biological

activities of alkaloids from Pseuduvaria setosa. Pharmaceutical Biology, 44(4),

274–278.

 

Wojdy?o, A., Oszmia?ski, J., & Czemerys, R. (2007). Antioxidant activity and phenolic

compounds in 32 selected herbs. Food Chemistry, 105(3), 940–949.

 

Wu, G., Chen, G., Zhou, J., Zhu, H., Chu, J., & Zhang, F. (2018). Liriodenine enhances

radiosensitivity in esophageal cancer ECA-109 cells by inducing apoptosis and

G2/M arrest. Oncology Letters, 5020–5026.

 

Wu, H. M., Kao, C. L., Huang, S. C., & Li, W. J. (2017). Secondary Metabolites From

The Stems Of Nelumbo Nucifera Cv . Rosa-Plena, Chemistry of Natural

Compounds, 53(4), 677–678.

 

Wu, L.-J., Zheng, C.-J., Wang, L.-K., Han, C.-R., Song, X.-P., Chen, G.-Y., … Yao, J.

(2016). One new berberine from the branches and leaves of Polyalthia obliqua

Hook.f. & Thomson. Natural Product Research, 6419(4), 1–6.

 

Wu, T. H., Cheng, Y. Y., Chen, C. J., Ng, L. T., Chou, L. C., Huang, L. J., … Liaw, C. C.

(2014). Three new clerodane diterpenes from polyalthia longifolia Var. Pendula.

Molecules, 19(2), 2049–2060.

 

Xiao, Z., Peng, Z., Peng, M., Yan, W., Ouyang, Y., & Zhu, H. (2011). Flavonoids Health

Benefits and Their Molecular Mechanism. Medicinal Chemistry, 11, 169-177

 

Xie, N. & Yang, N.Y. (1999). A new azafluorenone alkaloid from Alphonsea

monogyma. Chinese Chemical Letters, 10 (8), 671-672.

 

Xie, N., Renan, X., Shouming, Z. & Shouxun, Z. (1994). Chemical investigation on

Alphonsea mollis Dum. Journal of China Pharmaceutical University, 205.

 

Xie, N., Zhong, S., Zhao, S. and Peter, G.W. (1989). Study on the major alkaloids from

Alphonsea mollis. Journal of China Pharmaceutical University, 20(6), 321-

324.

 

Xie, Y., Yang, W., Tang, F. Chen, X. & Ren, L. (2015). Antibacterial activities of

flavonoids: structure-activity relationship and mechanism. Current Medicinal

Chemistry, 22 (1), 132-149.

 

Xue, B., Shao, Y. Y., Saunders, R. M. K., & Tan, Y. H. (2017). Alphonsea glandulosa

(Annonaceae), a new species from Yunnan, China. Plos One, 12(2).

 

Yang, C., Peng, W., Yang, B., Zhang, J., & Chen, Y. (2016). A new sesquiterpenoid from

Polyalthia petelotii. Natural Product Research, 30(14), 1565–1570.

 

Yang, C., Peng, W., Yang, B., Zhang, J., & Chen, Y. (2016). A new sesquiterpenoid from

Polyalthia petelotii. Natural Product Research, 30(14), 1565–1570.

 

Yang, N., Xie, N., and Zhi, F. (1999). Study on the major alkaloids of Alphonsea

monogyma. Journal of China Pharmaceutical University, 30 (3), 171-173

 

Yang, N.Y., Xie, N., Kong, L.Y. & Li,G. (2000). Chemical investigation on

Alphonseamonogyma. China Chemistry Letters, 77,409.

 

Yang-Chang, W., & Chang-Yih, D. (1990). Two new natural azafluorene alkaloids and a

cytotoxic apophine alkaloid from Polialthia longifolia. Journal of Natural Products,

53(5), 1327–1331.

