UPSI Digital Repository (UDRep)
Start | FAQ | About

QR Code Link :

Type :thesis
Subject :HV Social pathology. Social and public welfare
Main Author :Fatimah Mohd Zulkafaly
Title :Hubungan antara konflik peranan,kesamaran peranan,motivasi kerja dan strategi daya tindak dengan tekanan kerja dalam kalangan anggota Polis DiRaja Malaysia
Place of Production :Tanjong Malim
Publisher :Fakulti Pembangunan Manusia
Year of Publication :2018
Corporate Name :Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
PDF Guest :Click to view PDF file

Abstract : Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti hubungan antara konflik peranan, kesamaran peranan dan motivasi kerja dengan tekanan kerja dalam kalangan anggota Polis Diraja Malaysia. Kajian ini juga mengenal pasti pengaruh strategi daya tindak sebagai pemboleh ubah pengantara antara konflik peranan, kesamaran peranan, dan motivasi kerja dengan tekanan kerja dalam kalangan anggota Polis Diraja Malaysia. Reka bentuk kajian menggunakan kaedah tinjauan bagi mengumpul data. Sampel kajian terdiri daripada 268 orang anggota Polis Diraja Malaysia yang dipilih secara pensampelan rawak strata. Instrumen kajian diadaptasi daripada Instrumen Konflik Peranan dan Kesamaran Peranan bagi mengukur konstruk konflik peranan dan kesamaran peranan. Manakala, Instrumen Motivasi Kerja diadaptasi daripada Deci dan Ryan. Instrumen Strategi Daya Tindak oleh Endler dan Parker diadaptasi bagi mengukur konstruk strategi daya tindak. Manakala, Instrumen Depresi Kebimbangan Tekanan oleh Lovibond dan Lovibond diadapatasi bagi mengukur tekanan kerja. Data kajian dianalisis menggunakan analisis inferens dan analisis partial least square - structural equation modelling. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa konflik peranan (β = 0.18; t = 2.80; p0.05) kesamaran peranan (β = 0.003; t = 0.17; p>0.05) dan motivasi kerja (β = - 0.07; t = 0.18; p>0.05) dengan tekanan kerja. Kesimpulan kajian menunjukkan konflik peranan dan kesamaran peranan adalah faktor penyumbang (R2 = 0.11) kepada tekanan kerja di dalam organisasi Polis Diraja Malaysia. Impikasi kajian menunjukkan konflik peranan dan kesamaran peranan perlu diberi perhatian bagi mengatasi tekanan kerja dalam kalangan anggota Polis Diraja Malaysia.

References

Abalo, J., Varela, J., & Manzano, V. (2007). Importance values for importanceperformance

analysis: A formula for spreading out values derived from

preference rankings. Journal of Business Research, 60(2), 115-121.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2006.10.009.

 

Abdul Aziz. A. D. (2015). Kualiti kepimpinan dalam kalangan pegawai kanan polis

wanita. Tesis Doktor Falsafah. Universiti Putra Malaysia.

 

Acquadro, M. D., Varetto, A., Zedda, M., & Ieraci, V. (2015). Occupational stress,

anxiety and coping strategies in police officers. Occupational Medicine,

65(6), 466–473. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqv060.

 

Adebayo, D. O. (2005). Perceived workplace fairness, transformational leadership and

motivation in the Nigeria police: Implications for change. International

Journal of Police Science & Management, 7(2), 110–122.

https://doi.org/10.1350/ijps.7.2.110.65774.

 

Afsar, B., Badir, Y., & Khan, M. M. (2015). Person-job fit, person-organization fit

and innovative work behavior: The mediating role of innovation trust.

Journal of High Technology Management Research, 26(2), 105–116.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hitech.2015.09.001.

 

Ahmad, A. (2010). Work-family conflict among junior physicians: It’s mediating role

in the relationship between role overload and emotional exhaustion. Journal

of Social Sciences, 6(2), 265–271.

 

Ahmad, K. Z. (2011). Person-environment fit: The missing link in the organisational

culture-commitment relationship. International Journal of Business and

Management, 6(11), 11–20. http://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v6n11p11.

 

Ahmadi, S. H., Feizi, M., & Alipour, H. (2013). Surveying the relationship between

role conflict and role ambiguity and job burnout with emphasize on

personality type. Singaporean Journal of Business Economics, and

Management Studies, 2(5), 1–9.

 

Ahsan, N., Abdullah, Z., Gun Fie, D.Y. & Shah Alam, S. (2009). A study of job stress

on job satisfaction among university staff in Malaysia: Empirical study.

European Journal of Social Sciences, 8(1), 121-131.

 

Alam, K., Ali, A., Haider, I., & Ali, M. (2015). The impact of non-financial tools on

policing: Khyber pakhtunkhwa perspective. Abasyn Journal of Social

Science, 8(1), 108-118.

 

Alderfer, C. P. (1989). Theories reflecting my personal experience and life

development. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 25(4), 351–365.

https://doi.org/10.1177/002188638902500404.

 

Aldwin, C. M. (1994). Stress, coping, and development: An integrative perspective.

New York: Guilford Press.

 

Andersen, J. P., Papazoglou, K., Koskelainen, M., Nyman, M., Gustafsberg, H., &

Arnetz, B. B. (2015). Applying resilience promotion training among special

forces police officers. SAGE Open, 5(2), 1-8.

https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244015590446.

 

Anderson, G. S., Litzenberger, R., & Plecas, D. (2002). Physical evidence of police

officer stress. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and

Management, 25(2), 399-420. DOI: 10.1108/13639510210429437.

 

Anshel, M. H. (2000). A conceptual model and implications for coping with stressful

events in police work. Criminal Justice Behavior Journal. 27(3), 375-400.

 

Appley, M. H., & Trumbell, R. (1967). Psychological stress. New York: Beckworth.

 

Arahan Pentadbiran Bil 10/2016 (KPN 87). Kod Etika PDRM. 29 Ogos 2016.

 

Arahan Pentadbiran JIPS Bil 7/2016 KPN (PR) 42. Penagihan dan penyalahgunaan

dadah berbahaya dalam kalangan pegawai polis, pegawai rendah polis (PRP)

& pegawai awam Polis Diraja Malaysia (PDRM). 26 September 2016.

 

Arahan Pentadbiran KPN 87/39. Batch 26 Jun 2011.

 

Arahan Pentadbiran KPN (PR) 42/17. Peningkatan salah laku pelanggaran

tatatertib/penyalahgunaan dadah di kalangan warga PDRM. 8 September

2017.

 

Arjunaiti, M. (1997). Faktor demografi, persekitaran dan organisasi yang berkaitan

dengan ketegangan. Tesis Sarjana. Universiti Utara Malaysia.

 

Armstrong, M. (2006). A handbook of human resource management practice.

Cambridge: University Press.

 

Arora, S. (2014). Work motivation in entrepreneurs. Social Science International,

30(2), 345–352.

 

Ary, D., Jacobs, L. C., & Razavieh, A. (2002). Introduction to research in education.

Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning.

 

Aspinwall, L. G., & Taylor, S. E. (1997). A stitch in time: Self-regulation and

proactive coping. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 417–436.

 

Babatunde, A. (2013). Occupational stress: A review on conceptualisations, causes

and cure. Economic Insights - Trends & Challenges, 65(3), 73–80.

 

Baker, R., & Ibrahim, H. I. (2013). Tekanan kerja dalam organisasi kepolisan:

Tinjauan dalam perspektif kecerdasan emosi. Jurnal Kemanusiaan, 23, 1-24.

 

Ballout, H. I. (2007). Career success: The effects of human capital, personenvironment

fit and organizational support. Journal of Managerial

Psychology, 22(8), 741–765. http://doi.org/10.1108/02683940710837705.

 

Band, S. R., & Manuelle, C. A. (1987). Stress and police officer performance: An

examination of effective coping behavior. Police Studies, 10, 122-131.

 

Barclay, D. W., Higgins, C., & Thompson, R. (1995). The partial least squares

approach to causal marketing: Personal computer adoption and use as

illustration. Technology Studies, 2(2), 285-309.

 

Barnes-Farrell, J., & Matthews, R. A. (2012). Age and work attitudes. In Aging and

Work in the 21st Century (pp. 139–162).

https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203936948

 

Bayley, D. (1985). Patterns of policing. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University

Press.

