Faktor risiko dinamik residivisme dalam kalangan Orang DiParol (ODP): perspektif kakitangan Parol

Norruzeyati Che Mohd Nasir

Abstract

Setiap banduan yang dikenakan hukuman pemenjaraan di atas kesalahan jenayah yang dilakukan akan kembali kepada masyarakat kecuali bagi pesalah hukuman mati. Proses integrasi semula ke dalam masyarakat umum bukanlah suatu proses yang mudah. Terdapat pelbagai cabaran yang perlu dihadapi oleh bekas banduan. Sekiranya mereka gagal dalam proses tersebut, kemungkinan bekas banduan akan terlibat semula dalam tingkah laku jenayah atau residivisme. Perkara ini menimbulkan kebimbangan terutamanya kepada agensi yang terlibat secara langsung dalam rehabilitasi banduan dan Orang DiParol (ODP). Pelaksanaan sistem parol di Malaysia pada tahun 2008 adalah antara usaha pihak kerajaan khususnya Jabatan Penjara dalam membantu ODP berjaya dalam proses integrasi semula. Kakitangan parol merupakan individu yang paling hampir dengan ODP dan bekas banduan selain keluarga. Oleh itu, kajian ini dilakukan untuk meneroka pandangan kakitangan parol tentang faktor risiko dinamik residivisme yang dihadapi oleh klien mereka. Kajian kualitatif ini melibatkan temu bual secara mendalam dengan 13 kakitangan parol Jabatan Penjara Malaysia. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa terdapat empat faktor risiko dinamik residivisme yang perlu diberi perhatian iaitu kegagalan mendapatkan pekerjaan, stigma dan sikap masyarakat yang ragu-ragu serta tertutup terhadap bekas banduan, faktor diri sendiri dan kesediaan untuk berubah, serta penolakan keluarga. Hasil kajian ini adalah signifikan terutamanya kepada agensi kerajaan yang terlibat secara langsung dalam sistem keadilan jenayah, ahli akademik, pengamal bantuan seperti pekerja sosial, kaunselor dan pegawai psikologi penjara serta Badan Bukan Kerajaan.

References

Andrews, D.A., & Dowden, C. (2006). Risk principle in case classification in correctional treatment: A metaanalytic investigation. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 50 (1), 88-100.

Belenko, S. (2006). Assessing released inmates for substance-abuse-related service needs. Crime & Delinquency, 52(1), 94-113.

Bonta, J., & Wormith, S. (2008). Risk and need assessment. Dalam G. McIvor, & P. Raynor (Eds.), Developments in social work with offenders, (pp. 131–152). London: Jessica Kingsley.

Bradley, K. H., Michael Oliver R. B., Richardson, N. C. & Slayter, E. M. (2001). No place like home: Housing and the ex-prisoner. Community Resources for Justice. [Online] Available www.crjustice.org/hmbrief.htm.

Braun, V., Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3: 77–101.

Burt, M. R., Pollack, D., Sosland, K. S., Drapa, E., Greenwalt, K., & Sharkey, P. T. (2002). Evaluation of continuums of care for homeless people. Washington, DC: Urban Institute.

Byrne, C. F., & Trew, K. J. (2008). Pathways through crime: The development of crime and desistance in the accounts of men and women offenders. The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 47: 238-258. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2311.2008.00520.x.

Cohen, D. & Crabtree, B. (2006). Qualitative research guidelines project. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. http://www.qualres.org/index.html

Crow, I. (2006) Resettling prisoners: A review. Sheffield: University of Sheffield.

Dworkin, S.L. (2012). Sample size policy for qualitative studies using in-depth interviews. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 41: 1319–1320.

Esperian, J. (2010). Effect of prison education programs on recidivism. Journal of Correctional Education, 61(4), 316-334.

Evans, J. (2006). AHS incarcerated women’s initiative: Bending the curve: The state of our children. Paper presented at the Southeast Correctional Facility, Windsor, VT, by the Vermont Children’s Aid Society.

Grossi, L.M. (2017). Sexual offenders, violent offenders, and community reentry: Challenges and treatment considerations. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 34: 59-67.

Holzer, H.J. (1996). What employers want: Job prospects for less-educated workers. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation. http://www.data.gov.my/data/ms_MY/dataset/statistik-kemasukan-banduan-sabitan-mengikutklasifikasi- pesalah/resource/e84d7d07-2db3-4af6-aad8-5ed6b2ced828

Jabatan Penjara Malaysia (2017). Jumlah banduan pengulanglaku jenayah, 2000-2016. Diakses pada 25 Mei 2017 dari Unit Sistem maklumat: http://www.prison.gov.my/portal/page/portal/biru/kepenjaraan

Joseph Rowntree Foundation. (1996). The housing needs of ex-prisoners. New York, NY: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.

Laub, J., & Sampson, R. (2003). Shared beginnings, divergent lives: Delinquent boys to age 70. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Maruna, S. (2001). Making good: How ex-convicts reform and rebuild their lives. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association Books

Maruna, S., & Toch, H. (2005). The impact of imprisonment on the desistance process. Dalam J. Travis & C. Visher (Eds.), Prisoner reentry and crime in America (pp. 139-178). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Moore, K.E., Milam, K.C., Folk, J.B., & Tangney, J.P. (2018). Self-stigma among criminal offenders: Risk and protective factors. Stigma and Health, 3(3): 241-252

Moore, K.E., Stuewig, J.B., & Tangney, J.P. (2016). The effect of stigma on criminal offenders' functioning: A longitudinal mediational model. Deviant Behavior, 37(2): 196-218.

Niven, S., & Olagundoye, J. (2002). Jobs and homes: a survey of prisoners nearing release. London: Home Office Research, Development and Statistics Directorate.

Pager, D., & Quillian, L. (2005). Walking the talk? What employers say versus what they do? American Sociological Review, 70 (3). pp. 355 – 380.

Petersilia, J. (2001). Prisoner reentry: Public safety and reintegration challenges. The Prison Journal, 81(3): 360- 375.

Petersilia, J. (2003). When prisoners come home: Parole and prisoner reentry. New York: Oxford University Press.

Rodriguez, N., & Brown, B. (2003). Preventing homelessness among people leaving prison. Vera Institute of Justice. [Online]. Available: http://www.vera.org/publication_pdf/209_407.pdf.

Seiter, R., & Kadela, K. (2003). Prisoner reentry: What works, what does not, and what is promising. Crime & Delinquency, 49(3), 360-388.

Shapiro, C., & Schwartz, M. (2001). Coming home: Building on family connections. Corrections Management Quarterly, 5(3), 52–61.

Stebbins, R.A. (2001). Qualitative research methods: Exploratory research in the social sciences. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.

Travis, J. (2005). But they all come back: Facing the challenges of prisoner reentry. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute Press.

Uggen, C., Wakefield, S., & Western, B. (2005). Work and family perspectives on reentry. Dalam J. Travis, & C. Visher (Eds.), Prisoner reentry and crime in America (pp. 209-243). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Vincent, G., Guy, L., & Grisso, T. (2012) Risk assessment in juvenile justice: A guidebook for implementation, National Youth Screening and Assessment Project for Models for Change.

Visher, C., & Travis, J. (2003). Transition from prison to community: Understanding individual pathways. Annual Review of Sociology, 29, 89-113.

Wodahl, E. J. (2006). The challenges of prisoner reentry from a rural perspective. Western Criminology Review, 7(2), 32-47.