 

Yaouba, S., Koch, A., Guantai, E. M., Derese, S., Irungu, B., Heydenreich, M., &

Yenesew, A. (2018). Alkenyl cyclohexanone derivatives from Lannea rivae and

Lannea schweinfurthii. Phytochemistry Letters, 23(11), 141–148.

 

Yasmen, N., Aziz, A., Tajmim, A., Akter, M. I., Hazra, A. K., & Rahman, S. M. M.

(2018). Analgesic and anti - inflammatory activities of diethyl ether and n - hexane

extract of Polyalthia suberosa leaves. Evidence-Based Complementary and

Alternative Medicine, 2018.

 

Yaw L. Siow, Yuewen Gong, Kathy K.W. Au-Yeung, Connie W.H. Woo,

Patrick C. Choy, and Karmin (2005). Emerging issues in traditional Chinese

medicine. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 83(4), 321–334.

 

Yi Sun, Liang-liang Gao, Meng-yue Tang, Bao-min Feng, Yue-hu Pei and Ken

Yasukawa (2018). Triterpenoids from Euphorbia maculata and Their

AntiInflammatory Effects. Molecules, 1–9.

 

Yoshida, N. C., De Siqueira, J. M., Rodrigues, R. P., Correia, R. P., & Garcez, W. S.

(2013). An azafluorenone alkaloid and a megastigmane from unonopsis lindmanii

(annonaceae). Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 24(4), 529–533.

 

Young, J. E., Zhao, X., Carey, E. E., Welti, R., Yang, S., & Wang, W. (2005).

Phytochemical phenolics in organically grown vegetables. Mol. Nutr. Food Res 49.

1136–1142.

 

Yu, Z., Zhuo, M., Li, X., Fu, Y., Chen, G., Song, P., … Fan, Q. (2017). A new

norsesquiterpene from the roots of Polyalthia laui. Natural Product Research,

6419(3), 0.

 

Yu, Z.-X., Fu, Y.-H., Chen, G.-Y., Song, X.-P., Han, C.-R., Li, X.-B., … Chen, S.-C.

(2016). New clerodane diterpenoids from the roots of Polyalthia laui. Fitoterapia,

111, 36–41.

 

Yuan, Y. X., Guo, F., He, H. P., Zhang, Y., & Hao, X. J. (2018). Two new

monoterpenoid indole alkaloids from Alstonia rostrata. Natural Product Research,

32(7), 844–848.

 

Zhang, J., Yu, Y., Liu, D., & Liu, Z. (2007). Extraction and composition of three

naturally occurring anti-cancer alkaloids in Camptotheca acuminata seed and leaf

extracts. Phytomedicine, 14, 50–56.

 

Zheng, G., Luo, S., Li, S., Hua, J., Li, W., & Li, S. (2018). Phytochemistry Specialized

metabolites from Ageratina adenophora and their inhibitory activities against

pathogenic fungi. Phytochemistry, 148, 57–62.

 

Zhong, Y., Zhang, Y., Luo, D., Niu, Q., Qin, J., & He, L. (2018). Two New Compounds

from Wedelia chinensis and Their Anti-inflammatory Activities. ChemistrySelect,

3459–3462.

 

Zhou, Q., Fu, Y. H., Li, X. B., Chen, G. Y., Wu, S. Y., Song, X. P., … Han, C. R. (2015).

Bioactive benzylisoquinoline alkaloids from Artabotrys hexapetalus.

Phytochemistry Letters, 11, 296–300.

 

Zhu, W. M., Li, S. L., Shen, Y. M., Ning, X. J., & Zhao, B. T. (2002). The

Sesquiterpenoid From Polyalthia cheliensis Hu, Heterocycles, 57(3), 529–534.

 

 


This material may be protected under Copyright Act which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials.
You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research.

Back to previous page

Installed and configured by Bahagian Automasi, Perpustakaan Tuanku Bainun, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
If you have enquiries, kindly contact us at pustakasys@upsi.edu.my or 016-3630263. Office hours only.