 

Bedeian, A. G., & Armenakis, A. A. (1981). A path-analytic study of the

consequences of role conflict and role ambiguity. Academy of Management

Journal, 24, 417-424.

 

Berberich, J., & Stotland, E. (1979). The psychology of the police. In H. Toch (Ed.),

Psychology of crime and criminal justice. New York: Holt, Rinehart and

Winston.

 

Berg, A. M., Hem, E., Lau, B., Haseth, K., & Ekeberg, O. (2005). Stress in the

Norwegian police service. Occupational Medicine, 55(2), 113–120.

https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqi023

 

Berking, M., Meier, C., & Wupperman, P. (2010). Enhancing emotion-regulation

skills in police officers: Results of a pilot controlled study. Behavior Therapy,

41(3), 329–339. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2009.08.001.

 

Bernama (14 Februari 2014). Koperal didakwa bunuh rakan setugas.

 

Bernama. (13 Mac 2017). Bekas koperal didakwa bunuh anak tiri.

 

Berita Harian. (11 Disember 2015). Tekanan kerja punca 2,000 anggota polis bersara

awal.

 

Berita Harian. (02 Jun 2017). Inspektor ditemui mati dengan tembakan di kepala.

 

Bernama. (12 Februari 2017). Koperal ditahan dalam percubaan cedera orang awam.

 

Blonna, R. (2005). Coping with stress in a changing world. New York: McGraw Hill

Higher Education.

 

Bogardus, A. M. (2007). Professional in human resources: Certification study guide.

Indianapolis: Wiley Publishing, Inc.

 

Boldrini, M., & Arango, V. (2010). Stress and suicide. Encyclopedia of Neuroscience,

471–479. http://doi.org/10.1016/B978-008045046-9.00092-9.

 

Boyle, G. J., Borg, M. G., Falzon, J. M., & Baglioni, A. J. (1995). A structural model

of the dimensions of teachers’ stress. British Journal of Educational

Psychology, 63(1), 271-286.

 

Bradford, B., Quinton, P., Myhill, A., & Porter, G. (2013). Why do “the law” comply?

Procedural justice, group identification and officer motivation in police

organizations. European Journal of Criminology, 11(1), 110-131.

 

Briner, R. B., Harris, C., & Daniels, K. (2004). How do work stress and coping work?

Toward a fundamental theoretical reappraisal. In British Journal of Guidance

and Counselling (pp. 223–234).

https://doi.org/10.1080/03069880410001692256.

 

Brown, J., & Fielding, J. (1999). Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine

operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample

of police officers. Work & Stress, 13(4), 312–325.

 

Brown, J., & Sargent, S. (1995). Policewomen and firearms in the British police

service. Police Studies: International Review of Police Development, 18(2),

1–16. https://doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000004471.

 

Brown, J. M., & Campbell, E. A. (1994). Stress and policing. Wiley: Chichester.

 

Brunetto, Y., Farr-Wharton, R., & Shacklock, K. (2011). Supervisor-nurse

relationships, teamwork, role ambiguity and well-being: Public versus private

sector nurses. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 49, 143–164.

 

Burke, R. J. (1993). Work-family stress, conflict, coping, and burnout in police

officers. Stress Medicine, 9, 171-180.

 

Burke, R. J. (1994). Stressful events, work-family conflict, coping, psychological

burnout, and well-being among police officers. Psychological Reports, 75,

787-800.

 

Cain, M. K., Zhang, Z., & Yuan, K. H.(2016). Univariate and multivariate skewness

and kurtosis for measuring nonnormality: Prevalence, influence and

estimation. Behavior Research Methods, 49(5),1716-1735. DOI

10.3758/s13428-016-0814-1.

 

Carnes, A. M. (2017). Bringing work stress home: The impact of role conflict and role

overload on spousal marital satisfaction. Journal of Occupational and

Organizational Psychology, 90(2), 153–176.

https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12163

 

Capel, S. A., Sisley, B. L., & Desertrain, G. S. (1987). The relationship of role

conflict and role ambiguity to burnout in high school basketball coaches.

Journal of Sport Psychology, 9, 106–117.

 

Caplan, R. D. (1983). Person-environment fit: Past, present, and future. In C. Cooper

(Ed.), Stress research: New directions for the 1980s (pp. 35-78). London:

Wiley.

 

Cartwright, S., & Cooper, C. L. (1997). Managing workplace stress. London, SAGE

Publications.

 

Carver, R. H., & Nash, J. G. (2006). Doing data analysis with SPSS version 14.

Belmont, CA: Thomson Higher Education.

 

Chen, Z., Powell, G. N., & Greenhaus, J. H. (2009). Work-to-family conflict, positive

spillover, and boundary management: A person-environment fit approach.

Journal of Vocational Behavior, 74(1), 82–93.

http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2008.10.009.

 

Chin, W. W. (1998). The partial least squares approach for structural equation

modeling. In G. A Marcoulides (ed.), Modern methods for business research,

(pp. 295–336). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, London.

 

Christensen, R. K., & Wright, B. E. (2011). The effects of public service motivation

on job choice decisions: Disentangling the contributions of personorganization

fit and person-job fit. Journal of Public Administration Research

and Theory, 21(4), 723–743. http://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/muq085.

 

Chua, Y. P. (2006). Kaedah dan statistik penyelidikan: Kaedah penyelidikan. Petaling

Jaya: McGraw-Hill Education.

 

Chua, Y. P. (2009). Statistik penyelidikan lanjutan: Ujian regresi, analisis faktor dan

analisis SEM. Kuala Lumpur: McGraw Hill Sdn. Bhd.

 

Churchill, G.A. (1979). A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing

constructs. Journal of Marketing Research, 16, 64-73.

 

Coakes, S. J. (2003). SPSS analysis without anguish: Version 11.0 for windows. (1st

Ed). John Wiley and Sons Australia Limited, Milton.

 

Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. (2nd Ed).,

Lawrence Erlbaum Association Incorporated, Hillsdale.

 

Compas, B. E., Connor-Smith, J. K., Saltzman, H., Thomsen, A. H., & Wadsworth,

M. E. (2001). Coping with stress during childhood and adolescence:

Problems, progress an potential in theory and research. Psychological

Bulletin,1, 87-127.

 

Cooper, J. A. (2012). Noble cause corruption as a consequence of role conflict in the

police organisation. Policing and Society: An International Journal of

Research and Policy, 22(2), 169–184.

 

Cooper, C. L., Dewe, P. J. & O’Driscoll, M. P. (2001). Organizational stress: A

review and critique of theory, research, and applications. Thousand Oaks,

California, Sage.

 

Coverman, S. (1989). Role overload, role conflict, and stress: Addressing

consequences of multiple role demands. Social Forces, 67(4), 965–982.

https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/67.4.965

 

Cox, T., & Griffiths, A. (1995). The nature and measurement of work stress: Theory

and practice. In J.R. Wilson & E.N. Corlett (Eds.), Evaluation of human

work: A practical ergonomics methodology, London: Taylor & Francis.

 

Cox, T., Griffiths, A., & Rial-Gonzalez, E. (2000). Research on work-related stress.

Luxembourg, Office for Official Publications of the European Camminities.

 

Coyne, J., & Gottlieb, B. (1996). The mismeasure of coping by checklist. Journal of

Personality, 64, 959-991.

 

Creswell, J., & Clark, V. L. (2012). Understanding research : A consumer’s guide.

Boston: Pearson Inc.

 

Dar, O. H., Alam, S., & Lone, Z. A. (2011). Relationship between emotional

intelligence and psychological well-being of male police personnel. Journal

of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 37(1), 47–52.

 

Darat, P. T. (2010). Konflik dan kesamaran peranan dalam kalangan personel

teknologi maklumat dalam perkhidmatan tentera darat Malaysia. Akademika,

78, 59–66.

 

Davis, M. H., Capobianco, S., & Kraus, L. A. (2010). Gender differences in

responding to conflict in the workplace: Evidence from a large sample of

working adults. Sex Roles, 63(7-8), 500–514. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-

010-9828-9

 

Deci, E. L. & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in

human behavior. New York: Plenum.

 

Deci, E. L. & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human

needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 227–

268.

 

Deci, E. L., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2004). Self-determination theory and basic need

satisfaction: Understanding human development in positive psychology.

Ricerche di Psicologia, 27(1), 23-40.

 

De-Rijk, A. E., Le Blanc, P. M., Schaufeli, W. B., & De Jonge, J. (1998). Active

coping and need for control as moderators of the job demand-control model:

Effects on burnout. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology,

71, 1–18.

 

Derks, B., Van Laar, C., Ellemers, N., & De Groot, K. (2011). Gender-bias primes

elicit queen-bee responses among senior policewomen. Psychological

Science, 22(10), 1243–1249. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611417258.

 

DeRue, D. S., & Morgeson, F. P. (2007). Stability and change in person-team and

person-role fit over time: The effects of growth satisfaction, performance, and

general self-efficacy. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(5), 1242-1253.

 

Dewe, P., Cox, T., & Ferguson, E. (1993). Individual strategies for coping with stress

at work: A review of progress and directions for future research. Work &

Stress, 7(1), 5-15.

 

Dewe, P. J., O'Driscoll, M. P., & Cooper, C. L. (2012). Theories of psychological

stress at work. Handbook of Occupational Health and Wellness, 53(3), 23-38.

 

Dewe, P., & Trenberth, L. (2004). Work stress and coping: Drawing together research

and practice. British Journal of Guidance and Counseling, 32, 143-156.

 

Du, J., & Wang, D. N. (2009). Person-environment fit and creativity: The moderating

role of collectivism. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 41(10), 980–988.

 

Durr, M. R., & Tracey, T. J. G. (2009). Relation of person-environment fit to career

certainty. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 75(2), 129-138.

Edwards, J. R., Rothbard, N. P., Ashford, S. J., Bateman, T. S., Blackburn, R. S., &

 

Cable, D. M. (1999). Work and family stress and well-being: An examination

of person–environment fit in the work and family domains. Organizational

Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 77(2), 85–129.

http://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1998.2813.

 

Ehrhart, K. H. (2006). Job characteristic beliefs and personality as antecedents of

subjective person-job fit. Journal of Business and Psychology, 21(2), 193-

226. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-006-9025-6.

 

Ellis, C. W. (2005). Management skills for new managers. New York: American

Management Association.

 

Endler, N. S., & Parker, J. D. A. (1990). Coping inventory for stressful situations

(CISS) : Manual. Toronto: Multi-Health System Inc.

 

Faircloth, P. K. (2011). Gender, identity, and career: An investigation of gender role

conflict and job satisfaction with police officers. Dissertation Abstracts

International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. ProQuest

Dissertations Publishing.

 

Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A. G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*power 3: A flexible

statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical

sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39, 175-191.

 

Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang. A. G. (2009). Statistical power analyses

using g*power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior

Research Methods, 41(4), 1149-1160. doi:10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149.

 

Field, A. P. (2004). Discovering statistics using SPSS: Advanced techniques for

beginner. (2nd edition). London: Sage Publications.

 

Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1980). An analysis of coping in a middle-aged

community sample. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 21(3), 219–239.

http://doi.org/10.2307/2136617.

 

Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1984). If it changes it must be a process: Study of

emotion and coping during three stages of a college examination. Journal of

Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 150-170.

 

Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable

variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics. Journal of Marketing

Research, 18(3), 328-388.

 

Fornell, C. G., Johnson, M. D., Anderson, E. W., Cha, J., & Bryant, B. E. (1996). The

American customer satisfaction index: Nature, purpose, and findings. Journal

of Marketing, 60(4), 7-18.

 

Fraenkel, J. R., & Wallen, N. E. (2006). How to design and evaluate research in

education. New York: McGraw-Hill.

 

Frank, J., Eric, G., & Qureshi, L. H. (2017). Examining police officer work stress

using the job demands–resources model. Police Quarterly, 33(4), 348-367.

https://doi.org/10.1177/1043986217724248.

 

Frederikson, L., & Dewe, P. (1996). The cognitive appraisal of stress: The influence

of organizational ciimate, perceptions of control, and feelings associated with

stressful work events. Research and Practice in Human Resource

Management, 4(1), 1-24.

 

Freedy, J. R., & Hobfoll, S. E. (1994). Stress inculcation for reduction of burnout: A

conservation of resources approach. Anxiety, Stress and Coping, 6, 311-325.

 

French, J. R. P., & Caplan, R. D. (1972). Organizational stress and individual strain.

In A. J. Marrow (Ed.), The failure of success. New York: AMACOM.

 

Friedman, M., & Rosenman, R. (1959), Association of specific overt behavior pattern

with blood and cardiovascular findings. Journal of the American Medical

Association 169, 1286-1296.

 

Gagne, M., & Deci, E. L. (2005). Self-determination theory and work motivation.

Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26, 331-362.

 

Gaines, L. K., Van Tubergen, N., & Paiva, M. A. (1984). Police officer perceptions of

promotion as a source of motivation. Journal of Criminal Justice, 12(3), 265–

275. https://doi.org/10.1016/0047-2352(84)90073-4.

 

Gallstedt, M. (2003). Working conditions in projects: Perceptions of stress and

motivation among project team members and project managers. International

Journal of Project Management, 21(6), 449–455.

http://doi.org/10.1016/S0263-7863(02)00098-4.

 

Gay, G. E. (1998). Occupational stress of female police officers: An empirical

investigation. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences

and Engineering.

 

Gay, L. R. (1996). Educational research: Competencies for analysis and application.

Beverly Hill, CA: Sage Publications.

 

Gefen, D., & Straub, D. (2005). A practical guide to factorial validity using PLSgraph:

Tutorial and annotated example. Communications of the Association

for Information Systems, 16(1), 91-109.

 

Geisser, S. (1975). A predictive approach to the random effect model. Biometrika,

61(1), 101-107.

 

George, D., & Mallery, P. (2005). SPSS for windows step-by-step: A simple guide and

reference 11.0 update (4th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

 

Gillet, N., Huart, I., Colombat, P., Fouquereau, E. (2013). Perceived organizational

support, motivation, and engagement among police officers. Professional

Psychology: Research and Practice, 44(1), 46-55. DOI: 10.1037/a0030066.

 

Glissmeyer, M., Bishop, J. W., & Fass, R. D. (2007). Role conflict, role ambiguity,

and intention to quit the organization: the case of law enforcement officers.

38th Southwest Decision Sciences Institute Annual Conference, 458–469.

 

Goode, W. J. (1960). A theory of role strain. American Sociology Review, 25, 483-

496.

 

Grace, G. (2012). Role conflict and the teacher. New York: Routledge.

 

Graen, G. (1976). Role-making processes within complex organizations. In M. D.

Dunnette (Ed.), Handbook of industrial organizational psychology. Chicago,

IL: Rand McNally.

 

Grant, K. E., Compas, B. E., Stuhlmacher, A. F., Thurm, A. F., McMahon, S. D., &

Halpert, J. A. (2003). Stressors and child and adolescent psychopathology:

Moving from markers to mechanisms of risk. Psychological Bulletin, 129,

447–466.

 

Green, T. B. (1992). Performance and motivation strategies for today’s workforce: A

guide to expectancy theory applications. New York: Greenwood Publishing

Group, Inc.

 

Greenglass, E. R., Pantony, K. L., & Burke, R. J. (1988). A gender-role perspective

on role conflict, work stress and social support. Special Issue: Work and

Family: Theory, Research, and Applications, 3(4), 317-328.

 

Greenglass, E. R., & Fiksenbaum, L. (2009). Proactive coping, positive affect, and

well-being: Testing for mediation using path analysis. European

Psychologist, 14(1), 29–39. DOI 10.1027/1016-9040.14.1.29.

 

Greenglass, E. R., Schwarzer, R., & Taubert, S. (1999). The Proactive Coping

Inventory (PCI): A multidimensional research instrument. [On-line

publication]. Retrieved from http://www.psych.yorku.ca/greenglass/

[September 5, 2015].

 

Greenglass, E. R., Fiksenbaum, L., & Eaton, J. (2006). The relationship between

coping, social support, functional disability and depression in the elderly.

Anxiety, Stress, and Coping: An International Journal, 19, 15–31.

 

Greguras, G. J., & Diefendorff, J. M. (2009). Different fits satisfy different needs:

Linking person-environment fit to employee commitment and performance

using self-determination theory. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(2),

465–477. http://doi.org/10.1037/a0014068.

 

Griffin, R. W., & Moorhead, G. (2007). Organizational behavior: Managing people

and organizations. New York: South-Western.

 

Griffith, M. A., Dubow, E. F., & Ippolito, M. F. (2000). Developmental and crosssituational

differences in adolescents ’ coping strategies. Journal of Youth and

Adolescence, 29(2), 183–204. http://doi.org/10.1023/1005104632102.

 

Gupta, P. R., & Adhikari, A. (2008), Role stress in nurses. ICFAI Journal of

Organizational Behaviour, 7(1), 49-56.

 

Hair, J. F. J., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C., & Mena, J. (2011). An assessment of the use of

partial least squares structural equation modeling in marketing research.

Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 40(3), 414-433.

 

Hair, J. F. J., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2014). A primer on

partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS?SEM). Sage

Publications, Inc., Thousand Oaks: California.

 

Hair, J. F. J., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A primer on

partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM), 2nd

ed., Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.

 

Hakanen, J. J., Perhoniemi, R., & Toppinen-Tanner, S. (2008). Positive gain spirals at

work: From job resources to work engagement, personal initiative and workunit

innovativeness. Journal of Vocational Behavior,73, 78-91.

 

Harian Metro. (20 Julai 2012). Polis mengamuk di Seremban di dakwa hari ini. New

Straits Times Press (M) Bhd, Kuala Lumpur.

 

Harr, R. N. (2005). Factors affecting the decision of police recruits to “drop out” of

police work. Police Quaterly, 8(4), 431-453.

 

Harms, P. D., Roberts, B. W., & Winter, D. (2006). Becoming the Harvard man:

Person-environment fit, personality development, and academic success.

Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(7), 851–65.

http://doi.org/10.1177/0146167206287720.

 

Harnish, J. D., Aseltine, R. H., & Gore, S. (2000). Resolution of stressful experiences

as an indicator of coping effectiveness in young adults: An event history

analysis. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 41(2), 121–136.

http://doi.org/10.2307/2676301.

 

Hart, P. M., Wearing, A. J., & Headey, B. (1995). Police stress and well-being:

Integrating personality, coping and daily work experiences. Journal of

Occupational and Organizational Policy, 68, 133-156.

 

Harunavamwe, M., & Kanengoni, H. (2013). The impact of monetary and nonmonetary

rewards on motivation among lower level employees in selected

retail shops. African Journal of Business Managment, 7(38), 3929–3935.

https://doi.org/10.5897/AJBM2012.1381.

 

Hasmizal, H. (2007). Stres pekerjaan dan penggunaan strategi daya tindak di

kalangan anggota polis di Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur dan

Putrajaya. Tesis Sarjana. Universtiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.

 

Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional analysis:

A regression-based approach. New York:Guilford Press.

 

He, N., Zhao, J., & Archbold, C. A. (2002). Gender and police stress. Policing: An

International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 25(4), 687–708.

http://doi.org/10.1108/13639510210450631.

 

He, N., Zhao, J., & Archbold, C. A. (2002). Gender and police stress: The

convergent and divergent impact of work environment, work?family

conflict, and stress coping mechanisms of female and male police

officers. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies &

Management, 25(4), 687-708.

https://doi.org/10.1108/13639510210450631.

 

He, N., Zhao, J., & Ren, L. (2005). Do race and gender matter in police stress? A

preliminary assessment of the interactive effects. Journal of Criminal Justice,

33(6), 535–547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2005.08.003

 

Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sinkovics, R. R. (2009). The use of partial least squares

path modeling in international marketing. Advances in International

Marketing 20, 277?319.

 

Henseler, J., Dijkstra, T. K., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., Diamantopoulos, A., Straub,

D. W., Ketchen, D. J., Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., & Calantone, R. J. (2014).

Common beliefs and reality about PLS: Comments on Ronkko & Evermann

(2013). Organizational Research Methods, 17(2), 182-209.

 

Herzberg, F. (1987). One more time: How do you motivate employees? Harvard

Business Review, 65(5), 109-120.

 

Hepburn, C. G., Loughlin, C. A., & Barling, J. (1997). Coping with chronic work

stress. In B. Gottlieb (Ed.), Coping and health in organizations (pp. 343-366).

London: Taylor & Francis.

 

Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing

stress. American. Psychologist, 44, 513-524.

 

Hobfoll, S. E. (2002). Social and psychological resources and adaptation. Review of

General Psychology, 6, 307-324.

 

Hochstedler, E., & Dunning, C. M. (1983). Communication and motivation in a police

department. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 10(1), 47–69.

https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854883010001004.

 

Hock, C., Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M. (2011). Management of multi-purpose stadiums:

Importance and performance of service interfaces. International Journal of

Services Technology and Management, 14, 188-207.

 

Holahan, C. J., & Moos, R. H. (1987). Personal and contextual determinants of coping

strategies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(5), 946–955.

http://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.52.5.946

 

Holmes, T. H., & Rahe, R. H. (1967). The social readjustment rating scale. Journal of

Psychosomatic Research, 11, 213-218.

 

Holodynski, M., & Friedlmeier, W. (2006). Development of emotions and emotion

regulation. New York: Springer.

 

Hong, J. C., Yang, S. D., Wang, L. J., Chiou, E. F., Su, F. Y., & Huang, S. L. (1995).

Impact of employee benefits on work motivation and productivity.

International Journal of Career Management, 7(6), 10–14.

https://doi.org/10.1108/09556219510098064

 

Hsu, H. Y., Chen, S. H., Yu, H. Y., & Lou, J. H. (2010). Job stress, achievement

motivation and occupational burnout among male nurses. Journal of

Advanced Nursing, 66(7), 1592–1601. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-

2648.2010.05323.x

 

Hu, Y., Wang, D., Xu, G., & Xu, P. (2014). The relationship between work stress and

mental health in medical workers in East China. Social Behavior &

Personality: An International Journal, 42(2), 237–244.

https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2014.42.2.237

 

Idrus Hanapiah. (2005). Hubungan ketegangan kerja dengan prestasi kerja dalam

kalangan pegawai rendah polis: Kajian di daerah polis Ipoh, Perak. (Tesis

Sarjana Sains Pengurusan). Universiti Utara Malaysia.

 

Idris, M. K. (2011). Over time effects of role stress on psychological strain among

Malaysian public university academics. International Journal of Business and

Social Science, 2(9), 154-161.

 

Igun, S. N. (2008). Extrinsic Motivation as correlates of work attitude of the Nigerian

police force: Implications for counselling. Education, 129(2), 274–281.

Inceoglu, I., Segers, J., & Bartram, D. (2012). Age-related differences in work

motivation. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 85,

300–329. https://doi.org/DOI 10.1111/j.2044-8325.2011.02035.x.

 

Iran, H., & Mohamed Fadzil, A. R. (2010). Tekanan kerja dan strategi daya tindak

dalam kalangan anggota Polis Diraja Malaysia di Lembah Kelang. Jurnal

Psikologi Perkhidmatan Awam Malaysia, 5, 1-12.

 

Irwan, H. B. (2014). Hubungan tekanan kerja dengan prestasi kerja di kalangan

personel cawangan trafik, Polis Diraja Malaysia (PDRM) di Iskandar

Malaysia, Johor. Tesis Sarjana. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.

 

Ivancevich, J. M., & Mattson, M. T. (1980). A managerial perspective: Stress and

work. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman. Kawakami.

 

Ivie, D., & Garland, B. (2011). Stress and burnout in policing: Does military

experience matter? Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies &

Management, 34(1), 49–66. https://doi.org/10.1108/13639511111106605

 

Jackson, S. E., & Schuler, R. S. (1985). A meta-analysis and conceptual critique of

research on role ambiguity and role conflict in work settings. Organizational

Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 36, 16-78.

 

Janice, L. F., Tanya, D., & Sara, V. V. (1997). Power motivation, illness, coping

strategies and psychological stress in police trainees. Work & Stress, 11(2),

186-195, DOI: 10.1080/02678379708256834

 

Jawahar, I. M., Stone, T. H., & Kisamore, J. L. (2007). Role conflict and burnout: The

direct and moderating effects of political skill and perceived organizational

support on burnout dimensions. International Journal of Stress Management,

14(2), 142-159. http://doi.org/10.1037/1072-5245.14.2.142

 

Jex, S. M. (1998). Stress and job performance: Theory, research, and implications for

managerial practice. Advanced topics in organizational behavior. Thousand

Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

 

Jiang, A. Y. C. (2008). Emotional intelligence as a moderator of the relationship

between occupational stress characteristics and job satisfaction.Tesis

Sarjana, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak.

 

Jones, G. R. (2007). Organizational theory, design, and change. New Jersey: Pearson

Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River.

 

Kahn, R. L., Wolfe, D. M., Quinn, R. P., Snoek, J. D., & Rosenthal, R. A. (1964).

Organizational stress: Studies in role conflict and ambiguity. New York:

Wiley.

 

Karasek, R. A. (1979). Job demands, job decision latitude, and mental strain:

Implications for job redesign. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24, 285–308.

 

Karasek, R. A., & Theorell, T. (1990). Healthy work: Stress, productivity and the

reconstruction of working life. New York: Basic Books.

 

Karasek, R. A. (2004). An analysis of 19 international case studies of stress

prevention through work reorganization using the demand/control model.

Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society, 24(5), 446-456.

https://doi.org/10.1177/0270467604269583

 

Karatepe, O. M., Yavas, V., Babakus, E., & Avci, T. (2006). Does gender moderate

the effects of role stress in frontline service jobs? Journal of Business

Research, 59, 1087-1093.

 

Kardum, I., & Krapic, N. (2001). Personality traits, stressful life events, and coping

styles in early adolescence. Personality and Individual Differences, 30(3),

503–515. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00041-6

 

Katz, D., & Kahn, R. L. (1978). The social psychology of organization. New York:

John Wiley and Sons.

 

Kawada, T., & Otsuka, T. (2011). Relationship between job stress, occupational

position and job satisfaction using a brief job stress questionnaire (BJSQ).

Work, 40(4), 393-399. doi: 10.3233/WOR-2011-1251.

 

Keita, G. P., & Hurrell, J. J. (1994). Job stress in changing workforce: Investigating

gender, diversity, and family issues. Washington: American Psychological

Association.

 

Kelly, M. A. R., Sereika, S. M., Battista, D. R., & Brown, C. (2007). The relationship

between beliefs about depression and coping strategies: Gender differences.

The British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 46, 315–

332.http://doi.org/10.1348/014466506X17307.

 

Kerlinger, F. N., & Lee, H. B. (2001). Foundations of behavioral research.

Wadsworth, Thomson Learning Inc.

 

Khan, S., & Shahzad, S. (2012). Drivers of motivation and its impact on employees

productivity. International Journal of Information, Business & Management,

4(2), 38–46.

 

Kinnear, P. R., & Gray, C. D. (2004) SPSS 12 made simple. Hove: Psychology Press.

Kjaerheim, K., Haldorsen, T., Andersen, A., Mykletun, R., & Aasland, O. G. (1997).

Work-related-stress, coping resources, and heavy drinking in the restaurant

business. Work and Stress, 11, 6-16.

 

Kobasa, S. C. (1982). The hardy personality: Toward a social psychology of stress

and health. In G. Sanders & J. Suls (Eds.), Social psychology of health and

illness (pp. 3-32). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

 

Kohan, A., & Mazmanian, D. (2003). Police work, burnout, and pro-organizational

behavior: A consideration of daily work experience. Criminal Justice and

Behavior, 30(5), 559-583.

 

Kreitner, R., & Kinicki, A. (2005). Organizational behavior. New York: McGraw-

Hill Education.

 

Kuo, S. Y. (2015). Occupational stress, job satisfaction, and affective commitment to

policing among Taiwanese police officers. Police Quarterly, 18(1), 27–54.

https://doi.org/10.1177/1098611114559039.

 

Kyriacou, C. (2001). Teacher stress: Directions for future research. Educational

Review, 53(1), 27-35.

 

Lambert, E. G., Hogan, N. L., & Griffin, M. L. (2017). Research note: A career-stage

analysis of correctional staff outcomes, The Prison Journal, 97(4), 411-430.

https://doi.org/10.1177/0032885517710910

 

Lang, J., Bliese, P. D., Adler, A. B., & Holzl, R. (2010). The role of effort-reward

imbalance for reservists on a military deployment. Military Psychology,

22(4), 524–542. https://doi.org/10.1080/08995605.2010.521730.

 

Latham, G. (2007). Work motivation: History, theory, research, and practice. New

York: Sage Publications, Inc.

 

Lazarus, R. S. (1966). Psychological stress and the coping process. New York:

McGraw-Hill.

 

Lazarus, R. S. (1990). Theory-based stress measurement. Psychological Inquiry, 1(1),

3-13. doi: 10.1207/s15327965pli0101_1.

 

Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Psychological stress in the workplace. Journal of Social

Behavior and Personality, 6, 1-13.

 

Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress appraisal and coping. New York:

Springer.

 

Lazarus, R. S. (1993). From psychological stress to the emotions: A history of

changing outlooks. Annual Review of Psychology, 44, 1-22.

 

Lazarus, R. S. (1995). Vexing research problems inherent in cognitive-mediational

theories of emotion and some solutions. Psychological Inquiry, 6, 183-192.

 

Lazarus, R. S. (1995a). Psychological stress in workplace. In Crandall, R., Perrewe, P.

L. (Eds), Occupational stress. (pp. 3-14). Washington DC: Taylor & Francis.

 

Lazarus, R. S. (1999). Stress and emotion: A new synthesis. London: Free Association

Books.

 

Lazarus, R. S. & Launier, R. (1978). Stress-related transactions between person and

environment. Perspectives in Interactional Psychology, 287-327.

 

LeBlanc, V. R., Regehr, C., Jelley, R. B., & Barath, I. (2008). The relationship

between coping styles, performance, and responses to stressful scenarios in

police recruits. International Journal of Stress Management, 15(1), 76–93.

http://doi.org/10.1037/1072-5245.15.1.76

 

LePine, J. A., LePine, M. A., & Jackson, C. L. (2004). Challenge and hindrance

stress: Relationships with exhaustion, motivation to learn, and learning

performance. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(5), 883–891.

http://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.89.5.883

 

Lewin, K. (1935). A dynamic theory of personality. New York: McGraw-Hill.

 

Liou, K. T. (1994). The effect of professional orientation on job stress. Review of

Public Personnel Administration, 14(1), 52–63.

https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371x9401400104

 

Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995). The structure of negative emotional

states: Comparison of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS) with the

Beck depression and anxiety inventories. Behaviour Research and Therapy,

33(3), 335–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-U.

 

Malik, O., Waheed, A., & Malik, K. (2010). The mediating effects of job satisfaction

on role stressors and affective commitment. International Journal of Business

& Management, 5(11), 223-235.

 

Maran, D. A., Varetto, A., Zedda, M., & Franscini, M. (2014). Stress among Italian

male and female patrol police officers: A quali-quantitative survey. Policing:

An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 37(4), pp.875-

890, https://doi.org/10.1108/PIJPSM-05-2014-0056.

 

Masilamani, R., Bulgiba, A., Chinna, K., Darus, A., Isahak, M., Kandiben, S., & Koh,

D. (2013). Prevalence and associated factors of stress in the Malaysian police

force. Preventive Medicine, 57, 57-59. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.01.008.

 

Maslow, A. H. (1943). A preface to motivation theory. Psychosomatic Medicine, 5,

85-92.

 

Masten, A. S. (2006). Developmental psychopathology: Pathways to the future.

International Journal of Behavioral Development, 30, 47–54.

 

Matud, M. P. (2004). Gender differences in stress and coping styles. Personality and

Individual Differences, 37(7), 1401–1415.

http://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2004.01.010

 

McCarty, W. P. (2013). Gender differences in burnout among municipal police

sergeants. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies &

Management, 36(4), 803-818, https://doi.org/10.1108/PIJPSM-03-2013-0026.

 

McCarty, W. P., Zhao, J. S., & Garland, B. (2007). Occupational stress and burnout

between male and female police officers: Are there any gender differences?

Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management,

30(4), 627–691. https://doi.org/10.1108/13639510710833938

 

McCrae, R. R. (1984). Situational determinants of coping responses: Loss, threat, and

challenge. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46(4), 919–928.

http://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.46.4.919.

 

McGregor, D. (1960). The human side of enterprise. London: McGraw-Hill.

 

Melendez, J. C., Mayordomo, T., Sancho, P., & Tomas, J. M. (2012). Coping

strategies: Gender differences and development throughout life span. The

Spanish Journal of Psychology, 15(3), 1089–1098.

 

Menard, K. S., & Arter, M. L. (2014). Stress, coping, alcohol use, and posttraumatic

stress disorder among an international sample of police officers: Does gender

matter? Police Quarterly, 17(4), 307–327.

https://doi.org/10.1177/1098611114548097.

 

Mengiuc, B. (1996). The influence of the market orientation of the firm on sales force

behavior and attitudes: Further empirical results. International Journal of

Research in Marketing, 13, 277-291.

 

Menon, N., & Aknilesh, K. (1994). Functionally dependent stress among managers.

Journal of Managerial Psychology, 9(3),13-22

 

Meyerson, D. (1991). Normal ambiguity? A glimpse of an occupational culture.In

Frost, P. J., Moore, L. F., Reis Louis, M., Lundberg, C. C., & Martin, J. (Eds).

Reframing organizational culture. Sage, Newbury Park, CA.

 

Miller, L. (2009). Criminal investigator stress: symptoms, syndromes, and practical

coping strategies. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, 11(2),

87–92.

 

Mohamed Sazif, M. S. (2011). The stress effect towards PDRM personnel: A case

study on health problems and job satisfaction in Kedah. Tesis Sarjana,

Universiti Utara Malaysia, Sintok, Kedah.

 

Mohd. Majid, K. (2000). Kaedah penyelidikan pendidikan. Kuala Lumpur : Dewan

Bahasa dan Pustaka.

 

Morash, M., Kwak, D., & Haarrberg, R. (2006). Gender differences in the predictors

of police stress. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies &

Management, 29, 541-563. doi:10.1108/13639510610684755.

 

Morimoto, H., & Shimada, H. (2015). The relationship between psychological distress

and coping strategies: Their perceived acceptability within a socio-cultural

context of employment, and the motivation behind their choices.

International Journal of Stress Management, 22(2), 159–182.

https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038484.

 

Muchinsky, P. (1997). Psychology applied to work: An introduction to industrial and

organisational psychology. (5th Ed). Pacific Grove, CA: Brookes/Cole.

 

Muchinsky, P. M. (2000). Psychology applied to work. Belmont: Wadsworth.

 

Mullins, L. J. (2007). Management and organisational behaviour. New York:

Prentice Hall.

 

Murphy, L. R. (1995). Managing job stress: an employee assistance/human resource

management partnership. Personnel Review, 24(1), 41-50.

https://doi.org/10.1108/00483489510079075

 

Nelson, D. L., & Burke, R. J. (2000). Women executives: Health, stress, and success.

Academy of Management Executive, 14(2), 107-121.

 

Nelson, D. L., & Simmons, B. L. (2003). Health psychology and work stress: A more

positive approach. In J. C. Quick & L. E. Tetrick (Eds.), Handbook of

occupational health psychology (pp. 97–119). Washington, DC: American

Psychological Association.

 

Noraini, I. (2010). Penyelidikan dalam pendidikan. Petaling Jaya: Mc Graw Hill.

 

Nur Izzaty, M., Azman, I., Mohamad Shahril, A. M. R., & Sholihien, A. (2015).

Tekanan kerja dan perkaitannya dengan kesihatan pekerja: Kajian empirikal

sebuah kontinjen polis di Semenanjung Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of

Society and Space, 11(10), 63–75.

 

Oberfield, Z. W. (2014). Motivation, change, and stability: Findings from an urban

police department. The American Review of Public Administration, 44(2),

210–232. https://doi.org/10.1177/0275074012461297

 

O’Connor, B. P., & Vallerand, R. J. (1994). Motivation, self-determination, and

person-environment fit as predictors of psychological adjustment among

nursing home residents. Psychology and Aging, 9(2), 189-194.

http://doi.org/10.1037//0882-7974.9.2.189.

 

Oliver, K. K. (2013). An examination of the relationships between autonomous

motivation and situational constraints with job attitudes, intention to leave,

and general stress: A Job Demands-Resources approach. Dissertation

Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.

 

O’Reilly, C. A., Chatman, J., Caldwell, D. F., Iii, C. A. O. R., & Caldwell, D. F.

(1991). People and organizational culture: A profile comparison approach to

assessing person-organization fit. Academy of Management Journal, 34(3),

487–516. http://doi.org/10.2307/256404.

 

Ortega, A., Brenner, S. O., & Leather, P. (2007). Occupational stress, coping and

personality in the police: An SEM study. International Journal of Police

Science & Management, 9(1), 36–50.

https://doi.org/10.1350/ijps.2007.9.1.36.

 

Otis, N., & Pelletier, L. G. (2005). A motivational model of daily hassles, physical

symptoms, and future work intentions among police officers. Journal of

Applied Social Pschology, 35(10), 2193-2214.

 

Pallant, J. (2001). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using

SPSS for windows (version 10). NSW: Allen and Unwin.

 

Pandey, S., & Kumar, E. S. (1997). Development of a measure of role conflict.

International Journal of Conflict Management, 8(3), 187-215.

 

Parker, J. D. A., & Endler, N. S. (1996). Coping and defense. In M. Zeidner & N. S.

Endler (Eds.), Handbook of coping. (pp. 3–23). New York: John Wiley.

 

Parzi, M. N., & Ahmad, M. A. F. (2011). Kerjaya polis paling tertekan? Berita

Harian. Diambil pada pada 26 September 2015 daripada:

http://www.bharian.com.my/bharian/articles/Polislebihstresberbandingguru/A

rticle.

 

Pasillas, R. M., Follette, V. M., & Perumean-Chaney, S. E. (2006). Occupational

stress and psychological functioning in law enforcement officers. Journal of

Police and Criminal Psychology, 21, 41-53.

 

Patterson, G. T. (2003). Examining the effects of coping and social support on work

and life stress among police officers. Journal of Climate Justice, 31, 215-226.

 

Pearlin, L. I., & Schooler, C. (1978). The structure of coping. Journal of Health and

Social Behavior, 19(1), 2-21

 

Penley, J. A., Tomaka, J., & Wiebe, J. S. (2002). The association of coping to

physical and psychological health outcomes: A meta-analytic review. Journal

of Behavioral Medicine, 25(6), 551–603.

http://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020641400589.

 

Perlow, O. (2009). Role conflict among Black police officers. Dissertation Abstracts

International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences. Howard University.

 

Pishgooie, A. H., Rahimi, A., & Khaghanizad, M. (2014). The effects of role conflict

on nursing faculty: A systematic review. International Journal of Medical

Reviews, 1(2), 69-74.

 

Pithers, R. T., & Soden, R. (1999). Person-environment fit and teacher stress.

Educational Research, 41(1), 51-62.

 

Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating

indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods,

Instruments, & Computers, 36, 717-731.

 

Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Contemporary approaches to assessing

mediation in communication research. In A. F. Hayes, M. D. Slater, & L. B.

Snyder (Eds.), The Sage sourcebook of advanced data analysis methods for

communication research (pp. 13-54). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

 

Quarat-ul-ain, Khattak, M. A., & Iqbal, N. (2013). Impact of role conflict on job

satisfaction, mediating role of job stress in private banking sector.

Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 4(12), 711–

722.

 

Raganella, A. J., & White, M. D. (2004). Race, gender, and motivation for becoming

a police officer: Implications for building a representative police department.

Journal of Criminal Justice, 32(6), 501-513.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2004.08.009.

 

Rageb, M. A., Abd-el-Salam, E. M., El-Samadicy, A., & Farid, S. (2013).

Organizational commitment, job satisfaction and job performance as a

mediator between role stressors and turnover intentions: A study from an

Egyptian cultural perspective. The Business & Management Review, 3(2), 51–

73.

 

Ramadan, Z. S. (2013). Jordanian criteria for Islamic banks selection: Evidence from

the Jordanian banking sector. International Journal of Academic Research in

Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences, 3(3), 139–145.

doi.org/10.6007/IJARAFMS/v3-i.

 

Rehfuss, M. C., Gambrell, C. E., & Meyer, D. (2012). Counselors’ perceived personenvironment

fit and career satisfaction. Career Development Quarterly,

60(2), 145–151. http://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-0045.2012.00012.x.

 

Ringle, C. M., Wende, S., & Becker, J. M. (2015). SmartPLS 3, www.smartpls.com.

 

Rizzo, J. R., House, R. J., & Lirtzman, S. I. (1970). Role conflict and ambiguity in

complex organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 15(2), 150.

https://doi.org/10.2307/2391486

 

Roberts, B. W., & Robins, R. W. (2004). Person-environment fit and its implications

for personality development: A longitudinal study. Journal of Personality,

72(1), 89–110. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00257.x

 

Robbins, S. P. (2007). Organizational behavior. New Jersy: Prentice Hall

International, Inc.

 

Rodriguez, I., Bravo, M. J., Peiro, J. M., & Schaufeli, W. (2001). The demandscontrol-

support model, locus of control and job dissatisfaction: A longitudinal

study. Work & Stress, 15(2), 97-114.

 

Ruslan, K. (2007). Stressor dan efektif komitmen: Kajian ibu pejabat polis Klang.

Tesis Sarjana, Universiti Utara Malaysia.

 

Sahgal, P. (2007). Gender discrimination: Beliefs and experiences: A comparative

perspective of women and men in the Delhi police. Journal of International

Women’s Studies, 9(1), 135–152.

 

Salmah, O. (2009). Kecerdasan emosi dan tekanan kerja serta hubungannya dengan

komitmen kerja dalam kalangan anggota Polis Diraja Malaysia. Tesis

Sarjana, Universiti Utara Malaysia.

 

Sandler, I., Compas, B., Ayers, T., Eisenberg, N., Skinner, E., & Tolan, P. (2001).

New conceptualizations of coping. Coping Consortium. Workshop sponsored

by Arizona State. Univ. Prev. Res. Cent., Tempe, AZ.

 

Sasaki, M., & Yamasaki, K. (2007). Stress coping and the adjustment process among

university freshmen. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 20(1), 51–67.

http://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09515070701219943.

 

Scarborough, K. E., Van Tubergen, G. N., Gaines, L. K., & Whitlow, S. S. (1999). An

examination of police officers’ motivation to participate in the promotional

process. Police Quarterly, 2(3), 302–320.

https://doi.org/10.1177/109861119900200303.

 

Schaubroeck, J. (1999). Should the sbjective be the objective? On studying mental

processes, coping behavior, and actual exposures in organizational stress

researh. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 20(5), 753-760.

 

Schmidt, J. A., Chapman, D. S., & Jones, D. A. (2014). Does emphasizing different

types of person-environment fit in online job ads influence application

behavior and applicant quality? Evidence from a field experiment. Journal of

Business and Psychology, 30(2), 267-282. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-014-

9353-x

 

Schwarzer, R. (2000). Manage stress at work through preventive and proactive

coping. In E.A. Locke (Ed.), The Blackwell handbook of principles of

organizational behavior (pp. 342–355). Oxford, UK: Blackwell.

 

Schwarzer, R. (2001). Stress, resources and proactive coping. Applied Psychology: An

International Review, 50, 400- 407.

 

Schwarzer, R., & Knoll, N. (2003). Positive coping: Mastering demands and

searching for meaning. In S.J. Lopez&C.R. Snyder (Eds.), Positive

psychological assessment: A handbook of models and measures (pp. 393–

409). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

 

Schwerdtfeger, A., & Derakshan, N. (2010). The time line of threat processing and

vagal withdrawal in response to a self-threatening stressor in cognitive

avoidant coppers: Evidence for vigilance-avoidance theory.

Psychophysiology, 47(4), 786–795. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-

8986.2010.00965.x.

 

Schwarzer, R., & Schwarzer, C. (1996). A critical survey of coping instruments. In M.

Zeidner and N.S. Endler (Eds), (1996). Handbook of coping: Theory,

research, applications. (pp. 107–132). New York: Wiley.

 

Schwartz, J. E., & Stone, A. A. (1993). Coping with daily problems. Contributions of

problem content, appraisals and person factors. Work & Stress, 7, 47-62.

 

Sears, S. F., Urizar, G. G., & Evans, G. D. (2000). Examining a stress-coping model

of burnout and depression in extension agent. Journal of Occupational Health

Psychology, 5,56-62.

 

Seiffge-Krenke, I. (2011). Coping with relationship stressors: A decade review.

Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21(1), 196-210.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-

7795.2010.00723.x

 

Seiffge-Krenke, I., Aunola, K., & Nurmi, J. E. (2009). Changes in stress perception

and coping during adolescence: The role of situational and personal factors.

Child Development, 80(1), 259–279. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-

8624.2008.01258.x.

 

Selye, H. (1956). The stress of life. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co.

 

Selye, H. (1976). Stress in health and disease. Boston: Butterworth’s, Inc.

 

Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2010). Research methods for business: A skill-building

approach. Haddington: John Wiley & Sons.

 

Sepulvelda, M. L. (2008). The effects of stress management training on collegiate

football athletes’ anxiety, self esteem, self-efficacy, motivation, academic

performance and coping skills. ProQuest Disertations Publishing.

 

Shaw, J. B., Riskind, J. H. (1983). Predicting job stress using data from the Position

Analysis Questionnaire. Journal of Applied Psychology, 68(2), 253-261.

 

Shirom, A., Fried, Y., Giloa, S. S., & Cooper, C. (2008). Gender, age and tenure as

moderators of work-related-stressors relationships with job performance: A

meta-analysis. Human Relations, 61(10), 1371-1398.

 

Siagian S. P. (1989). Teori motivasi dan aplikasinya. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.

 

Sinar Harian. (12 Disember 2009). Anggota polis bunuh diri. Sinar Karangkraf Sdn.

Bhd. Selangor, Malaysia.

 

Singh, A. P. (2017). Coping with work stress in police employees. Journal of Police

and Criminal Psychology, 32(3), 225-235. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11896-

016-9215-8

 

Sipon, S., Nasrah, S. K., Nazli, N., Abdullah, S., & Othman, K. (2014). Stress and

religious coping among flood victims. Procedia - Social and Behavioral

Sciences, 140, 605–608. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.04.478.

 

Skimmer, E. A., & Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J. (2007). The development of coping.

Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 119-144.

 

Sliskovic, A., & Maslic Sersic, D. (2011). Work locus of control as a mediator of the

relationship between sources and consequences of occupational stress among

university teachers. Review of Psychology, 18(2), 109-118.

 

Smulders, P., & Nijhuis, F. (1999). The job demands-job control model and absence

behaviour: Results of a 3-year longitudinal study. Work & Stress, 13(2), 115-

131.

 

Srikanth, P. B., & Jomon, M. G. (2013). Role ambiguity and role performance

effectiveness: Moderating the effect of feedback seeking behavior. Asian

Academy of Management Journal, 18(2), 105–127.

 

Srivastava, S. (2009). Explorations in police organisation: An Indian context.

International Journal of Police Science & Management, 11(3), 255–273.

https://doi.org/10.1350/ijps.2009.11.3.125

 

Srivastava, A. K. (2007). Stress in organisational roles: Individual and organisational

implications. Icfaian Journal of Management Research, 6, 64-74.

 

Stone, M. (1974). Cross-validatory choice and assessment of statistical predictions.

Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 36, 111-147.

 

Stryker, S., & Macke, A. S. (1978). Status inconsistency and role conflict. Annual

Review of Sociology, 4, 57-90.

 

Sundaram, M., & Kumaran, M. (2012). Occupational stress and coping strategies

among grade II police constables. International Journal of Business

Management and Economic Research, 3(4), 579–589.

 

Sundstrom, A., & Wolming, S. (2014). Swedish student police officers’ job values

and relationships with gender and educational background. Police Practice

and Research, 15(1), 35–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2013.815385

 

Susan, W. M., Gakure, R. W., Kiraithe, E. K., & Waititu, A. G. (2012). Influence of

motivation on performance in the public security sector with a focus to the

police force in Nairobi, Kenya. International Journal of Business and Social

Science, 3(23), 195–204.

 

Sutherland, V., & Cooper, C. L. (1990). Understanding stress a psychological

perspective for health professionals. London: Chapman and Hall Publishing.

 

Swanson, V., & Power, K. G. (1999). Stress, satisfaction and role conflict in dualdoctor

partnership. Community, Work & Family, 2(1), 67-88.

 

Tak, J. (2011). Relationships between various person-environment fit types and

employee withdrawal behavior: A longitudinal study. Journal of Vocational

Behavior, 78(2), 315–320. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2010.11.006.

 

Tamres, L. K., Janicki, D., & Helgeson, V. S. (2002). Sex differences in coping

behavior: A meta-analytic review and an examination of relative coping.

Personality and Social Psychology Review, 6, 2–30.

 

Tenenhaus, M., Esposito, Vinzi. V., Chatelin, Y. M., & Lauro, C. (2005). PLS path

modeling. Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, 48, 159-205.

 

Terry, D. J., Tonge, L., & Callan, V. J. (1995). Employee adjustment to stress: The

role of coping resources, situational factors and coping response. Anxiety

Stress Coping, 8, 1-24.

 

Tidd, S. T., & Friedman, R. A. (2002). Conflict style and coping with role conflict:

An extension of the uncertainty model of work stress. International Journal

of Conflict Management, 13(3), 236-257.

 

Tsai, Y., & Liu, C. (2012). Factors and symptoms associated with work stress and

health-promoting lifestyles among hospital staff: A pilot study in Taiwan.

Health Services Research, 12, 199-211.

 

Tuckey, M., Searle, B. J., Boyd, C., Winefeld, A., & Winefeld, H. (2015). Hindrances

are not threats: Advancing the multi-dimensionality of work stress. Journal of

Occupational Health Psychology, 20(2), 131–147.

 

Tyler, P., & Cushway, D. (1998). Stress & well-being in health-care staff: The role of

negative affectivity, and perceptions of job demand and discretion. Stress

Medicine, 14, 99-107.

 

Urus Setia KPN Penyelidikan dan Pembangunan. (2016). Pelan strategik PDRM

2015-2020.

 

Uskul, A. K., & Greenglass, E. R. (2005). Psychological well-being in a Turkish-

Canadian sample. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping: An International Journal, 18,

269–278.

 

Utusan Online. (13 April 2015). Koperal polis ditahan disyaki bunuh seorang wanita.

Kumpulan Utusan: Bangi, Selangor.

 

Utusan Malaysia. (03 Februari 2011). Anggota polis maut ditembak di kepala.

Kumpulan Utusan: Bangi, Selangor.

 

Utusan Malaysia. (17 April 2012). Aduan libatkan polis meningkat. Kumpulan

Utusan: Bangi, Selangor.

 

Uzunboylu, H., Demirok, M., Khalatbari, J., Ghorbanshiroudi, S., & Firouzbakhsh,

M. (2013). Correlation of job stress, job satisfaction, job motivation and

burnout and feeling stress. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 84, 860-

863.

 

Vagg, P. R., Speilberger, C. D., & Wasala, C. F. (2002). Effects of organizational

level and gender on stress in workplace. International Journal of Stress

Management, 9(4), 243-261.

 

Vallerand, R. J. (1994). A social psychological analysis of sportsmanship: Theoretical

perspectives. Unpublished Manuscript, Universite du Quebec il Montreal

 

Van, D. D., & Maes, S. (1999). The job-demand-control (-support) model and

psychological well-being: A review of 20 years of empirical research. Work

& Stress,13(2), 87-114.

 

Van Vianen, A. E. M., Nijstad, B. a, & Voskuijl, O. F. (2008). A person-environment

fit approach to volunteerism: Volunteer personality fit and culture fit as

predictors of affective outcomes. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 30,

153-166. http://doi.org/10.1080/01973530802209194.

 

Violanti, J. M., & Aron, F. (1995). Police stressors: Variations in perception among

police personnel. Journal of Criminal Justice, 23(3), 287–294.

https://doi.org/10.1016/0047-2352(95)00012-F

 

Volckner, F., Sattler, H., Hennig-Thurau, T., & Ringle, C. M. (2010). The role of

parent brand quality for service brand extension success. Journal of Service

Research, 13(4), 359-361.

 

Vroom, V. H. (1964). Work and motivation. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

 

Wady, G. T. A. A. (1999). Coping strategies utilized by selected administrators in the

Caliornaia community college system. Education Administration, 1, 21-37.

 

Wang, Y., Zheng, L., & Hu, T., & Zheng, Q. (2014). Stress, burnout, and job

satisfaction: Case of police force in China. Police Quarterly, 43(3), 325-339.

https://doi.org/10.1177/0091026014535179

 

Wegge, J., Van Dick, R., Fisher, G. K., Wecking, C., & Moltzen, K. (2006). Work

motivation, organisational identification, and well-being in call centre work.

Work & Stress, 20, 60–83. http://doi.org/10.1080/02678370600655553.

 

Wetlesen, T. S. (2013). Work values in the second generation of gender equality

pioneers: A case study from Norway. Gender, Work & Organization, 20(1),

100–112.

 

Widyani, D., & Sugianingrat, W. (2015). Effect of multiple role conflict on job

satisfaction with the mediation role of stress. International Journal Of

Economics, Commerce and Managament, 3(5), 862-872.

 

Wilkes, L., Beale, B., Hall, E., Rees, E., Watts, B., & Denne, C. (1998). Community

nurses’ descriptions of stress when caring in the home. International Journal

of Palliative Nursing, 4(1), 1-12.

 

Williams, V., Ciarrochi, J., & Deane, F. P. (2010). On being mindful, emotionally

aware, and more resilient: Longitudinal pilot study of police recruits.

Australian Psychologist, 45, 274–28.

http://doi.org/10.1080/00050060903573197.

 

White, M. D., Cooper, J. A., Saunders, J., & Raganella, A. J. (2010). Motivations for

becoming a police officer: Re-assessing officer attitudes and job satisfaction

after six years on the street. Journal of Criminal Justice, 38, 520-530.

doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2010.04.022.

 

Wong, K. (2003). Police studies in Asia. Proceedings of the International Police

Studies Conference, College of Justice & Safety, Eastern Kentucky

University, Richmond, KY (USA).

 

Worden, A. P. (1993). The attitudes of women and men in policing: Testing

conventional and contemporary wisdom. Criminology, 31(2), 203-241. DOI:

10.1111/j.1745-9125.1993.tb01128.x.

 

Yerkes, R. M., & Dodson, J. D. (1908). The relation of strength of stimulus to rapidity

of habit formation. Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology, 18,

459-482.

 

Yesiltas, M. (2014). The effects of role ambiguity and role conflicts experienced by

employees of the hotels on their customer oriented pro-social service

behaviors. The Macrotheme Review, 3(7), 34–45.

 

Yongkang, Z., Weixi, Z., Yalin, H., Yipeng, X., & Liu, T. (2014). The relationship

among role conflict, role ambiguity, role overload and job stress of Chinese

middle-level cadres. Chinese Studies, 3(1), 8-11.

 

Zafir, M. M., & Fazilah, M. H. (2006). Stres di tempat kerja dan kesannya terhadap

keselamatan dan kesihatan pekerjaan. Jurnal Kesihatan Masyarakat, 12(1),

41-46.

 

Zeidner, M., & Endler, N. S. (1996). Handbook of coping: Theory, research,

applications. New York: Wiley.

 

Zubin, J., & Spring, B. (1977). Vulnerability: A new view of schizophrenia. Journal

of Abnormal Psychology, 86,103–126.

 

 

 


This material may be protected under Copyright Act which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials.
You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research.

Back to previous page

Installed and configured by Bahagian Automasi, Perpustakaan Tuanku Bainun, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
If you have enquiries, kindly contact us at pustakasys@upsi.edu.my or 016-3630263. Office hours only.